1
|
Ranjan A, Kumar S, Sahu NP, Deo AD, Jain KK. Complimentary effect of exogenous enzymes, essential amino acids and essential fatty acids supplemented de-oiled rice bran (DORB) based diets on hematology, liver and intestinal histoarchitecture in Labeo rohita. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3609-3616. [PMID: 36866847 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2184697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to study the hematology, liver, and intestinal histoarchitecture of Labeo rohita fed with a combination of exogenous enzymes, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids to DORB (De-oiled rice bran) based diets. Three treatments viz., T1 [DORB + phytase and xylanase (0.01% each)], T2 [DORB + phytase (0.01%) + xylanase (0.01%) + L-lysine(1.4%) + L-methionine (0.4%) + EPA and DHA (0.5%)] and T3 [DORB + phytase (0.01%), xylanase and cellulase (0.075%) + L-lysine (1.4%) +L-methionine (0.4%) + EPA and DHA (0.5%)] were used in the present study. Serum total protein, albumin content and A/G ratio varied significantly (p < 0.05) among groups. Globulin content did not vary significantly among groups (p ≥ 0.05). The Hb content, RBC and MCV count varied significantly (p < 0.05) whereas MCH, MCHC content, WBC and lymphocyte count did not vary significantly among groups (p > 0.05). The liver and intestine examination revealed no visible alteration and showed normal histo-architecture. Based on the finding it is concluded that DORB supplemented with exogenous enzymes, essential amino acids and essential fatty acids with phytase (0.01%), xylanase and cellulase (0.075%), L-lysine (1.4%), DL-methionine (0.4%) and EPA and DHA (0.5%) improves the health of L. rohita.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Ranjan
- ICAR, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
- TNJFU-Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sarvendra Kumar
- ICAR, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Kamal Kant Jain
- ICAR, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bhatnagar A, Rathi P. Isolation and characterization of autochthonous probiotics from skin mucus and their in vivo validation with dietary probiotic bacteria on growth performance and immunity of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:191-208. [PMID: 36622624 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed to isolate and identify antimicrobial bacteria from the skin mucus of Labeo calbasu and assess their effects as water additives alone and in synergism, with dietary probiotic bacteria Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus LC1 isolated from intestinal tracts of L. calbasu on physiology and survival of same fish. Eight treatments (T1-T8) were conducted in triplicate, containing 10 fishes (2.02 ± 0.01 g) in each treatment: T1, control group (diet without probiotics); T2-T4, a diet with water additive probiotics; Bacillus cereus LC1, B. albus LC7, and B. cereus LC10, respectively, at 1000 CFU ml-1; T5, a diet with dietary probiotic A. aneurinilyticus at 3000 CFU g-1, T6-T8, a diet with water additives Bacillus cereus LC1, B. albus LC7, and B. cereus LC10 at 1000 CFU ml-1 along with dietary probiotic A. aneurinilyticus at 3000 CFU g-1. Results revealed improved growth, nutritive physiology, immune response, water quality, and survival in fish of group T8 (fingerlings fed on a probiotic diet at 3000 CFU g-1 and reared in holding water treated with skin mucus bacteria B. cereus LC10 at 1000 CFU g-1) as compared to other treatments, suggesting autochthonous intestinal and cutaneous mucosal bacteria as robust candidates for their collective application in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Bhatnagar
- Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India.
| | - Pragati Rathi
- Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou C, Huang Z, Lin H, Ma Z, Wang J, Wang Y, Yu W. Rhizoma curcumae Longae ameliorates high dietary carbohydrate-induced hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation in golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:31-42. [PMID: 36038103 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In general, starch, as a complex carbohydrate, is the most economical energy source in aquaculture for its relatively low cost. However, excessive dietary levels of carbohydrate result in pathological conditions. An 8-week feeding trial with CT (control diet, containing 21% carbohydrate), HC (a high-carbohydrate diet, containing 50% carbohydrate) and HCR (a HC diet supplemented with 0.015% Rhizoma curcumae Longae) was performed to investigate the protective effect of curcumin on high-carbohydrate-induced hepatic oxidative stress and intestine lesion in juvenile Trachinotus ovatus. In the current study, HC group significantly decreased WGR, SGR, plasma CAT activity, intestinal C4 levels, hepatic Nrf2, Keap1, Bach1, HO1, CAT, and GPX mRNA expression as well as ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-3, TGF-β mRNA transcription levels, while the opposite was true for plasma AST activity, hepatic MDA contents, intestinal Claudin-15, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA expression. In contrast with the HC group, the HCR group significantly increased the activities of hepatic CAT, SOD, intestinal C3, C4, IgG and LZM levels, hepatic Nrf2, Bach1, CAT, and GPX mRNA expression as well as intestinal ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-3, TGF-β and IL-10 mRNA expression levels, but the opposite trend was found in plasma triglyceride content, hepatic lipid deposition, hepatic Keap1 mRNA level as well as intestinal NF-κB, IL-6. In conclusion, high-carbohydrate diet can cause detrimental effect on physiological health status in Trachinotus ovatus, while adding Rhizoma curcumae Longae can improve hepatic and intestinal health status via attenuating the oxidative stress, inflammation, and reducing lipid deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanpeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Heizhao Lin
- Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, PR China.
| | - Zhenhua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, 524025, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, PR China
| | - Wei Yu
- Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li S, Yang Z, Tian H, Ren S, Zhang W, Wang A. Effects of dietary carbohydrate/lipid ratios on non-specific immune responses, antioxidant capacity, hepatopancreas and intestines histology, and expression of TLR-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway-related genes of Procambarus clarkii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:219-229. [PMID: 35421571 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate/lipid (CHO: L) ratios on non-specific immune responses, antioxidant capacity, and expression of TLR-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway-related genes of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing different CHO: L ratios were formulated. The results showed that the group with a CHO: L ratio of 5.94 had better growth performance (P < 0.05). The highest T-AOC, CAT, and SOD activities and the lowest MDA content in hemolymph and hepatopancreas were observed in the group with a CHO: L ratio of 5.94 (P < 0.05). The lowest activities of ALT, AST, ACP, AKP, and ALB in the hemolymph were observed in CHO: L ratio 5.94 group (P < 0.05), while the highest LZM activity, TP, and GLB content were observed in CHO: L 5.94 group (P < 0.05). The highest mRNA expression levels of tlr3, myd88, and mapk3, and the lowest mRNA expression levels of nf-kb α, nf-kb β, nf-kb p105, and traf6 were observed in the CHO: L of 5.94 group (P < 0.05). The highest mRNA expression levels of immune-related genes were observed in the CHO: L of 5.94 group (P < 0.05). Overall, these results indicated that the optimum dietary CHO: L ratio is vital in promoting growth and enhancing antioxidants and immunity to maintain red swamp crayfish's intestinal and hepatopancreas health status. In conclusion, the diets with a CHO:L ratio of 5.94 (approximately 36.23% carbohydrate and 6.10% lipid) is optimal for juvenile red swamp crayfish's physiological condition and health status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibo Li
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Hongyan Tian
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, PR China.
| | - Shengjie Ren
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, PR China
| | - Wuxiao Zhang
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, PR China
| | - Aimin Wang
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Y, Zhang J, Fu B, Xie J, Wang G, Tian J, Xia Y, Yu E. Textural quality, growth parameters and oxidative responses in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) fed faba bean water extract diet. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13048. [PMID: 35310167 PMCID: PMC8929169 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Texture is one of the key quality attributes used in the fresh and processed fish industry to assess product quality and consumer acceptability. To improve the textural quality of tilapia, we formulated the expanded pellet diet (EPD) and pellet diet (PD), both containing faba bean (Vicia faba, FB) water extract, a previously reported potential aquafeed additive to increase flesh texture. The common diet was used as a control. After Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed three kinds of experimental diet for 120 days, muscle textural quality, growth parameters, oxidative response and immune parameters were analyzed. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the growth parameters between the three groups (P > 0.05). The highest measure of textural quality (hardness and chewiness) was found for the PD group, followed by the EPD and the control (P < 0.05). Less oxidative damage to the hepatopancreas and intestine was found in the EPD compared with the PD group, as demonstrated by the decreased levels of reactive oxygen species and increased levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and intestinal digestive enzyme activity (amylase and lipase). Taken together, this study highlights the potential usefulness in commercial settings of FB water extract for improving the textural quality of tilapia, and EPD containing faba bean water extract could be more advanced substitute for faba bean in tilapia culture in term of both effectiveness in textural quality improvement and health status enhancement compared with PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute of CAFS, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute of CAFS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junming Zhang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute of CAFS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Fu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute of CAFS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute of CAFS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangjun Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute of CAFS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute of CAFS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute of CAFS, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ermeng Yu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute of CAFS, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rahman MM, Rahman MA, Hossain MT, Siddique MP, Haque ME, Khasruzzaman A, Islam MA. Efficacy of bi-valent whole cell inactivated bacterial vaccine against Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) in cultured catfishes (Heteropneustes fossilis, Clarias batrachus and pangasius pangasius) in Bangladesh. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3881-3889. [PMID: 35844412 PMCID: PMC9280240 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) is an important disease of cultured catfishes (Heteropneustes fossilis, Clarias batrachus and Pangasius pangasius), caused by different species of Aeromonas bacteria which have been documented to be higher death rates (≤70%) in Bangladesh since 2016. Present study was conducted to develop bi-valent vaccine using A. hydrophila and A. veronii, and to validate their efficacy via intra-muscular (IM) and oral-routes of immunization in selected species of fishes. Brood fishes of the three species were immunized with three doses of inactivated vaccine (107 CFU /2.3 mg/ml). Hematological parameters of brood fishes and antibody levels (IgM) of broods, their larvae and eggs were determined by ELISA. Additionally, Relative Percent Survivability (RPS) and the IgM levels of the larvae after challenge with virulent A. hydrophila and A. veronii were also evaluated. Findings of this study showed that the lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes counts and antibody (IgM) titre of brood fishes, larvae and eggs from the vaccinated fishes were found significantly higher (p< 0.05) compared to the un-vaccinated control groups. Alternatively, antibody levels (IgM) in the larvae of vaccinated group of brood fishes fed with antigen coated feed was exhibited to be remarkably higher (p< 0.05) than the antigen non-fed group. The RPS of larvae of Shing (91.24 ± 2.00%), Magur (88.09 ± 2.88%) and Pangas (93.17 ± 1.52%) was found to be higher in the larvae at 20-day age of vaccinated group compared to non-vaccinated brood fishes group. Findings of this study indicated that the active immunization of brood fishes followed by oral immunization of their larvae feeding with antigen coated feed showed synergistic effect in protecting cultured Shing, Magur and Pangas fishes from frequent attack with Aeromonas spp at any age of their lifetime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohummad Muklesur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ashikur Rahman
- Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI), Freshwater Station, Mymensingh 2201, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Tofazzal Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubul Pratik Siddique
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Enamul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - A.K.M. Khasruzzaman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Alimul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peng D, Liang XF, Chai F, Feng H, Li J, Tang S, Lu K, Zhang Q. Effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratios on growth, biochemical indicators, lipid metabolism, and appetite in Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:101-116. [PMID: 34997383 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-01043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid (CHO:L) ratios on growth performance, body composition, serum biochemical indexes, lipid metabolism, and gene expression of central appetite regulating factors in Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) (mean initial weight: 12.86 ± 0.10 g). Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (fish meal, casein as main protein sources) were formulated to contain different graded CHO:L ratio diets ranging from 0.12, 0.86, 1.71, 3.29, and 7.19. Each diet was assigned to triplicate groups of 18 experimental fish. Our results revealed that final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) increased with dietary CHO:L ratio from 0.12 to 1.71 and then decreased with further increases in dietary CHO:L ratio. A two-slope broken-line regression analysis based on WGR showed that the optimal dietary CHO:L level for maximum growth performance of fish was 1.60. Crude lipid and crude protein content in the liver and glycogen concentration in the muscle and liver were significantly influenced by the dietary CHO:L ratios (P < 0.05). The lowest crude lipid content in the liver was observed in fish fed the diet with a CHO:L ratio of 1.71(P < 0.05). Dietary CHO:L ratios significantly induced the glucose concentration of serum (P < 0.05). The relative expression levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism, such as srebp1 and fas in the liver, showed a trend of first decreased and then increased with the increase of dietary CHO:L ratio levels. Appropriate CHO:L ratio in the diet can effectively reduce the accumulation of liver fat. We observed in fish fed the 1.71 CHO:L ratio diet showed higher feed intake, up-regulated mRNA expression of neuropeptide Y (npy) and agouti gene-related protein (agrp), and down-regulated mRNA expression of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (cart) and pro-opiomelanocorticoid (pomc) significantly as compared to control group. Thus, these results provide the theoretical basis for feed formulation to determine the appropriate CHO:L ratio requirement of Chinese perch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Peng
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu-Fang Liang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Farui Chai
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hexiong Feng
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiao Li
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shulin Tang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ke Lu
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Wuhan, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim JH, Sohn S, Kim SK, Kim SR, Kim SK, Kim SM, Kim NY, Hur YB. Effects on the survival rates, hematological parameters, and neurotransmitters in olive flounders, Paralichthys olivaceus, reared in bio-floc and seawater by Streptococcus iniae challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 113:79-85. [PMID: 33812989 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections cause huge losses to aquaculture globally, and increased antibiotic resistance means that alternative methods of reducing mortality from bacterial diseases are required. We compared the resistance of Juvenile olive flounders, Paralichthys olivaceus, to Streptococcus iniae between those reared in biofloc and seawater conditions for ten months. Experimental fish were challenged with S. iniae at concentrations of 0, 3.36 × 106, 3.36 × 107, 3.36 × 108, and 3.36 × 109 colony forming units (CFU)/g fish for 96 h to evaluate the difference in S. iniae susceptibility of flounders reared in biofloc and seawater. The 96 h lethal concentration 50% (LC50) of fish injected with S. iniae was 2.41 × 109 CFU/g fish in biofloc and 1.51 × 108 CFU/g fish in seawater. Hematological parameters such as hemoglobin and hematocrit significantly decreased when fish were challenged by S. iniae. Plasma components such as calcium, glucose, cholesterol, total protein, GOT, GPT, and ALP were significantly altered by S. iniae infection and acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly inhibited. These results indicate that S. iniae infection affects the survival rates, hematological parameters, and neurotransmitter levels of flounders reared in biofloc and seawater, and that S. iniae susceptibility was higher in flounders reared in seawater than those reared in biofloc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hwan Kim
- Sun Moon University, Department of Aquatic Life and Medical Science, Asan-si, South Korea.
| | - Saebom Sohn
- National Institute of Fisheries Science, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research & Devlopment, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25435, South Korea
| | - Su Kyoung Kim
- National Institute of Fisheries Science, West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research & Devlopment, Taean 32132, South Korea
| | - Seok-Ryel Kim
- National Institute of Fisheries Science, West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research & Devlopment, Taean 32132, South Korea
| | - Su-Kyoung Kim
- National Institute of Fisheries Science, West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research & Devlopment, Taean 32132, South Korea
| | - Su Mi Kim
- National Institute of Fisheries Science, West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research & Devlopment, Taean 32132, South Korea
| | - Na Young Kim
- Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, South Korea
| | - Young Baek Hur
- National Institute of Fisheries Science, West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research & Devlopment, Taean 32132, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Han H, Wang Z, Wang J, Wang T, Li Y, Guan D, Sun H. Impact of high dietary cornstarch level on growth, antioxidant response, and immune status in GIFT tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6678. [PMID: 33758306 PMCID: PMC7988106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between different cornstarch levels in tilapia diet and immune function. All test fish were fed with three cornstarch levels: low-cornstarch (0, LS), medium-cornstarch (18%, MS) and high-cornstarch (36%, HS) diets. Three hundred and sixty fish (initial mean body weight 31.73 ± 1.36 g) were randomly allocated into twelve water-circulated tanks, and thirty fish per tank. Compared with the low and medium cornstarch diets, the results of growth showed that the high cornstarch diet significantly decreased the FBW, WGR, and SGR, and increased the FCR of tilapia (P < 0.05). The high cornstarch diet significantly decreased the content of crude protein and increased the content of crude lipid in whole body composition (P < 0.05). Moreover, the VSI and CF in HS diet were significantly higher than those of LS diet (P < 0.05). The results of blood biochemical index exhibited that the HS diet significantly increased the content of blood glucose, and liver/muscle glycogen (P < 0.05). The results of antioxidant experiments demonstrated that the content of SOD and T-AOC in MS diet were significantly higher than those of HS diet (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the content of MDA in MS diet was significantly lower than that of HS diet (P < 0.05). The results of immune index test showed that the lysozyme activities in the serum, liver, and gill, and the phagocytic activity and index in MS diet were significantly higher than those of HS diet (P < 0.05). The challenge assay results revealed that the mortality rate of HS diet was higher than those of LS and MS diets, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the overall results suggested that the 36% cornstarch diet reduced not only the growth performance, but also body immunity. Under this experimental condition, GIFT tilapia could tolerate 18% cornstarch, but not 36% cornstarch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haojun Han
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University,, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province China
| | - Zhen Wang
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University,, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province China
| | - Jiting Wang
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University,, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province China
| | - Tingting Wang
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University,, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province China
| | - Yang Li
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University,, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province China
| | - Dongyan Guan
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University,, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province China
| | - Huiwen Sun
- grid.440622.60000 0000 9482 4676Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Environmental Health, Shandong Agricultural University,, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, 271018 Shandong Province China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Haemato-immunological responses and effectiveness of feed-based bivalent vaccine against Streptococcus iniae and Aeromonas hydrophila infections in hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticus). BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:226. [PMID: 32615969 PMCID: PMC7330267 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcosis and Motile Aeromonad Septicemia (MAS) are important diseases of tilapia, Oreochromis spp. and causes huge economic losses in aquaculture globally. The feed-based vaccination may be an alternative to minimize major infectious diseases in tilapia. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the haemato-immunological responses and effectiveness of a newly developed feed-based killed bivalent vaccine against Streptococcus iniae and Aeromonas hydrophila in hybrid red tilapia. A total of 495 hybrid red tilapia of 61.23 ± 4.95 g were distributed into 5 groups (each with triplicate). The fish were immunized orally through bivalent (combined S. iniae and A. hydrophila) spray vaccine (BS group), bivalent formulate vaccine (BF group), monovalent S. iniae vaccine (MS group), monovalent A. hydrophila vaccine (MA group) and unvaccinated as a control group. The vaccine was orally administered on days 0, 14 and 42 applied feed-based bacterin at 5% body weight. The blood and spleen samples were collected from all groups on 7, 21 and 49 days post-vaccination, and also 96 h post-infection to assess their haemato-immune responses. Results Compared with the unvaccinated group, leukocyte, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes counts in vaccinated groups were significantly (P < 0.05) increased on 21, 49 days post-vaccination and also 96 h post-infection, while erythrocytes, haemoglobin and haematocrit in vaccinated groups were significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced only 96 h post-infection. Additionally, the lysozyme and phagocytic activity and, serum antibody (IgM) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) against S. iniae and A. hydrophila in vaccinated groups compared to the unvaccinated group in the pre- and post-infection. Results from the challenge through co-infection with S. iniae and A. hydrophila showed the relative percent survival (RPS) in BF group was 76.67 ± 4.71%, which had the capacity to induce significant protection (P < 0.05) compared to others groups. Conclusions This study demonstrates the bivalent formulate (BF) group could elicit significant non-specific and specific immunological responses with higher protection in hybrid red tilapia. In addition, this newly developed feed-based bivalent vaccination can be a promising technique for effective and large scale fish immunization in the aquaculture industry.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang L, Hong X, Zhao X, Yan S, Ma X, Zha J. Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of deltamethrin renders the Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) vulnerable to Pseudomonas fluorescens infection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136943. [PMID: 32007896 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, to assess the immunotoxicity of deltamethrin on fish, adult Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) were exposed to 0.1, 0.3, and 1 μg/L deltamethrin for 28 d. Many immunological parameters and histopathological alterations were determined. The results showed that lymphocyte number was markedly decreased at 0.3 and 1 μg/L treatments, whereas the neutrophil number was strongly increased at 1 μg/L treatments (p < 0.05). Furthermore, lysozyme (LYS), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and complement component 3 (C3) levels at 0.3 and 1 μg/L treatments were markedly reduced, whereas alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were marked increased at 1 μg/L treatments (p < 0.05). The transcripts of almost all TLR (Toll-like receptor) signaling pathway-related genes were up-regulated. Histological lesions in the livers, intestines, and gills were observed at all treatments. Then, all remaining fish from controls and deltamethrin-exposed groups were injected with Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens) for 48 h. At 24 and 48 h post-injection with P. fluorescens (hpi), the lymphocyte numbers were strongly reduced at 0.3 and 1 μg/L deltamethrin-exposed groups, whereas LYS and C3 levels were strongly reduced at 0.3 and 1 μg/L deltamethrin-exposed groups (p < 0.05). Obvious reduces in IgM levels were also detected at 0.3 and 1 μg/L deltamethrin-exposed groups at 48 hpi (p < 0.05). The transcripts of almost all TLR signaling pathway-related genes were significantly down-regulated, whereas the levels of related microRNAs (miRNAs) were markedly increased at all deltamethrin-exposed groups at 24 and 48 hpi. Moreover, the bacterial load in the liver and the mortality of fish were significantly increased at 1 μg/L deltamethrin-exposed groups at 24 and 48 hpi (p < 0.05). Furthermore, obvious histological damage in the livers, intestines, and gills were observed at all deltamethrin-exposed fish at 48 hpi. Overall, our results demonstrated that environmentally relevant concentration deltamethrin suppressed immunity and rendered the fish vulnerable to P. fluorescens infection, subsequently inducing mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xufa Ma
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fu Z, Yang R, Chen X, Qin JG, Gu Z, Ma Z. Dietary non-protein energy source regulates antioxidant status and immune response of barramundi (Lates calcarifer). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:697-704. [PMID: 31712130 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effects of different dietary sources of non-protein energy on growth performance, histological structure, antioxidant status and immune response of barramundi Lates calcarifer. Fish were fed with isoenergetic diets (18 kJ/g) with two types of non-protein energy in the experimental groups and a regular diet was used as the control for 56 days. The specific growth rate and survival of fish were not significantly different between experimental diets. Hepatic histology did not reveal significant differences between dietary treatments at cellular level. The activity of most antioxidant enzymes in the lipid group significantly increased, and the antioxidant capacity in the carbohydrate group was significantly higher than that in other treatments. In the TOR pathway, LST8 homolog (mLST8) expression in the high lipid group was downregulated, and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression in the high carbohydrate group was downregulated and eIF4E expression was upregulated. The C-reactive protein (CRP) expression in the high lipid and high carbohydrate groups was upregulated. The expression levels of heat shock protein genes in the high lipid group and the high carbohydrate group were significantly downregulated. This study indicates that the lipid diet have less effect in fish immunity but is more suitable as a non-protein ingredient for energy supply for barramundi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Fu
- Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Sanya, 572018, PR China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, PR China; Ocean College, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Sanya, 572018, PR China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, PR China
| | - Xu Chen
- Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Sanya, 572018, PR China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, PR China
| | - Jian G Qin
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Zhifeng Gu
- Ocean College, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhenhua Ma
- Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Sanya, 572018, PR China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, 572018, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vazirzadeh A, Jalali S, Farhadi A. Antibacterial activity of Oliveria decumbens against Streptococcus iniae in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its effects on serum and mucosal immunity and antioxidant status. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:407-416. [PMID: 31521784 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the antibacterial, immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of different derivatives of Oliveria decumbens, in vitro and in vivo. The GC-MS spectrometry analysis showed γ-terpinene as the most frequent compound in essential oil, whereas carvacrol and thymol were the most common ones in aromatic water. Plant essential oil and hydroethanolic extract showed a positive in vitro bactericidal activity against Streptococcus iniae as evaluated by disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration methods. Also, in vivo resistance against S. iniae and immune and antioxidant responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were assayed after 60 days treatment with O. decumbens derivatives. Plant hydroethanolic extract and essential oil and their 1:1 combination were added to diet at 0 (negative control), 0.01, 0.1 and 1% (w:w). The plant aromatic water at doses of 0.0312, 0.0625 and 0.1250% were also used as bath treatment. The results showed that aromatic water at lowest dose was more effective than other treatments in increment of fish resistance against S. iniae (7.14% mortality in comparison with 50% mortalities in control fish) and modulation of post-challenge respiratory burst activity. The bactericidal activity and biochemical contents of skin mucus did not change significantly among treatments. The levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase antioxidant enzymes activities in spleen tissue were significantly higher in treatments received extract, essential oils and their combination in comparison to other groups, while treatments did not affect peroxidase level. In conclusion, administration of different derivatives of Oliveria decumbens showed remarkable antibacterial activity against streptococcosis and enhanced antioxidant status and post-challenge immunity in Nile tilapia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arya Vazirzadeh
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71441-65186, Iran.
| | - Soheila Jalali
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71441-65186, Iran
| | - Ahmad Farhadi
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71441-65186, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mir IN, Srivastava PP, Bhat IA, Dar SA, Sushila N, Varghese T, Muralidhar AP, Jain KK. Expression and activity of key lipases during the larval development of walking catfish (Clarias magur). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2019; 332:149-157. [PMID: 31219664 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The study was conducted to investigate the expression and activity of key lipolytic enzymes during the ontogenetic development of Clarias magur. After partial characterization, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression analysis of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase (PL), and bile salt-activated lipase (BAL) genes along with the specific lipase activity were performed in larvae from Day 1 after hatching till 34-day posthatch (dph). Heterogeneous patterns of mRNA expression were shown by the important lipolytic enzymes and were detected before first exogenous feeding during the yolk-sac stage. LPL started increasing from 13 dph and peaked at 16 dph followed by a declining trend till 34 dph. However, the PL observed to be peaking at 9, 22, and 30 dph. Similarly, BAL showed an increasing trend from 11 to 22 dph with a significantly high level of mRNA expression at 16 dph. Later, the specific lipase activity was evaluated which appears at Day 1 after hatching with a progressive increase from 7 to 16 dph and a further declining trend afterwards with a peak at 22 dph. The results indicated the development of exocrine pancreas at 16 dph. Furthermore, the transcript levels and the activity of lipases were regulated with the age. Hence, the present study can be helpful in devising different strategies containing optimum lipid levels at a suitable stage of development for improving the survival during larval rearing. Furthermore, the study could be a baseline for elucidating the optimized dietary lipid levels of this catfish during its larval rearing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Nazir Mir
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Science, Gumla, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - P P Srivastava
- Division of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Irfan Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Science, Gumla, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Showkat Ahmad Dar
- Division of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ngairangbam Sushila
- Division of Aquatic Environment and Health Management, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tincy Varghese
- Division of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - A P Muralidhar
- Division of Aquaculture, Kakinada Centre, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - K K Jain
- Division of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Evaluation of In Vivo Probiotic Efficiency of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in Labeo rohita Challenged by Pathogenic Strain of Aeromonas hydrophila MTCC 1739. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 10:391-398. [PMID: 28744833 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Diseases in aquatic organisms, including fish, are a major concern in aquaculture production. In this present investigation, we have evaluated the beneficial effects of dietary Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CCF7 (GenBank Acc. No. KP256501) supplementation in rohu (Labeo rohita) challenged by a pathogenic strain of Aeromonas hydrophila MTCC 1739. Four experimental diets were formulated: control diet (no probiotics) and three experimental diets (different concentrations of probiotic candidate B. amyloliquefaciens CCF7 at 105 (T1), 107 (T2), 109 (T3) CFU/g). Further, we have divided the feeding trial into pre-challenge (70 days) and post-challenge (28 days) periods and various immune parameters (serum protein, globulin, albumin, lysozyme, and IgM), and stress parameters (malondialdehyde, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) were examined during both the periods. Throughout the entire experiment, control group was fed with probiotic free basal diet, while the treatment groups received probiotic supplemented diets (PSD). After challenge test, serum aspartate transaminase (AST), serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activity, and liver malondialdehyde level have increased significantly in control groups; however, level of these parameters were considerably lower in fish fed with PSD. In contrast, liver catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and serum globulin concentration was significantly higher in the group fed with T3 diet followed by T2. Furthermore, an elevated level of serum IgM and higher activity of serum lysozyme was also recorded in PSD fed groups, especially for T3 group which confirmed the probiotic efficiency of the bacterium B. amyloliquefaciens CCF7. We strongly believe that B. amyloliquefaciens CCF7 will be a good probiotic candidate in aquaculture industries.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kumar P, Jain KK, Sardar P. Effects of dietary synbiotic on innate immunity, antioxidant activity and disease resistance of Cirrhinus mrigala juveniles. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:124-132. [PMID: 29857133 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The dietary supplementation of synbiotic in Cirrhinus mrigala juvenile (with initial body weight ranging from 2.87 ± 0.01 g to 3.26 ± 0.05 g) was evaluated in terms of changes in innate immunity, antioxidant activity and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophilla infection. One hundred eighty acclimatized juveniles of mrigal were randomly distributed in the three replicates of each of four experimental groups i.e. control (without Probiotic and Prebiotic), T1 (High Probiotic + Low Prebiotic), T2 (Low Probiotic + High Prebiotic) and T3 (High Probiotic + High Prebiotic), using completely randomized design (CRD). At the end of the feeding trial for 60 days, fish were challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila and survival rate was recorded for the next 15 days. Bacillus subtilis used as a probiotic source and MOS used as a prebiotic source in the experiment. Results showed that innate immunity was comparatively improved in T3 group. Lysozyme activity and respiratory burst activity (NBT) were significantly (P < 0.05) affected in T3 group. Highest activities of antioxidant enzymes (P < 0.05) were reported in T3 group. Cumulative mortality % was found to be lower in the fish fed dietary synbiotic on T3 group after challenging with Aeromonas hydrophilla infection. The results of this study showed that under the experimental conditions, dietary supplementation of synbiotic had a synergestic effect on enhancing innate immunity and disease resistance of Cirrhinus mrigala (P < 0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Rohtak Centre, Lahli, 124411, Haryana, India.
| | - K K Jain
- Department of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| | - P Sardar
- Department of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai, 400 061, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zahran E, Abd El-Gawad EA, Risha E. Dietary Withania sominefera root confers protective and immunotherapeutic effects against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:641-650. [PMID: 29886140 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, effect of dietary Withania sominefera (W. sominefera) root powder was evaluated to modulate immune and antioxidant response against Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). W. sominefera root powder supplemented diets at two concentrations 2.5% (W 2.5%) and 5% (W 5%); fed for 6 weeks prior to the A. hydrophila challenge and continued the same respective diets during the post challenge period (2 weeks). Results showed that fish fed W. sominefera at 5% enhanced immune response in both pre and post-challenge period. NBT level exhibited only significant increase (P < 0.05) in the pre-challenge period compared to control. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver and muscle revealed significant decrease in both Withania supplemented groups compared to the control in post challenge period. Antioxidant enzymes activities (catalase/CAT/, glutathione S-transferase/GST/, glutathione/GSH; and superoxide dismutase/SOD) were improved in liver and muscle in post challenge period. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) level in muscle and serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) showed a significant increase in both Withania supplemented groups compared to the control post challenge. Withania supplementation enhanced disease resistance against A. hydrophila and reduced mortalities (20%), especially at supplemented concentration of 5%. Our findings suggest that W. sominefera root powder may have protective and immunotherapeutic roles in Nile tilapia against A. hydrophila infection which may be useful in controlling important fish bacterial diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman Zahran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Eman A Abd El-Gawad
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Kalubia, Egypt
| | - Engy Risha
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gora AH, Sahu NP, Sahoo S, Rehman S, Ahmad I, Agarwal D, Dar SA, Rasool SI. Metabolic and haematological responses of Labeo rohita to dietary fucoidan. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1456442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Hussain Gora
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Madras Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Narottam Prasad Sahu
- Division of Fish Nutrition Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Sujata Sahoo
- Division of Fish Nutrition Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Saima Rehman
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Madras Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Division of Aquaculture, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Deepak Agarwal
- Division of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Showkat Ahmad Dar
- Division of Fish Nutrition Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Sheikh Irfan Rasool
- Division of Fish Nutrition Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Soltanian S, Fereidouni MS. Immunotoxic responses of chronic exposure to cypermethrin in common carp. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:1645-1655. [PMID: 28689359 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, laboratory evaluations were made to assess the immunomodulatory effect of cypermethrin on fingerlings of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Results showed that 96-h LC50 of cypermethrin in common carp was estimated at 0.85 μg/L. Fish were exposed for 21 days to cypermethrin at three sub-lethal concentrations of 0.042, 0.085, and 0.17 μg/L that represented 5, 10, and 20%, respectively, of the 96-h LC50 of the pesticide for this fish species. Blood samples were taken after 7, 14, and 21 days of exposure. Immunological indices and resistance against bacterial infection were determined. Compared to the control group, the fish exposed to cypermethrin showed a significant increase in neutrophil ratio but exhibited a significant decrease in leukocyte number and lymphocyte ratio in treatments exposed to 0.17 and/or 0.085 μg/L after 21 days of exposure (p < 0.05). Serum protein level was significantly decreased in group exposed to 0.17 μg/L on day 14 and also in groups exposed to 0.085 and 0.17 μg/L on day 21 (p < 0.05). Immunoglobulin value was significantly reduced in groups exposed to 0.085 and 0.17 μg/L after 21 days of exposure (p < 0.05). Serum lysozyme activity and phagocytic activity were significantly decreased following exposure to 0.17 μg/L determined on days 14 and 21, post-exposure (p < 0.05). Mortality rate following the challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila significantly increased in fish exposed to 0.17 μg/L of cypermethrin. Overall, the present results indicate severe immunotoxicological effects of cypermethrin in common carp. Therefore, the use of cypermethrin in the proximities of common carp farms should be carefully considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyavash Soltanian
- Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 7144169155, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Saeed Fereidouni
- Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 7144169155, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu P, Liu Y, Jiang WD, Jiang J, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ, Feng L. Intestinal immune responses of Jian carp against Aeromonas hydrophila depressed by choline deficiency: Varied change patterns of mRNA levels of cytokines, tight junction proteins and related signaling molecules among three intestinal segments. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 65:34-41. [PMID: 28366783 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of choline deficiency on intestinal inflammation of fish after Aeromonas hydrophila infection and the potential molecular mechanisms. Juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) were fed two diets containing choline at 165 (deficient group) and 607 mg/kg diet respectively for 65 days. Choline deficiency decreased intestinal lysozyme activity, C3 and IgM contents, increased acid phosphatase activity, downregulated mRNA levels of antimicrobial peptides [liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide (LEAP) 2A, LEAP-2B, hepcidin and defensin], cytokines [interleukin (IL) 6a, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon γ2b (IFN-γ2b), IL-6b and transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) only in proximal intestine, IL-10 in mid and distal intestine], immune-related signaling molecules [Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB), Janus kinase 3 (JAK3), and signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5)], tight junction proteins (claudin 3b, claudin 3c, claudin 11 and occludin), and mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 (p38MAPK) in proximal and distal intestine of juvenile Jian carp after A. hydrophila challenge. In contrast, choline deficiency upregulated mRNA levels of antimicrobial peptides (LEAP-2A, LEAP-2B, hepcidin and defensin), cytokines (IL-6b, IFN-γ2b and TGF-β2), immune-related signaling molecules (TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, IκB, JAK3, STAT4 in three intestinal segments, and STAT6), claudin 11, and p38MAPK in mid intestine of fish. This study provides new finding that choline deficiency-induced immune responses against A. hydrophila infection were varied among three intestinal segments in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yengkokpam S, Debnath D, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Jain KK, Baruah K. Dietary protein enhances non-specific immunity, anti-oxidative capability and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Labeo rohita fingerlings pre-exposed to short feed deprivation stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:439-446. [PMID: 27815199 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Present experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary protein levels on growth, immunity and anti-oxidative status of Labeo rohita fingerlings during feed deprivation followed by refeeding. Fish (5.44 ± 0.10 g) were deprived of feed for 3 weeks and then re-fed to satiation for 5 weeks with one of the diets containing 25 (25P), 30 (30P), 35 (35P) or 40 (40P) percent crude protein (CP) level. In addition to these groups, a control group (C) was also maintained by feeding to satiation level twice daily with a diet containing 30% CP throughout the experimental period. At the end of 8-weeks' trial, fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila and survival was recorded for the next 7 days. Complete recovery of growth in terms of weight gain percentage was achieved in the fish fed 35 and 40% protein during refeeding. The body indices (condition factor and hepatosomatic index), haematological parameters and serum protein contents at the end of the experimental trial were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among different groups suggesting that the overall health of the fish was not compromised. However, respiratory burst activity and serum lysozyme activity were indicative of a better immune function in the higher protein fed groups (35P and 40P) than the lower protein groups (25P and 30P). Following challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, survival rate, blood monocyte%, respiratory burst activity, serum lysozyme activity, serum protein and globulin were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the 35P and 40P groups compared to the other groups. Further, fish fed lower dietary protein were not able to restore the activities of anti-oxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the liver. Conclusively, an improved disease resistance capability and immune status was observed in the fish fed a higher dietary protein (35-40%), even out-performing the daily-fed fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sona Yengkokpam
- Division of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, India.
| | - Dipesh Debnath
- Division of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, India
| | - N P Sahu
- Division of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, India
| | - A K Pal
- Division of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, India
| | - K K Jain
- Division of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, India
| | - Kartik Baruah
- Laboratory of Aquaculture &Artemia Reference Centre, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zheng JL, Yuan SS, Li WY, Wu CW. Positive and negative innate immune responses in zebrafish under light emitting diodes conditions. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:382-387. [PMID: 27452972 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain light emitting diodes (LEDs) have become popular in fish farming beacause of a promoting effect on growth and reproduction. However, little information is available on innate immune responses in related tissues under LEDs conditions. The present study assessed the effects of a white fluorescent bulb (the control) and two different light-emitting diodes (LEDs: blue, LDB, peak at 450 nm; red, LDR, 630 nm) on growth and innate immune responses in the serum, liver and ovary of zebrafish for 8 weeks. LDB significantly enhanced specific growth rate (SGR), food intake (FI), and serum globulin levels. In contrast, LDR sharply inhibited SGR, FI, and the levels of albumin and globulin. Under LDB condition, there was an increase in protein levels of alkaline phophatase (AKP) and protein and activity levels of lysozyme (LZM) in the liver, and the levels of mRNA, protein, and activity of LZM in the ovary. Under LDR condition, LZM was dramatically down-regulated at mRNA, protein and activity levels in the ovary, suggesting that LZM was regulated at a transcriptional level. In the liver of the LDR group, though AKP mRNA levels sharply increased, its protein and activity levels significantly declined, indicating that AKP was regulated at translational level. Furthermore, a positive correlation between transcription factor NF-κB RelA mRNA levels and expression levels of AKP and LZM was observed in the liver and ovary, implying a transcriptional regulation of NF-κB RelA. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated a positive effect of LDB and negative effect of LDR on fish growth and innate immune responses, possibly associated with modifications at transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels, and the transcriptional regulation of the NF-κB signaling molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lang Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
| | - Shuang-Shuang Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Wei-Ye Li
- Zhoushan Fisheries Research Institute, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Chang-Wen Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tian HY, Zhang DD, Xu C, Wang F, Liu WB. Effects of light intensity on growth, immune responses, antioxidant capability and disease resistance of juvenile blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:674-680. [PMID: 26306857 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Light is necessary for many fish species to develop and grow normally since most fishes are visual feeders. However, too intense light may be stressful or even lethal. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of light intensity on growth, immune response, antioxidant capability and disease resistance of juvenile blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. Fish (18.04 ± 0.22 g) randomly divided into 5 groups were exposed to a range of light intensities (100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 lx) in cultures for 8 weeks. After the feeding trial, fish were challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila and cumulative mortality was recorded for the next 96 h. The results demonstrated that fish subjected to 400 lx showed the greatest weight gain (125.70 ± 5.29%). Plasma levels of glucose and lactate increased with light intensity rising from 100 lx to 1600 lx while the lowest plasma levels of cortisol was observed at 400 lx group. Post-challenged haemato-immunological parameters (including plasma lysozyme and alternative complement activities, as well as plasma nitric oxide level and globulin contents) improved with light intensity increasing from 100 lx to 400 lx, and then decreased with further increasing light intensity. However, antioxidant biomarkers such as liver catalase and malondialdehyde showed an opposite trend with immune response with the lowest values observed at 400 lx groups. The application of light intensity at 1600 lx significantly lowered liver glutathione activity to 76.78 ± 6.91 μmol g(-1). Within a range of light intensity from 100 to 400 lx, no differences were observed in liver total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities while they were significantly higher at 800 and 1600 lx. After challenge, the lowest mortality was observed in fish exposed to 400 lx. It was significantly lower than that of fish exposed to 100 and 1600 lx. The results of the present study indicated that high light intensities (more than 800 lx) not only produced poor growth, but also led to stress response, as might consequently result in the elevated liver oxidation rates and depress immunity of this species. Although no stress response was observed, fish subjected to low light intensities (lower than 400 lx) also showed oxidative stress, immunosuppression and reduced disease resistance. Taken together, the optimal light intensity to enhance growth and boost immunity of this species at juvenile stage is 400 lx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, PR China
| | - Ding-Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, PR China.
| | - Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, PR China
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kumar S, Sahu NP, Gal D. Mitigation of immunosuppressive and oxidative stress effect of dietary gelatinized starch in Labeo rohita fingerlings by elevation of rearing temperature within optimum range. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:868-877. [PMID: 26475365 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the strategy to mitigate the immunosuppressive and oxidative stress effect of gelatinized starch in fingerling of Labeo rohita. Fingerlings were either maintained at ambient water temperature (26 °C) or exposed to 32 °C for one week and then subjected to 26 °C for four weeks. Both groups were fed with isoproteinous (30% crude protein) diets containing gelatinized (G) or non-gelatinized (NG) starch. After 5 weeks of feeding trial, fingerlings were challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila and survival rate was recorded for the next 7 days. Serum cortisol and glucose content was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in G starch fed group and decreased with the increase in temperature from 26 to 32 °C, which was consistent for next four week after decrease in temperature from 32 to 26 °C. Lower respiratory burst activity and serum total protein and globulin content in G starch fed group at 26 °C significantly (p < 0.05) increased after elevation of temperature from 26 to 32 °C and levelled off to NG starch fed group. Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity of G starch fed group was significantly higher in group reared at 32 °C compared to 26 °C. After challenge, fish fed G starch showed lower survival rate than that of fish fed NG starch. Subsequently, exposure of elevated temperature (32 °C) for one week significantly increased the survival rate of G starch fed group and levelled off to NG starch fed group. The results of this study indicated that dietary G starch may cause metabolic stress of fingerling L. rohita, as might consequently lead to the decrease antioxidant abilities, depressed immunity and reduced resistance to A. hydrophila infection. Subsequently, exposure of elevated temperature (32 °C) for one week mitigate immunosuppressive and oxidative stress effect of dietary G starch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivendra Kumar
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Research Institute for Fisheries and Aquaculture (NARIC - HAKI), H-5540 Szarvas, Anna-liget 8, Hungary; Department of Fish Nutrition and Biochemistry, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, India.
| | - N P Sahu
- Department of Fish Nutrition and Biochemistry, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Road, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, India
| | - Denes Gal
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Research Institute for Fisheries and Aquaculture (NARIC - HAKI), H-5540 Szarvas, Anna-liget 8, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhou C, Ge X, Lin H, Niu J. Effect of dietary carbohydrate on non-specific immune response, hepatic antioxidative abilities and disease resistance of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:183-190. [PMID: 25181652 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) levels on non-specific immune responses, hepatic antioxidative status and disease resistance of juvenile golden pompano. Fish were fed six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing various CHO levels for 8 weeks. After the feeding trial, fish were challenged by Vibrio harveyi and survival rate was recorded for the next 12 days. Plasma total protein and albumin content, respiratory burst activity, alkaline phosphatase, slightly increased with dietary starch level from 0% to 16.8%, but significantly decreased at dietary starch levels of 16.8%-28%. Plasma lysozyme, complement 3 and complement 4 levels increased with increasing dietary carbohydrate up to 11.2% and then declined (P < 0.05). Contrary to glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and triiodothyronine, plasma cortisol content increased with increasing dietary carbohydrate up to 22.4%, and then levelled off. The hepatic total antioxidative capacity, reduced glutathione and catalase levels reached the peak at the fish fed diet with 16.8% carbohydrate (P < 0.05). This also held true for hepatic superoxide dismutase activities, whereas the hepatic malondialdehyde content of fish fed dietary starch level of 16.8% was significantly lower than that of fish fed no CHO diet, but showed little difference (P > 0.05) with those of the other treatments. After challenge, fish fed 11.2% and 16.8% dietary CHO showed higher survival rate than that of fish in 0% CHO group (P < 0.05). However, survival rate showed little difference among 0%, 5.6%, 22.4% and 28% CHO groups (P > 0.05). The results of this study suggest that ingestion of 11.2-16.8% dietary CHO can enhance the non-specific immune responses, increase the hepatic antioxidant abilities, and improve resistance to V. harveyi infection of juvenile golden pompano.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanpeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, the South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, PR China.
| | - Xianping Ge
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, PR China.
| | - Heizhao Lin
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, the South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China.
| | - Jin Niu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, the South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pratheepa V, Sukumaran N. Effect of Euphorbia hirta plant leaf extract on immunostimulant response of Aeromonas hydrophila infected Cyprinus carpio. PeerJ 2014; 2:e671. [PMID: 25405077 PMCID: PMC4232839 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the present study is to improve the immune power of Cyprinus carpio by using Euphorbia hirta plant leaf extract as immunostimulants. The haematological, immunological and enzymatic studies were conducted on the medicated fish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila pathogen. The results obtained from the haematological studies show that the RBC count, WBC count and haemoglobin content were increased in the infected fish at higher concentration of leaf extract. The feeds with leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta were able to stimulate the specific immune response by increasing the titre value of antibody. It was able to stimulate the antibody production only up to the 5th day, when fed with higher concentrations of (25 g and 50 g) plant leaf extract. The plant extract showed non-specific immune responses such as lysozyme activity, phagocytic ratio, NBT assay, etc. at higher concentration (50 g) and in the same concentration (50 g), the leaf extract of Euphorbia hirta significantly eliminated the pathogen in blood and kidney. It was observed that fish have survival percentage significantly at higher concentration (50 g) of Euphorbia hirta, when compared with the control. The obtained results are statistically significant at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 levels. This research work suggests that the plant Euphorbia hirta has immunostimulant activity by stimulating both specific and non-specific immunity at higher concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumari Pratheepa
- Department of Aquaculture Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Environmental Sciences , Alwarkurchi, Tamil Nadu , India ; CIIMAR, Marine and Environmental Research Center, University of Porto , Rua dos Bragas, Porto , Portugal
| | - NatarajaPillai Sukumaran
- Department of Aquaculture Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Environmental Sciences , Alwarkurchi, Tamil Nadu , India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kumar N, Gupta S, Chandan NK, Aklakur M, Pal AK, Jadhao SB. Lipotropes protect against pathogen-aggravated stress and mortality in low dose pesticide-exposed fish. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93499. [PMID: 24690771 PMCID: PMC3972094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline of freshwater fish biodiversity corroborates the trends of unsustainable pesticide usage and increase of disease incidence in the last few decades. Little is known about the role of nonlethal exposure to pesticide, which is not uncommon, and concurrent infection of opportunistic pathogens in species decline. Moreover, preventative measures based on current knowledge of stress biology and an emerging role for epigenetic (especially methylation) dysregulation in toxicity in fish are lacking. We herein report the protective role of lipotropes/methyl donors (like choline, betaine and lecithin) in eliciting primary (endocrine), secondary (cellular and hemato-immunological and histoarchitectural changes) and tertiary (whole animal) stress responses including mortality (50%) in pesticide-exposed (nonlethal dose) and pathogen-challenged fish. The relative survival with betaine and lecithin was 10 and 20 percent higher. This proof of cause-and-effect relation and physiological basis under simulated controlled conditions indicate that sustained stress even due to nonlethal exposure to single pollutant enhances pathogenic infectivity in already nutritionally-stressed fish, which may be a driver for freshwater aquatic species decline in nature. Dietary lipotropes can be used as one of the tools in resurrecting the aquatic species decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Subodh Gupta
- Department of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitish Kumar Chandan
- Department of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Md. Aklakur
- Department of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asim Kumar Pal
- Department of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay Balkrishna Jadhao
- Department of Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Suguna P, Binuramesh C, Abirami P, Saranya V, Poornima K, Rajeswari V, Shenbagarathai R. Immunostimulation by poly-β hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate (PHB-HV) from Bacillus thuringiensis in Oreochromis mossambicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:90-97. [PMID: 24161774 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to test the immunostimulatory efficacy of poly-β hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate (PHB-HV) extracted from Bacillus thuringiensis B.t.A102 on the immune system of Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish were fed with 0%, 1%, 3% or 5% PHB-HV supplemented feed and were bled at regular intervals of 5 days. The specific immune response was measured in terms of antibody response to sheep red blood cells, the nonspecific immune mechanisms were analysed in terms of serum lysozyme activity, total peroxidases activity and antiprotease activity. The overall functional immunity was tested by experimental challenge with live virulent Aeromonas hydrophila. The results revealed that all the doses of PHB-HV supplementation in feed were effective in stimulating both specific and nonspecific immune mechanisms. The bacterial challenge experiment showed that highest dose of 5% PHB-HV supplementation was more effective than 1% and 3% doses. The study concludes that PHB-HV can be used as a potential immunostimulant in finfish aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ponnusamy Suguna
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Madurai 625002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Periyasamy Abirami
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Madurai 625002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Viswanathan Saranya
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Madurai 625002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kkani Poornima
- Department of Zoology, Thiagarajar College, Madurai 625009, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Veluchamy Rajeswari
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Madurai 625002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajaiah Shenbagarathai
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, Lady Doak College, Madurai 625002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang CN, Li XF, Xu WN, Jiang GZ, Lu KL, Wang LN, Liu WB. Combined effects of dietary fructooligosaccharide and Bacillus licheniformis on innate immunity, antioxidant capability and disease resistance of triangular bream (Megalobrama terminalis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1380-1386. [PMID: 23932988 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and Bacillus licheniformis (B. licheniformis) and their interaction on innate immunity, antioxidant capability and disease resistance of triangular bream Megalobrama terminalis (average initial weight 30.5 ± 0.5 g). Nine experimental diets were formulated to contain three FOS levels (0, 0.3% and 0.6%) and three B. licheniformis levels (0, 1 × 10(7), 5 × 10(7) CFU g(-1)) according to a 3 × 3 factorial design. At the end of the 8-week feeding trial, fish were challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) and survival rate was recorded for the next 7 days. The results showed that leucocyte counts, alternative complement activity as well as total serum protein and globulin contents all increased significantly (P < 0.05) as dietary B. licheniformis levels increased from 0 to 1 × 10(7) CFU g(-1), while little difference (P > 0.05) was observed in these parameters in terms of dietary FOS levels. Both plasma alkaline phosphatase and phenoloxidase activities were significantly (P < 0.05) affected only by dietary FOS levels with the highest values observed in fish fed 0.6 and 0.3% FOS, respectively. Both immunoglobulin M content and liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were significantly affected (P > 0.05) by both FOS and B. licheniformis. Liver catalase, glutathione peroxidase as well as plasma SOD activities of fish fed 1 × 10(7) CFU g(-1)B. licheniformis were all significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the other groups, whereas the opposite was true for malondialdehyde content. After A. hydrophila challenge, survival rate was not affected (P > 0.05) by either FOS levels or B. licheniformis contents, whereas a significant (P < 0.05) interaction between these two substances was observed with the highest value observed in fish fed 0.3% FOS and 1 × 10(7) CFU g(-1)B. licheniformis. The results of this study indicated that dietary FOS and B. licheniformis could significantly enhance the innate immunity and antioxidant capability of triangular bream, as well as improve its disease resistance. The best combination of these two prebiotics and/or probiotics was 0.3% FOS and 1 × 10(7) CFU g(-1)B. licheniformis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Nuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Qiang J, Yang H, Wang H, Kpundeh MD, Xu P. Interacting effects of water temperature and dietary protein level on hematological parameters in Nile tilapia juveniles, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and mortality under Streptococcus iniae infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:8-16. [PMID: 23041506 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Based on central composite rotatable experimental design and response surface method, the interacting effects of temperature (20 °C-34 °C) and dietary protein level (25%-50%) on hematological parameters including red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and hemoglobin (Hb) of juvenile Oreochromis niloticus were studied under laboratory conditions. The experiment lasted for 7 weeks. After the feeding trial, fish were challenged with Streptococcus iniae and mortality was recorded for within 8 days. Results showed that the linear and quadratic effects of temperature on RBC, WBC and Hb were highly significant (P < 0.01). When the dietary protein level was 25%-50%, the RBC, WBC and Hb were increased firstly and then decreased, but the linear and quadratic effects of protein level were insignificant (P > 0.05). The interacting effects of temperature and protein level on RBC and Hb were significant (P < 0.05). The regression equations of RBC, WBC and Hb toward the two factors of interest were established, with the coefficients of determination being 0.870, 0.836 and 0.881, respectively (P < 0.01). These equations could be used for prediction in practice. After the challenge, the mortalities for the combinations of 22.1 °C/28.7% and 20.0 °C/37.5% were significantly higher than 27.0 °C/37.5% (P < 0.05). The optimal temperature/dietary protein level combination was obtained at 27.9 °C/38.1% at which the lowest mortality (13.76%) was attained. This value was close to the optimal temperature/dietary protein level combination (29.4 °C/41.9%) for the greatest levels of RBC (2.560 × 10(6) μL(-1)), WBC (270.648 × 10(3) μL(-1)) and Hb (92.851 g L(-1)). The results of this study indicated that preferred temperature/dietary protein level combination might strengthen the non-specific immunity and reduce susceptibility to S. iniae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qiang
- China Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, Jiangsu, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li XF, Liu WB, Lu KL, Xu WN, Wang Y. Dietary carbohydrate/lipid ratios affect stress, oxidative status and non-specific immune responses of fingerling blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:316-323. [PMID: 22617792 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrate/lipid (CHO:L) ratios on stress, liver oxidative status and non-specific immune responses of fingerling blunt snout bream. Fish were fed six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing various CHO:L ratios for 10 weeks. After the feeding trial, fish were challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila and survival rate was recorded for the next 10 days. The lowest plasma cortisol, lactate, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were all observed in fish fed a CHO:L ratio of 5.64. They were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of fish offered the lowest CHO:L ratio, but showed little difference (P > 0.05) with those of fish fed the highest CHO:L ratio. This also held true for liver catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, whereas the opposite was true for liver reduced glutathione contents, plasma lysozyme and alternative complement (ACH50) activities. Contrary to leucocyte counts, plasma glucose levels, liver malondialdehyde contents, blood haemoglobin contents and erythrocyte numbers all increased significantly (P < 0.05) with decreasing dietary CHO:L ratios. The highest plasma total protein and globulin content both observed in fish fed a CHO:L ratio of 2.45 was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that of fish offered the lowest CHO:L ratio, but showed no statistical difference (P > 0.05) with that of the other groups. After challenge, fish fed the lowest CHO:L ratio obtained significantly (P < 0.05) low survival rate. However, survival rate showed little difference (P > 0.05) as dietary CHO:L ratios ranged from 3.67 to 24.20. The results of this study indicated that high dietary lipid may cause metabolic stress of fingerling blunt snout bream, as might consequently lead to the elevated liver oxidation rates, impaired liver function, depressed immunity and reduced resistance to A. hydrophila infection of this species, whereas the opposite was true for carbohydrate enriched diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Fei Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Ecology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Park KH, Choi SH. The effect of mistletoe, Viscum album coloratum, extract on innate immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:1016-1021. [PMID: 22554573 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of dietary mistletoe extracts on non-specific immune response and disease resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Tilapia fingerlings were fed with a diet containing 0 mg as a control, 10 mg, 50 mg, and 200 mg mistletoe powder kg(-1) dry diet for 80 days. The immunological parameters, respiratory burst activity, lysozyme activity, alternative complement haemolysis activity (ACH(50)), and phagocytic activity of fish were investigated following 20, 40 and 80 days of feeding. Fish were challenged with A. hydrophila on 80 days after feeding and mortalities were checked over 10 days post-infection. The results show that fish fed with mistletoe extract exhibited an increase in activity in all immunological parameters (P < 0.05) compared to the control group depending on feeding periods and doses of mistletoe. Following challenge with A. hydrophila, 42% less survivability was observed in the control group than in other experimental diet groups. The highest survival rate (83%) was shown in the group fed with a 50 mg mistletoe kg(-1) diet. The results suggest that mistletoe enables tilapia to promote immunity and be more resistant to A. hydrophila infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Ha Park
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, Chunbuk, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Andrews SR, Sahu N, Pal A, Mukherjee S, Kumar S. Yeast extract, brewer’s yeast and spirulina in diets for Labeo rohita fingerlings affect haemato-immunological responses and survival following Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:103-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
34
|
Akhtar MS, Kumar Pal A, Sahu NP, Ciji A, Kumar N. Effects of dietary pyridoxine on haemato-immunological responses ofLabeo rohitafingerlings reared at higher water temperature. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:581-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
35
|
Pratheepa V, Sukumaran N. Specific and nonspecific immunostimulation study of Euphorbia hirta on Pseudomonas fluorescens-infected Cyprinus carpio. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:484-491. [PMID: 21385104 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.526615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Infectious diseases are one of the major factors affecting the production of fish worldwide. The pathogens (especially bacteria) affect the immune system of fish and the administration of immunostimulants can increase resistance to infectious diseases by enhancing both specific and nonspecific defense mechanisms. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we have conducted an experiment on the pathogen-infected Cyprinus carpio Linn. (Cyprinidae), using Euphorbia hirta Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) plant leaves as immunostimulants. MATERIALS AND METHODS The aqueous extract of the leaves was prepared and the immunostimulant action was recorded by giving different concentrations of plant extract supplemented diet. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results obtained from the studies show that the higher concentration of the extract (50 g/kg diet) provided significant immune response (specific and nonspecific) on the fish. The 50 g/kg leaf extract of E. hirta enhanced the phagocytic ratio on 10th and 15th day after the infection. The results of the specific and nonspecific immunostimulation studies are statistically significant. CONCLUSION This work will guide the researchers for the discovery of significant aquaculture nutrients to improve the immunostimulant action on fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Pratheepa
- Department of Aquaculture Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Environmental Sciences, Alwarkurchi, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Alexander C, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Akhtar MS. Haemato-immunological and stress responses of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings: effect of rearing temperature and dietary gelatinized carbohydrate. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 95:653-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
37
|
Pratheepa V, Ramesh S, Sukumaran N. Immunomodulatory effect of Aegle marmelos leaf extract on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio infected by bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2010; 48:1224-1239. [PMID: 20818950 DOI: 10.3109/13880201003713598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Aquatic organisms (especially fish) require potent defense mechanisms to protect themselves against pathogen invasion and disease formation. The use of immunostimulants in fish culture can prevent the diseases through augmentation of both specific and non-specific immunity. OBJECTIVE A study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of different dietary doses of Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Corr. Serr. (Rutaceae) leaf extract for the immune response and the disease resistance of the freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio Linn. (Cyprinidae) infected by Aeromonas hydrophila Chester (Aeromonadaceae). MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY Hematological, specific immune response, non-specific immune response and enzyme assay studies were performed on fish and were scrutinized after 50 days of feeding trial. RESULTS Fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila at a dose of 1.5 × 10(4) cells/mL through intraperitoneal injection, and the hematological changes, the immune response, the enzyme activity and the disease resistance of Cyprinus carpio against the pathogen were also studied for 20 days at 5-day intervals. DISCUSSION The results obtained from the study demonstrated that the fish fed with leaf extract of Aegle marmelos incorporated into feed significantly enhanced the red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, phagocytic activity, nitroblue tetrazolium chloride assay, lysozyme, pathogen clearance and enzyme activity compared with the control group. The survivability was higher in the fish which consumed leaf extract-incorporated feed, and the fish group fed with 5 g diet showed highest percentage survival of the fish. CONCLUSION These results indicate that Aegle marmelos stimulates the immunity and makes the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio more resistant to Aeromonas hydrophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Pratheepa
- Department of Aquaculture Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Sri Paramakalyani Center for Environmental Sciences, Alwarkurchi, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Estensoro I, Benedito-Palos L, Palenzuela O, Kaushik S, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Pérez-Sánchez J. The nutritional background of the host alters the disease course in a fish-myxosporean system. Vet Parasitol 2010; 175:141-50. [PMID: 20947256 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to determine if a practical plant protein-based diet containing vegetable oils (VO) as the major lipid source could alter the disease course when challenged with the myxosporean Enteromyxum leei, a wide-spread parasite in the Mediterranean basin causing heavy economic losses. Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fed for 9 months either a fish oil (FO) diet or a blend of VOs at 66% of replacement (66VO diet) were challenged by exposure to parasite-contaminated water effluent. All fish were periodically and non-lethally sampled to obtain biometrical data and to know their infection status. After 102 days of exposure, fish were euthanized and haematological, biometrical, histological, immunological, glutathione and anti-oxidant data were obtained from tissue, blood and serum samples. Anorexia appeared in both exposed groups, but feed intake reduction was higher in 66VO fish. The signs of disease (lower growth, condition factor, specific growth rate, haematocrit) as well as the disease course were worse in fish from 66VO group, with a higher prevalence and intensity of infection, a higher percentage of fish harbouring the parasite in the entire intestinal tract, and a faster establishment of the parasite. Parasite intensity of infection was negatively correlated with growth parameters and haematocrit in both groups, and with complement, lysozyme and hepatic total glutathione in 66VO fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Department of Marine Species Biology, Culture and Pathology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kumar S, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Sagar V, Sinha AK, Baruah K. Modulation of key metabolic enzyme of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) juvenile: effect of dietary starch type, protein level and exogenous alpha-amylase in the diet. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2009; 35:301-315. [PMID: 19343525 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-008-9213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to delineate the effect of both gelatinized (G) and non-gelatinized (NG) corn with or without supplementation of exogenous alpha-amylase, either at optimum (35%) or sub-optimum (27%) protein levels, on blood glucose, and the key metabolic enzymes of glycolysis (hexokinase, HK), gluconeogenesis (glucose-6 phosphatase, G6Pase and fructose-1,6 bisphosphatase, FBPase), lipogenesis (glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD) and amino acid metabolism (alanine amino transferase, ALT and aspartate amino transferase, AST) in Labeo rohita. Three hundred and sixty juveniles (average weight 10 +/- 0.15 g) were randomly distributed into 12 treatment groups with each of two replicates. Twelve semi-purified diets containing either 35 or 27% crude protein were prepared by including G or NG corn as carbohydrate source with different levels of microbial alpha-amylase (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg kg(-1)). The G corn fed groups showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) blood glucose and G6PD activity, whereas G6Pase, FBPase, ALT and AST activity in liver was higher in the NG corn fed group. Dietary corn type, alpha-amylase level in diet or their interaction had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on liver HK activity, but the optimum crude protein (35%) fed group showed higher HK activity than their low protein counterparts. The sub-optimum crude protein (27%) fed group showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) G6PD activity than the optimum protein fed group, whereas the reverse trend was observed for HK, G6Pase, FBPase, ALT and AST activity. Addition of 50 mg alpha-amylase kg(-1) feed showed increased blood glucose and G6PD activity of the NG corn fed group, whereas the reverse trend was found for G6Pase, FBPase, ALT and AST activity in liver, which was similar to that of the G or NG corn supplemented with 100/150 mg alpha-amylase kg(-1) feed. Data on enzyme activities suggest that NG corn in the diet significantly induced more gluconeogenic and amino acid metabolic enzyme activity, whereas G corn induced increased lipogenic enzyme activity. Increased amino acid catabolic enzyme (ALT and AST) activity was observed either at optimum protein (35%) irrespective of corn type or NG corn without supplementation of alpha-amylase irrespective of protein level in the diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivendra Kumar
- Department of Fish Nutrition and Biochemistry, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kumar V, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Kumar S, Sharma P, Chettri JK, Sinha AK. Non-gelatinized starch influences the deposition of n-3 fatty acids in the muscle of a tropical freshwater fish, Labeo rohita. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2009; 93:659-68. [PMID: 19178607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to study the influence of gelatinized (G) to non-gelatinized (NG) starch ratio in the diet on fatty acids profiles and oxidative status in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Two hundred and thirty-four fingerlings (average weight: 2.53 g) were distributed in six treatment groups with each of three replicates. Six semi-purified diets either containing NG and/or G corn starch (42.43%) viz., T(1) (100% NG and 0% G starch), T(2) (80% NG and 20% G starch), T(3) (60% NG and 40% G starch), T(4) (40% NG and 60% G starch), T(5) (20% NG and 80% G starch) and T(6) (0% NG and 100% G starch) was fed to respective groups. Catalase, superoxide dismutase and malic enzyme activities decreased linearly with the increasing level of G starch, whereas reverse trend was found for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Total saturated fatty acids in muscle increased with the increasing level of G starch in the diet. Total n-3 fatty acids decreased linearly with the increasing level of G starch in the diet. Among the n-3 fatty acids, linolenic acids content was more in NG starch fed group. Similarly, eicosapentaenoic acid contents gradually decreased with increasing level of G starch content. The n-6/n-3 ratio was higher in G starch fed group. This suggests that dietary starch type may be manipulated for quality improvement of fish flesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Department of Aquaculture System and Animal Nutrition in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kumar V, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Kumar S, Gupta SK. Gelatinized to non-gelatinized starch ratio in the diet ofLabeo rohita: effect on digestive and metabolic response and on growth. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008; 92:492-501. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
42
|
Choi SH, Park KH, Yoon TJ, Kim JB, Jang YS, Choe CH. Dietary Korean mistletoe enhances cellular non-specific immune responses and survival of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 24:67-73. [PMID: 18023593 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 08/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the immunostimulatory effects of Korean mistletoe extract (KM-110; Viscum album Coloratum) on the non-specific immune response and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). Eels were fed under 4 regimes, 0%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0% KM-110 mixed diet. On day 14 after feeding, 15 fish from each group were injected i.p. with live A. hydrophila (3 x 10(6)CFU) and the remaining unchallenged fish from each group were used to study the innate immune response. On 14 days post-infection, the total survival rates were 26.6% in control, and 33.3%, 66.6% and 80% in 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% KM-110-treated groups, respectively. The maximum lysozyme activity was observed in the 1% KM-110-treated group. There was no significant difference of lysozyme activity between 0.1% and 0.5% KM-110 group. Superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) production was significantly (p<0.05) augmented in the 0.5% and 1% KM-110 groups compared to the control and 0.1% KM-110 group. No significant difference of (O(2)(-) production was found between 0.5% and 1% KM-110 group. Likewise, there was a significant increase in phagocytic activity in the 0.5% KM-110 group compared with the 0.1% group (p<0.05), but no significant difference between the 0.5% and the 1% KM-110 group indicating that 0.5% KM-110 concentration is suitable for stimulating maximum phagocytic activity resulting in a high amount of ROI production. Considering the present results, KM-110 could be utilized as a promising immunostimulating substance for a diet in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Choi
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, Jeonbuk 573-400, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jha AK, Pal AK, Sahu NP, Kumar S, Mukherjee SC. Haemato-immunological responses to dietary yeast RNA, omega-3 fatty acid and beta-carotene in Catla catla juveniles. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:917-27. [PMID: 17681812 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A preliminary study with 60 days feeding was conducted to study the immunomodulatory role of different immunostimulants like beta-carotene, omega-3 fatty acid and yeast-RNA in Catla catla fingerlings. Two hundred and sixty four fingerlings were randomly distributed into eight treatment groups with each of three replicates. Eight isonitrogenous (crude protein 34.12-35.40%) and isocaloric (458.41-461.48 kcal/100g) purified diets were prepared with graded level of beta-carotene, omega-3 fatty acid and yeast-RNA viz., Control (basal diet), T1 (Basal + 1% omega-3 fatty acid), T2 (Basal + 3% omega-3 fatty acid), T3 (Basal + beta-carotene), T4 (T1 + beta-carotene), T5 (T2 + beta-carotene), T6 (Basal + 0.4% yeast-RNA) and T7 (Basal + 0.8% yeast-RNA). The immunomodulatory effects of dietary immunostimulants were studied in terms of respiratory burst activity (NBT) of blood phagocytes, total leukocyte count, serum total protein, serum globulin, A/G ratio (A/G) and serum lysozyme activity. The respiratory burst activity of T7 group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the other groups. Haemoglobin content, total erythrocyte count and serum albumin content did not vary among the treatment groups, whereas total leukocyte count, serum globulin content and serum lysozyme activity were found to be highest in T7 group. Relative survival percent after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila was also highest in T7 (88.88%) group followed by T6 (75.06%) and T4 (66.66%) and the lowest in T2 group. It was observed that total leucocyte count, NBT and lysozyme activity of T2 group fed with high omega-3 fatty acid (3%) was less than (p<0.05) its lower counterparts T1 (1%) and control group. Based on the results of the present study, it concludes that supplementation of yeast-RNA at 0.8% registered higher immunological responses in C. catla juveniles. It is also observed that higher supplementation of omega-3 fatty acid (3%) in the diet causes immunosuppression in C. catla juveniles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Jha
- Fish Biochemistry Laboratory, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Fisheries University Road, 7 Bung, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kumar V, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Kumar S. Immunomodulation of Labeo rohita juveniles due to dietary gelatinized and non-gelatinized starch. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:341-53. [PMID: 17383896 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2006] [Revised: 11/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A 60 days experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary gelatinized (G) and non-gelatinized (NG) starch on immunomodulation of Labeo rohita juveniles. Two hundred and thirty four juveniles (av. wt. 2.53+/-0.04) were randomly distributed in six treatment groups with each of three replicates. Six semi-purified diets containing NG and G corn starch, each at six levels of inclusion (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100) were prepared viz., T(1) (100% NG, 0% G starch), T(2) (80% NG, 20% G starch), T(3) (60% NG, 40% G starch), T(4) (40% NG, 60% G starch), T(5) (20% NG, 80% G starch) and T(6) (0% NG, 100% G starch). After a feeding period of 60 days, the juveniles were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila to study their immunomodulation due to feeding of G and NG starch. RBC and haemoglobin content were significantly (P<0.05) reduced due to bacterial challenge, but dietary starch (G/NG starch) had no effect on it. G:NG starch ratio in the feed had significant effect on total leukocyte count during pre- and post-challenge periods. The leukocyte count concomitantly increased with the increased level of G starch in the diet. Highest albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio was recorded in T6 group (100% G starch) and lowest in T1 group (100% NG starch) group followed by T2 group both in pre- and post-challenge periods. NBT, lysozyme activity, total protein and globulin content were highest in T2 group (80% NG, 20% G starch) both in pre- and post-challenge periods. After challenge with A. hydrophila, the highest survival was recorded in T2 group, whereas lowest survival was recorded in T6 group. Conclusively high level of G starch was found to be immunosuppressive in Labeo rohita juveniles and NG:G starch ratio of 80:20 seems to be optimum for promoting growth and protecting immunity in L. rohita juveniles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Department of Fish Nutrition and Biochemistry, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Seven Bungalow, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|