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Hao R, Zhao M, Tayyab M, Lin Z, Zhang Y. The mucosal immunity in crustaceans: Inferences from other species. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 152:109785. [PMID: 39053584 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Crustaceans such as shrimps and crabs, hold significant ecological significance and substantial economic value within marine ecosystems. However, their susceptibility to disease outbreaks and pathogenic infections has posed major challenges to production in recent decades. As invertebrate, crustaceans primarily rely on their innate immune system for defense, lacking the adaptive immune system found in vertebrates. Mucosal immunity, acting as the frontline defense against a myriad of pathogenic microorganisms, is a crucial aspect of their immune repertoire. This review synthesizes insights from comparative immunology, highlighting parallels between mucosal immunity in vertebrates and innate immune mechanisms in invertebrates. Despite lacking classical adaptive immunity, invertebrates, including crustaceans, exhibit immune memory and rely on inherent "innate immunity factors" to combat invading pathogens. Drawing on parallels from mammalian and piscine systems, this paper meticulously explores the complex role of mucosal immunity in regulating immune responses in crustaceans. Through the extrapolation from well-studied models like mammals and fish, this review infers the potential mechanisms of mucosal immunity in crustaceans and provides insights for research on mucosal immunity in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Hao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology and Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology and Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology and Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Zhongyang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology and Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology and Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Su L, Guo H, Guo B, Yi J, Yang Z, Zhou S, Xiu Y. Efficacy of bivalent vaccine against Aeromonas salmonicida and Edwardsiella tarda infections in turbot. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023:108837. [PMID: 37269913 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, more than one pathogenic organism has usually been isolated from diseased turbot Scophthalmus maximus, creating a pressing need for the development of combination vaccines to prevent fish diseases brought on simultaneously by various infections. In this study, the inactivated bivalent vaccine of Aeromonas salmonicida and Edwardsiella tarda was prepared by the formalin inactivation method. After challenge with A. salmonicida and E. tarda at 4 weeks post-vaccination in turbot, the relative percentage survival (RPS) of the inactivated bivalent vaccine was 77.1%. In addition, we assessed the effects of the inactivated bivalent vaccine and evaluated the immunological processes after immunization in a turbot model. Serum antibody titer and lysozyme activity of the vaccinated group were both upregulated and higher than that in control group after vaccination. The expression levels of genes (TLR2, IL-1β, CD4, MHCI, MHCⅡ) that related to antigen recognition, processing and presentation were also studied in the liver, spleen and kidney tissues of vaccinated turbot. All the detected genes in the vaccinated group had a significant upward trend, and most of them reached the maximum value at 3-4 weeks, which had significant differences from the control group, suggesting that antigen recognition, processing and presentation pathway was activated by the inactivated bivalent vaccine. Our study provides a basis for further application of the killed bivalent vaccine against A. salmonicida and E. tarda in turbot, making it good potential that can be applied in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Su
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Huimin Guo
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Baoshan Guo
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Jingyuan Yi
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Zongrui Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Shun Zhou
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Yunji Xiu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Cai X, Lymbery AJ, Armstrong NJ, Gao C, Ma L, Li C. Systematic identification and characterization of lncRNAs and lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks in the liver of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) induced with Vibrio anguillarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:21-29. [PMID: 36170960 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), can regulate mRNA by targeting miRNA in a competing endogenous RNA network, have become a hot topic in the research of fish immune mechanism recent years. While in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.), an economically important marine fish, there are limited researches about the role of lncRNAs in its immune response to bacterial infection. In this study, a total of 184 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) were systematically identified and characterized using whole-transcriptome sequencing of the liver of turbot challenged with Vibrioanguillarum at 0 h (control) and three different time points post infection (2 h, 12 h and 24 h, respectively). Subsequently, GO and KEGG signaling pathways of differentially expressed lncRNAs were analyzed to predict their function. We found that lncRNAs in our results were significantly enriched in several immune-related signaling pathways, including the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Cytokine-cytokine receptor, MAPK signaling pathway, phagosome, PPAR signaling pathway and the regulation of autophagy. In addition, a total of 492 DE lncRNA - DE miRNA -DE mRNA networks were identified at three different time points post infection, which were consisted of 102 networks at 2 h, 122 networks at 12 h and 81 networks at 24 h post infection, respectively. Noticeably, 92 of these regulated networks were immune-related. These observations suggested that lncRNAs can regulate the expression of immune-related genes in the response to bacterial infection in turbot. Moreover, our findings would provide a new insight into the immune response of turbot to pathogen infection and lay a foundation for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Alan J Lymbery
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Nicola J Armstrong
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Chengbin Gao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Le Ma
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Bai Y, Liao Y, Song Y, Wang J, Deng X, Luan L, An N, Zhou W, Liang T, Yang Y, Li X. Dietary yeast culture alleviates intestinal-hepatic damage related to TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway and antioxidant capability in Pseudobagrus ussuriensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:428-435. [PMID: 36176225 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Yeast culture (YC), as a member of probiotics family is a natural product produced from yeast fermentation, affects of improving immunity. However, the intestine and liver injury and immunosuppression mechanism caused by SBA in fish are unclear and more functions of YC supplement in the diet need to be developed. Soybean agglutinin (SBA) is an anti-nutritional factor in soybean and leads to growth-inhibitory effect in feeding of the high proportion of soybean meal replacing fish meal (FM). Therefore, one hundred and thirty-five Pseudobagrus ussuriensis (6.5 ± 0.27 g) were randomly selected and divided into three groups (Control, SBA and YC+SBA groups). For the model, fish were fed with 2% YC for 8 weeks and then given intragastric administration of 0.2-mL SBA solution for 20 days. The results showed that SBA damaged the immune and antioxidant capacity, causing an inflammatory reaction, leading to abnormal expression of cytokines in the intestine and liver of Pseudobagrus ussuriensis. YC could effectively attenuate intestinal and liver damage and downregulate the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and suppress oxidative stress in Pseudobagrus ussuriensis. Besides, YC had obvious immune advantage, which could improve the immune ability. In summary, these results showed that YC could reduce immunosuppression and intestinal-liver injury by inhibiting the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signal pathway and oxidative stress induced by SBA. This study provided some explanations for the problems of fish diet caused by anti-nutritional factors from soybean meal and provided a theoretical basis for the function development of YC in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yilu Liao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yingying Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xiangyi Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Liuyang Luan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Ning An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Beijing Enhalor Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Tingyin Liang
- Beijing Enhalor Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Xiaojing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Dietary Supplementation with Eucommia ulmoides Leaf Extract Improved the Intestinal Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Response, and Disease Resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae in Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT; Oreochromis niloticus). Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091800. [PMID: 36139874 PMCID: PMC9495437 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 7-week rearing trial was designed to investigate the effects of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract (ELE) on growth performance, body composition, antioxidant capacity, immune response, and disease susceptibility of diet-fed GIFT. The results showed that dietary ELE did not affect growth performance or whole-body composition (p > 0.05). Compared with the control group, plasma ALB contents increased in the 0.06% dietary ELE group (p < 0.05), and plasma ALT and AST activities decreased in the 0.08% dietary ELE group (p < 0.05). In terms of antioxidants, compared with GIFT fed the control diet, 0.06% dietary ELE upregulated the mRNA expression levels of Nrf2 pathway-related antioxidant genes, including CAT and SOD (p < 0.05), and 0.06% and 0.08% dietary ELE upregulated the mRNA levels of Hsp70 (p < 0.05). In terms of immunity, 0.06% dietary ELE suppressed intestinal TLR2, MyD88, and NF-κB mRNA levels (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mRNA levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and IL-10 were upregulated by supplementation with 0.04% and 0.06% dietary ELE (p < 0.05). In terms of apoptosis, 0.06% and 0.08% ELE significantly downregulated the expression levels of FADD mRNA (p < 0.05). Finally, the challenge experiment with S. agalactiae showed that 0.06% dietary ELE could inhibit bacterial infection, and significantly improve the survival rate of GIFT (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that the supplementation of 0.04−0.06% ELE in diet could promote intestinal antioxidant capacity, enhance the immune response and ultimately improve the disease resistance of GIFT against Streptococcus agalactiae.
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Kuang B, Xiao K, Wang W, You F, Xiao P, Chen S. Different antigen ratio in bivalent vaccine can affect immunological activation and protection against Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum in Atlantic salmon. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:644-650. [PMID: 35988715 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To effectively prevent the outbreak of furunculosis and vibriosis in Atlantic salmon culture in northern China, the immunological properties and efficacies of bivalent inactivated vaccines composed of two local pathogenic strains, Aeromonas salmonicida C4 and Vibrio anguillarum M3, was analyzed in salmon. The effect of formalin-inactivated A. salmonicida C4, V. anguillarum M3, and their combined vaccines with different antigen ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 on relative percentage of survival (RPS), specific antibody production and expression of immune-related genes of fish were investigated. It was found that both C4 and M3 antigen had adjuvant effects on each other's vaccines. Furthermore, the proportion of antigens in the combined vaccines had significantly different effects on immune response and protection against A. salmonicida or V. anguillarum infection. Compared with other vaccinated groups, the C4:M3 = 1:2 vaccine group had the highest immunological activation ability and best immune protection against A. salmonicida and V. anguillarum. Our studies suggest that the development of new multivalent vaccines should carefully design the ratio of different antigens in according to their immunological properties to achieve efficient protection and avoid inhibitory effects of antigens on specific pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhi Kuang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Kun Xiao
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wenqi Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Feng You
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Shiyong Chen
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Zhang X, Sun Z, Wang Y, Cao Y, Wang G, Cao F. Enhancement of growth, antioxidative status, nonspecific immunity, and disease resistance in gibel carp (Carassius auratus) in response to dietary Flos populi extract. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:67-83. [PMID: 34973140 PMCID: PMC8844170 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00992-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary Flos populi extract (FPE) on the growth, antioxidation capability, innate immune response, and disease resistance in gibel carp. A total of 480 fish were fed with five different diets containing 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 g kg-1 FPE (designated as control, D0.5, D1.0, D1.5, or D2.0 groups) for 45 days. The fish were challenged with A. hydrophila after the feeding trial. Compared with the control, the feed efficiency (FE), weight gain (WG), final body weight (FBW), and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly improved in groups D1.0 and D1.5. Dietary FPE significantly increased serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activities, as well as glutathione (GSH) content. The contents of protein carbonyl (PCC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum decreased significantly. Additionally, FPE supplementation in diets resulted in significant improvement in serum lysozyme (LZM) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, as well as immunoglobulin M (IgM) and complement 3 (C3) concentrations. The hepatic antioxidant enzymes (CAT and SOD) activities increased, whereas content of MDA decreased in fish treated with dietary FPE than those of control both pre- and post-challenged. After 12 h-challenge, an obvious downregulation of hepatic Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), splenic tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, and toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mRNA levels was observed in fish treated with dietary FPE, whereas hepatic Nrf2 transcription level was upregulated compared to the control. Furthermore, compared to group D0.5, higher relative percent survival (RPS) was observed in gibel carp fed dietary 1.0-2.0 g/kg FPE. Our results reveal that FPE supplemented diet has a stimulatory effect on antioxidant capacity and nonspecific immune response, along with improved growth performance and enhanced resistance against A. hydrophila infection in juvenile gibel carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangsu Polytechnic College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong Jiangsu, 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangsu Polytechnic College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong Jiangsu, 212400, People's Republic of China
| | - Yindi Cao
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Guibin Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210037, People's Republic of China.
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Cai X, Gao C, Cao M, Su B, Liu X, Wang B, Li C. Genome-wide characterization of gap junction (connexins and pannexins) genes in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.): evolution and immune response following Vibrio anguillarum infection. Gene 2022; 809:146032. [PMID: 34673208 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gap junction (GJ), a special intercellular junction between different cell types, directly connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to pass through the intercellular regulatory gate, and plays vital roles in response to bacterial infection. Up to date, the information about the GJ in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) is still limited. In current study, 43 gap junction genes were identified in turbot, phylogeny analysis suggested that gap junctions from turbot and other species were clustered into six groups, GJA, GJB, GJC, GJD, GJE and PANX, and turbot GJs together with respective GJs from Japanese flounder, half-smooth tongue sole and large yellow croaker, sharing same ancestors. In addition, these 43 GJ genes distributed in different chromosomes unevenly. According to gene structure and domain analysis, these genes (in GJA-GJE group) were highly conserved in that most of them contain the transmembrane area, connexin domain (CNX) and cysteine-rich domain (connexin CCC), while PANXs contain Pfam Innexin. Although only one tandem duplication was identified in turbot gap junction gene, 235 pairs of segmental duplications were identified in the turbot genome. To further investigate their evolutionary relationships, Ka/Ks was calculated, and results showed that most ratios were lower than 1, indicating they had undergone negative selection. Finally, expression analysis showed that gap junction genes were widely distributed in turbot tissues and significantly regulated after Vibrio anguillarum infection. Taken together, our research could provide valuable information for further exploration of the function of gap junction genes in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chengbin Gao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Min Cao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Baofeng Su
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Muduli C, Paria A, Srivastava R, Rathore G, Lal KK. Aeromonas hydrophila infection induces Toll-like receptor 2 ( tlr2) and associated downstream signaling in Indian catfish, Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822). PeerJ 2021; 9:e12411. [PMID: 34909268 PMCID: PMC8641487 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile Aeromonas septicaemia (MAS), caused by Aeromonas hydrophila, is one of the most significant bacterial disease responsible for mortality in Indian catfish, Clarias magur, a potential aquaculture species in the Indian subcontinent. In fish, innate immunity elicited by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) plays an important role in providing protection against bacterial infection. Information on PRRs including Toll-like receptors (tlrs) and their response to bacterial pathogens remains unexplored in magur. Toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2), a phylogenetically conserved germ-line encoded PRR recognizes specific microbial structure and trigger MyD88-dependent signaling pathway to induce release of various cytokines responsible for innate immune response. In the present study, tlr2 gene of magur was characterized and downstream signaling was studied following challenge with A. hydrophila. The full-length cDNA of magur tlr2 (mtlr2) comprised of 3,066 bp with a single open reading frame of 2,373 bp encoding 790 amino acids having a theoretical pI value of 6.11 and molecular weight of 90 kDa. Structurally, it comprised of signal peptide (1–42aa), one leucine-rich repeat region (LRR) at N-terminal (LRR1-NT: 50–73 aa) and C-terminal (LRR-CT: 588–608 aa), twenty LRRs in between, one trans-membrane (Tm) domain (609–631aa) followed by cytoplasmic TIR domain (670–783aa). Phylogenetically, mtlr2 is closely related to pangasius and channel catfish. Highest basal expression of mtlr2, myd88 and il-1β in spleen, nf-kb in anterior kidney was observed. Lowest basal expression of mtlr2 in skin and myd88, nf-kb and il-1β in muscle was detected. Significant up-regulation of mtlr2 and downstream expression occurred at 3, 8, 24 h post infection to A. hydrophila in important immune organs such as liver, spleen, intestine and kidney. These findings highlight the vital role of tlr2 in eliciting innate immune defence against A. hydrophila infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayee Muduli
- Fish Health Management and Exotics Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anutosh Paria
- Fish Health Management and Exotics Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjana Srivastava
- Fish Health Management and Exotics Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Rathore
- Fish Health Management and Exotics Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep K Lal
- Fish Conservation Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Gao C, Cai X, Cao M, Fu Q, Yang N, Liu X, Wang B, Li C. Comparative analysis of the miRNA-mRNA regulation networks in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) following Vibrio anguillarum infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 124:104164. [PMID: 34129850 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs could not only regulate posttranscriptional silencing of target genes in eukaryotic organisms, but also have positive effect on their target genes as well. These microRNAs have been reported to be involved in mucosal immune responses to pathogen infection in teleost. Therefore, we constructed the immune-related miRNA-mRNA networks in turbot intestine following Vibrio anguillarum infection. In our results, 1550 differentially expressed (DE) genes and 167 DE miRNAs were identified. 113 DE miRNAs targeting 89 DE mRNAs related to immune response were used to construct miRNA-mRNA interaction networks. Functional analysis showed that target genes were associated with synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, mucin type O-Glycan biosynthesis, homologous recombination, biotin metabolism, and intestinal immune network for IgA production that were equivalent to the function of IgT and IgM in fish intestine. Finally, 10 DE miRNAs and 7 DE mRNAs were selected for validating the accuracy of high-throughput sequencing results by qRT-PCR. The results of this study will provide valuable information for the elucidation of the regulation mechanisms of miRNA-mRNA interactions involved in disease resistance in teleost mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Gao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Perth, 6150, Australia
| | - Xin Cai
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Perth, 6150, Australia
| | - Min Cao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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11
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Yu J, Liu X, Yang N, Wang B, Su B, Fu Q, Zhang M, Tan F, Li C. Characterization of toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:27-34. [PMID: 34052389 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
TLRs are the first and best-characterized pattern recognition receptors conserved across all the species. Different from mammals, the TLRs in teleost fishes are very diversified due to various evolutionary mechanisms. Here, we characterized one TLR1 gene in turbot, with a 2,415 bp open reading frame (ORF), that encoding 804 amino acid residues, and have the highest similarity and identity both to Paralichthys olivaceus with 88.9% and 79.9%. In phylogenetic analysis, it was firstly clustered with P. olivaceus, and then clustered with Takifugu rubripes. TLR1 was widely expressed in all the examined healthy tissues with the highest expression level in spleen, followed by head-kidney. In addition, it was significantly regulated in gill, skin and intestine following Edwardsiella tarda and Vibrio anguillarum challenge with different expression patterns. In in vitro stimulation with pathogen-associated molecular patterns, TLR1 showed significantly strong and elevated responses to LPS, but only responded to LTA and Poly(I:C) at the highest evaluated concentration, while no response was detected using PGN stimulation. Moreover, in subcellular localization analysis, TLR1 was distributed in the cytoplasm, membrane and nucleus. Taken together, TLR1 played vital roles for host immune response to bacterial infection, only with strong binding ability to LPS and involved in the production of inflammatory cytokines. However, the specific ligand for TLR1 and its functional association with other TLRs should be further characterized in fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Yu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Baofeng Su
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Fenghua Tan
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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12
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Li Q, Zhang Z, Fan W, Huang Y, Niu J, Luo G, Liu X, Huang Y, Jian J. LECT2 Protects Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) Against Streptococcus agalatiae Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667781. [PMID: 34093564 PMCID: PMC8174566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) is a multifunctional cytokine that especially plays an important role in innate immune. However, the roles of LECT2 in the immune response of the economically important fish Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against bacterial infection remains unclear. In this study, a lect2 gene from Nile tilapia (On-lect2) was identified, and its roles in the fish’s immune response against bacterial infection were determined and characterised. On-lect2 contains an open reading frame of 456 bp that encodes a peptide of 151 amino acids, as well as the conservative peptidase M23 domain. On-LECT2 is 62%–84% identical to other fish species and about 50% identical to mammals. The highest transcriptional level of On-lect2 was detected in the liver, whereas the lowest levels were detected in the other tissues. Moreover, the On-LECT2 protein is located mainly in the brain and head kidney. The transcriptional levels of On-lect2 substantially increased in the head kidney, brain, liver and spleen after Streptococcus agalactiae infection. Knockdown On-lect2 led to higher mortality due to liver necrosis or haemorrhage and splenomegaly. In vitro analysis indicated that the recombinant protein of On-LECT2 improved phagocytic activity of head kidney-derived macrophages. In vivo challenge experiments revealed several functions of On-LECT2 in the immune response of Nile tilapia against bacterial infection, including promotion of inflammation, reduction of tissue damages and improvement of survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Weiqi Fan
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yongxiong Huang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jinzhong Niu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Guoling Luo
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xinchao Liu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yu Huang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jichang Jian
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animal, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Zhang L, Cao M, Li Q, Yan X, Xue T, Song L, Su B, Li C. Genome-wide identification of NOD-like receptors and their expression profiling in mucosal tissues of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) upon bacteria challenge. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:48-61. [PMID: 33713957 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system plays an important role in host defense against pathogenic infections. In the innate immune system, several families of innate pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and DNA receptors (cytosolic sensors for DNA), are known to play vital roles in detecting and responding to various pathogens. In this study, we identified 29 NLRs in turbot including 4 NLRs from subfamily A: NOD1, NOD2, CIITA, NLRC5, 1 NLR from subfamily B: NLRB1, 21 NLRs from subfamily C: NLR-C3.1∼NLRC3.21, 1 from NLRX subfamily, and two that do not fall within these subfamilies: APAF1, NWD1. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these NLR genes were clearly divided into five subfamilies. Protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that some of these NLR genes shared same interacting genes and might participate in signal transductions associated with immunity. The evolutionary pressure selection analysis showed that the Ka/Ks ratios for all detected NLR genes were much less than one, implying more synonymous changes than non-synonymous changes. In addition, tissue expression analysis showed that the relative higher expression levels were observed in gill, skin and intestine. Meanwhile, NLR genes expression after bacterial infection results showed that most NLR genes participated in the process of defense of V. anguillarum and A. salmonicida infections in mucosal tissues. Taken together, identification and expression profiling analysis of NLR genes can provide valuable information for further functional characterization of these genes in turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Min Cao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xu Yan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ling Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Baofeng Su
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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14
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Song L, Gao C, Xue T, Yang N, Fu Q, Zhu Q, Ge X, Li C. Characterization and expression analysis of mitochondrial localization molecule: NOD-like receptor X1 (Nlrx1) in mucosal tissues of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) following bacterial challenge. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103944. [PMID: 33248045 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor X1 (NLRX1) is a member of highly conserved nucleotide-binding domain (NBD)- and leucine-rich-repeat (LRR)-containing family (known as NLR), that localizes to the mitochondrial outer membrane and regulate the innate immunity by interacting with mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS). As one of cytoplasmic PRRs, NLRX1 plays key roles for pathogen recognition, autophagy and regulating of subsequent immune signaling pathways. In this study, we identified the nlrx1 in turbot as well as its expression profiles in mucosal surfaces following bacterial infection. In our results, the full-length nlrx1 transcript consists of an open reading frame (ORF) of 4,886 bp encoding the putative peptide of 966 amino acids. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the SmNlrx1 showed the closest relationship to Cynoglossus semilaevis. In addition, the Nlrx1 mRNA expression could be detected in all the examined tissues, with the most abundant expression level in head kidney, and the lowest expression level in liver. Moreover, Nlrx1 showed similar expression patterns following Vibrio anguillarum and Streptococcus iniae infection, that were both significantly up-regulated following challenge, especially post S. iniae challenge. Finally, fluorescence microscopy unveiled that the SmNlrx1 localized to mitochondria in HEK293T by N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence. Characterization of Nlrx1 might have an important implication in bioenergetic adaptation during metabolic stress, oncogenic transformation and innate immunity and will probably contribute to the development of novel intervention strategies for farming turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Song
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; School of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chengbin Gao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xuefeng Ge
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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15
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Inaba H, Yoshida S, Nomura R, Kato Y, Asai F, Nakano K, Matsumoto-Nakano M. Porphyromonas gulae lipopolysaccharide elicits inflammatory responses through toll-like receptor 2 and 4 in human gingivalis epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13254. [PMID: 32827217 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gulae, a Gram-negative black-pigmented anaerobe, has been associated with periodontal disease in companion animals and its virulence has been attributed to various factors, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), protease and fimbriae. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognise pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as peptidoglycan, lipids, lipoproteins, nucleic acid and LPS. Following P. gulae infection, some inflammatory responses are dependent on both TLR2 and TLR4. In addition, a recent clinical study revealed that acute and persistent inflammatory responses enhance the expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 in the oral cavity. In this study, we investigated the interaction between P. gulae LPS and human gingivalis epithelial cells (Ca9-22 cells). P. gulae LPS was found to increase TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expressions and protein productions, and enhanced inflammatory responses, such as COX2 , TNF-ɑ, IL-6 and IL-8. Stimulated Ca9-22 cells exhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, and their inhibitors diminished inflammatory responses, while knockdown of the TLR2 and/or TLR4 genes with small interfering RNA (siRNA) prevented inflammatory responses. Moreover, p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation was decreased in TLR2 and TLR4 gene knockdown cells. These findings suggest that P. gulae LPS activates p38 and ERK1/2 via TLR2 and TLR4, leading to inflammatory responses in human gingival epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Inaba
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sho Yoshida
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryota Nomura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Department of Veterinary Public Health II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Asai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michiyo Matsumoto-Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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16
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Yang N, Wang B, Yu Z, Liu X, Fu Q, Cao M, Xue T, Ren Y, Tan F, Li C. Characterization of a novel lncRNA (SETD3-OT) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:145-151. [PMID: 32278113 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
LncRNAs have been demonstrated to play pivotal roles in virous biological processes, especially the gene expression regulation, including transcriptional regulation, posttranscriptional control and epigenetic processes. However, most of the current studies of lncRNAs are still limited in mammalian species, the investigations of functional roles of lncRNAs in teleost species are still lacking. In current study, we identified a novel lncRNA (SETD3-OT) in turbot, with 2,504 bp full-length obtained by 5' and 3' RACE, located in turbot chromosome 17, ranged from 20,933,835 to 20,936,302 bp. In addition, 8 neighboring genes of SETD3-OT were identified within 100 kbp in genome location. From the annotation of the neighboring adjacent genes, SETD3-OT might involve in regulation of cell apoptosis and cycle, the immune cell development, and the immune response against infection, and its expression pattern is similar to majority of the neighboring genes following Aeromonas salmonicida challenge. Intriguingly, SETD3-OT showed significant high expression levels in mucosal surfaces (intestine, gill and skin), and was dramatically down-regulated in these mucosal tissues following Vibrio anguillarum challenge, especially in gill and skin. In addition, SETD3-OT was distributed in nucleus, it might regulate the neighboring genes in cis or in trans. Taken together, our results provide insights for lncRNA in fish innate immunity, further studies should be conduct to explore the detailed molecular mechanism of the gene regulation between SETD3-OT and its neighboring genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhouxin Yu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Min Cao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yichao Ren
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Fenghua Tan
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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17
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Fu Q, Zhao S, Yang N, Tian M, Cai X, Zhang L, Hu J, Cao M, Xue T, Li C. Genome-wide identification, expression signature and immune functional analysis of two cathepsin S (CTSS) genes in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:243-256. [PMID: 32315741 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsins, a superfamily of hydrolytic enzymes produced and enclosed within lysosomes, play multiple roles at physiological and pathological states. Cathepsin S is a lysosomal cysteine endopeptidase of the papain family, and exerts critical roles in the regulation of MHC class II immune responses. In the present study, we captured two Cathepsin S genes in turbot (SmCTSS1 and SmCTSS2.1), characterized their expression patterns following V. anguillarum and S. iniae infections, and explored their binding ability and agglutination capability. Firstly, the SmCTSS1 contained a 990 bp ORF encoding 329 amino acids, while SmCTSS2.1 contained a 1,014 bp ORF encoding 337 amino acids. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that both genes showed the closest relationship to their counterparts of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In addition, both genes were ubiquitously expressed in all examined healthy tissues, with the highest expression level observed in spleen and intestine, respectively, while the lowest expression level both observed in liver. Both SmCTSS1 and SmCTSS2.1 were significantly differentially expressed, and exhibited general down-regulations at most time points in skin and intestine after two bacterial infections. Finally, both rSmCTSS1 and rSmCTSS2.1 showed significant binding ability to three examined microbial ligands (LPS, PGN and LTA), and strong agglutination effect to different bacteria (E. tarda, S. agalactiae, S. aureus and V. anguillarum). Collectively, this study provided valuable data for understanding the roles of CTSS in the host defense against bacterial infections in turbot, and indicated the potential vital roles of CTSS in innate immune responses of teleost species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shoucong Zhao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Mengyu Tian
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xin Cai
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jie Hu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Min Cao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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18
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Li C, Ge X, Su B, Fu Q, Wang B, Liu X, Ren Y, Song L, Yang N. Characterization of class B scavenger receptor type 1 (SRB1) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 100:358-367. [PMID: 32169665 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Class B scavenger receptor type 1 (SRB1) serves as a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor essential for HDL metabolism, and plays vital roles in innate immunity. In this study, the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) SRB1 was cloned and characterized. The gene structure consists of a coding region of 1,527 bp nucleotides dividing into 13 exons and 12 introns. Such genome structure is highly conserved among teleost fishes. The deduced SRB1 encodes 508 amino acids that mainly has a CD36 transmembrane domain. Tissue distribution of SRB1 showed the lowest expression in liver, while the highest expression was found in intestine. Significantly down-regulation pattern of SmSRB1 expression in intestine was shared after infection with Vibrio anguillarum and Streptococcus iniae. Brach and site models in CODEML program showed that SmSRB1 underwent a conservative evolutionary and three potential positive selected sites 470K, 496E, and 501Y were detected, which requires further investigation and confirmation using base-editing technologies. Subcellular localization demonstrated that turbot SRB1 was distributed in the membrane and cytoplasm. rSmSRB1 showed binding ability in vitro to bacteria, LPS, PGN, LTA and virus. Protein-protein interaction network agrees the function of SRB1 as lipoprotein receptor. Our results indicated SmSRB1 might act as co-receptors to TLRs and NLRs to modulate the immune response to pathogens. Further studies should pay attention to evaluate the specific co-receptor for SRB1 in recognition of different pathogens and selective mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xuefeng Ge
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Baofeng Su
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yichao Ren
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lin Song
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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19
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Noor-Ul H, Haokun L, Junyan J, Xiaoming Z, Dong H, Yunxia Y, Shouqi X. Dietary supplementation of Geotrichum candidum improves growth, gut microbiota, immune-related gene expression and disease resistance in gibel carp CAS Ⅲ (Carassius auratus gibelio). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:144-153. [PMID: 32035911 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Geotrichum candidum is a filamentous fungus mostly used in the dairy industry for cheese ripening and flavoring. The current study was designed to evaluate the potential probiotics effect of dietary supplementation of G. candidum on growth, digestive enzymes activities, gut microbiota and immune-related gene expression and disease resistance in Gibel carp CAS Ⅲ (Carassius auratus gibelio) against A. hydrophila infections. For this purpose, 420 healthy fish (initial body weight: 7.09 ± 0.02g) were randomly divided into 7 feeding groups in triplicates of 20 fish in each tank. Seven isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were prepared, supplemented with 6 different doses of G. candidum viz; C: 0, T1:106, T2:107, T3:108, T4:109, T5:1010, T6:1011 CFU/kg diet and fed to fish twice a day for 60 days. Results showed significantly higher weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) in groups fed 106 and 108 CFU/kg diet compared to the control (P < 0.05). All G. candidum fed groups showed higher intestinal α-amylase activity (P < 0.05) while no difference in lipase and trypsin activity compared to the control group. Before challenge test, gut microbial diversity analysis revealed relatively more abundance of bacteria belonging to phylum Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes in group fed G. candidum supplemented diet and higher percentage of pathogenic bacteria belonging to order Aeromonadales and Vibrionales in control post-challenge. After challenge test immune response expressed numerically higher survival rate (P > 0.05) and significantly higher (P < 0.05) Respiratory Burst Activity(RBA), Immunoglobulin M level (IgM), Aspartate Transaminase activity (AST) and improved (P > 0.05) lysozyme activity, and Alanine Transaminase activity (ALT) in groups fed 106 and 108 CFU/kg G. candidum supplemented diet. The expression of immune related gene (IL-I β, TNF- α, HSP70 and TLR-2) in liver of the fish were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by supplementation of G. candidum post bacterial challenge. The results showed that G. candidum is a potential probiotic as it could improve feed utilization, immunity and cause no harmful effects on growth of gibel carp at higher supplementation levels. The productive results can be achieved by using the lower dose as 106-108 CFU/kg diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda Noor-Ul
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liu Haokun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
| | - Jin Junyan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
| | - Zhu Xiaoming
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Han Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yang Yunxia
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
| | - Xie Shouqi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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20
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Tan F, Cao M, Ge X, Li C, Tian M, Zhang L, Fu Q, Song L, Yang N. Identification and initial functional characterization of lysosomal integral membrane protein type 2 (LIMP-2) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 99:103412. [PMID: 31176756 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The immune system protects organism from external pathogens, this progress starts with the pathogen recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). As a group of PRRs, the class B scavenger receptors showed important roles in phagocytosis. Among three class B scavenger receptors, lysosomal integral membrane protein type 2 (LIMP-2) was reported to present in the limiting membranes of lysosomes and late endosomes, but its immune roles in teleost species are still limited in handful species. Here, we characterized LIMP-2 gene in turbot, and its expression patterns in mucosal barriers following different bacterial infection, as well as ligand binding activities to different microbial ligands and agglutination assay with different bacteria. In our results, one SmLIMP2 gene was identified with a 1,593 bp open reading frame (ORF). The multiple species comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed the closest relationship to Paralichthys olivaceus, the genomic structure analysis and syntenic analysis revealed the conservation of LIMP-2 during evolution. In tissue distribution analysis, SmLIMP-2 was expressed in all the examined turbot tissues, with the highest expression level in brain, and the lowest expression level in liver. In addition, SmLIMP-2 was significantly up-regulated in all the mucosal tissues (skin, gill and intestine) following Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio anguillarum infection, and was only up-regulated in gill following Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus iniae challenge. Finally, the rSmLIMP-2 showed strong binding ability to all the examined microbial ligands, and strong agglutination with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and V. anguillarum. Taken together, our results suggested SmLIMP-2 played important roles in fish immune response to bacterial infection. However, further functional studies should be carried out to better characterize its detailed roles in teleost immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Tan
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Min Cao
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xuefeng Ge
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Mengyu Tian
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lin Song
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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21
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Gao C, Cai X, Fu Q, Yang N, Song L, Su B, Tan F, Liu B, Li C. Dynamics of MiRNA Transcriptome in Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) Intestine Following Vibrio anguillarum Infection. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:550-564. [PMID: 31111338 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-019-09903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs, which could bind to the 3'-untranslated regions of their target mRNAs to regulate gene expression in various biological processes, including immune-regulated signaling pathways. Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.), an important commercial fish species in China, has been suffering with Vibrio anguillarum infection resulted in dramatic economic loss. Therefore, we investigated the expression profiles of miRNAs, as well as the immune-related miRNA-mRNA pairs in turbot intestine at 1 h, 4 h, and 12 h following V. anguillarum infection. As a result, 266 predicted novel miRNAs and 283 conserved miRNAs belonging to 92 miRNA families were detected. A total of 44 miRNAs were differentially expressed in the intestine following V. anguillarum infection. Following prediction, the potential target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were grouped into a wide range of functional categories, including immune defense/evasion, inflammatory responses, RIG-I signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Moreover, we selected 15 differentially expressed immune genes and their related differentially expressed miRNAs to construct an interaction network for V. anguillarum infection in turbot. These results suggested that in teleost, as in higher vertebrates, miRNAs prominently contribute to immune responses, protecting the host against infection. In addition, this is the first report of comprehensive identification of turbot miRNAs being differentially regulated in the intestine related to V. anguillarum infection. Our results provided an opportunity for further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of miRNA regulation in turbot host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Gao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xin Cai
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lin Song
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Baofeng Su
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Fenghua Tan
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Baining Liu
- Menaul School Qingdao, Qingdao, 266200, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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22
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Cai X, Gao C, Song H, Yang N, Fu Q, Tan F, Li C. Characterization, expression profiling and functional characterization of cathepsin Z (CTSZ) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:599-608. [PMID: 30359754 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin Z (CTSZ) is a lysosomal cysteine protease of the papain superfamily. It participates in the host immune defense via phagocytosis, signal transduction, cell-cell communication, proliferation, and migration of immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. In this study, we reported the identification of SmCTSZ, a CTSZ homolog from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). SmCTSZ was 317 residues in length and contains a Pept-C1 domain. In multiple species comparison, SmCTSZ shared 65-93% overall sequence identities with the CTSZ counterparts from human, rat, and several fish species. In the phylogenetic analysis, SmCTSZ showed the closest relationship to Cynoglossus semilaevis. The syntenic analysis revealed the similar neighboring genes of CTSZ across all the selected species, which suggested the synteny encompassing CTSZ region during vertebrate evolution. Subsequently, SmCTSZ was constitutively expressed in various tissues, with the lowest and highest levels in brain and intestine respectively. In addition, SmCTSZ was significantly up-regulated in intestine following both Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio anguillarum, and Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus iniae immersion challenge. Finally, the rSmCTSZ showed strong binding ability to all the examined microbial ligands, and the agglutination effect to different bacteria. Taken together, these results indicated SmCTSZ could play important roles in mucosal immune response in the event of bacterial infection in teleost. However, the knowledge of CTSZ are still limited in teleost species, further studies should be carried out to better characterize its detailed roles in teleost mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chengbin Gao
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Huanhuan Song
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Fenghua Tan
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Chen J, Zhang L, Yang N, Tian M, Fu Q, Tan F, Li C. Expression profiling and microbial ligand binding analysis of galectin-4 in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:673-679. [PMID: 30359748 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of galactoside-binding proteins with an affinity for β-galactosides, involved in mediating fundamental processes including development, inflammation, cell migration and apoptosis. Galectin-4 is a member of tendem-repeat galectins, plays vital roles in intestinal epithelial barrier. Here, one galectin-4 gene was captured in turbot (SmLgals4) contains a 1197 bp open reading frame (ORF). In comparison to other species, SmLgals4 showed the highest similarity and identity both to large yellow croaker. The genomic structure analysis showed that SmLgals4 had conserved exons in the CRD domains compared to other vertebrate species. The syntenic analysis revealed that galectin-4 had the same neighboring genes across all the selected species, which suggested the synteny encompassing galectin-4 region during vertebrate evolution. Subsequently, SmLgals4 was widely expressed in all the examined tissues, with the highest expression level in intestine and the lowest expression level in skin. In addition, SmLgals4 was significantly down-regulated in intestine following both Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio anguillarum, and Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus iniae immersion challenge. Finally, the rSmLgals4 showed strong binding ability to all the examined microbial ligands. Taken together, our results suggested SmLgals4 plays vital roles in fish intestinal immune responses against infection, but the detailed roles of galectin-4 in teleost are still lacking, further studies are needed to be carried out to characterize whether galectin-4 plays similar roles in teleost intestinal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Chen
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Yang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Tian
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Tan
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Tian M, Yang N, Zhang L, Fu Q, Tan F, Li C. Expression profiling and functional characterization of galectin-3 of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) in host mucosal immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:333-340. [PMID: 30296481 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Galectins, a family of evolutionary conserved β-galactoside-binding proteins, have been characterized in a wide range of species. Galectin-3 is the only member in the chimera type, which is a monomeric lectin with one CRD domain. A growing body of evidence have indicated vital roles of galectin-3 in innate immune responses against infection. Here, one galectin-3 gene was captured in turbot (SmLgals3) with a 1203 bp open reading frame (ORF). In comparison to other species, SmLgals3 showed the highest similarity and identity to large yellow croaker and medaka, respectively. The genomic structure analysis showed that SmLgals3 had 5 exons similar to other vertebrate species. The syntenic analysis revealed that galectin-3 had the same neighboring genes across all the selected species, which suggested the synteny encompassing galectin-3 region during vertebrate evolution. Subsequently, SmLgals3 was widely expressed in all the examined tissues, with the highest expression level in brain and the lowest expression level in skin. In addition, SmLgals3 was significantly down-regulated in intestine following both Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio anguillarum, and Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus iniae immersion challenge. Finally, the rSmLgals3 showed strong binding ability to all the examined microbial ligands. Taken together, our results suggested SmLgals3 played vital roles in fish innate immune responses against infection. However, the knowledge of SmLgals3 are still limited in teleost species, further studies should be carried out to better characterize its detailed roles in teleost mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Tian
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Ning Yang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Fenghua Tan
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China.
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25
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Bu X, Lian X, Wang Y, Luo C, Tao S, Liao Y, Yang J, Chen A, Yang Y. Dietary yeast culture modulates immune response related to TLR2-MyD88-NF-kβ signaling pathway, antioxidant capability and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila for Ussuri catfish (Pseudobagrus ussuriensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:711-718. [PMID: 30359752 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of dietary yeast culture on immune response related to TLR2-MyD88-NF-kβ signaling pathway, antioxidant capability and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila for Ussuri catfish (Pseudobagrus ussuriensis). A total of 240 Ussuri catfish (mean weight of 7.39 ± 0.32 g) were randomly distributed into four groups that fed diets containing 0 (Y0), 10 (Y1), 20 (Y2) and 30 (Y3) g kg-1 yeast culture for 8 weeks. The results indicated that dietary 10 g kg-1 yeast culture supplementation significantly down-regulated mRNA levels of TLR2, MyD88, NF-kβ p65, IL-1β and IL-8 in the liver tissue compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Simultaneously, serum lysozyme (LZM) activity, respiratory burst activity (RBA) of phagocytes, plasma alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity and immunoglobulin M (IgM) content were significantly improved in fish fed Y1 diet (P < 0.05). Fish fed Y1 diet had significantly higher serum alternative complement pathway activity (ACH50) and plasma complement 3 (C3) content than the Y3 group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in plasma acid phosphatase (ACP) activity and complement 4 (C4) content among the groups (P > 0.05). Fish cumulative mortality rate (CMR) in the Y1 and Y2 groups were significantly lower than that in Y0 and Y3 groups (P < 0.05), and the lowest CMR was observed in the Y1 group after challenge by A. hydrophila. The highest hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, total antioxidant capacity and the lowest malondialdehyde content were found in Y1 group, but no significant difference was found in hepatic catalase activity among the groups (P > 0.05). These results demonstrate that dietary 10 g kg-1 yeast culture could effectively improve the immunity, antioxidant capability and disease resistance against A. hydrophila for Ussuri catfish and could down-regulate the mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines modulated by TLR2-MyD88-NF-kβ signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyong Bu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xuqiu Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Chengzeng Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Shengqiang Tao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yilu Liao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jiaming Yang
- Harbin Jiaming Fisheries Technology Co., Ltd., Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Aijing Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Yuhong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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26
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Abstract
Fish mucus layers are the main surface of exchange between fish and the environment, and they possess important biological and ecological functions. Fish mucus research is increasing rapidly, along with the development of high-throughput techniques, which allow the simultaneous study of numerous genes and molecules, enabling a deeper understanding of the fish mucus composition and its functions. Fish mucus plays a major role against fish infections, and research has mostly focused on the study of fish mucus bioactive molecules (e.g., antimicrobial peptides and immune-related molecules) and associated microbiota due to their potential in aquaculture and human medicine. However, external fish mucus surfaces also play important roles in social relationships between conspecifics (fish shoaling, spawning synchronisation, suitable habitat finding, or alarm signals) and in interspecific interactions such as prey-predator relationships, parasite–host interactions, and symbiosis. This article reviews the biological and ecological roles of external (gills and skin) fish mucus, discussing its importance in fish protection against pathogens and in intra and interspecific interactions. We also discuss the advances that “omics” sciences are bringing into the fish mucus research and their importance in studying the fish mucus composition and functions.
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27
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Li C, Tian M, Zhang L, Fu Q, Song L, Chen F, Yang N. The characterization and initial immune functional analysis of SCARA5 in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:242-249. [PMID: 30006044 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors (SRs) are a group of membrane-bound receptors that could bind to a variety of ligands including endogenous proteins and pathogens. SRs have been recognized to play vital roles in innate immune response against pathogen infection in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In this regard, one SmSCARA5 gene was captured in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). The full-length SmSCARA5 transcript contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 1494 bp. SmSCARA55 showed both the highest identity and similarity to half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis), and a high degree of conservation of genomic structure to the teleost species. In addition, the phylogenetic tree analysis showed SmSCARA5 had the closest relationship to half-smooth tongue sole, the syntenic analysis revealed a relatively conserved synteny pattern of SmSCARA5 to other species. Moreover, SmSCARA5 was ubiquitously expressed in all the examined tissues, with the highest expression level in brain and the lowest expression level in blood. And it was significantly down-regulated in intestine following Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio anguillarum, and Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus iniae challenge. Finally, the recombinant SmSCARA5 showed the highest affinity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), followed by peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), as well as the strong inhibition effect on the growth of V. anguillarum. Taken together, our results suggested SmSCARA5 plays vital roles in innate immune response in teleost, further studies should be carried out to better understand its regulatory mechanism for innate inflammation response in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Tian
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Song
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266011, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Chen
- Weifang Animal Health Supervision Institute, Weifang, 261031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Yang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Fu Q, Yang N, Gao C, Tian M, Zhou S, Mu X, Sun F, Li C. Characterization, expression signatures and microbial binding analysis of cathepsin A in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L.(SmCTSA). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:21-28. [PMID: 29981472 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immune system is one of the most vital components in the innate immunity and constitutes the first line of host defense against bacterial infections, especially for the teleost, which live in the pathogen-rich aquatic environment. Cathepsins, a superfamily of hydrolytic enzymes produced and enclosed within lysosomes, play multiple roles at physiological and pathological states. In this regard, we sought here to identify Cathepsin A in turbot (SmCTSA), characterize its mucosal expression patterns following Vibrio anguillarum and Streptococcus iniae infections in mucosal tissues, and explore its binding ability with three microbial ligands for the first time. The SmCTSA was 2631 bp long containing a 1422 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded 473 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SmCTSA showed the closest relationship to half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). In addition, SmCTSA was ubiquitously expressed in all examined healthy tissues, with high expression levels in head kidney (HK) and intestine, while the lowest expression level in blood. Moreover, SmCTSA was significantly differentially expressed at least two timepoints in each mucosal tissue, suggesting its potential important roles in innate immune responses of turbot. Finally, in vitro assays showed that recombinant SmCTSA bound Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with high affinity, and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN) with relatively low affinity. This study provides valuable data for understanding the roles of ctsa in the host defense against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chengbin Gao
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Mengyu Tian
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xingjiang Mu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Fanyue Sun
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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29
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Li C, Tian M, Zhang L, Fu Q, Song L, Yang N. Expression profiling and functional characterization of CD36 in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:485-492. [PMID: 30064021 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
CD36 is a scavenger receptor, a type of membrane-bound receptors that characterized by recognizing a variety of ligands including endogenous proteins and pathogens. Here, we characterized CD36 gene in turbot, and its expression patterns in mucosal barriers following different bacterial infection, as well as microbial ligand binding ability and bacteriostatic activities. In current study, one SmCD36 gene was captured with a 1407 bp open reading frame (ORF). In multiple species comparison, SmCD36 showed the highest similarity and identity to Cynoglossus semilaevis. In the phylogenetic analysis, SmCD36 showed the closest relationship to C. semilaevis, followed by Takifugu rubripes. The genomic structure analysis showed that CD36 had 12 exons with almost the same length in vertebrate species, indicating the conservation of CD36 during evolution. The syntenic analysis revealed that CD36 located between GNAI1 and SEMA3C genes across all the selected species, which suggested the synteny encompassing CD36 region during vertebrate evolution. Subsequently, SmCD36 was expressed in all the examined turbot tissues, with the highest expression level in intestine. In addition, SmCD36 was significantly up-regulated in intestine following both Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio anguillarum, and Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus iniae immersion challenge. Finally, the rSmCD36 showed strong binding ability to all the examined microbial ligands and significant inhibition effect on Staphylococcus aureusrequires. Taken together, our results suggested SmCD36 involved in fish innate immune responses to bacterial infection. However, the knowledge of CD36 are still limited in teleost species, further studies should be carried out to better characterize its detailed roles in teleost mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Tian
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Song
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Yang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Cai X, Gao C, Su B, Tan F, Yang N, Wang G. Expression profiling and microbial ligand binding analysis of high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:100-108. [PMID: 29679761 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a highly conserved DNA-binding protein, was involved in nucleosome formation and transcriptional regulation, and could also act as an extracellular cytokine to trigger inflammation and immune responses. In this study, we identified a HMGB1 gene in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). The full-length SaHMGB1 cDNA includes an open reading frame of 615 bp which encoded a 204 amino acid polypeptide with an estimated molecular mass of 23.19 kDa. SaHMGB1 was closely related to several fish HMGB1 and shared 74.4% overall identity with human. In addition, phylogenetic analyses revealed SaHMGB1 showed the closest relationship to Larimichthys crocea. Furthermore, QPCR analysis showed that SaHMGB1 was expressed in all examined tissues with abundant expression levels in brain, gill, intestine, and head kidney, and showed different expression patterns following different bacterial challenge. The significant quick regulation of SaHMGB1 in mucosal surfaces against infection suggest that HMGB1 might play critical roles in mucosal immunity against bacterial challenge. Finally, the in vitro binding assay showed that SaHMGB1 had strong binding ability to LPS, LTA, and PGN. Functional studies should further characterize HMGB1 function to understand the importance of the integrity of the mucosal barriers against infection, and to facilitate selection of the disease resistant family/strain in turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengbin Gao
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofeng Su
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Tan
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Yang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guodong Wang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China.
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Zhu J, Gan X, Ao Q, Shen X, Tan Y, Chen M, Luo Y, Wang H, Jiang H, Li C. Basal polarization of the immune responses to Streptococcus agalactiae susceptible and resistant tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:336-345. [PMID: 29454032 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the highest priority areas for improvement is the development of effective strategies for decreasing disease mortality levels in aquaculture production, a better understanding of the components of the fish immune system and their functions in the context of pathogen invasion is needed. Tilapia is the most common fish in South China, and Streptococcus agalactiae has become the most serious disease problem for tilapia industry in China. Here, we profiled gene expression differences between tilapia differing in their susceptibility to S. agalactiae both basally (before infection) and at three early timepoints post-infection (5 h, 50 h, and 7 d). Between group comparisons revealed 5756 unique genes differentially expressed greater than 2-fold at one or more timepoints. And the resistant fish showed much more strong ability in pathogen recognition, antigen presentation, immune activation, while the susceptible fish showed fast activation of apoptosis. Taken together, the immune profiles expand our knowledge for molecular mechanisms for disease resistance, as well as provide solid molecular resources for further identification of the candidate markers for disease-resistant selection and evaluation of disease prevention and treatment options for tilapia industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Zhu
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi 530021, China; Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Xi Gan
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Qiuwei Ao
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiashuang Shen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yun Tan
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yongju Luo
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi 530021, China
| | | | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Fan Y, Zhou Y, Zeng L, Jiang N, Liu W, Zhao J, Zhong Q. Identification, structural characterization, and expression analysis of toll-like receptors 2 and 3 from gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:629-638. [PMID: 29183810 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important components of innate immunity. TLRs recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate downstream signaling pathways in response. In present study, we report the identification of two TLRs from gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), TLR2 and TLR3 (designated CagTLR2 and CagTLR3, respectively). We report on the genomic structures and mRNA expression patterns of CagTLR2 and CagTLR3. Five exons and four introns were identified from the genomic DNA sequence of CagTLR3 (4749 bp in total length); this genomic organization is similar to that of TLR3 in zebrafish and human. However, only one intron was identified from the CagTLR2 genomic locus (3166 bp in total length); this unique genomic organization of CagTLR2 is different from that of TLR2 in fish and humans. The cDNAs of CagTLR2 and CagTLR3 encoded 791 and 904 amino acid residues, respectively. CagTLR2 and CagTLR3 contained two distinct structural/functional motifs of the TLR family: a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain in the extracellular portion and a toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain in the intracellular portion. The positions of critical amino acid residues involed in PAMP recognition and signaling pathway transduction in mammalian TLRs were conserved in CagTLR2 and CagTLR3. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a closer clustering of CagTLR2 and CagTLR3 with TLRs from freshwater fish than with marine fish species. In healthy gibel carp, transcripts of these genes were detected in all examined tissues, and high expression levels of CagTLR2 and CagTLR3 were observed in liver and brain, respectively. Following injection with CyHV-2, expression levels of CagTLR2 and CagTLR3 were significantly upregulated in the spleens of gibel carp after three days, and CagTLR3 transcript levels were rapidly increased in head kidney after 12 h. These results suggest that CagTLR2 and CagTLR3 are functionally involved in the induction of antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Nan Jiang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Qiwang Zhong
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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Liu F, Su B, Fu Q, Shang M, Gao C, Tan F, Li C. Identification, characterization and expression analysis of TLR5 in the mucosal tissues of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) following bacterial challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:272-279. [PMID: 28705722 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
TLRs (Toll-like receptors) are very important pathogen pattern recognition receptors, which control the host immune responses against pathogens through recognition of molecular patterns specific to microorganisms. In this regard, investigation of the turbot TLRs could help to understand the immune responses for pathogen recognition. Here, transcripts of two TLR5 (TLR5a and TLR5b) were captured, and their protein structures were also predicted. Meanwhile, we characterized their expression patterns with emphasis on mucosal barriers following different bacterial infection. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the turbot TLR5 genes showed the closest relationship to Paralichthys olivaceus. These two TLR5 genes were ubiquitously expressed in healthy tissues although expression levels varied among the tested tissues. In addition, the two copies of turbot TLR5 showed different expression patterns after bacterial infections. After Vibrio anguillarum infection, TLR5a was generally up-regulated in intestine and skin while down-regulated in gill, while TLR5b showed a general down-regulation in mucosal tissues. After Streptococcus iniae infection, the TLR5a was down-regulated at 2 h while generally up-regulated after 4 h in mucosal tissues. Interestingly, the TLR5b was up-regulated in intestine while down-regulated in skin and gill after Streptococcus iniae infection. These findings suggested a possible irreplaceable role of TLR5 in the immune responses to the infections of a broad range of pathogens that include Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Future studies should apply the bacteriological and immune-histochemical techniques to study the main sites on the mucosal tissue for bacteria entry and identify the ligand specificity of the turbot TLRs after challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiao Liu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Baofeng Su
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Mei Shang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Chengbin Gao
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fenghua Tan
- School of International Education and Exchange, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Li C, Gao C, Fu Q, Su B, Chen J. Identification and expression analysis of fetuin B (FETUB) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) mucosal barriers following bacterial challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:386-394. [PMID: 28732765 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fetuin B (FETUB), a recently described cysteine proteinase inhibitor, has numerous conserved N-glycosylation sites, species-specific O-glycosylation sites, and two cystatin (CY) domains. FETUB is likely to play regulatory roles in acute inflammation, female infertility, fish organogenesis and tumor suppression. In the present study, transcript of turbot FETUB gene was captured, its protein structure and expression patterns in different tissues with emphasis on mucosal barriers following different bacterial infection were characterized. Turbot FETUB gene showed the closest relationship with Takifugu rubripes in phylogenetic analysis. In addition, FETUB was ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues with the highest expression level in skin. Finally, FETUB gene showed different expression patterns following both bacterial challenge. The rapidly and significantly differential expression patterns of FETUB in mucosal surfaces against bacterial infections might indicate its key roles to prevent pathogen attachment and entry in turbot mucosal immunity. Functional studies should be carried out to further characterize the FETUB and avail utilization of its function to increase the disease resistance of turbot in maintaining the integrity of the mucosal barriers against infections and to facilitate selection of the fine family/varieties of disease resistance in turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chengbin Gao
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Baofeng Su
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Gao C, Fu Q, Su B, Song H, Zhou S, Tan F, Li C. The involvement of cathepsin F gene (CTSF) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) mucosal immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:270-279. [PMID: 28501446 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin F (CTSF) is a recently described papain-like cysteine protease and unique among cathepsins due to an elongated N-terminal pro-region, which contains a cystatin domain. CTSF likely plays a regulatory role in processing the invariant chain which is associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II. In this regard, we identified the CTSF gene of turbot as well as its protein structure, phylogenetic relationships, and expression patterns in mucosal tissues following Vibrio anguillarum and Streptococcus iniae challenge. We also determined the expression patterns of CTSF in mucosal tissues after vaccinated with the formalin-inactivated V. vulnificus whole-cell vaccine. Briefly, turbot CTSF gene showed the closest relationship with that of Paralichthys olivaceus in phylogenetic analysis. And CTSF was ubiquitously expressed in all tested tissues with the highest expression level in gill. In addition, CTSF gene showed different expression patterns following different bacterial challenge. The significant quick regulation of CTSF in mucosal surfaces against infection indicated its roles in mucosal immunity. Functional studies should further characterize avail utilization of CTSF function to increase the disease resistance of turbot in maintaining the integrity of the mucosal barriers against infection and to facilitate selection of the disease resistant family/strain in turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Gao
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Baofeng Su
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Huanhuan Song
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fenghua Tan
- School of International Education and Exchange, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Hou Z, Ye Z, Zhang D, Gao C, Su B, Song L, Tan F, Song H, Wang Y, Li C. Characterization and expression profiling of NOD-like receptor C3 (NLRC3) in mucosal tissues of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) following bacterial challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:231-239. [PMID: 28478262 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces are important for teleost as they are directly and continuously exposed to pathogen-rich aquatic environments. Scrutinization and recognition of the attached pathogens is the first crucial step of mucosal immunity initiation. Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are a large group of intracellular pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) which play key roles in pathogen recognition and subsequent immune signaling pathways activation. In this study, we identified two NLRC3 genes (NLRC3a and NLRC3b), a subfamily of NLRs from turbot, and profiled their expression patterns in mucosal tissues following bacterial challenge. NLRC3a transcript contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 3405 bp that encodes a putative peptide of 1134 amino acids. While NLRC3b has an ORF of 3114 bp encoding 1037 amino acids. A caspase recruitment domain (CARD) at N-terminus characterized turbot NLRC3a, while NLRC3b seems to be unique to teleost, containing a fish specific NACHT associated (FISNA) domain and an extra B30.2 (PRY/SPRY) domain at C-terminus. In addition, NLRC3a and NLRC3b were detected in all the examined tissues, with the highest expression levels in kidney and blood, respectively. After bacteria challenge, expression levels of turbot NLRC3 genes were strongly induced in intestine rather than in skin and gill, while NLRC3a had relatively higher expression level than that of NLRC3b. Taken together, NLRC3 genes found in this study were the first NLR members identified in turbot. The different expression signatures of NLRC3a and NLRC3b in mucosal tissues following two bacterial infections indicated they probably have important roles in early response to bacterial infection in the first line of host defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhumei Hou
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zhi Ye
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chengbin Gao
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Baofeng Su
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Lin Song
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fenghua Tan
- School of International Education and Exchange, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Huanhuan Song
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Gao C, Cai X, Zhang Y, Su B, Song H, Wenqi W, Li C. Characterization and expression analysis of chitinase genes (CHIT1, CHIT2 and CHIT3) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) following bacterial challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:357-366. [PMID: 28286313 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are hydrolytic enzymes which have been employed to breakdown chitin coats of pathogenic microorganisms, thereby weaken the defense system of several pathogens and insects. In this regard, we identified the chitinase genes of turbot and characterized their expression patterns in mucosal tissues following Vibrio anguillarum and Streptococcus iniae challenge. In present study, transcripts of three chitinase genes (CHIT1, CHIT2 and CHIT3) were captured, as well as their protein structures and expression patterns following different bacterial infection were also characterized. The chitinases were widely expressed in all tested tissues with the highest expression levels of CHIT1 and CHIT2 in intestine, and CHIT3 in skin. Finally, these three genes showed different expression patterns following bacterial challenge. The significant quick induction of chitinases in mucosal surfaces against infection indicated their key roles to prevent pathogen attachment and entry in mucosal immunity. Functional studies should further characterize the chitinases and avail utilization of their function to increase the disease resistance in maintaining the integrity of the mucosal barriers against infection and facilitating the disease resistant family/strain selection in turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Gao
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xin Cai
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Baofeng Su
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Huanhuan Song
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wang Wenqi
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Dong X, Fu Q, Liu S, Gao C, Su B, Tan F, Li C. The expression signatures of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) mucosal surfaces against bacterial challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:406-413. [PMID: 27825948 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces constitute the first immune barrier of host defense and also serve as the dynamic interfaces that simultaneously mediate a diverse array of critical physiological processes. It has been long hypothesized that observed difference of disease resistance among different fish strains and species are strongly correlated to the activities of the immune actors in mucosal surfaces. Particularly, neuronal NOS (nNOS or NOS1) is a constitutively expressed gene that catalyzes the oxidation of l-arginine and water to nitric oxide (NO), which is known as a potent host defence effector in immune system with antimicrobial activity. Moreover, NOS1 was detected to be expressed in fish mucosal surfaces, but its activities in mucosal immune responses were always overlooked. In this regard, we identified the NOS1 of turbot and characterized its expression patterns in mucosal tissues following Vibrio anguillarum and Streptococcus iniae challenge. The results showed that the NOS1 gene had a 4389 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded 1462 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis showed the turbot NOS1 had the strongest relationship to Larimichthys crocea. And the syntenic analysis revealed the similar neighboring genes associated with turbot NOS1, compared with other teleost and mammals. In addition, NOS1 was widely expressed in all examined tissues with the highest expression level in brain, followed by intestine and gill. Finally, the NOS1 showed a general trend of up-regulation in mucosal tissues following both bacterial challenge, with the highest up-regulation in intestine. The significant quick induction of NOS1 in mucosal surfaces against infection indicated its key roles to prevent pathogen attachment and entry in mucosal immunity. More functional studies are needed to conduct in teleost to better understand the roles of NOS1 in maintaining the integrity of the mucosal barriers against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Dong
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Song Liu
- Functional Zone Coordinating Office of Huangdao District (West Coast New Area), Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Chengbin Gao
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Baofeng Su
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Fenghua Tan
- School of International Education and Exchange, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Dong X, Su B, Zhou S, Shang M, Yan H, Liu F, Gao C, Tan F, Li C. Identification and expression analysis of toll-like receptor genes (TLR8 and TLR9) in mucosal tissues of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) following bacterial challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:309-317. [PMID: 27633670 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immune system is one of the most important components in the innate immunity and constitutes the front line of host defense against infection, especially for teleost, which are living in the pathogen-rich aquatic environment. The pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which can recognize the conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of bacteria, are considered as one of the most important component for pathogen recognition and immune signaling pathways activation in mucosal immunity. In this regard, we sought to identify TLR8 and TLR9 in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), as well as their mucosal expression patterns following different bacterial infection in mucosal tissues for the first time. The full-length TLR8 transcript consists of an open reading frame (ORF) of 3108 bp encoding the putative peptide of 1035 amino acids. While the TLR9 was 6730 bp long, containing a 3168 bp ORF that encodes 1055 amino acids. The phylogenetic analysis revealed both TLR8 and TLR9 showed the closest relationship to large yellow croaker. Moreover, both TLR8 and TLR9 could be detected in all examined healthy turbot tissues, with the lowest expression level in liver and a relatively moderate expression pattern in healthy mucosal tissues. Distinct expression patterns of TLR8 and TLR9 were comparatively observed in the mucosal tissues (intestine, gill and skin) following Vibrio anguillarum and Streptococcus iniae infection, suggesting their different roles for mucosal immunity. Further functional studies are needed to better characterize TLR8 and TLR9 and their family members, to better understand the ligand specificity and to identify their roles in different mucosal tissues in protecting fish from the pathogenically hostile environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Dong
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Baofeng Su
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Mei Shang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Fengqiao Liu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chengbin Gao
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fenghua Tan
- School of International Education and Exchange, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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