1
|
Yuan H, Hu J, Li X, Sun Q, Tan X, You C, Dong Y, Huang Y, Zhou M. Dietary black soldier fly oil enhances growth performance, flesh quality, and health status of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides). ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 18:234-245. [PMID: 39281053 PMCID: PMC11402383 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the effects of dietary black soldier fly oil (BSFO) on the growth performance, flesh quality, and health status of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Six iso-nitrogenous and isolipid diets were formulated by substituting fish oil and soybean oil (1/2, wt/wt) with BSFO in percentages of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. The diets were fed to 960 fish (initial body weight = 16.5 g) in four replicates for 8 weeks. Indicators related to growth performance, body composition, hematology, flesh quality, expression of genes related to inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis, and the response of fish to Aeromonas veronii challenge were analyzed. The results showed that the weight gain rate was numerically improved in all BSFO substitution groups, ranging from 9.3% to 44.0% compared to the control group. The highest survival rate and the lowest hepatosomatic index and condition factor were observed in the BFSO20 group. In terms of flesh quality, the water-holding capacity of the dorsal muscle was elevated with higher levels of dietary BSFO. However, significant changes in texture properties (cohesiveness, gluing, and chewiness) were observed in the BSFO20 group (P < 0.05). Six hematological parameters related to glycolipid and liver function were optimized in most of the BFSO substitution groups. Furthermore, the expressions of six inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes (IL-1β, Bcl-xl, BAX, caspase8, TNF-α, and IL-10) were significantly affected by dietary BSFO (P < 0.05). Following bacterial challenge, the seven-day cumulative survival rates of fish were considerably increased from 10.0% in the control group to 60.0% and 66.7% in the BSFO80 and BSFO100 groups, respectively. One-variable linear regression analysis revealed that various parameters related to fish growth, flesh quality, and health status were significantly influenced by dietary BSFO substitution levels in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). In conclusion, substituting around 20% of dietary fish oil and soybean oil with BSFO is promising in improving the growth performance and flesh quality of M. salmoides. However, to enhance immunity and disease resistance, it is recommended to further increase the inclusion of BSFO in the diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Yuan
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Junru Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Xiangce Li
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Qiuxuan Sun
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Xiaohong Tan
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Cuihong You
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Yewei Dong
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Yanhua Huang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Andin VC, Chor WK, Gunasekaran B, Chong CM, Lee PT, Loh JY. A preliminary study on the effects of substituting fishmeal with defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larval meal on Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) juveniles: Growth performance, feed efficiency, nutrient composition, disease resistance, and economic returns. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39175254 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to develop an alternative aquafeed derived from insect meal for Lates calcarifer juveniles, with the objectives of exploring the physiological performance, biological parameters, and economic analysis of substituting fishmeal (FM) with defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) as part of the diet of L. calcarifer juveniles. Five practical diets were formulated to include 0% (BSFL0, serves as control group), 5% (BSFL5), 10% (BSFL10), 15% (BSFL15), and 20% (BSFL20) of BSFL meal, partially or fully replacing FM, respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 fish (10.70 ± 0.07 g) per tank (300 L). The fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation. A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the impacts of defatted BSFL meal replacing FM on the growth performance, feed efficiency, composition analysis of fish muscle, cumulative mortality rate challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and economic returns of L. calcarifer. These results show that differences in weight gain and specific growth rate among the different treatments were statistically significant (p < 0.05), except for the absence of significant variation (p < 0.05) between BSFL0 and BSFL5, and followed by BSFL10 > BSFL0 > BSFL5 > BSFL15 > BSFL20. However, the feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio showed the opposite trend as above. Although the diets experienced a decline in crude protein content and an increase in crude fat content with the increasing proportion of BSFL substituting FM, the crude protein and fat content of fish muscle were only slightly influenced. It is worth mentioning that levels of nonessential amino acids, delicious amino acids, saturated fatty acids, omega-6, omega-9 in BSFL10 group all showed an increase compared with the control group. After a 7-day challenge test with V. parahaemolyticus, the cumulative mortality rates of the BSFL5 and BSFL10 groups, respectively, dropped to 5.20%, 5.28% compared to the control group's 16.88%; however, the mortality rates of BSFL15 (34.67%) and BSFL20 (41.77%) groups were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) increased. From an economic perspective, the incidence cost for each experimental group showed a trend as BSFL10 < BSFL0 < BSFL5 < BSFL15 < BSFL20, whereas the profit index in each treatment exhibited the opposite trend as above. It was concluded that low (5%) or moderate (10%) levels of BSFL substituting FM in aquaculture feed could improve the physiological performances, disease resistance, and economic returns of L. calcarifer. However, excessive substitution (>15%) leads to a negative effect. From an economic point of view, 10% inclusion of BSFL in practical diets is recommended for L. calcarifer juveniles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Health Science Center, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, China
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Victor Charlie Andin
- Marine Programme Conservation Department, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF, Malaysia), Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Kang Chor
- Marine Programme Conservation Department, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF, Malaysia), Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Chou-Min Chong
- Laboratory of Sustainable Aquaculture (AquaLab), International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I-AQUAS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Port Dickson, Malaysia
| | - Po-Tsang Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Yan Loh
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Islam SMM, Siddik MAB, Sørensen M, Brinchmann MF, Thompson KD, Francis DS, Vatsos IN. Insect meal in aquafeeds: A sustainable path to enhanced mucosal immunity in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109625. [PMID: 38740231 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of fish, including their intestines, gills, and skin, are constantly exposed to various environmental threats, such as water quality fluctuations, pollutants, and pathogens. However, various cells and microbiota closely associated with these surfaces work in tandem to create a functional protective barrier against these conditions. Recent research has shown that incorporating specific feed ingredients into fish diets can significantly boost their mucosal and general immune response. Among the various ingredients being investigated, insect meal has emerged as one of the most promising options, owing to its high protein content and immunomodulatory properties. By positively influencing the structure and function of mucosal surfaces, insect meal (IM) has the potential to enhance the overall immune status of fish. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential benefits of incorporating IM into aquafeed as a feed ingredient for augmenting the mucosal immune response of fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Majharul Islam
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | - Muhammad A B Siddik
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Kim D Thompson
- Aquaculture Research Group, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Ioannis N Vatsos
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qosimah D, Amri IA, Pratama DAOA, Permata FS, Noorhamdani N, Widasmara D, Sabri J. Hexane extract from black soldier fly prepupae: A novel immunomodulatory strategy against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in zebrafish. Vet World 2024; 17:1655-1660. [PMID: 39185043 PMCID: PMC11344120 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1655-1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Aeromonas hydrophila infections in fish result in significant financial losses within aquaculture. Previous research indicates black soldier fly (BSF) prepupae provide immunomodulatory benefits through their fatty acids, chitin, and proteins. The study evaluated the impact of hexane extract from black soldier fly prepupae (HEBP) on interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 cytokine expression in zebrafish, both infected and uninfected with A. hydrophila. Materials and Methods Adult zebrafish (aged 4-5 months) was assigned to a negative control group (fed commercial feed), a positive control group (commercial feed + A. hydrophila infection at 107 colony-forming unit/mL), and three treatment groups (T1, T2, T3) that received HEBP at doses of 1000; 2000 and 4000 mg/kg feed for 30 days, respectively. A. hydrophila infection was introduced on day 31 through immersion. Analysis of IL-4 and IL-10 expression in the head kidney trunk region (body without head and tail) through quantitative polymerase chain reaction was conducted on day 33. Results The HEBP modulated the immune response to A. hydrophila infection at a concentration of 1000 mg/kg feed, as evidenced by an increase in IL-4 and IL-10 expression in the groups not infected with the bacteria. However, these cytokines were decreased in the infected groups. Conclusion A feed concentration of 1000 mg/kg HEBP was identified as optimal for cytokine modulation. This discovery marks a significant advancement in the development and benefit of a natural extract-based immunomodulator in a zebrafish model, which is potentially immunotherapeutic against bacterial infections in fish for the aquaculture industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dahliatul Qosimah
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java 65151, Indonesia
| | - Indah Amalia Amri
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java 65151, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Ayu Oktavianie A. Pratama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java 65151, Indonesia
| | - Fajar Shodiq Permata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
| | - Noorhamdani Noorhamdani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
| | - Dhelya Widasmara
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar Regional Hospital, Jl. Jaksa Agung Suprapto 2, Malang, East Java 65111, Indonesia
| | - Jasni Sabri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java 65151, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pascon G, Daniso E, Cardinaletti G, Messina M, Campagnolo F, Zuccaccia D, Tulli F. Postprandial kinetics of digestive function in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): genes expression, enzymatic activity and blood biochemistry as a practical tool for nutritional studies. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 288:111559. [PMID: 38052346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial kinetics of genes expression of gastric (chitinase, pepsinogen) and intestinal (alkaline phosphatase, maltase) digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters (peptide transporter 1, sodium-glucose transporter 1), Brush Border Membrane (BBM) enzymes activity (alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, maltase, saccharase) and blood biochemistry (triglycerides, cholesterol, protein, albumin, glucose, amino acids) through NMR spectroscopy, were investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a commercial aquafeed. For this purpose, fish were starved 72 h and digestive tract and blood were sampled before the meal and at 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after feeding (T0, T1.5, T3, T6, T9, T12 and T24). The postprandial kinetic showed that the expression of the genes involved in digestion and nutrient transport, the activity of BBM enzymes, and the presence of metabolites in blood were stimulated in different ways by the presence of feed in the digestive tract. The expression of most genes peaked 3 h after meal except gastric pepsinogen and maltase in distal intestine that peaked at T9 and T12, respectively. The activity of BBM enzymes were stimulated differently based on the intestine tract. The plasma proteins level increased from T1.5 until T9, while the other blood parameters unvariated during the postprandial period. This study supplied useful information about the physiological effects a single meal as a potential tool for planning nutritional studies involving the digestive functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Pascon
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - E Daniso
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - G Cardinaletti
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - M Messina
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - F Campagnolo
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - D Zuccaccia
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - F Tulli
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tanga CM, Ekesi S. Dietary and Therapeutic Benefits of Edible Insects: A Global Perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:303-331. [PMID: 37758222 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020123-013621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Edible insects are gaining traction worldwide for research and development. This review synthesizes a large and well-established body of research literature on the high nutritional value and variety of pharmacological properties of edible insects. Positive benefits of insect-derived products include immune enhancement; gastrointestinal protection; antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory capacities; antibacterial activities; blood lipid and glucose regulation; lowering of blood pressure; and decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of these active components of edible insects in humans have received limited research attention. In addition, we discuss health risks (safety); application prospects; regulations and policies governing their production and consumption with a view to promote innovations, intraglobal trade, and economic development; and suggestions for future directions for further pharmacological functional studies. The aim is to review the current state of knowledge and research trends on edible insects as functional ingredients beneficial to the nutrition and health of humans and animals (livestock, aquatic species, and pets).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrysantus Mbi Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya; ,
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya; ,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sankappa NM, Lange MD, Yildirim-Aksoy M, Eljack R, Kucuktas H, Beck BH, Abernathy JW. Transcriptome analysis and immune gene expression of channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus) fed diets with inclusion of frass from black soldier fly larvae. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1330368. [PMID: 38264328 PMCID: PMC10803510 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1330368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The larval waste, exoskeleton shedding, and leftover feed components of the black soldier fly and its larvae make up the by-product known as frass. In this study, we subjected channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to a 10-week feeding trial to assess how different dietary amounts of frass inclusion would affect both systemic and mucosal tissue gene expression, especially in regard to growth and immune-related genes. Fish were divided in quadruplicate aquaria, and five experimental diets comprising 0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 g of frass per kilogram of feed were fed twice daily. At the end of the trial, liver, head kidney, gill, and intestine samples were collected for gene expression analyses. First, liver and intestine samples from fish fed with a no frass inclusion diet (control), low-frass (50 g/kg) inclusion diet, or a high-frass (300 g/kg) inclusion diet were subjected to Illumina RNA sequencing to determine global differential gene expression among diet groups. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) included the upregulation of growth-related genes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and myostatin, as well as innate immune receptors and effector molecules such as toll-like receptor 5, apolipoprotein A1, C-type lectin, and lysozyme. Based on the initial screenings of low/high frass using RNA sequencing, a more thorough evaluation of immune gene expression of all tissues sampled, and all levels of frass inclusion, was further conducted. Using targeted quantitative PCR panels for both innate and adaptive immune genes from channel catfish, differential expression of genes was identified, which included innate receptors (TLR1, TLR5, TLR9, and TLR20A), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β type a, IL-1β type b, IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNFα), chemokines (CFC3 and CFD), and hepcidin in both systemic (liver and head kidney) and mucosal (gill and intestine) tissues. Overall, frass from black soldier fly larvae inclusion in formulated diets was found to alter global gene expression and activate innate and adaptive immunity in channel catfish, which has the potential to support disease resistance in this species in addition to demonstrated growth benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nithin Muliya Sankappa
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Miles D. Lange
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Mediha Yildirim-Aksoy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Rashida Eljack
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Huseyin Kucuktas
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southwestern Native Aquatic Resources and Recovery Center, Aquatic Animal Health Unit, Dexter, NM, United States
| | - Benjamin H. Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jason W. Abernathy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit (AAHRU), Auburn, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen Y, Lawson R, Shandilya U, Chiasson MA, Karrow NA, Huyben D. Dietary protein, lipid and insect meal on growth, plasma biochemistry and hepatic immune expression of lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis). FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 5:100111. [PMID: 37456711 PMCID: PMC10339128 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies are lacking that investigate the dietary nutrient requirements of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), a newly farmed fish species in Ontario, Canada. Dietary levels of protein and lipid must be optimized to ensure high growth performance for the commercial success of this species. Additionally, the inclusion of insect meal in the diet may improve growth and immune response. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary protein:lipid ratios and insect meal as a feed additive on the growth performance and hepatic immune function of juvenile lake whitefish (301 ± 10 g). A 16-week (112 day) trial was performed with five diets including a commercial control diet (BCC), and four experimental diets with high or low levels of protein (54 and 48%, respectively) and lipid (18 and 12%, respectively). The high protein dietary groups contained 5% of full-fat black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens). Fish weights, viscera, liver, and blood were collected for further analysis. Specific growth rate, thermal growth coefficient and weight gain were significantly higher in fish fed with the BCC and high protein high lipid (HPHL) diets. However, viscerosomatic index was found to be significantly higher in fish fed the BCC diet, thus HPHL is more optimal for non-visceral weight gain. Higher levels of plasma phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase and potassium indicated poor growth and stress in fish fed low lipid diets. Relative expression of HSP70, involved in cellular repair, was significantly downregulated in fish fed high lipid diets, and no effects were found on the expression of innate immune and oxidative stress genes. Also, IL8 (CXCL8) and catalase were upregulated (non-significant) in fish fed the HPHL diet with the largest weight gain. No effects of insects were found on growth, plasma biochemistry or gene expression, which suggests 5% dietary inclusion was too low. Overall, we recommend a HPHL diet for the cultivation of lake whitefish based on improved growth performance, low viscera weight, improved plasma biochemistry and downregulation of cellular repair genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Chen
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca Lawson
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Umesh Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Marcia A. Chiasson
- Ontario Aquaculture Research Centre, Office of Research, University of Guelph, Elora, ON, Canada
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David Huyben
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li Z, Han C, Wang Z, Li Z, Ruan L, Lin H, Zhou C. Black soldier fly pulp in the diet of golden pompano: Effect on growth performance, liver antioxidant and intestinal health. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109156. [PMID: 37827247 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) has been widely researched as a protein source for fish meal replacement in aquaculture, but few studies have focused on its potential as a feed additive for growth and immune enhancement. We conducted a 56-day culture experiment to determine the impact of feed addition of black soldier fly pulp (BSFP, with 86.2% small peptides in dry basis) on growth performance, plasma biochemistry, liver antioxidant levels, intestinal immunity, digestion and microbiota of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus, 5.63 ± 0.02 g). BSFP was added to the basal diet at 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9% (named Control, BSFP-1, BSFP-3, BSFP-5, BSFP-7, BSFP-9), respectively. BSFP increased the weight gain rate, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and reduced the feed conversion rate of juvenile T. ovatus, the optimal growth performance was reached at BSFP-1, after which a negative feedback phenomenon was observed. Low levels of BSFP upregulated the expression of hepatic antioxidant, intestinal tight junctions, anti-inflammatory related genes and enhanced antioxidant, immune and intestinal digestive enzyme activities, which simultaneously reduced hepatic malondialdehyde and plasma aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations. However, at BSFP-7, catalase activity was significantly reduced, while NF-κB p65 and pro-inflammatory cytokines transcription was significantly enhanced (P < 0.05). The results suggest that high doses of BSFP addition may damage fish health by inhibiting small peptide uptake, decreasing the activity of antioxidant enzyme and activating the canonical NF-κB pathway. Conversely, low doses of BSFP enhanced intestinal tight junction protein transcription, digestive enzyme activity and immune performance, inhibited pathogenic microbiota, while enhancing liver antioxidant capacity, which was associated with activated Nrf2-Keap1 pathway and suppressed NF-κB pathway, showing its potential as a feed additive to aquafeeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chengzong Han
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhanzhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Guangdong Green Coral Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, Dongguan, 523000, China
| | - Leshan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Heizhao Lin
- Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya, 572019, China
| | - Chuanpeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya, 572019, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Singh SK, Pawar L, Thomas AJ, Debbarma R, Biswas P, Ningombam A, Devi AG, Waikhom G, Patel AB, Meena DK, Chakraborty G. The current state of research and potential applications of insects for resource recovery and aquaculture feed. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-29068-6. [PMID: 37556060 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about fishmeal use and its ecological footprints must be addressed for the aquaculture industry to move on as a sustainable food production sector. Through recent research outcomes, the insect-based meals in fish diets have promise and harnessed promises for commercial applications. In this midst, the efficiency of the selected insects in valorizing biological waste, as well as the nutritional profile of the harvested insects for use in fish diets, will be the driving forces behind such an approach. More extensive research has been published on the suitability of the waste substrate, the nutritional profiling of the meals, the level of substitution, the effects on growth, the immune physiology, and the flesh quality of the animals. Previously, there are only a few reviews available in insect protein applications in aqua feed that focused particularly on the nutritional quality and substitution levels. Considering the dearth of available work, the goal of this review is to provide a more comprehensive account of the resource recovery potential of insects and its derivatives, with a special emphasis on quality as determined by substrate used and processing techniques. Suggestions and policy implications for a sustainable approach to achieving a circular bio-economy of insect farming and its application in aquaculture are discussed for progression and advancement of the existing state of the art.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soibam Khogen Singh
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University, Lembucherra, Tripura West, 799210, India.
| | - Lokesh Pawar
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University, Lembucherra, Tripura West, 799210, India
| | - Akhil Joe Thomas
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University, Lembucherra, Tripura West, 799210, India
| | - Reshmi Debbarma
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University, Lembucherra, Tripura West, 799210, India
| | - Pradyut Biswas
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University, Lembucherra, Tripura West, 799210, India
| | - Arati Ningombam
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Manipur Centre, Lamphelpat, 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Ayam Gangarani Devi
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Tripura Centre, Lembucherra, Tripura West, 799210, India
| | - Gusheinzed Waikhom
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University, Lembucherra, Tripura West, 799210, India
| | - Arun Bhai Patel
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University, Lembucherra, Tripura West, 799210, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Meena
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Gunimala Chakraborty
- NITTE University Centre for Science Education & Research, Mangalore, 575018, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Toledo-Solís FJ, Larrán AM, Ortiz-Delgado JB, Sarasquete C, Dias J, Morais S, Fernández I. Specific Blood Plasma Circulating miRs Are Associated with the Physiological Impact of Total Fish Meal Replacement with Soybean Meal in Diets for Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:937. [PMID: 37508368 PMCID: PMC10376541 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
High dietary SBM content is known to induce important physiological alterations, hampering its use as a major FM alternative. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles were fed two experimental diets during 9 weeks: (i) a FM diet containing 12% FM; and (ii) a vegetable meal (VM) diet totally devoid of FM and based on SBM (26%). Fish fed the VM diet did not show reduced growth performance when compared with fish fed the FM diet. Nevertheless, fish fed the VM diet had an increased viscerosomatic index, lower apparent fat digestibility, higher aminopeptidase enzyme activity and number of villi fusions, and lower α-amylase enzyme activity and brush border integrity. Small RNA-Seq analysis identified six miRs (omy-miR-730a-5p, omy-miR-135c-5p, omy-miR-93a-3p, omy-miR-152-5p, omy-miR-133a-5p, and omy-miR-196a-3p) with higher expression in blood plasma from fish fed the VM diet. Bioinformatic prediction of target mRNAs identified several overrepresented biological processes known to be associated with high dietary SBM content (e.g., lipid metabolism, epithelial integrity disruption, and bile acid status). The present research work increases our understanding of how SBM dietary content has a physiological impact in farmed fish and suggests circulating miRs might be suitable, integrative, and less invasive biomarkers in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Toledo-Solís
- Aquaculture Research Center, Agro-Technological Institute of Castilla y León (ITACyL), Ctra. Arévalo, Zamarramala, 40196 Segovia, Spain
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito 6 Constructor, Alcaldía Benito Juárez, Mexico City 03940, Mexico
| | - Ana M Larrán
- Aquaculture Research Center, Agro-Technological Institute of Castilla y León (ITACyL), Ctra. Arévalo, Zamarramala, 40196 Segovia, Spain
| | - Juan B Ortiz-Delgado
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía-ICMAN/CSIC, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, Apdo. Oficial, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carmen Sarasquete
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía-ICMAN/CSIC, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, Apdo. Oficial, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jorge Dias
- SPAROS Ltd., Área Empresarial de Marim, Lote C, 8700-221 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Sofia Morais
- Lucta S.A., Innovation Division, UAB Research Park, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Aquaculture Research Center, Agro-Technological Institute of Castilla y León (ITACyL), Ctra. Arévalo, Zamarramala, 40196 Segovia, Spain
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), CSIC, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ge C, Liang X, Wu X, Wang J, Wang H, Qin Y, Xue M. Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio Molitor) enhances intestinal immunity in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) via the NFκB/survivin signaling pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 136:108736. [PMID: 37054764 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio Molitor, YM) in intestinal immunity and health. Largemouth bass, as an enteritis modeling animal, were fed 3 diets containing YM at 0% (YM0), 24% (YM24) and 48% (YM48). The YM24 group had reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines, while the YM48 group experienced a negative impact on intestinal health. Next, the Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda) challenge test consisted of 4 YM diets, 0% (EYM0), 12% (EYM12), 24% (EYM24), and 36% (EYM36). The EYM0 and EYM12 groups exhibited intestinal damage and immunosuppression by the pathogenic bacteria. However, the above adverse phenotypes were attenuated in the EYM24 and EYM36 groups. Mechanistically, the EYM24 and EYM36 groups enhanced intestinal immunity in largemouth bass via activating NFκBp65 and further upregulating survivin expression to inhibit apoptosis. The results identify a protective mechanism of YM as a novel food or feed source by improving intestinal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Ge
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Liang
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wu
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchang Qin
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Xue
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fawole FJ, Shamna N, Memudu HA, Abdullahi N, Hassaan MS, Gbadamosi OK. Housefly maggot meal complement soybean meal in a fish-free diet for hybrid catfish (Clarias gariepinus ♀ x Heterobranchus longifilis ♂): Effect on growth, body composition, blood biochemistry and antioxidant enzyme activity. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
14
|
Maulu S, Langi S, Hasimuna OJ, Missinhoun D, Munganga BP, Hampuwo BM, Gabriel NN, Elsabagh M, Van Doan H, Abdul Kari Z, Dawood MA. Recent advances in the utilization of insects as an ingredient in aquafeeds: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 11:334-349. [PMID: 36329686 PMCID: PMC9618972 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aquafeed industry continues to expand in response to the rapidly growing aquaculture sector. However, the identification of alternative protein sources in aquatic animal diets to replace conventional sources due to cost and sustainability issues remains a major challenge. Recently, insects have shown tremendous results as potential replacers of fishmeal in aquafeed. The present study aimed to review the utilization of insects in aquafeeds and their effects on aquatic animals' growth and feed utilization, immune response and disease resistance, and fish flesh quality and safety. While many insect species have been investigated in aquaculture, the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), and the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) are the most studied and most promising insects to replace fishmeal in aquafeed. Generally, insect rearing conditions and biomass processing methods may affect the product's nutritional composition, digestibility, shelf life and required insect inclusion level by aquatic animals. Also, insect-recommended inclusion levels for aquatic animals vary depending on the insect species used, biomass processing method, and test organism. Overall, while an appropriate inclusion level of insects in aquafeed provides several nutritional and health benefits to aquatic animals, more studies are needed to establish optimum requirements levels for different aquaculture species at different stages of development and under different culture systems.
Collapse
|
15
|
Romano N. Cardboard supplementation on the growth and nutritional content of black solider fly ( Hermetia illucens) larvae and resulting frass. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TROPICAL INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 42:3357-3362. [PMID: 35755798 PMCID: PMC9210340 DOI: 10.1007/s42690-022-00831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A 10-day trial was conducted to compare the production and fatty acid composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) when grown without or with cardboard supplementation at 2.2% on a dry weight basis. The final biomass of BSFL or waste reduction was not significantly impacted by cardboard. The fatty acids of C10 and C22:6n-3 were significantly higher in BSFL in the cardboard treatment, but crude lipid significantly reduced. The leftover BSFL frass had significantly higher sulfur, zinc, manganese and boron at the expense of lower nitrogen (91.2% versus 8.73% in control versus cardboard, respectively). These preliminary results appear to indicate that the growth and nutritional value of BSFL were not adversely compromised while the frass can be enhanced by adding relatively small amounts (2.2%) of cardboard. Further studies could be conducted to investigate the implications of higher inclusion levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Romano
- Aquaculture/Fisheries Center, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff, AR 71601 USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Aragão C, Gonçalves AT, Costas B, Azeredo R, Xavier MJ, Engrola S. Alternative Proteins for Fish Diets: Implications beyond Growth. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1211. [PMID: 35565636 PMCID: PMC9103129 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture has been challenged to find alternative ingredients to develop innovative feed formulations that foster a sustainable future growth. Given the most recent trends in fish feed formulation on the use of alternative protein sources to decrease the dependency of fishmeal, it is fundamental to evaluate the implications of this new paradigm for fish health and welfare. This work intends to comprehensively review the impacts of alternative and novel dietary protein sources on fish gut microbiota and health, stress and immune responses, disease resistance, and antioxidant capacity. The research results indicate that alternative protein sources, such as terrestrial plant proteins, rendered animal by-products, insect meals, micro- and macroalgae, and single cell proteins (e.g., yeasts), may negatively impact gut microbiota and health, thus affecting immune and stress responses. Nevertheless, some of the novel protein sources, such as insects and algae meals, have functional properties and may exert an immunostimulatory activity. Further research on the effects of novel protein sources, beyond growth, is clearly needed. The information gathered here is of utmost importance, in order to develop innovative diets that guarantee the production of healthy fish with high quality standards and optimised welfare conditions, thus contributing to a sustainable growth of the aquaculture industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Aragão
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.J.X.); (S.E.)
| | - Ana Teresa Gonçalves
- GreenCoLab—Associação Oceano Verde, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
- SPAROS Lda, 8700-221 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Benjamín Costas
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (B.C.); (R.A.)
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Azeredo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (B.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Maria João Xavier
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.J.X.); (S.E.)
| | - Sofia Engrola
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.J.X.); (S.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li X, Dong Y, Sun Q, Tan X, You C, Huang Y, Zhou M. Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae Are Influenced by Dietary Fat Sources and Levels. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:486. [PMID: 35203193 PMCID: PMC8868361 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A 16-day rearing trial was performed to investigate the influence of two supplemental levels (5% and 10%) of six dietary fat sources (linseed oil, peanut oil, coconut oil, soybean oil, lard oil and fish oil) on the growth, development and nutrient composition of black solider fly larvae. Our results demonstrated that the pre-pupa rate of larvae was linearly influenced by dietary C18:0, C18:3n-3 and C18:2n-6 content (pre-pupa rate = 0.927 × C18:0 content + 0.301 × C18:3n-3 content-0.258 × C18:2n-6 content p < 0.001)), while final body weight was linearly influenced by that of C16:0 (final body weight = 0.758 × C16:0 content, p = 0.004). Larval nutrient composition was significantly affected by dietary fat sources and levels, with crude protein, fat and ash content of larvae varying between 52.0 and 57.5, 15.0 and 23.8, and 5.6 and 7.2% dry matter. A higher level of C12:0 (17.4-28.5%), C14:0 (3.9-8.0%) and C16:1n-9 (1.3-4.3%) was determined in larvae fed the diets containing little of them. In comparison, C16:0, C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 proportions in larvae were linearly related with those in diets, with the slope of the linear equations varying from 0.39 to 0.60. It can be concluded that sufficient C16:0, C18:0 and C18:3n-3 supply is beneficial for larvae growth. Larvae could produce and retain C12:0, C14:0, and C16:1n-9 in vivo, but C16:0, C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 could only be partly incorporated from diets and the process may be enhanced by a higher amount of dietary fat. Based on the above observation, an accurately calculated amount of black soldier fly larvae could be formulated into aquafeed as the main source of saturated fatty acids and partial source of mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acids to save fish oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yanhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, CInnovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou Guangdong College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (X.L.); (Y.D.); (Q.S.); (X.T.); (C.Y.)
| | - Meng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, CInnovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, Guangzhou Guangdong College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; (X.L.); (Y.D.); (Q.S.); (X.T.); (C.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Melenchón F, de Mercado E, Pula HJ, Cardenete G, Barroso FG, Fabrikov D, Lourenço HM, Pessoa MF, Lagos L, Weththasinghe P, Cortés M, Tomás-Almenar C. Fishmeal Dietary Replacement Up to 50%: A Comparative Study of Two Insect Meals for Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020179. [PMID: 35049801 PMCID: PMC8772703 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand of optimal protein for human consumption is growing. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has highlighted aquaculture as one of the most promising alternatives for this protein supply gap due to the high efficiency of fish growth. However, aquaculture has been facing its own sustainability problem, because its high demand for protein has been traditionally satisfied with the use of fishmeal (FM) as the main source. Some of the most promising and sustainable protein substitutes for FM come from insects. The present manuscript provides insight into an experiment carried out on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with a 50% replacement of FM with different larvae insect meals: Hermetia illucens (HI), and Tenebrio molitor (TM). TM showed better results for growth, protein utilization and more active digestive function, supported by intestinal histological changes. Liver histology and intermediary metabolism did not show relevant changes between insect meals, while other parameters such as antioxidant enzyme activities and tissue damage indicators showed the potential of insect meals as functional ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Melenchón
- Agro-Technological Institute of Castilla y León, Ctra. Arévalo s/n, 40196 Segovia, Spain; (F.M.); (E.d.M.)
| | - Eduardo de Mercado
- Agro-Technological Institute of Castilla y León, Ctra. Arévalo s/n, 40196 Segovia, Spain; (F.M.); (E.d.M.)
| | - Héctor J. Pula
- Department of Zoology, Campus Fuentenueva, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (H.J.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Gabriel Cardenete
- Department of Zoology, Campus Fuentenueva, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (H.J.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Fernando G. Barroso
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (F.G.B.); (D.F.)
| | - Dmitri Fabrikov
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (F.G.B.); (D.F.)
| | - Helena M. Lourenço
- Division of Aquaculture, Valorisation and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP), Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal;
| | - María-Fernanda Pessoa
- GeoBioTec, Departamento de Ciências da Terra, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Nova School, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (L.L.); (P.W.)
| | - Pabodha Weththasinghe
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; (L.L.); (P.W.)
| | - Marcos Cortés
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Av. Bernardo O’Higgins 3363, Santiago 9170002, Chile;
| | - Cristina Tomás-Almenar
- Agro-Technological Institute of Castilla y León, Ctra. Arévalo s/n, 40196 Segovia, Spain; (F.M.); (E.d.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yamamoto FY, Suehs BA, Ellis M, Bowles PR, Older CE, Hume ME, Bake GG, Cammack JA, Tomberlin JK, Gatlin DM. Dietary fishmeal replacement by black soldier fly larvae meals affected red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) production performance and intestinal microbiota depending on what feed substrate the insect larvae were offered. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
20
|
Acar Ü, Giannetto A, Giannetto D, Kesbiç OS, Yılmaz S, Romano A, Tezel R, Türker A, Güllü K, Fazio F. Evaluation of an Innovative and Sustainable Pre-Commercial Compound as Replacement of Fish Meal in Diets for Rainbow Trout during Pre-Fattening Phase: Effects on Growth Performances, Haematological Parameters and Fillet Quality Traits. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123547. [PMID: 34944322 PMCID: PMC8698101 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the potential and sustainable use of pre-commercial product ITTINSECT™ APS V1 as a major protein source in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets. A 60-day feeding experiment was conducted to potentially use ITTINSECT as fish meal replacement in the diets of rainbow trout. Five isonitrogenous in dry matter (38% crude protein) and isolipidic (15% crude lipid) diets were produced: a control diet (fishmeal-based) (ITT0) and four experimental diets replacing fishmeal by 25 (ITT25), 50 (ITT50), 75 (ITT75) and 100 (ITT100) %, with ITTINSECT™ APS V1. Triplicate tanks, containing 15 fish each (65.81 ± 1.26 g), were hand-fed to apparent satiation twice every day during the experiment. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly higher growth performance was observed in the group fed ITTM25 and ITTM50 diets. This performance was supported by growth-related gene expressions analyzed in muscle; significantly higher GH and IGF-I genes expression levels were determined in ITT25 and ITT50 when compared to control (ITT0) (p < 0.05). While no significant differences were found between the hematology values (p > 0.05), serum total protein, globulins and glucose levels were significantly different between experimental groups (p < 0.05). In addition to this, the immune-related genes such as TNF-α, IL8 and IL1-β expression levels were determined to be significantly different (p < 0.05). In conclusion, in order to achieve the best growth performance in rainbow trout and enhance sustainable aquaculture practices, replacement of fish meal with up to 50% ITTINSECT™ APS V1 in diets for rainbow trout is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ümit Acar
- Department of Forestry, Bayramiç Vocational School, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17100, Turkey
- Correspondence: (Ü.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessia Giannetto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Messina University, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (Ü.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Daniela Giannetto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla 48000, Turkey;
| | - Osman Sabri Kesbiç
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Veterinary Faculty, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 37100, Turkey;
| | - Sevdan Yılmaz
- Department of Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology Faculty, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17100, Turkey;
| | | | - Rifat Tezel
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla 48000, Turkey; (R.T.); (A.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Ali Türker
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla 48000, Turkey; (R.T.); (A.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Kenan Güllü
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla 48000, Turkey; (R.T.); (A.T.); (K.G.)
| | - Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Messina University, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Probiotics Have the Potential to Significantly Mitigate the Environmental Impact of Freshwater Fish Farms. FISHES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes6040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics for freshwater fish farming can be administered as single or multiple mixtures. The expected benefits of probiotics include disease prophylaxis, improved growth, and feed conversion parameters, such as the feed conversion rate (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR). In the current work, we review the impact of probiotics on freshwater finfish aquaculture. Data were gathered from articles published during the last decade that examined the effects of probiotics on fish growth, FCR, and water quality in freshwater fishponds/tanks. While the expected benefits of probiotics are significant, the reviewed data indicate a range in the level of effects, with an average reduction in ammonia of 50.7%, SGR increase of 17.1%, and FCR decrease of 10.7%. Despite the variability in the reported benefits, probiotics appear to offer a practical solution for sustainable freshwater aquaculture. Disease prophylaxis with probiotics can reduce the need for antibiotics and maintain gut health and feed conversion. Considering that fish feed and waste are two significant parameters of the aquaculture ecological footprint, it can be argued that probiotics can contribute to reducing the environmental impact of aquaculture. In this direction, it would be beneficial if more researchers incorporated water quality parameters in future aquaculture research and protocols to minimize aquaculture’s environmental impact.
Collapse
|
22
|
Chaklader MR, Howieson J, Foysal MJ, Fotedar R. Transformation of fish waste protein to Hermetia illucens protein improves the efficacy of poultry by-products in the culture of juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:149045. [PMID: 34328887 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Promoting a circular economy via the transformation of food waste into alternative and high-value protein sources for aquaculture diets is a novel approach to developing alternative raw materials to fishmeal (FM). This approach can reduce the ecological impact on the aquatic environment and simultaneously can provide an option for sustainable food waste management. In this context, we report a 56-day trial of feeding barramundi, Lates calcarifer on four iso‑nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets where the control (0PBM-0HI) was a FM-based diet and the other test diets replaced FM protein with mixtures of a poultry by-product meal (PBM) and a full-fat Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae meal reared on fish waste: the test diets were 85% PBM + 15% HI (85PBM-15HI), 80% PBM + 20% HI (80PBM-20HI) and 75% PBM + 25% HI (75PBM-25HI). Fish fed PBM-HI-based diets showed an equal growth rate and amino acid profile when compared to the control group. Among all serum metabolites, alanine aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase decreased in fish fed PBM-HI-based diets, whilst total protein levels improved in the same diets. Serum lysozyme and bactericidal activity were unchanged which supported the observation of similar infection rates against V. harveyi. Except for the kidney and intestine, catalase activity in the serum and liver increased in fish-fed PBM-HI-based diets. In assessing the gastrointestinal mucosal morphology, the goblet cells producing neutral mucins were higher in PBM-HI-fed fish than the control. PBM-HI diets also enhanced bacterial richness and diversity and increased abundance for Lactobacillus, Clostridium, and Ruminococcus. In summary, combining full-fat HI with PBM allowed complete replacement of FM with no negative effects on growth whilst improving gut health. Such diets would be beneficial for the aquaculture industry, both ecologically and economically, as well as providing value-adding to animal waste as alternative protein sources for aquafeed production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Reaz Chaklader
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Janet Howieson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Md Javed Foysal
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Ravi Fotedar
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 1 Turner Avenue, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ido A, Ali MFZ, Takahashi T, Miura C, Miura T. Growth of Yellowtail ( Seriola quinqueradiata) Fed on a Diet Including Partially or Completely Defatted Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080722. [PMID: 34442288 PMCID: PMC8397187 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insects which can be reared artificially, such as the black soldier fly, housefly or yellow mealworm are considered as promising feed sources for sustainable aquaculture. The present study is the first to reveal the potential of diets containing insect meal for juvenile yellowtail. The growth of fish fed diets in which fish meal was replaced by 10–30% partially defatted black soldier fly larvae meal was decreased in accordance with the content of the larvae meal. On the other hand, growth of fish with a diet including 20% completely defatted larvae meal was equivalent to that with a diet of the partially defatted larvae meal. Thus, the fat fraction of black solider fly larvae could cause growth retardation of yellowtail, and the defatting process of the insect meal may be important in the manufacture of black soldier fly larvae meal for yellowtail. Abstract Against a background of increased demand for fish meal (FM), black soldier fly larva is a promising alternative feed source for sustainable aquaculture. Yellowtail, the most popular farmed fish in Japan, is a carnivorous fish; therefore, it requires a high proportion of FM in its diet. This study represents the first example of yellowtail fed on a diet including insect meal as a replacement for FM. Partially defatted black soldier fly meal (PDBM) comprised 49.0% crude protein and 23.2% crude fat, while completely defatted black soldier fly meal (CDBM) contained less than 10% crude fat, as the same level as FM was achieved with defatting PDBM using hexane. In feeding trials, growth of the fish was reduced in accordance with PDBM content: 10%, 20%, and 30% in their diet. Although a diet including 8% CDBM (with the same protein composition as 10% PDBM) also resulted in decreased fish growth, growth with a diet including 16% CDBM (with the same protein composition as 20% PDBM) was significantly higher than that of 20% PDBM, and equivalent to that of 10% PDBM. Therefore, even 10% of partially or completely black soldier fly larvae meal in diets inhibited growth in juvenile yellowtail, and we found that removal of the fat fraction could improve fish growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ido
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; (A.I.); (M.-F.-Z.A.); (T.T.); (C.M.)
| | - Muhammad-Fariz-Zahir Ali
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; (A.I.); (M.-F.-Z.A.); (T.T.); (C.M.)
| | - Takayuki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; (A.I.); (M.-F.-Z.A.); (T.T.); (C.M.)
| | - Chiemi Miura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; (A.I.); (M.-F.-Z.A.); (T.T.); (C.M.)
- Department of Global Environment Studies, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Saeki 731-5193, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; (A.I.); (M.-F.-Z.A.); (T.T.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-89-946-3684
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ali MFZ, Kameda K, Kondo F, Iwai T, Kurniawan RA, Ohta T, Ido A, Takahashi T, Miura C, Miura T. Effects of dietary silkrose of Antheraea yamamai on gene expression profiling and disease resistance to Edwardsiella tarda in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:207-217. [PMID: 33965522 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified a novel acidic polysaccharide, silkrose-AY, from the Japanese oak silkmoth (Antheraea yamamai), which can activate an innate immune response in mouse macrophage cells. However, innate immune responses stimulated by silkrose-AY in teleosts remain unclear. Here, we show the influence of dietary silkrose-AY in medaka (Oryzias latipes), a teleost model, in response to Edwardsiella tarda infection. Dietary silkrose-AY significantly improved the survival of fish and decreased the number of bacteria in their kidneys after the fish were artificially infected with E. tarda by immersion. We also performed a microarray analysis of the intestine, which serves as a primary barrier against microbial infection, to understand the profiles of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) evoked by silkrose-AY. The dietary silkrose-AY group showed differential expression of 2930 genes when compared with the control group prior to E. tarda infection. Gene ontology and pathway analysis of the DEGs highlighted several putative genes involved in pathogen attachment/recognition, the complement and coagulation cascade, antimicrobial peptides/enzymes, opsonization/phagocytosis, and epithelial junctional modification. Our findings thus provide fundamental information to help understand the molecular mechanism of bacterial protection offered by insect-derived immunostimulatory polysaccharides in teleosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fariz Zahir Ali
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Kenta Kameda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kondo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Iwai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Rio Aditya Kurniawan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohta
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, 1289-1, Funakoshi, Ainan, Ehime, 798-4292, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ido
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Takayuki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Chiemi Miura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan; Department of Global Environment Studies, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, 2-1-1 Miyake, Saeki-ku, Hiroshima, 731-5193, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7, Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dabbou S, Lauwaerts A, Ferrocino I, Biasato I, Sirri F, Zampiga M, Bergagna S, Pagliasso G, Gariglio M, Colombino E, Narro CG, Gai F, Capucchio MT, Gasco L, Cocolin L, Schiavone A. Modified Black Soldier Fly Larva Fat in Broiler Diet: Effects on Performance, Carcass Traits, Blood Parameters, Histomorphological Features and Gut Microbiota. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061837. [PMID: 34205603 PMCID: PMC8233813 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.; BSF) is gaining interest as a functional feed additive, due to the high amount of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and monoglycerides, which provide antimicrobial activities and stimulate gastrointestinal health through inhibition of potentially pathogenic bacteria. The present study evaluated the effect of BSF and modified BSF larvae fat in broiler chicken’s diet. Overall results were comparable among the studied diets, suggesting that modified BSF larvae fat showed a positive modulation of fecal microbiota by a positive reduction in potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Clostridium and Corynebacterium, without affecting intestinal morphology or showing any adverse histopathological alternations. Abstract In this study, a total of 200 male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were assigned to four dietary treatments (5 pens/treatment and 10 birds/pen) for two feeding phases: starter (0–11 days of age) and grower-finisher (11–33 days of age). A basal diet containing soy oil (SO) as added fat was used as control group (C), tested against three experimental diets where the SO was partially substituted by BSF larvae fat (BSF) or one of two types of modified BSF larvae fat (MBSF1 and MBSF2, respectively). The two modified BSF larvae fats had a high and low ratio of monobutyrin to monoglycerides of medium chain fatty acid, respectively. Diet did not influence the growth or slaughter performance, pH, color, or the chemical composition of breast and thigh muscles, gut morphometric indices, or histopathological alterations in all the organs. As far as fecal microbiota are concerned, MBSF1 and MBSF2 diets reduced the presence of Clostridium and Corynebacterium, which can frequently cause infection in poultry. In conclusion, modified BSF larva fat may positively modulate the fecal microbiota of broiler chickens without influencing the growth performance and intestinal morphology or showing any adverse histopathological alternations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Dabbou
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy;
| | | | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy; (I.B.); (L.G.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy; (I.B.); (L.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via del Florio 2, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (F.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Marco Zampiga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via del Florio 2, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (F.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Stefania Bergagna
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (S.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Giulia Pagliasso
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (S.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Marta Gariglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy; (M.G.); (E.C.); (M.T.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Elena Colombino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy; (M.G.); (E.C.); (M.T.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Carlos Garcés Narro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Alfara de Patriarca, E-46115 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy; (M.G.); (E.C.); (M.T.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy; (I.B.); (L.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Luca Cocolin
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy; (I.B.); (L.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy; (M.G.); (E.C.); (M.T.C.); (A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fischer H, Romano N, Sinha AK. Conversion of Spent Coffee and Donuts by Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Larvae into Potential Resources for Animal and Plant Farming. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040332. [PMID: 33917698 PMCID: PMC8068019 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nutritionally unbalanced organic waste can be converted into potential resources for animal and plant farming by culturing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) and prepupae (BSFP). BSFL and BSFP are rich sources of protein and lipids, while the leftover excrement called "frass" can be used as an organic fertilizer. Using readily available resources, BSFL were cultured on spent coffee, donut dough or an equal blend for 35 days. Survival, productivity, daily pupation and biochemical composition of BSFL and BSFP were measured along with the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium values of the frass. Survival was highest in the blend compared (81%) to spent coffee (45%) or dough (24%); however, BSFL and BSFP were significantly longer and heavier from dough. Stage and food significantly influenced the protein, lipid and glycogen content of the BSFL and BSFP, which tended to be higher in the latter. While fatty acids were often significantly higher in BSFL fed spent coffee, the amino acid composition of BSFL was generally higher in dough. Frass from the blend had significantly highest nitrogen content, while potassium and phosphorus were significantly higher and lower from spent coffee, respectively. Although coffee and donut dough were suboptimal substrates for BSFL, a blend of these produced BSFL and frass that were nutritionally comparable to soybean meal and many organic fertilizers, respectively.
Collapse
|
27
|
Supplementation of tuna hydrolysate and insect larvae improves fishmeal replacement efficacy of poultry by-product in Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) juveniles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4997. [PMID: 33654188 PMCID: PMC7925588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of feeding different levels of poultry by-product meal (PBM) replacing fishmeal (FM) protein, supplemented with tuna hydrolysate (TH) and Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae, on the growth, fillet quality, histological traits, immune status, oxidative biomarker levels and gut microbiota of juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer were investigated for six weeks. Barramundi were fed four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets in which a FM based diet was used as the Control diet (Diet1) and compared with other non-FM diets containing 80%, 85% and 90% PBM along with the concurrent supplementation of 5% and/or 10% TH and HI larvae meal. These treatment diets were designated as 80PBM10TH+10HI (Diet2), 85PBM5TH+10HI (Diet3) and 90PBM5TH+5HI (Diet4). The growth and condition factor of fish fed 80PBM10TH+10HI and 85PBM5TH+10HI were significantly higher than the Control. Total saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid retention in the fish muscle increased in fish fed PBM-based diets, supplemented with TH and HI larvae meal, with no adverse effect on post-harvest characteristics such as texture and colour of fish fillets. Improvement in serum total bilirubin and total protein content was found in all fish fed TH and HI larvae supplemented PBM. Similarly, immune response showed a significant increase in fish fed non-FM test diets than the Control. In the distal intestine, supplementation of any quantities of TH and HI larvae to PBM led to an increase in the microvilli density and neutral mucins while the number of goblet cells in the skin were unchanged. Liver, kidney, and spleen histology demonstrated a normal structure with no obvious changes in response to all test diets. Bacterial diversity increased in fish fed Diets 2 and 3 with a high abundance of Proteobacteria in Diets 1 and 4 and Firmicutes in Diets 2 and 3. The fish on test diets showed a lower abundance of genus Vibrio. Fish fed TH and HI larvae supplemented PBM diets showed lower infection rate to V. harveyi than the Control. Collectively, concurrent supplementation of TH and HI larvae could improve the quality of PBM diets with positive effects on growth, fillet quality, intestinal health, immunity, and disease resistance.
Collapse
|