1
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Gao T, Kawabata Y, Kiyoshima T, Jimi E. Nuclear factor-κB p65 subunit determines the fate of aging epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 722:150143. [PMID: 38795451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling is not only important for the immune and inflammatory responses but also for the normal development of epithelial cells, such as those in the skin and tooth. Here, we generated epithelial cell-specific p65-deficient (p65Δepi-/-) mice to analyze the roles of NF-κB signaling in epithelial cell developent. Notably, p65Δepi-/- mice exhibited no abnormalities in their appearance compared to the control (p65flox/flox) littermates. Furthermore, no major changes were observed in the skin, hair growth, and shape and color of the incisors and molars. However, 65 % of p65Δepi-/- mice exhibited corneal thickening after 8 weeks of age, and 30 % of p65Δepi-/- mice exhibited hair growth from the mandibular incisors around 24 weeks of age. No hair growth was observed at 36 and 42 weeks of age. However, micro-computed tomography images revealed a large cavity below the mandibular incisors extending to the root of the incisor. Histological analysis revealed that the cavity was occupied by a connective tissue containing hair-like structures with many dark brown granules that disappeared after melanin bleaching, confirming the presence of hair. Although inflammatory cells were also observed near the eruption site of the incisor teeth of p65Δepi-/- mice, no major disturbance was observed in the arrangement of enamel epithelial cells. Overall, these results highlight the role of p65 in the maintenance of epithelial cell homeostasis during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Japan
| | - Yuko Kawabata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Japan; Section of Oral Neuroscience, Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kiyoshima
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Eijiro Jimi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Japan; Oral Health/Brain Health/Total Health Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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2
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Capparè P, Tetè G, Sberna MT, Panina-Bordignon P. The Emerging Role of Stem Cells in Regenerative Dentistry. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 20:259-268. [PMID: 32811413 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200818115803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progress of modern dentistry is accelerating at a spectacular speed in the scientific, technological and clinical areas. Practical examples are the advancement in the digital field, which has guaranteed an average level of prosthetic practices for all patients, as well as other scientific developments, including research on stem cell biology. Given their plasticity, defined as the ability to differentiate into specific cell lineages with a capacity of almost unlimited self-renewal and release of trophic/immunomodulatory factors, stem cells have gained significant scientific and commercial interest in the last 15 years. Stem cells that can be isolated from various tissues of the oral cavity have emerged as attractive sources for bone and dental regeneration, mainly due to their ease of accessibility. This review will present the current understanding of emerging conceptual and technological issues of the use of stem cells to treat bone and dental loss defects. In particular, we will focus on the clinical application of stem cells, either directly isolated from oral sources or in vitro reprogrammed from somatic cells (induced pluripotent stem cells). Research aimed at further unraveling stem cell plasticity will allow to identify optimal stem cell sources and characteristics, to develop novel regenerative tools in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Capparè
- Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy,Dental School, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Tetè
- Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paola Panina-Bordignon
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy,Dental School, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
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3
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Zhang L, Yu M, Wong S, Qu H, Cai T, Liu Y, Liu H, Fan Z, Zheng J, Zhou Y, Feng H, Han D. Comparative analysis of rare
EDAR
mutations and tooth agenesis pattern in
EDAR
‐ and
EDA
‐associated nonsyndromic oligodontia. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1957-1966. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.24104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liutao Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Sing‐Wai Wong
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health, Periodontology Program, Adams School of Dentistry University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Hong Qu
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| | - Tao Cai
- Experimental Medicine Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Haochen Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Fan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Jinglei Zheng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Hailan Feng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing China
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology Beijing China
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4
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Yamada A, Kawasaki M, Miake Y, Yamada Y, Blackburn J, Kawasaki K, Trakanant S, Nagai T, Nihara J, Kudo T, Meguro F, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Liu B, Hu Y, Page A, Ramírez Á, Sharpe PT, Maeda T, Takagi R, Ohazama A. Overactivation of the NF-κB pathway impairs molar enamel formation. Oral Dis 2020; 26:1513-1522. [PMID: 32369672 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a hereditary disorder characterized by abnormal structures and functions of the ectoderm-derived organs, including teeth. HED patients exhibit a variety of dental symptoms, such as hypodontia. Although disruption of the EDA/EDAR/EDARADD/NF-κB pathway is known to be responsible for HED, it remains unclear whether this pathway is involved in the process of enamel formation. EXPERIMENTAL SUBJECTS AND METHODS To address this question, we examined the mice overexpressing Ikkβ (an essential component required for the activation of NF-κB pathway) under the keratin 5 promoter (K5-Ikkβ). RESULTS Upregulation of the NF-κB pathway was confirmed in the ameloblasts of K5-Ikkβ mice. Premature abrasion was observed in the molars of K5-Ikkβ mice, which was accompanied by less mineralized enamel. However, no significant changes were observed in the enamel thickness and the pattern of enamel rods in K5-Ikkβ mice. Klk4 expression was significantly upregulated in the ameloblasts of K5-Ikkβ mice at the maturation stage, and the expression of its substrate, amelogenin, was remarkably reduced. This suggests that abnormal enamel observed in K5-Ikkβ mice was likely due to the compromised degradation of enamel protein at the maturation stage. CONCLUSION Therefore, we could conclude that the overactivation of the NF-κB pathway impairs the process of amelogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Yamada
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Maiko Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuo Miake
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Tsurumi, Japan
| | - Yurie Yamada
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - James Blackburn
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katsushige Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Supaluk Trakanant
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagai
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jun Nihara
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takehisa Kudo
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fumiya Meguro
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ruth Schmidt-Ullrich
- Department of Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bigang Liu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
| | - Yinling Hu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Angustias Page
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital12 de Octubre (imas12), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Ramírez
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital12 de Octubre (imas12), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul T Sharpe
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ritsuo Takagi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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5
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Molecular mechanisms in palatal rugae development. J Oral Biosci 2020; 62:30-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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6
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Cerrizuela S, Vega-Lopez GA, Aybar MJ. The role of teratogens in neural crest development. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:584-632. [PMID: 31926062 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC), discovered by Wilhelm His 150 years ago, gives rise to a multipotent migratory embryonic cell population that generates a remarkably diverse and important array of cell types during the development of the vertebrate embryo. These cells originate in the neural plate border (NPB), which is the ectoderm between the neural plate and the epidermis. They give rise to the neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, odontoblasts and neuroendocrine cells, among others. Neurocristopathies are a class of congenital diseases resulting from the abnormal induction, specification, migration, differentiation or death of NC cells (NCCs) during embryonic development and have an important medical and societal impact. In general, congenital defects affect an appreciable percentage of newborns worldwide. Some of these defects are caused by teratogens, which are agents that negatively impact the formation of tissues and organs during development. In this review, we will discuss the teratogens linked to the development of many birth defects, with a strong focus on those that specifically affect the development of the NC, thereby producing neurocristopathies. Although increasing attention is being paid to the effect of teratogens on embryonic development in general, there is a strong need to critically evaluate the specific role of these agents in NC development. Therefore, increased understanding of the role of these factors in NC development will contribute to the planning of strategies aimed at the prevention and treatment of human neurocristopathies, whose etiology was previously not considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cerrizuela
- Área Biología Experimental, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A Vega-Lopez
- Área Biología Experimental, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Área Biología Experimental, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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7
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Xu Y, Wang Y, Pang X, Li Z, Wu J, Zhou Z, Xu T, Gobin Beharee R, Jin L, Yu J. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate promotes the proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells via nuclear factor kappa B pathway. Exp Cell Res 2019; 384:111593. [PMID: 31487508 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are vital for the regeneration of periodontal tissues. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) has recently been applied as a component of the mineralization inducing medium (MM), which can be used to induce osteogenic differentiation of dental stem cells. However, whether KH2PO4 has effects on PDLSCs has not been studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS PDLSCs were isolated by magnetic activated cell sorting and cultured. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and ALP protein expression of PDLSCs treated with different concentrations of KH2PO4 were examined to make sure the optimal concentration of KH2PO4 for the following experiments. The effects of KH2PO4 on the proliferation and differentiation of PDLSCs were investigated by flow cytometry, cell counting kit-8 assay, alizarin red staining, real-time RT-PCR, and Western blot. The involvement of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in KH2PO4-treated PDLSCs was analyzed by Western blot and alizarin red staining. RESULTS ALP activity assay and ALP protein expression examination revealed that 1.8 mmol/L KH2PO4 was the optimal concentration for the induction of hPDLSCs by KH2PO4. The proliferation and mineralization capacity of PDLSCs treated with KH2PO4 were enhanced as compared with the control group. PDLSCs treated with KH2PO4 showed an improved proliferation capacity in logarithmic growth phase at day 7. As PDLSCs were treated with KH2PO4, the expression of odonto/osteogenic markers (OCN/OCN, DSP/DSPP, OSX/OSX, RUNX2/RUNX2, and ALP/ALP) in cells were up-regulated at day 3 or 7. Moreover, the expression of IκBα in cytoplasm was down-regulated, along with an increased expression of p-P65 in cytoplasm and an up-regulated expression of P65 in nucleus. When treated with BMS345541 (the specific NF-κB inhibitor), the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of KH2PO4-treated PDLSCs was significantly attenuated. CONCLUSION KH2PO4 can improve the proliferation and odonto/osteogenic differentiation capacity of PDLSCs via NF-κB pathway, and thus represents a potential target involved in the regeneration of periodontium for clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Xu
- Endodontic Department, Changzhou Stomatological Hospital, 61 Beizhi Street, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Endodontic Department, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiyao Pang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Endodontic Department, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zehan Li
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Endodontic Department, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jintao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Endodontic Department, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Endodontic Department, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Romila Gobin Beharee
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Endodontic Department, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Nantong Stomatological Hospital, 36 South Yuelong Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Jinhua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Jiangsu Province and Stomatological Institute of Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Endodontic Department, School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, 136 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
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8
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Gagliardi A, Besio R, Carnemolla C, Landi C, Armini A, Aglan M, Otaify G, Temtamy SA, Forlino A, Bini L, Bianchi L. Cytoskeleton and nuclear lamina affection in recessive osteogenesis imperfecta: A functional proteomics perspective. J Proteomics 2017; 167:46-59. [PMID: 28802583 PMCID: PMC5584732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a collagen-related disorder associated to dominant, recessive or X-linked transmission, mainly caused by mutations in type I collagen genes or in genes involved in type I collagen metabolism. Among the recessive forms, OI types VII, VIII, and IX are due to mutations in CRTAP, P3H1, and PPIB genes, respectively. They code for the three components of the endoplasmic reticulum complex that catalyzes 3-hydroxylation of type I collagen α1Pro986. Under-hydroxylation of this residue leads to collagen structural abnormalities and results in moderate to lethal OI phenotype, despite the exact molecular mechanisms are still not completely clear. To shed light on these recessive forms, primary fibroblasts from OI patients with mutations in CRTAP (n=3), P3H1 (n=3), PPIB (n=1) genes and from controls (n=4) were investigated by a functional proteomic approach. Cytoskeleton and nucleoskeleton asset, protein fate, and metabolism were delineated as mainly affected. While western blot experiments confirmed altered expression of lamin A/C and cofilin-1, immunofluorescence analysis using antibody against lamin A/C and phalloidin showed an aberrant organization of nucleus and cytoskeleton. This is the first report describing an altered organization of intracellular structural proteins in recessive OI and pointing them as possible novel target for OI treatment. SIGNIFICANCE OI is a prototype for skeletal dysplasias. It is a highly heterogeneous collagen-related disorder with dominant, recessive and X-linked transmission. There is no definitive cure for this disease, thus a better understanding of the molecular basis of its pathophysiology is expected to contribute in identifying potential targets to develop new treatments. Based on this concept, we performed a functional proteomic study to delineate affected molecular pathways in primary fibroblasts from recessive OI patients, carrying mutations in CRTAP (OI type VII), P3H1 (OI type VIII), and PPIB (OI type IX) genes. Our analyses demonstrated the occurrence of an altered cytoskeleton and, for the first time in OI, of nuclear lamina organization. Hence, cytoskeleton and nucleoskeleton components may be considered as novel drug targets for clinical management of the disease. Finally, according to our analyses, OI emerged to share similar deregulated pathways and molecular aberrances, as previously described, with other rare disorders caused by different genetic defects. Those aberrances may provide common pharmacological targets to support classical clinical approach in treating different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Gagliardi
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Roberta Besio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Carnemolla
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Landi
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Armini
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mona Aglan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics & Genome Research Division, Center of Excellence for Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada Otaify
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics & Genome Research Division, Center of Excellence for Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samia A Temtamy
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics & Genome Research Division, Center of Excellence for Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Bini
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Bianchi
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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9
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Papp T, Polyak A, Papp K, Meszar Z, Zakany R, Meszar-Katona E, Tünde PT, Ham CH, Felszeghy S. Modification of tooth development by heat shock protein 60. Int J Oral Sci 2016; 8:24-31. [PMID: 27025262 PMCID: PMC4822183 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2015.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several heat shock proteins have been investigated in relation to tooth development, no available information is available about the spatial and temporal expression pattern of heat shock protein 60 (Hsp 60). To characterize Hsp 60 expression in the structures of the developing tooth germ, we used Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Hsp 60 was present in high amounts in the inner and outer enamel epithelia, enamel knot (EK) and stratum intermedium (SI). Hsp 60 also appeared in odontoblasts beginning in the bell stage. To obtain data on the possible effect of Hsp 60 on isolated lower incisors from mice, we performed in vitro culturing. To investigate the effect of exogenous Hsp 60 on the cell cycle during culturing, we used the 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation test on dental cells. Exogenously administered Hsp 60 caused bluntness at the apical part of the 16.5-day-old tooth germs, but it did not influence the proliferation rate of dental cells. We identified the expression of Hsp 60 in the developing tooth germ, which was present in high concentrations in the inner and outer enamel epithelia, EK, SI and odontoblasts. High concentration of exogenous Hsp 60 can cause abnormal morphology of the tooth germ, but it did not influence the proliferation rate of the dental cells. Our results suggest that increased levels of Hsp 60 may cause abnormalities in the morphological development of the tooth germ and support the data on the significance of Hsp during the developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Papp
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Angela Polyak
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Papp
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Meszar
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Roza Zakany
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eva Meszar-Katona
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Palne Terdik Tünde
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Chang Hwa Ham
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Scoliosis Research Institute, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Szabolcs Felszeghy
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Wang J, Sun K, Shen Y, Xu Y, Xie J, Huang R, Zhang Y, Xu C, Zhang X, Wang R, Lin Y. DNA methylation is critical for tooth agenesis: implications for sporadic non-syndromic anodontia and hypodontia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19162. [PMID: 26759063 PMCID: PMC4725352 DOI: 10.1038/srep19162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypodontia is caused by interactions among genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors during tooth development, but the actual mechanism is unknown. DNA methylation now appears to play a significant role in abnormal developments, flawed phenotypes, and acquired diseases. Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) has been developed as a new method of scanning large-scale DNA-methylation profiles within particular regions or in the entire genome. Here, we performed a genome-wide scan of paired DNA samples obtained from 4 patients lacking two mandibular incisors and 4 healthy controls with normal dentition. We scanned another female with non-syndromic anodontia and her younger brother with the same gene mutations of the PAX9,MSX1,AXIN2 and EDA, but without developmental abnormalities in the dentition. Results showed significant differences in the methylation level of the whole genome between the hypodontia and the normal groups. Nine genes were spotted, some of which have not been associated with dental development; these genes were related mainly to the development of cartilage, bone, teeth, and neural transduction, which implied a potential gene cascade network in hypodontia at the methylation level. This pilot study reveals the critical role of DNA methylation in hypodontia and might provide insights into developmental biology and the pathobiology of acquired diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301, Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Ke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14., 3rd Sec, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301, Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yuanzhi Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301, Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14., 3rd Sec, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Renhuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14., 3rd Sec, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301, Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Chenyuan Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301, Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301, Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Raorao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301, Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14., 3rd Sec, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
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Effects of canonical NF-κB signaling pathway on the proliferation and odonto/osteogenic differentiation of human stem cells from apical papilla. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:319651. [PMID: 24864235 PMCID: PMC4017825 DOI: 10.1155/2014/319651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION NF-κB signaling pathway plays a complicated role in the biological functions of mesenchymal stem cells. However, the effects of NF-κB pathway on the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) remain unclear. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of canonical NF-κB pathway on the osteo/odontogenic capacity of SCAPs in vitro. RESULTS Western blot results demonstrated that NF-κB pathway in SCAPs was successfully activated by TNF-α or blocked by BMS-345541. NF-κB pathway-activated SCAPs presented a higher proliferation activity compared with control groups, as indicated by dimethyl-thiazol-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay (MTT) and flow cytometry assay (FCM). Wound scratch assay revealed that NF-κB pathway-activated SCAPs presented an improved migration capacity, enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and upregulated mineralization capacity of SCAPs, as compared with control groups. Meanwhile, the odonto/osteogenic markers (ALP/ALP, RUNX2/RUNX2, OSX/OSX, OCN/OCN, OPN/OPN, BSP/BSP, DSPP/DSP, and DMP-1/DMP-1) in NF-κB pathway-activated SCAPs were also significantly upregulated as compared with control groups at both protein and mRNA levels. However, NF-κB pathway-inhibited SCAPs exhibited a lower proliferation/migration capacity, and decreased odonto/osteogenic ability in comparison with control groups. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that classical NF-κB pathway plays a paramount role in the proliferation and committed differentiation of SCAPs.
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Kawasaki M, Porntaveetus T, Kawasaki K, Oommen S, Otsuka-Tanaka Y, Hishinuma M, Nomoto T, Maeda T, Takubo K, Suda T, Sharpe PT, Ohazama A. R-spondins/Lgrs expression in tooth development. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:844-51. [PMID: 24616052 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tooth development is highly regulated in mammals and it is regulated by networks of signaling pathways (e. g. Tnf, Wnt, Shh, Fgf and Bmp) whose activities are controlled by the balance between ligands, activators, inhibitors and receptors. The members of the R-spondin family are known as activators of Wnt signaling, and Lgr4, Lgr5, and Lgr6 have been identified as receptors for R-spondins. The role of R-spondin/Lgr signaling in tooth development, however, remains unclear. RESULTS We first carried out comparative in situ hybridization analysis of R-spondins and Lgrs, and identified their dynamic spatio-temporal expression in murine odontogenesis. R-spondin2 expression was found both in tooth germs and the tooth-less region, the diastema. We further examined tooth development in R-spondin2 mutant mice, and although molars and incisors exhibited no significant abnormalities, supernumerary teeth were observed in the diastema. CONCLUSIONS R-spondin/Lgr signaling is thus involved in tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Kawasaki
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, United Kingdom; Division of Bio-Prosthodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Course for Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Klein OD, Oberoi S, Huysseune A, Hovorakova M, Peterka M, Peterkova R. Developmental disorders of the dentition: an update. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 163C:318-32. [PMID: 24124058 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Dental anomalies are common congenital malformations that can occur either as isolated findings or as part of a syndrome. This review focuses on genetic causes of abnormal tooth development and the implications of these abnormalities for clinical care. As an introduction, we describe general insights into the genetics of tooth development obtained from mouse and zebrafish models. This is followed by a discussion of isolated as well as syndromic tooth agenesis, including Van der Woude syndrome (VWS), ectodermal dysplasias (EDs), oral-facial-digital (OFD) syndrome type I, Rieger syndrome, holoprosencephaly, and tooth anomalies associated with cleft lip and palate. Next, we review delayed formation and eruption of teeth, as well as abnormalities in tooth size, shape, and form. Finally, isolated and syndromic causes of supernumerary teeth are considered, including cleidocranial dysplasia and Gardner syndrome.
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Ajay Sharma L, Sharma A, Dias GJ. Advances in regeneration of dental pulp--a literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 6:85-98. [PMID: 23946258 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the biological response of dentin-pulp complexes to a variety of stimuli and responses to current treatment therapies and reviews the role of tissue engineering and its application in regenerative endodontics. An electronic search was undertaken based on keywords using Medline/PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Ovid database resources up to March 2012 to identify appropriate articles, supplemented by a manual search using reference lists from relevant articles. Inclusion criteria were mainly based on different combinations of keywords and restricted to articles published in English language only. Biological approaches based on tissue engineering principles were found to offer the possibility of restoring natural tooth vitality, with distinct evidence that regeneration of lost dental tissues is possible. Studies to formulate an ideal restorative material with regenerative properties, however, are still under way. Further research with supporting clinical studies is required to identify the most effective and safe treatment therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Ajay Sharma
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Bronckers ALJJ, Gueneli N, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Schneppenheim J, Moraru AP, Himmerkus N, Bervoets TJ, Fluhrer R, Everts V, Saftig P, Schröder B. The intramembrane protease SPPL2A is critical for tooth enamel formation. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1622-30. [PMID: 23426979 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intramembrane proteases are critically involved in signal transduction and membrane protein turnover. Signal-peptide-peptidase-like 2a (SPPL2A), a presenilin-homologue residing in lysosomes/late endosomes, cleaves type II-oriented transmembrane proteins. We recently identified SPPL2A as the enzyme controlling turnover and functions of the invariant chain (CD74) of the major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) and demonstrated critical importance of this process for B cell development. Surprisingly, we found that SPPL2A is critical for formation of dental enamel. In Sppl2a knockout mice, enamel of the erupted incisors was chalky white and rapidly eroded after eruption. SPPL2A was found to be expressed in enamel epithelium during secretory and maturation stage amelogenesis. Mineral content of enamel in Sppl2a⁻/⁻ incisors was inhomogeneous and reduced by ∼20% compared to wild-type mice with the most pronounced reduction at the mesial side. Frequently, disruption of the enamel layer and localized detachment of the most superficial enamel layer was observed in the knockout incisors leading to an uneven enamel surface. In Sppl2a null mice, morphology and function of secretory stage ameloblasts were not noticeably different from that of wild-type mice. However, maturation stage ameloblasts showed reduced height and a characteristic undulation of the ameloblast layer with localized adherence of the cells to the outer enamel. This was reflected in a delayed and incomplete resorption of the proteinaceous enamel matrix. Thus, we conclude that intramembrane proteolysis by SPPL2A is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis of ameloblasts. Because modulation of SPPL2A activity appears to be an attractive therapeutic target to deplete B cells and treat autoimmunity, interference with tooth enamel formation should be investigated as a possible adverse effect of pharmacological SPPL2A inhibitors in humans.
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Matalova E, Lesot H, Svandova E, Vanden Berghe T, Sharpe PT, Healy C, Vandenabeele P, Tucker AS. Caspase-7 participates in differentiation of cells forming dental hard tissues. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:615-21. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Svandova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics CAS, v.v.i.; Brno; Czech Republic
| | | | - Paul T. Sharpe
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology; King′s College London; London; UK
| | - Christopher Healy
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology; King′s College London; London; UK
| | | | - Abigail S. Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology; King′s College London; London; UK
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Taurodontism in Brazilian patients with tooth agenesis and first and second-degree relatives: A case–control study. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1062-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cobourne MT, Sharpe PT. Diseases of the tooth: the genetic and molecular basis of inherited anomalies affecting the dentition. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:183-212. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Matalova E, Svandova E, Tucker AS. Apoptotic signaling in mouse odontogenesis. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 16:60-70. [PMID: 22204278 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2011.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an important morphogenetic event in embryogenesis as well as during postnatal life. In the last 2 decades, apoptosis in tooth development (odontogenesis) has been investigated with gradually increasing focus on the mechanisms and signaling pathways involved. The molecular machinery responsible for apoptosis exhibits a high degree of conservation but also organ and tissue specific patterns. This review aims to discuss recent knowledge about apoptotic signaling networks during odontogenesis, concentrating on the mouse, which is often used as a model organism for human dentistry. Apoptosis accompanies the entire development of the tooth and corresponding remodeling of the surrounding bony tissue. It is most evident in its role in the elimination of signaling centers within developing teeth, removal of vestigal tooth germs, and in odontoblast and ameloblast organization during tooth mineralization. Dental apoptosis is caspase dependent and proceeds via mitochondrial mediated cell death with possible amplification by Fas-FasL signaling modulated by Bcl-2 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Matalova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Ohazama A, Porntaveetus T, Ota MS, Herz J, Sharpe PT. Lrp4: A novel modulator of extracellular signaling in craniofacial organogenesis. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 152A:2974-83. [PMID: 21108386 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family is a large evolutionarily conserved group of transmembrane proteins. It has been shown that LDL receptor family members can also function as direct signal transducers or modulators for a broad range of cellular signaling pathways. We have identified a novel mode of signaling pathway integration/coordination that occurs outside cells during development that involves an LDL receptor family member. Physical interaction between an extracellular protein (Wise) that binds BMP ligands and an Lrp receptor (Lrp4) that modulates Wnt signaling, acts to link these two pathways. Mutations in either Wise or Lrp4 in mice produce multiple, but identical abnormalities in tooth development that are linked to alterations in BMP and Wnt signaling. Teeth, in common with many other organs, develop by a series of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, orchestrated by multiple cell signaling pathways. In tooth development, Lrp4 is expressed exclusively in epithelial cells and Wise mainly in mesenchymal cells. Our hypothesis, based on the mutant phenotypes, cell signaling activity changes and biochemical interactions between Wise and Lrp4 proteins, is that Wise and Lrp4 together act as an extracellular mechanism of coordinating BMP and Wnt signaling activities in epithelial-mesenchymal cell communication during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ohazama
- Department of Craniofacial Development, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, UK
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Hacking SA, Khademhosseini A. Applications of microscale technologies for regenerative dentistry. J Dent Res 2009; 88:409-21. [PMID: 19493883 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509334774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While widespread advances in tissue engineering have occurred over the past decade, many challenges remain in the context of tissue engineering and regeneration of the tooth. For example, although tooth development is the result of repeated temporal and spatial interactions between cells of ectoderm and mesoderm origin, most current tooth engineering systems cannot recreate such developmental processes. In this regard, microscale approaches that spatially pattern and support the development of different cell types in close proximity can be used to regulate the cellular microenvironment and, as such, are promising approaches for tooth development. Microscale technologies also present alternatives to conventional tissue engineering approaches in terms of scaffolds and the ability to direct stem cells. Furthermore, microscale techniques can be used to miniaturize many in vitro techniques and to facilitate high-throughput experimentation. In this review, we discuss the emerging microscale technologies for the in vitro evaluation of dental cells, dental tissue engineering, and tooth regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Hacking
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, PRB, Rm 252, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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22
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Temporal and spatial profiling of nuclei-associated proteins upon TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB signaling. Cell Res 2009; 19:651-64. [PMID: 19399029 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha/NF-kappaB-signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in various processes including apoptosis, cellular differentiation, host defense, inflammation, autoimmunity and organogenesis. The complexity of the TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB signaling is in part due to the dynamic protein behaviors of key players in this pathway. In this present work, a dynamic and global view of the signaling components in the nucleus at the early stages of TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB signaling was obtained in HEK293 cells, by a combination of subcellular fractionation and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). The dynamic profile patterns of 547 TNF-alpha-induced nuclei-associated proteins were quantified in our studies. The functional characters of all the profiles were further analyzed using that Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway annotation. Additionally, many previously unknown effectors of TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB signaling were identified, quantified and clustered into differential activation profiles. Interestingly, levels of Fanconi anemia group D2 protein (FANCD2), one of the Fanconi anemia family proteins, was found to be increased in the nucleus by SILAC quantitation upon TNF-alpha stimulation, which was further verified by western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. This indicates that FANCD2 might be involved in TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB signaling through its accumulation in the nucleus. In summary, the combination of subcellular proteomics with quantitative analysis not only allowed for a dissection of the nuclear TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB-signaling pathway, but also provided a systematic strategy for monitoring temporal and spatial changes in cell signaling.
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23
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Ohazama A, Johnson EB, Ota MS, Choi HJ, Porntaveetus T, Oommen S, Itoh N, Eto K, Gritli-Linde A, Herz J, Sharpe PT. Lrp4 modulates extracellular integration of cell signaling pathways in development. PLoS One 2008; 3:e4092. [PMID: 19116665 PMCID: PMC2605561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which cell signaling is integrated outside the cell is not currently appreciated. We show that a member of the low-density receptor-related protein family, Lrp4 modulates and integrates Bmp and canonical Wnt signalling during tooth morphogenesis by binding the secreted Bmp antagonist protein Wise. Mouse mutants of Lrp4 and Wise exhibit identical tooth phenotypes that include supernumerary incisors and molars, and fused molars. We propose that the Lrp4/Wise interaction acts as an extracellular integrator of epithelial-mesenchymal cell signaling. Wise, secreted from mesenchyme cells binds to BMP's and also to Lrp4 that is expressed on epithelial cells. This binding then results in the modulation of Wnt activity in the epithelial cells. Thus in this context Wise acts as an extracellular signaling molecule linking two signaling pathways. We further show that a downstream mediator of this integration is the Shh signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ohazama
- Department of Craniofacial Development, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric B. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Masato S. Ota
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hong J. Choi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thantrira Porntaveetus
- Department of Craniofacial Development, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shelly Oommen
- Department of Craniofacial Development, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Eto
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amel Gritli-Linde
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Sharpe
- Department of Craniofacial Development, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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De Coster PJ, Marks LA, Martens LC, Huysseune A. Dental agenesis: genetic and clinical perspectives. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 38:1-17. [PMID: 18771513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dental agenesis is the most common developmental anomaly in humans and is frequently associated with several other oral abnormalities. Whereas the incidence of missing teeth may vary considerably depending on dentition, gender, and demographic or geographic profiles, distinct patterns of agenesis have been detected in the permanent dentition. These frequently involve the last teeth of a class to develop (I2, P2, M3) suggesting a possible link with evolutionary trends. Hypodontia can either occur as an isolated condition (non-syndromic hypodontia) involving one (80% of cases), a few (less than 10%) or many teeth (less than 1%), or can be associated with a systemic condition or syndrome (syndromic hypodontia), essentially reflecting the genetically and phenotypically heterogeneity of the condition. Based on our present knowledge of genes and transcription factors that are involved in tooth development, it is assumed that different phenotypic forms are caused by different genes involving different interacting molecular pathways, providing an explanation not only for the wide variety in agenesis patterns but also for associations of dental agenesis with other oral anomalies. At present, the list of genes involved in human non-syndromic hypodontia includes not only those encoding a signaling molecule (TGFA) and transcription factors (MSX1 and PAX9) that play critical roles during early craniofacial development, but also genes coding for a protein involved in canonical Wnt signaling (AXIN2), and a transmembrane receptor of fibroblast growth factors (FGFR1). Our objective was to review the current literature on the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for selective dental agenesis in humans and to present a detailed overview of syndromes with hypodontia and their causative genes. These new perspectives and future challenges in the field of identification of possible candidate genes involved in dental agenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J De Coster
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Special Care, Paecamed Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Beldade P, French V, Brakefield PM. Developmental and genetic mechanisms for evolutionary diversification of serial repeats: eyespot size in Bicyclus anynana butterflies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2008; 310:191-201. [PMID: 17577201 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Serially repeated pattern elements on butterfly wings offer the opportunity for integrating genetic, developmental, and functional aspects towards understanding morphological diversification and the evolution of individuality. We use captive populations of Bicyclus anynana butterflies, an emerging model in evolutionary developmental biology, to explore the genetic and developmental basis of compartmentalized changes in eyespot patterns. There is much variation for different aspects of eyespot morphology, and knowledge about the genetic pathways and developmental processes involved in eyespot formation. Also, despite the strong correlations across all eyespots in one butterfly, B. anynana shows great potential for independent changes in the size of individual eyespots. It is, however, unclear to what extent the genetic and developmental processes underlying eyespot formation change in a localized manner to enable such individualization. We use micromanipulations of developing wings to dissect the contribution of different components of eyespot development to quantitative differences in eyespot size on one wing surface. Reciprocal transplants of presumptive eyespot foci between artificial selection lines and controls suggest that while localized antagonistic changes in eyespot size rely mostly on localized changes in focal signal strength, concerted changes depend greatly on epidermal response sensitivities. This potentially reflects differences between the signal-response components of eyespot formation in the degrees of compartmentalization and/or the temporal pattern of selection. We also report on the phenotypic analysis of a number of mutant stocks demonstrating how single alleles can affect different eyespots in concert or independently, and thus contribute to the individualization of serially repeated traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Beldade
- Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Kaisertraat 63, 2311 GP Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Hirata A. Perlecan and Heparanase Localization in Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath during Root Formation. J Oral Biosci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(08)80009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to classify early arrested eruption of primary molars and to analyse and explain the sequelae for the surrounding alveolar bone and the succeeding premolar. DESIGN The position of the arrested primary molars in the mandible, the height of the local alveolar bone, and the morphology and location of the succeeding premolar were evaluated on radiographs from 29 children. RESULTS Four groups of arrest from mild to severe with regards to infra-position were categorized (Groups I-IV). Mean ages at the time of referral decreased from Groups I (8 years, 10 months) to Group IV (5 years, 9 months). SEQUELAE: (i) Reduction of alveolar bone height (Groups I-III); (ii) delayed maturity of the succeeding premolar (two-thirds of the cases); (iii) malformation of the succeeding premolar (mainly Groups III and IV); and (iv) ectopically located premolar occlusal to the retained molar (Group IV). CONCLUSIONS The deeper in the alveolar process a primary molar is retained, the earlier the disturbance in the eruption has occurred, and the greater is the risk of the permanent tooth germ being malformed and malpositioned. It is estimated that the earliest occurrences of arrested eruption of primary molars supposedly occur before the age of 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Kjaer
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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28
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Abstract
Roots of teeth perform critical functions to anchor the teeth in the jaws and transmit the masticatory forces in such a way as to minimize fracture and wear of the dentition. Tooth root development involves a variety of cell types, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, the enumeration of specialized extracellular matrices, processing of these matrices and strict control over the microenvironment to allow the cementum and dentin to mineralize. While many of the specific molecular mechanisms involved in root formation remain poorly understood, our knowledge of these events and pathways has advanced markedly over the past decade. The molecular bases of many hereditary conditions having associated dental root anomalies are now known. Therapeutic approaches based on the molecular biology of root formation have and will continue to emerge and be translated into improved clinical care. The purpose of this study was to review our knowledge regarding developmental defects of root formation, the molecular mechanisms involved, and the impact of root variants on clinical dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Wright
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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29
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Repin VS, Saburina IN, Sukhikh GT. Cell biology of fetal tissues and fundamental medicine. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 144:108-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Teeth develop from a series of reciprocal interactions that take place between epithelium and mesenchyme during development of the mouth that begin early in mammalian embryogenesis. The molecular control of key processes in tooth development such as initiation, morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation are being increasingly better understood, to the point where this information can be used as the basis for approaches to produce biological replacement teeth (BioTeeth). This review outlines the current approaches, ideas and progress towards the production of BioTeeth that could form an alternative method for replacing lost or damaged teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sartaj
- Department of Craniofacial Development, Dental Institute, Kings College London, Floor 28 Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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31
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Nemoto Y, Higuchi K, Baba O, Kudo A, Takano Y. Multinucleate osteoclasts in medaka as evidence of active bone remodeling. Bone 2007; 40:399-408. [PMID: 17049327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Putative sites of bone resorption in the acellular bony skeleton of the medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) were investigated primarily by RNA in situ hybridization and histological analysis. Numerous cells that displayed intense enzymatic activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), the main marker of osteoclasts, were distributed in the pharyngeal region of this fish. Moreover, these cells expressed cathepsin K, an osteoclast-specific gene, as well as the genes for TRAP and vacuolar-type proton ATPase (V-ATPase). Some of the TRAP-positive cells displayed all of the morphological characteristics equivalent to those of mammalian- and bird-type osteoclasts. These cells were associated primarily with the shedding teeth and their supporting bones (pedicles), where alkaline phosphatase (ALPase)-positive osteoblasts were also located, implying progressive bone remodeling associated with tooth replacement in these regions. In contrast, the inner aspects of the neural and hemal arches of the vertebral column, which were the only sites of bone resorption other than the tooth-bearing bones, showed sporadically aligned flat mononuclear TRAP-positive cells without a ruffled border, indicating a different mode of bone remodeling in these regions. These results suggest the feasibility of medaka as a model animal for the investigation of bone-related abnormalities and their genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Nemoto
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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32
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Matalová E, Setková J, Blackburn J, Mísek I, Sharpe PT. CD 95 mediated apoptosis in embryogenesis: implication in tooth development. Orthod Craniofac Res 2006; 9:123-8. [PMID: 16918676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2006.00365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding of apoptotic mechanisms involved in tissue shaping is of particular interest because of possible targeted modulation of the development of organ structures such as teeth. Research of CD 95 mediated apoptosis has been focused particularly on cell death in the immune system and related disorders. However, CD 95 mediated apoptosis is also involved in embryogenesis of many organs as the kidney, the lung, the intestine and tissue networks such as the nervous system. DESIGN Narrative review. RESULTS This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge of CD 95 mediated apoptosis in embryogenesis with possible implication in tooth development. CD 95 receptor and CD 95 ligand are found at early stages of tooth development. The data suggest some positive correlations with dental apoptosis distribution, particularly in the primary enamel knot where apoptosis occurs during elimination of this structure. CD 95 deficient (lpr) adult mouse tooth phenotype, however, did not show any alterations in final tooth pattern and morphology. CONCLUSION To date studies of apoptotic machinery during tooth development show spatial localization of many of the components together with precise and localized timing of cell death. There is still much to be learned about the regulation and importance of apoptosis in tooth development. Nevertheless, the involvement of apoptotic regulatory mechanisms interplaying with other molecules participates to the cellular cross-talk in developing tissues, which opens possible targeted modulations as suggested, e.g. for future molecular dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Matalová
- Laboratory of Animal Embryology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic.
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33
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Listyorini D, Yasugi S. Expression and function of Wnt5a in the development of the glandular stomach in the chicken embryo. Dev Growth Differ 2006; 48:243-52. [PMID: 16681649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2006.00861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium of the chicken embryonic glandular stomach (proventriculus) differentiates into both a glandular and a luminal epithelium, the cells of which express specific marker genes. The subsequent formation and differentiation of the glands then proceed under the influence of the mesenchyme. To search for possible candidates for the mesenchymal factors involved, we have now investigated the expression and function of Wnt5a in this process. Our current results show that Wnt5a is expressed in the mesenchyme during active gland formation and that overexpression of this gene in ovo results in the increased and ectopic expression of some of the marker genes of the luminal and glandular epithelia. In particular, the overexpression of Wnt5a markedly enhances the expression of the embryonic chicken pepsinogen gene, a marker of the glandular epithelium, indicating its role as a mesenchymal factor that regulates the differentiation of the proventricular epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Listyorini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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34
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Abstract
Caries, pulpitis, and apical periodontitis increase health care costs and attendant loss of economic productivity. They ultimately result in premature tooth loss and therefore diminishing the quality of life. Advances in vital pulp therapy with pulp stem/progenitor cells might give impetus to regenerate dentin-pulp complex without the removal of the whole pulp. Tissue engineering is the science of design and manufacture of new tissues to replace lost parts because of diseases including cancer and trauma. The three key ingredients for tissue engineering are signals for morphogenesis, stem cells for responding to morphogens and the scaffold of extracellular matrix. In preclinical studies cell therapy and gene therapy have been developed for many tissues and organs such as bone, heart, liver, and kidney as a means of delivering growth factors, cytokines, or morphogens with stem/progenitor cells in a scaffold to the sites of tissue injury to accelerate and/or induce a natural biological regeneration. The pulp tissue contains stem/progenitor cells that potentially differentiate into odontoblasts in response to bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). There are two strategies to regenerate dentin. First, is in vivo therapy, where BMP proteins or BMP genes are directly applied to the exposed or amputated pulp. Second is ex vivo therapy and consists of isolation of stem/progenitor cells from pulp tissue, differentiation into odontoblasts with recombinant BMPs or BMP genes and finally transplanted autogenously to regenerate dentin. This review is focused on the recent progress in this area and discusses the barriers and challenges for clinical utility in endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Nakashima
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Oral Molecular Biology Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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35
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Plikus MV, Zeichner-David M, Mayer JA, Reyna J, Bringas P, Thewissen JGM, Snead ML, Chai Y, Chuong CM. Morphoregulation of teeth: modulating the number, size, shape and differentiation by tuning Bmp activity. Evol Dev 2005; 7:440-57. [PMID: 16174037 PMCID: PMC4386657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2005.05048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During development and evolution, the morphology of ectodermal organs can be modulated so that an organism can adapt to different environments. We have proposed that morphoregulation can be achieved by simply tilting the balance of molecular activity. We test the principles by analyzing the effects of partial downregulation of Bmp signaling in oral and dental epithelia of the keratin 14-Noggin transgenic mouse. We observed a wide spectrum of tooth phenotypes. The dental formula changed from 1.0.0.3/1.0.0.3 to 1.0.0.2(1)/1.0.0.0. All mandibular and M3 maxillary molars were selectively lost because of the developmental block at the early bud stage. First and second maxillary molars were reduced in size, exhibited altered crown patterns, and failed to form multiple roots. In these mice, incisors were not transformed into molars. Histogenesis and differentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts in molars and incisors were abnormal. Lack of enamel caused misocclusion of incisors, leading to deformation and enlargement in size. Therefore, subtle differences in the level, distribution, and timing of signaling molecules can have major morphoregulatory consequences. Modulation of Bmp signaling exemplifies morphoregulation hypothesis: simple alteration of key signaling pathways can be used to transform a prototypical conical-shaped tooth into one with complex morphology. The involvement of related pathways and the implication of morphoregulation in tooth evolution are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim V. Plikus
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Maggie Zeichner-David
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Julie-Ann Mayer
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Julia Reyna
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Pablo Bringas
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - J. G. M. Thewissen
- Department of Anatomy, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Malcolm L. Snead
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Author for correspondence ()
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