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Tait CC, Ramirez MD, Katz PS. Egg-laying hormone expression in identified neurons across developmental stages and reproductive states of the nudibranch Berghia stephanieae. Horm Behav 2024; 164:105578. [PMID: 38925074 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Neuropeptides play essential roles in coordinating reproduction. Egg-laying hormone (ELH) is conserved in genetic sequence and behavioral function across molluscs, where neuronal clusters secrete ELH to modulate and induce egg-laying. Here we investigated ELH in the nudibranch mollusc, Berghia stephanieae. ELH preprohormone gene orthologs, which showed clade-specific differences at the C-terminus of the predicted bioactive peptide, were identified in brain transcriptomes across several nudipleuran species, including B. stephanieae. ELH shares deep homology with the corticotropin-releasing hormone gene family, which has roles broadly in stress response. Injection of synthesized B. stephanieae ELH peptide into mature individuals induced egg-laying. ELH gene expression in the brain and body was mapped using in-situ hybridization chain reaction. Across the adult brain, 300-400 neurons expressed ELH. Twenty-one different cell types were identified in adults, three of which were located unilaterally on the right side, which corresponds to the location of the reproductive organs. Ten cell types were present in pre-reproductive juvenile stages. An asymmetric cluster of approximately 100 small neurons appeared in the right pedal ganglion of late-stage juveniles. Additional neurons in the pleural and pedal ganglia expressed ELH only in adults that were actively laying eggs and sub-adults that were on the verge of doing so, implicating their direct role in reproduction. Outside the brain, ELH was expressed on sensory appendages, including in presumptive sensory neurons. Its widespread expression in the nudibranch B. stephanieae suggests that ELH plays a role beyond reproduction in gastropod molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne C Tait
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States of America.
| | - M Desmond Ramirez
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States of America
| | - Paul S Katz
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States of America; Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States of America
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Jiang HC, Park SJ, Wang IH, Bear DM, Nowlan A, Greer PL. CD20/MS4A1 is a mammalian olfactory receptor expressed in a subset of olfactory sensory neurons that mediates innate avoidance of predators. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3360. [PMID: 38637611 PMCID: PMC11026480 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory system detects and discriminates between millions of odorants to elicit appropriate behavioral responses. While much has been learned about how olfactory sensory neurons detect odorants and signal their presence, how specific innate, unlearned behaviors are initiated in response to ethologically relevant odors remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the 4-transmembrane protein CD20, also known as MS4A1, is expressed in a previously uncharacterized subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons in the main olfactory epithelium of the murine nasal cavity and functions as a mammalian olfactory receptor that recognizes compounds produced by mouse predators. While wildtype mice avoid these predator odorants, mice genetically deleted of CD20 do not appropriately respond. Together, this work reveals a CD20-mediated odor-sensing mechanism in the mammalian olfactory system that triggers innate behaviors critical for organismal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ching Jiang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sung Jin Park
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - I-Hao Wang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Daniel M Bear
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Nowlan
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul L Greer
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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3
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Zhang J, Yang S, Zhang Y, Liu F, Hao L, Han L. Clinical phenotype of a Kallmann syndrome patient with IL17RD and CPEB4 variants. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1343977. [PMID: 38628584 PMCID: PMC11019388 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1343977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to characterize the clinical phenotype and genetic variations in patients with Kallmann syndrome (KS). Methods This study involved the collection and analysis of clinical data from an individual with sporadic KS. Following this, peripheral blood samples were obtained from the patient and his parents. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted and subjected to whole-exome sequencing and genomic copy number variation (CNV) detection. Finally, Sanger sequencing was performed to validate the suspected pathogenic variants. Results Whole-exome sequencing confirmed that the child carried both the IL17RD variant (c.2101G>A, p.Gly701Ser) inherited from the mother and the new CPEB4 variant (c.1414C>T, p.Arg472*). No pathogenic CNVs were identified in CNV testing. Conclusion Bioinformatics analysis shows that the IL17RD protein undergoing Gly701Ser mutation and is speculated to be phosphorylated and modified, thereby disrupting fibroblast growth factor signaling. This study also suggested that the CPEB4 might play a crucial role in the key signaling process affecting olfactory bulb morphogenesis. Overall, the findings of this study broaden the gene expression profile of KS-related pathogenic genes. This offers a new avenue for exploring the pathogenic mechanism of KS and provides valuable insights for precise clinical diagnosis and treatment strategies for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Hangzhou Children’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Suhong Yang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Hangzhou Children’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Hangzhou Children’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Hangzhou Children’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Hao
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianshu Han
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Jiang HC, Park SJ, Wang IH, Bear DM, Nowlan A, Greer PL. CD20 is a mammalian odorant receptor expressed in a subset of olfactory sensory neurons that mediates innate avoidance of predators. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.08.552498. [PMID: 37609248 PMCID: PMC10441374 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.08.552498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory system detects and discriminates between millions of odorants to elicit appropriate behavioral responses. While much has been learned about how olfactory sensory neurons detect odorants and signal their presence, how specific innate, unlearned behaviors are initiated in response to ethologically relevant odors remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the 4-transmembrane protein CD20, also known as MS4A1, is expressed in a previously uncharacterized subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons in the main olfactory epithelium of the murine nasal cavity and functions as a mammalian odorant receptor that recognizes compounds produced by mouse predators. While wild-type mice avoid these predator odorants, mice genetically deleted of CD20 do not appropriately respond. Together, this work reveals a novel CD20-mediated odor-sensing mechanism in the mammalian olfactory system that triggers innate behaviors critical for organismal survival.
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5
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Takeuchi S, Shimizu K, Fukada Y, Emoto K. The circadian clock in the piriform cortex intrinsically tunes daily changes of odor-evoked neural activity. Commun Biol 2023; 6:332. [PMID: 36973364 PMCID: PMC10043281 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The daily activity in the brain is typically fine-tuned by the circadian clock in the local neurons as well as by the master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. In the olfactory response, odor-evoked activity in the piriform cortex (PC) and olfactory behavior retain circadian rhythmicity in the absence of the SCN, yet how the circadian rhythm in the PC is achieved independently of the SCN remains elusive. Here, to define neurons regulating the circadian rhythm of the odor-evoked activity in the PC, we knocked out the clock gene Bmal1 in a host of specific neurons along the olfactory circuit. We discovered that Bmal1 knockout in the PC largely abolishes the circadian rhythm of the odor-evoked activity. We further showed that isolated PC exhibits sustained circadian rhythms of the clock gene Per2 expression. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that expression patterns of multiple genes involved in neural activity and synaptic transmission exhibit circadian rhythm in the PC in a BMAL1-dependent manner. Our findings indicate that BMAL1 acts intrinsically in the PC to control the circadian rhythm of the odor-evoked activity in the PC, possibly through regulating expression patterns of multiple genes involved in neural activity and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Takeuchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kimiko Shimizu
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fukada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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Jaime-Lara RB, Brooks BE, Vizioli C, Chiles M, Nawal N, Ortiz-Figueroa RSE, Livinski AA, Agarwal K, Colina-Prisco C, Iannarino N, Hilmi A, Tejeda HA, Joseph PV. A systematic review of the biological mediators of fat taste and smell. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:855-918. [PMID: 36409650 PMCID: PMC9678415 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00061.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste and smell play a key role in our ability to perceive foods. Overconsumption of highly palatable energy-dense foods can lead to increased caloric intake and obesity. Thus there is growing interest in the study of the biological mediators of fat taste and associated olfaction as potential targets for pharmacologic and nutritional interventions in the context of obesity and health. The number of studies examining mechanisms underlying fat taste and smell has grown rapidly in the last 5 years. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to summarize emerging evidence examining the biological mechanisms of fat taste and smell. A literature search was conducted of studies published in English between 2014 and 2021 in adult humans and animal models. Database searches were conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science for key terms including fat/lipid, taste, and olfaction. Initially, 4,062 articles were identified through database searches, and a total of 84 relevant articles met inclusion and exclusion criteria and are included in this review. Existing literature suggests that there are several proteins integral to fat chemosensation, including cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120). This systematic review will discuss these proteins and the signal transduction pathways involved in fat detection. We also review neural circuits, key brain regions, ingestive cues, postingestive signals, and genetic polymorphism that play a role in fat perception and consumption. Finally, we discuss the role of fat taste and smell in the context of eating behavior and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario B. Jaime-Lara
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brianna E. Brooks
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carlotta Vizioli
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mari Chiles
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland,4Section of Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nafisa Nawal
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rodrigo S. E. Ortiz-Figueroa
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alicia A. Livinski
- 3NIH Library, Office of Research Services, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Khushbu Agarwal
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claudia Colina-Prisco
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Natalia Iannarino
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aliya Hilmi
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hugo A. Tejeda
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paule V. Joseph
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland,2Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
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7
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Yan M, Xiong M, Wu Y, Lin D, Chen P, Chen J, Liu Z, Zhang H, Ren D, Fei E, Lai X, Zou S, Wang S. LRP4 is required for the olfactory association task in the piriform cortex. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:54. [PMID: 35526070 PMCID: PMC9080164 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4) plays a critical role in the central nervous system (CNS), including hippocampal synaptic plasticity, maintenance of excitatory synaptic transmission, fear regulation, as well as long-term potentiation (LTP).
Results
In this study, we found that Lrp4 was highly expressed in layer II of the piriform cortex. Both body weight and brain weight decreased in Lrp4ECD/ECD mice without TMD (Transmembrane domain) and ICD (intracellular domain) of LRP4. However, in the piriform cortical neurons of Lrp4ECD/ECD mice, the spine density increased, and the frequency of both mEPSC (miniature excitatory postsynaptic current) and sEPSC (spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current) was enhanced. Intriguingly, finding food in the buried food-seeking test was prolonged in both Lrp4ECD/ECD mice and Lrp4 cKO (conditional knockout of Lrp4 in the piriform cortex) mice.
Conclusions
This study indicated that the full length of LRP4 in the piriform cortex was necessary for maintaining synaptic plasticity and the integrity of olfactory function.
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8
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Meister M. Learning, fast and slow. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 75:102555. [PMID: 35617751 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Animals can learn efficiently from a single experience and change their future behavior in response. However, in other instances, animals learn very slowly, requiring thousands of experiences. Here, I survey tasks involving fast and slow learning and consider some hypotheses for what differentiates the underlying neural mechanisms. It has been proposed that fast learning relies on neural representations that favor efficient Hebbian modification of synapses. These efficient representations may be encoded in the genome, resulting in a repertoire of fast learning that differs across species. Alternatively, the required neural representations may be acquired from experience through a slow process of unsupervised learning from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Meister
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, United States.
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9
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Song B, Feldmann JW, Cao S, Feitosa M, Kong Y, Kim W, Schweitzer A, Leblanc P, Schweitzer JS, Kim KS. A Pitx3-deficient developmental mouse model for fine motor, olfactory, and gastrointestinal symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105777. [PMID: 35636646 PMCID: PMC9425627 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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10
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Wang J, Zhang S, Liu W, Zhang Y, Hu Z, Sun Z, Di H. Olfactory Stimulation and the Diagnosis of Patients With Disorders of Consciousness: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:712891. [PMID: 35250440 PMCID: PMC8891647 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.712891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether behavioral responses elicited by olfactory stimulation are a predictor of conscious behavioral response and prognosis of patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC). METHODS Twenty-three DOC patients (8 unresponsive wakefulness syndrome [UWS]; 15 minimally conscious state [MCS]) were recruited for this study in which 1-Octen-3-ol (familiar neutral odor) and pyridine were used to test odor behavioral responses, and water was used as an odorless stimulus. One rater presented the three odors in front of each patient's nose randomly, and another one videotaped all behavioral responses (e.g., pouting, wrinkling nose, slightly shaking head, frowning, etc.). Two independent raters, blind to the stimuli and the patient's diagnosis, gave the behavioral results according to the recorded videos. One-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up evaluations were conducted to obtain a good prognostic value. RESULTS All MCS patients showed behavioral responses to the 1-Octen-3-ol stimulus; nine MCS and one UWS showed olfactory emotional responses to the pyridine, and two MCS showed olfactory emotional responses to the water stimulus. The incidence of behavioral response was significantly higher using 1-Octen-3-ol than it was for water by McNemar test (p < 0.001), significantly higher using pyridine than it was for water (p < 0.01). The χ2 test results indicated that there were significant differences between MCS and UWS to 1-Octen-3-ol (p < 0.001). For MCS patients, the incidence of behavioral response was no different between using 1-Octen-3-ol and pyridine (p > 0.05). There was no significant relationship between the olfactory behavioral response and the improvement of consciousness based on the χ2 test analysis (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Olfactory stimuli, especially for the familiar neutral odor, might be effective for eliciting a conscious behavioral response and estimating the clinical diagnosis of DOC patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03732092], [identifier NCT03732092].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- International Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome and Consciousness Science Institute, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Shanghai Yongci Rehabilitation Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoming Zhang
- Shanghai Yongci Rehabilitation Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Shanghai Yongci Rehabilitation Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Shanghai Yongci Rehabilitation Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhouyao Hu
- International Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome and Consciousness Science Institute, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziwei Sun
- International Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome and Consciousness Science Institute, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Di
- International Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome and Consciousness Science Institute, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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How JJ, Navlakha S, Chalasani SH. Neural network features distinguish chemosensory stimuli in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009591. [PMID: 34752447 PMCID: PMC8604368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous systems extract and process information from the environment to alter animal behavior and physiology. Despite progress in understanding how different stimuli are represented by changes in neuronal activity, less is known about how they affect broader neural network properties. We developed a framework for using graph-theoretic features of neural network activity to predict ecologically relevant stimulus properties, in particular stimulus identity. We used the transparent nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, with its small nervous system to define neural network features associated with various chemosensory stimuli. We first immobilized animals using a microfluidic device and exposed their noses to chemical stimuli while monitoring changes in neural activity of more than 50 neurons in the head region. We found that graph-theoretic features, which capture patterns of interactions between neurons, are modulated by stimulus identity. Further, we show that a simple machine learning classifier trained using graph-theoretic features alone, or in combination with neural activity features, can accurately predict salt stimulus. Moreover, by focusing on putative causal interactions between neurons, the graph-theoretic features were almost twice as predictive as the neural activity features. These results reveal that stimulus identity modulates the broad, network-level organization of the nervous system, and that graph theory can be used to characterize these changes. Animals use their nervous systems to detect and respond to changes in their external environment. A central challenge in computational neuroscience is to determine how specific properties of these stimuli affect interactions between neurons. While most studies have focused on the neurons in the sensory periphery, recent advances allow us to probe how the rest of the nervous system responds to sensory stimulation. We recorded activity of neurons within the C. elegans head region while the animal was exposed to various chemosensory stimuli. We then used computational methods to identify various stimuli by analyzing neural activity. Specifically, we used a combination of population-level activity statistics (e.g., average, standard deviation, frequency-based measures) and graph-theoretic features of functional network structure (e.g., transitivity, which is the existence of strongly connected triplets of neurons) to accurately predict salt stimulus. Our method is general and can be used across species, particularly in instances where the identities of individual neurons are unknown. These results also suggest that neural activity downstream of the sensory periphery contains a signature of changes in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier J. How
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Saket Navlakha
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SN); (SHC)
| | - Sreekanth H. Chalasani
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SN); (SHC)
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12
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Tzeng WY, Figarella K, Garaschuk O. Olfactory impairment in men and mice related to aging and amyloid-induced pathology. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:805-821. [PMID: 33608800 PMCID: PMC7895745 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction, or the sense of smell, is one of the most ancient senses in men and mice, important for a large variety of innate and acquired behaviors. Clinical data reveal an early impairment of olfaction during normal aging and in the course of neurodegenerative diseases, but the underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms remain obscure. In the current review, we compare different aspects of the aging- and Alzheimer's disease related impairment of olfaction in men and mice, aiming at the identification of common morbidities and biomarkers, which can be analyzed in detail in the appropriate mouse models. We also identify common, often interdependent (patho)physiological pathways, including but not limited to extracellular amyloid depositions, neuroinflammation, ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E, CNS insulin resistance, and the impairment of adult neurogenesis, to be targeted by basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Tzeng
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Keplerstr. 15, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katherine Figarella
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Keplerstr. 15, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga Garaschuk
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Keplerstr. 15, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
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13
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Lietzau G, Nyström T, Wang Z, Darsalia V, Patrone C. Western Diet Accelerates the Impairment of Odor-Related Learning and Olfactory Memory in the Mouse. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3590-3602. [PMID: 33054173 PMCID: PMC7645872 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction could be an early indicator of cognitive decline in type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, whether obesity affects olfaction in people with T2D is unclear. This question needs to be addressed, because most people with T2D are obese. Importantly, whether different contributing factors leading to obesity (e.g., different components of diet or gain in weight) affect specific olfactory functions and underlying mechanisms is unknown. We examined whether two T2D-inducing obesogenic diets, one containing a high proportion of fat (HFD) and one with moderate fat and high sugar (Western diet, WD), affect odor detection/discrimination, odor-related learning, and olfactory memory in the mouse. We also investigated whether the diets impair adult neurogenesis, GABAergic interneurons, and neuroblasts in the olfactory system. Here, we further assessed olfactory cortex volume and cFos expression-based neuronal activity. The WD-fed mice showed declined odor-related learning and olfactory memory already after 3 months of diet intake (p = 0.046), although both diets induced similar hyperglycemia and weight gain compared to those of standard diet-fed mice (p = 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively) at this time point. Eight months of HFD and WD diminished odor detection (p = 0.016 and p = 0.045, respectively), odor-related learning (p = 0.015 and p = 0.049, respectively), and olfactory memory. We observed no changes in the investigated cellular mechanisms. We show that the early deterioration of olfactory parameters related to learning and memory is associated with a high content of sugar in the diet rather than with hyperglycemia or weight gain. This finding could be exploited for understanding, and potentially preventing, cognitive decline/dementia in people with T2D. The mechanisms behind this finding remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Lietzau
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 118-83, Sweden
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk 80-210, Poland
| | - Thomas Nyström
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 118-83, Sweden
| | - Zhida Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Vladimer Darsalia
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 118-83, Sweden
| | - Cesare Patrone
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 118-83, Sweden
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14
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Li J, Mahoney BD, Jacob MS, Caron SJC. Visual Input into the Drosophila melanogaster Mushroom Body. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108138. [PMID: 32937130 PMCID: PMC8252886 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The patterns of neuronal connectivity underlying multisensory integration, a fundamental property of many brains, remain poorly characterized. The Drosophila melanogaster mushroom body-an associative center-is an ideal system to investigate how different sensory channels converge in higher order brain centers. The neurons connecting the mushroom body to the olfactory system have been described in great detail, but input from other sensory systems remains poorly defined. Here, we use a range of anatomical and genetic techniques to identify two types of input neuron that connect visual processing centers-the lobula and the posterior lateral protocerebrum-to the dorsal accessory calyx of the mushroom body. Together with previous work that described a pathway conveying visual information from the medulla to the ventral accessory calyx of the mushroom body, our study defines a second, parallel pathway that is anatomically poised to convey information from the visual system to the dorsal accessory calyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhi Li
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA
| | - Brennan Dale Mahoney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA
| | - Miles Solomon Jacob
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA
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15
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Gori A, Leone F, Loffredo L, Cinicola BL, Brindisi G, De Castro G, Spalice A, Duse M, Zicari AM. COVID-19-Related Anosmia: The Olfactory Pathway Hypothesis and Early Intervention. Front Neurol 2020; 11:956. [PMID: 33013637 PMCID: PMC7511833 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anosmia is a well-described symptom of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several respiratory viruses are able to cause post-viral olfactory dysfunction, suggesting a sensorineural damage. Since the olfactory bulb is considered an immunological organ contributing to prevent the invasion of viruses, it could have a role in host defense. The inflammatory products locally released in COVID-19, leading to a local damage and causing olfactory loss, simultaneously may interfere with the viral spread into the central nervous system. In this context, olfactory receptors could play a role as an alternative way of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells locally, in the central nervous system, and systemically. Differences in olfactory bulb due to sex and age may contribute to clarify the different susceptibility to infection and understand the role of age in transmission and disease severity. Finally, evaluation of the degree of functional impairment (grading), central/peripheral anosmia (localization), and the temporal course (evolution) may be useful tools to counteract COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Leone
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Loffredo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Spalice
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Duse
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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16
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Vanarse A, Espinosa-Ramos JI, Osseiran A, Rassau A, Kasabov N. Application of a Brain-Inspired Spiking Neural Network Architecture to Odor Data Classification. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20102756. [PMID: 32408563 PMCID: PMC7294411 DOI: 10.3390/s20102756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Existing methods in neuromorphic olfaction mainly focus on implementing the data transformation based on the neurobiological architecture of the olfactory pathway. While the transformation is pivotal for the sparse spike-based representation of odor data, classification techniques based on the bio-computations of the higher brain areas, which process the spiking data for identification of odor, remain largely unexplored. This paper argues that brain-inspired spiking neural networks constitute a promising approach for the next generation of machine intelligence for odor data processing. Inspired by principles of brain information processing, here we propose the first spiking neural network method and associated deep machine learning system for classification of odor data. The paper demonstrates that the proposed approach has several advantages when compared to the current state-of-the-art methods. Based on results obtained using a benchmark dataset, the model achieved a high classification accuracy for a large number of odors and has the capacity for incremental learning on new data. The paper explores different spike encoding algorithms and finds that the most suitable for the task is the step-wise encoding function. Further directions in the brain-inspired study of odor machine classification include investigation of more biologically plausible algorithms for mapping, learning, and interpretation of odor data along with the realization of these algorithms on some highly parallel and low power consuming neuromorphic hardware devices for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Vanarse
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia; (A.O.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (N.K.)
| | | | - Adam Osseiran
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia; (A.O.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexander Rassau
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia; (A.O.); (A.R.)
| | - Nikola Kasabov
- Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, Ulster University, Magee Campus, Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (N.K.)
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17
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Casadei E, Salinas I. Comparative models for human nasal infections and immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:212-222. [PMID: 30513304 PMCID: PMC7102639 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The human olfactory system is a mucosal surface and a major portal of entry for respiratory and neurotropic pathogens into the body. Understanding how the human nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) halts the progression of pathogens into the lower respiratory tract or the central nervous system is key for developing effective cures. Although traditionally mice have been used as the gold-standard model for the study of human nasal diseases, mouse models present important caveats due to major anatomical and functional differences of the human and murine olfactory system and NALT. We summarize the NALT anatomy of different animal groups that have thus far been used to study host-pathogen interactions at the olfactory mucosa and to test nasal vaccines. The goal of this review is to highlight the strengths and limitations of each animal model of nasal immunity and to identify the areas of research that require further investigation to advance human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Casadei
- University of New Mexico, Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Irene Salinas
- University of New Mexico, Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Albuquerque, NM, USA
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18
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Tseng CS, Chou SJ, Huang YS. CPEB4-Dependent Neonate-Born Granule Cells Are Required for Olfactory Discrimination. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:5. [PMID: 30728769 PMCID: PMC6351472 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The rodent olfactory bulb (OB) contains two distinct populations of postnatally born interneurons, mainly granule cells (GCs), to support local circuits throughout life. During the early postnatal period (i.e., 2 weeks after birth), GCs are mostly produced locally from progenitor cells in the OB with a proportion of them deriving from proliferating cells in the rostral migratory stream (RMS). Afterward, the replenishment of GCs involves differentiated neuroblasts from the subventricular zone (SVZ) in a process known as adult neurogenesis. Although numerous studies have addressed the role of SVZ-born GCs in olfactory behaviors, the function of GCs produced early postnatally in the OB remains elusive. Our previous study demonstrated that the translational regulator, cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 4 (CPEB4), is a survival factor exclusively for neonate-born but not SVZ/adult-derived GCs, so CPEB4-knockout (KO) mice provide unique leverage to study early postnatal-born GC-regulated olfactory functions. CPEB4-KO mice with hypoplastic OBs showed normal olfactory sensitivity and short-term memory, but impaired ability to spontaneously discriminate two odors. Such olfactory dysfunction was recapitulated in specific ablation of Cpeb4 gene in inhibitory interneurons but not in excitatory projection neurons or SVZ-derived interneurons. The continuous supply of GCs from adult neurogenesis eventually restored the OB size but not the discrimination function in 6-month-old KO mice. Hence, in the early postnatal OB, whose function cannot be replaced by adult-born GCs, construct critical circuits for odor discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-San Tseng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Ju Chou
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shuian Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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The Effects of High Fat Diet-Induced Stress on Olfactory Sensitivity, Behaviors, and Transcriptional Profiling in Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102855. [PMID: 30241362 PMCID: PMC6213603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) often causes obesity and it has detrimental effects on the sensory system. In particular, sensory-mediated responses are crucial for maintaining energy balance, as they are involved in a metabolic regulation; however, there is still no clear explanation about the relationship between HFD-induced stress and sensory system. To gain insight on how HFD-induced stress affects olfactory sensitivity and behavioral responses, we have used a Drosophila melanogaster model for olfactory and nutrient-related signaling and accessed physiological, behavioral, and transcriptional changes. We demonstrated that lifespan and climbing ability in HFD-treated flies decreased and that olfactory sensitivity and behavioral responses to odorants were changed. Olfactory sensitivity to eight of ten odorants after 14 days on HFD treatment were reduced, while behavioral attraction was increased to benzaldehyde in flies that were treated with HFD. This behavioral and physiological modification in HFD-treated flies for 14 days was accompanied by a significant decrease in DmOrco gene expression in a peripheral olfactory organ, suggesting that is could be involved in the action of metabolic and sensory signal. Gene expression profiles of antennae showed significant differences on the olfactory receptors, odorant-binding proteins, and insulin signaling. Our results suggested that olfactory sensitivity and behavioral responses to HFD-induced stress are mediated through olfactory and nutrient-related signaling pathways.
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20
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Olfactory-Experience- and Developmental-Stage-Dependent Control of CPEB4 Regulates c-Fos mRNA Translation for Granule Cell Survival. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2264-2276. [PMID: 29166615 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian olfactory bulbs (OBs) require continuous replenishment of interneurons (mainly granule cells [GCs]) to support local circuits throughout life. Two spatiotemporally distinct waves of postnatal neurogenesis contribute to expanding and maintaining the GC pool. Although neonate-born GCs have a higher survival rate than adult-born GCs, the molecular mechanism underlying this survival remains unclear. Here, we find that cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 4 (CPEB4) acts as a survival factor exclusively for early postnatal GCs. In mice, during the first 2 postnatal weeks, olfactory experience initiated CPEB4-activated c-Fos mRNA translation. In CPEB4-knockout mice, c-FOS insufficiency reduced neurotrophic signaling to impair GC survival and cause OB hypoplasia. Both cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein (CREB)-dependent transcription and CPEB4-promoted translation support c-FOS expression early postnatal OBs but disengage in adult OBs. Activity-related c-FOS synthesis and GC survival are thus developmentally controlled by distinct molecular mechanisms to govern OB growth.
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21
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Liu X, Liu S. Cholecystokinin selectively activates short axon cells to enhance inhibition of olfactory bulb output neurons. J Physiol 2018; 596:2185-2207. [PMID: 29572837 DOI: 10.1113/jp275511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Cholecystokinin (CCK) via CCK-B receptors significantly enhances the GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic inhibition of principal olfactory bulb (OB) output neurons. This CCK action requires action potentials in presynaptic neurons. The enhanced inhibition of OB output neurons is a result of CCK-elevated inhibitory input from the glomerular circuit. CCK modulation of the glomerular circuit also leads to potentiated presynaptic inhibition of olfactory nerve terminals and postsynaptic inhibition of glomerular neurons. Selective excitation of short axon cells underlies the CCK-potentiated glomerular inhibition. ABSTRACT Neuropeptides such as cholecystokinin (CCK) are important for many brain functions, including sensory processing. CCK is predominantly present in a subpopulation of excitatory neurons and activation of CCK receptors is implicated in olfactory signal processing in the olfactory bulb (OB). However, the cellular and circuit mechanisms underlying the actions of CCK in the OB remain elusive. In the present study, we characterized the effects of CCK on synaptic inhibition of the principal OB output neurons mitral/tufted cells (MTCs) followed by mechanistic analyses at both circuit and cellular levels. First, we found that CCK via CCK-B receptors enhances the GABAA receptor-mediated spontaneous IPSCs in MTCs. Second, CCK does not affect the action potential independent miniature IPSCs in MTCs. Third, CCK potentiates glomerular inhibition resulting in increased GABAB receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition of olfactory nerve terminals and enhanced spontaneous IPSCs in MTCs and glomerular neurons. Fourth, CCK enhances miniature IPSCs in the excitatory external tufted cells, although neither in the inhibitory short axon cells (SACs) nor in periglomerular cells (PGCs). Finally, CCK excites all tested SACs and a very small minority of GABAergic neurons in the granule cell layer or in periglomerular cells, but not in deep SACs. These results demonstrate that CCK selectively activates SACs to engage the SAC-formed interglomerular circuit and thus elevates inhibition broadly in the OB glomerular layer. This modulation may prevent the system from saturating in response to a high concentration of odourants or facilitate the detection of weak stimuli by increasing signal-to-noise ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaolin Liu
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Jékely G, Melzer S, Beets I, Kadow ICG, Koene J, Haddad S, Holden-Dye L. The long and the short of it - a perspective on peptidergic regulation of circuits and behaviour. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb166710. [PMID: 29439060 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.166710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are the most diverse class of chemical modulators in nervous systems. They contribute to extensive modulation of circuit activity and have profound influences on animal physiology. Studies on invertebrate model organisms, including the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, have enabled the genetic manipulation of peptidergic signalling, contributing to an understanding of how neuropeptides pattern the output of neural circuits to underpin behavioural adaptation. Electrophysiological and pharmacological analyses of well-defined microcircuits, such as the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion, have provided detailed insights into neuropeptide functions at a cellular and circuit level. These approaches can be increasingly applied in the mammalian brain by focusing on circuits with a defined and identifiable sub-population of neurons. Functional analyses of neuropeptide systems have been underpinned by systematic studies to map peptidergic networks. Here, we review the general principles and mechanistic insights that have emerged from these studies. We also highlight some of the challenges that remain for furthering our understanding of the functional relevance of peptidergic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gáspár Jékely
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Sarah Melzer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isabel Beets
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ilona C Grunwald Kadow
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Joris Koene
- Vrije Universiteit - Ecological Science, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Haddad
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Mailstop 013, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Lindy Holden-Dye
- Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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23
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Sayin S, Boehm AC, Kobler JM, De Backer JF, Grunwald Kadow IC. Internal State Dependent Odor Processing and Perception-The Role of Neuromodulation in the Fly Olfactory System. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:11. [PMID: 29440990 PMCID: PMC5797598 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals rely heavily on their sense of olfaction to perform various vital interactions with an ever-in-flux environment. The turbulent and combinatorial nature of air-borne odorant cues demands the employment of various coding strategies, which allow the animal to attune to its internal needs and past or present experiences. Furthermore, these internal needs can be dependent on internal states such as hunger, reproductive state and sickness. Neuromodulation is a key component providing flexibility under such conditions. Understanding the contributions of neuromodulation, such as sensory neuron sensitization and choice bias requires manipulation of neuronal activity on a local and global scale. With Drosophila's genetic toolset, these manipulations are feasible and even allow a detailed look on the functional role of classical neuromodulators such as dopamine, octopamine and neuropeptides. The past years unraveled various mechanisms adapting chemosensory processing and perception to internal states such as hunger and reproductive state. However, future research should also investigate the mechanisms underlying other internal states including the modulatory influence of endogenous microbiota on Drosophila behavior. Furthermore, sickness induced by pathogenic infection could lead to novel insights as to the neuromodulators of circuits that integrate such a negative postingestive signal within the circuits governing olfactory behavior and learning. The enriched emporium of tools Drosophila provides will help to build a concrete picture of the influence of neuromodulation on olfaction and metabolism, adaptive behavior and our overall understanding of how a brain works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sercan Sayin
- Neural Circuits and Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ariane C Boehm
- Neural Circuits and Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Chemosensory Coding, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Johanna M Kobler
- Neural Circuits and Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Chemosensory Coding, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jean-François De Backer
- Neural Circuits and Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilona C Grunwald Kadow
- Neural Circuits and Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Chemosensory Coding, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
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24
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Kropf J, Rössler W. In-situ recording of ionic currents in projection neurons and Kenyon cells in the olfactory pathway of the honeybee. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191425. [PMID: 29351552 PMCID: PMC5774781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The honeybee olfactory pathway comprises an intriguing pattern of convergence and divergence: ~60.000 olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) convey olfactory information on ~900 projection neurons (PN) in the antennal lobe (AL). To transmit this information reliably, PNs employ relatively high spiking frequencies with complex patterns. PNs project via a dual olfactory pathway to the mushroom bodies (MB). This pathway comprises the medial (m-ALT) and the lateral antennal lobe tract (l-ALT). PNs from both tracts transmit information from a wide range of similar odors, but with distinct differences in coding properties. In the MBs, PNs form synapses with many Kenyon cells (KC) that encode odors in a spatially and temporally sparse way. The transformation from complex information coding to sparse coding is a well-known phenomenon in insect olfactory coding. Intrinsic neuronal properties as well as GABAergic inhibition are thought to contribute to this change in odor representation. In the present study, we identified intrinsic neuronal properties promoting coding differences between PNs and KCs using in-situ patch-clamp recordings in the intact brain. We found very prominent K+ currents in KCs clearly differing from the PN currents. This suggests that odor coding differences between PNs and KCs may be caused by differences in their specific ion channel properties. Comparison of ionic currents of m- and l-ALT PNs did not reveal any differences at a qualitative level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kropf
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology (Zoology II), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Wolfgang Rössler
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology (Zoology II), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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25
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Population Coding in an Innately Relevant Olfactory Area. Neuron 2017; 93:1180-1197.e7. [PMID: 28238549 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Different olfactory cortical regions are thought to harbor distinct sensory representations, enabling each area to play a unique role in odor perception and behavior. In the piriform cortex (PCx), spatially dispersed sensory inputs evoke activity in distributed ensembles of neurons that act as substrates for odor learning. In contrast, the posterolateral cortical amygdala (plCoA) receives hardwired inputs that may link specific odor cues to innate olfactory behaviors. Here we show that despite stark differences in the patterning of plCoA and PCx inputs, odor-evoked neural ensembles in both areas are equally capable of discriminating odors, and exhibit similar odor tuning, reliability, and correlation structure. These results demonstrate that brain regions mediating odor-driven innate behaviors can, like brain areas involved in odor learning, represent odor objects using distributive population codes; these findings suggest both alternative mechanisms for the generation of innate odor-driven behaviors and additional roles for the plCoA in odor perception.
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26
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Kinoshita M, Homberg U. Insect Brains: Minute Structures Controlling Complex Behaviors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56469-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Development and Organization of the Evolutionarily Conserved Three-Layered Olfactory Cortex. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-REV-0193-16. [PMID: 28144624 PMCID: PMC5272922 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0193-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The olfactory cortex is part of the mammalian cerebral cortex together with the neocortex and the hippocampus. It receives direct input from the olfactory bulbs and participates in odor discrimination, association, and learning (Bekkers and Suzuki, 2013). It is thought to be an evolutionarily conserved paleocortex, which shares common characteristics with the three-layered general cortex of reptiles (Aboitiz et al., 2002). The olfactory cortex has been studied as a “simple model” to address sensory processing, though little is known about its precise cell origin, diversity, and identity. While the development and the cellular diversity of the six-layered neocortex are increasingly understood, the olfactory cortex remains poorly documented in these aspects. Here is a review of current knowledge of the development and organization of the olfactory cortex, keeping the analogy with those of the neocortex. The comparison of olfactory cortex and neocortex will allow the opening of evolutionary perspectives on cortical development.
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Wang JW, Stifani S. Roles of Runx Genes in Nervous System Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:103-116. [PMID: 28299654 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Runt-related (Runx) transcription factors play essential roles during development and adult tissue homeostasis and are responsible for several human diseases. They regulate a variety of biological mechanisms in numerous cell lineages. Recent years have seen significant progress in our understanding of the functions performed by Runx proteins in the developing and postnatal mammalian nervous system. In both central and peripheral nervous systems, Runx1 and Runx3 display remarkably specific expression in mostly non-overlapping groups of postmitotic neurons. In the central nervous system, Runx1 is involved in the development of selected motor neurons controlling neural circuits mediating vital functions such as chewing, swallowing, breathing, and locomotion. In the peripheral nervous system, Runx1 and Runx3 play essential roles during the development of sensory neurons involved in circuits mediating pain, itch, thermal sensation and sense of relative position. Runx1 and Runx3 orchestrate complex gene expression programs controlling neuronal subtype specification and axonal connectivity. Runx1 is also important in the olfactory system, where it regulates the progenitor-to-neuron transition in undifferentiated neural progenitor cells in the olfactory epithelium as well as the proliferation and developmental maturation of specific glial cells termed olfactory ensheathing cells. Moreover, upregulated Runx expression is associated with brain injury and disease. Increasing knowledge of the functions of Runx proteins in the developing and postnatal nervous system is therefore expected to improve our understanding of nervous system development, homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woong Wang
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A2B4, Canada
| | - Stefano Stifani
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A2B4, Canada.
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Neuropeptides Modulate Female Chemosensory Processing upon Mating in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002455. [PMID: 27145127 PMCID: PMC4856363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A female's reproductive state influences her perception of odors and tastes along with her changed behavioral state and physiological needs. The mechanism that modulates chemosensory processing, however, remains largely elusive. Using Drosophila, we have identified a behavioral, neuronal, and genetic mechanism that adapts the senses of smell and taste, the major modalities for food quality perception, to the physiological needs of a gravid female. Pungent smelling polyamines, such as putrescine and spermidine, are essential for cell proliferation, reproduction, and embryonic development in all animals. A polyamine-rich diet increases reproductive success in many species, including flies. Using a combination of behavioral analysis and in vivo physiology, we show that polyamine attraction is modulated in gravid females through a G-protein coupled receptor, the sex peptide receptor (SPR), and its neuropeptide ligands, MIPs (myoinhibitory peptides), which act directly in the polyamine-detecting olfactory and taste neurons. This modulation is triggered by an increase of SPR expression in chemosensory neurons, which is sufficient to convert virgin to mated female olfactory choice behavior. Together, our data show that neuropeptide-mediated modulation of peripheral chemosensory neurons increases a gravid female's preference for important nutrients, thereby ensuring optimal conditions for her growing progeny.
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Bastakis GG, Savvaki M, Stamatakis A, Vidaki M, Karagogeos D. Tag1 deficiency results in olfactory dysfunction through impaired migration of mitral cells. Development 2015; 142:4318-28. [PMID: 26525675 DOI: 10.1242/dev.123943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory system provides mammals with the abilities to investigate, communicate and interact with their environment. These functions are achieved through a finely organized circuit starting from the nasal cavity, passing through the olfactory bulb and ending in various cortical areas. We show that the absence of transient axonal glycoprotein-1 (Tag1)/contactin-2 (Cntn2) in mice results in a significant and selective defect in the number of the main projection neurons in the olfactory bulb, namely the mitral cells. A subpopulation of these projection neurons is reduced in Tag1-deficient mice as a result of impaired migration. We demonstrate that the detected alterations in the number of mitral cells are well correlated with diminished odor discrimination ability and social long-term memory formation. Reduced neuronal activation in the olfactory bulb and the corresponding olfactory cortex suggest that Tag1 is crucial for the olfactory circuit formation in mice. Our results underpin the significance of a numerical defect in the mitral cell layer in the processing and integration of odorant information and subsequently in animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- George G Bastakis
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-FoRTH, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete 71110, Greece
| | - Maria Savvaki
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-FoRTH, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete 71110, Greece
| | - Antonis Stamatakis
- Laboratory of Biology, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 123, Athens GR11527, Greece
| | - Marina Vidaki
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-FoRTH, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete 71110, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-FoRTH, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete 71110, Greece
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Rattazzi L, Cariboni A, Poojara R, Shoenfeld Y, D'Acquisto F. Impaired sense of smell and altered olfactory system in RAG-1(-∕-) immunodeficient mice. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:318. [PMID: 26441494 PMCID: PMC4563081 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune deficiencies are often associated with a number of physical manifestations including loss of sense of smell and an increased level of anxiety. We have previously shown that T and B cell-deficient recombinase activating gene (RAG-1)(-∕-) knockout mice have an increased level of anxiety-like behavior and altered gene expression involved in olfaction. In this study, we expanded these findings by testing the structure and functional development of the olfactory system in RAG-1 (-∕-) mice. Our results show that these mice have a reduced engagement in different types of odors and this phenotype is associated with disorganized architecture of glomerular tissue and atrophy of the main olfactory epithelium. Most intriguingly this defect manifests specifically in adult age and is not due to impairment in the patterning of the olfactory neuron staining at the embryo stage. Together these findings provide a formerly unreported biological evidence for an altered function of the olfactory system in RAG-1 (-∕-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Rattazzi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Anna Cariboni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan Milan, Italy ; Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London London, UK
| | - Ridhika Poojara
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Centre, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Fulvio D'Acquisto
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Liu W, Davis RL. Calretinin and calbindin distribution patterns specify subpopulations of type I and type II spiral ganglion neurons in postnatal murine cochlea. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:2299-318. [PMID: 24414968 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
As the first neural element in the auditory pathway, neurons in the spiral ganglion shape the initial coding of sound stimuli for subsequent processing. Within the ganglion, type I and type II neurons form divergent and convergent innervation patterns, respectively, with their hair cell sensory receptors, indicating that very different information is gathered and conveyed. Layered onto these basic innervation patterns are structural and electrophysiological features that provide additional levels of processing multifaceted sound stimuli. To understand the nature of this additional complexity of signal coding, we characterized the distribution of calretinin and calbindin, two regulators of intracellular calcium that serve as markers for neuronal subpopulations. We showed in acute preparations and in vitro that calretinin and calbindin staining levels were heterogeneous. Immunocytochemical analysis of colocalization further showed that high levels of staining for the two molecules rarely overlapped. Although varied amounts of calbindin and calretinin were found within each tonotopic location and neuronal type, some distinct subdistributions were noted. For example, calretinin levels were highest in neurons innervating the midcochlea region, whereas calbindin levels were similar across the entire ganglion. Furthermore, we noted that apical type II neurons, identified by antiperipherin labeling, had significantly lower levels of calretinin and higher levels of calbindin. We also established that the endogenous firing feature of onset tau of the subthreshold response showed a pattern related to quantified calretinin and calbindin staining levels. Taken together, our results suggest an additional dimension of complexity within the spiral ganglion beyond that currently categorized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854
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Micarelli A, Pagani M, Chiaravalloti A, Bruno E, Pavone I, Candidi M, Danieli R, Schillaci O, Alessandrini M. Cortical metabolic arrangement during olfactory processing: proposal for a 18F FDG PET/CT methodological approach. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e103. [PMID: 25340494 PMCID: PMC4616321 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to investigate the cortical metabolic arrangements in olfactory processing by using F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography.Twenty-six normosmic individuals (14 women and 12 men; mean age 46.7 ± 10 years) were exposed to a neutral olfactory condition (NC) and, after 1 month, to a pure olfactory condition (OC) in a relatively ecological environment, that is, outside the scanner. All the subjects were injected with 185-210 megabecquerel of F FDG during both stimulations. Statistical parametric mapping version 2 was used in order to assess differences between NC and OC.As a result, we found a significant higher glucose consumption during OC in the cuneus, lingual, and parahippocampal gyri, mainly in the left hemisphere. During NC, our results show a relative higher glucose metabolism in the left superior, inferior, middle, medial frontal, and orbital gyri as well as in the anterior cingulate cortex.The present investigation, performed with a widely available functional imaging clinical tool, may help to better understand the neural responses associated to olfactory processing in healthy individuals and in patients with olfactory disorders by acquiring data in an ecologic, noise-free, and resting condition in which possible cerebral activations related to unwanted attentional processes might be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Micarelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine (AM, EB, IP, MA), Tor Vergata University; Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies-CNR (MP), Rome, Italy; Department of Nuclear Medicine (MP), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomedicine and Prevention (AC, RD, OS), Tor Vergata University; Department of Psychology (MC), "Sapienza" University, Rome; and IRCCS Neuromed (OS), Pozzilli, Italy
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Manrique C, Migliorati M, Gilbert V, Brezun JM, Chaillan FA, Truchet B, Khrestchatisky M, Guiraudie-Capraz G, Roman FS. Dynamic expression of the polysialyltransferase in adult rat hippocampus performing an olfactory associative task. Hippocampus 2014; 24:979-89. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valérie Gilbert
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS; FR 3512 13331 Marseille France
| | | | | | - Bruno Truchet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS; UMR 7291 13331 Marseille France
| | | | | | - François S. Roman
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN; UMR 7259 13344 Marseille France
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Saiz-Sanchez D, De la Rosa-Prieto C, Ubeda-Banon I, Martinez-Marcos A. Interneurons, tau and amyloid-β in the piriform cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2011-25. [PMID: 24748561 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired olfaction has been described as an early symptom of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroanatomical changes underlying this deficit in the olfactory system are largely unknown. Interestingly, neuropathology begins in the transentorhinal cortex and extends to the neighboring limbic system and basal telencephalic structures that mediate olfactory processing, including the anterior olfactory nucleus and olfactory bulb. The human piriform cortex has been described as a crucial area in odor quality coding; disruption of this region mediates early olfactory deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Most neuropathological investigations have focused on the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, whereas the piriform cortex has largely been neglected. This work aims to characterize the expression of the neuropathological amyloid-β peptide, tau protein and interneuron population markers (calretinin, parvalbumin and somatostatin) in the piriform cortex of ten Alzheimer-diagnosed (80.4 ± 8.3 years old) and five control (69.6 ± 11.1) cases. Here, we examined the distribution of different interneuronal markers as well as co-localization of interneurons and pathological markers. Results indicated preferential vulnerability of somatostatin- (p = 0.0001 < α = 0.05) and calretinin-positive (p = 0.013 < α = 0.05) cells that colocalized with amyloid-β peptide, while the prevalence of parvalbumin-positive cells was increased (p = 0.045 < α = 0.05) in the Alzheimer's cases. These data may help to reveal the neural basis of olfactory deficits linked to Alzheimer's disease as well as to characterize neuronal populations preferentially vulnerable to neuropathology in regions critically involved in early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Saiz-Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. de Moledores s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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36
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Galizia CG. Olfactory coding in the insect brain: data and conjectures. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1784-95. [PMID: 24698302 PMCID: PMC4237541 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made recently in understanding how olfactory coding works in insect brains. Here, I propose a wiring diagram for the major steps from the first processing network (the antennal lobe) to behavioral readout. I argue that the sequence of lateral inhibition in the antennal lobe, non-linear synapses, threshold-regulating gated spring network, selective lateral inhibitory networks across glomeruli, and feedforward inhibition to the lateral protocerebrum cover most of the experimental results from different research groups and model species. I propose that the main difference between mushroom bodies and the lateral protocerebrum is not about learned vs. innate behavior. Rather, mushroom bodies perform odor identification, whereas the lateral protocerebrum performs odor evaluation (both learned and innate). I discuss the concepts of labeled line and combinatorial coding and postulate that, under restrictive experimental conditions, these networks lead to an apparent existence of 'labeled line' coding for special odors. Modulatory networks are proposed as switches between different evaluating systems in the lateral protocerebrum. A review of experimental data and theoretical conjectures both contribute to this synthesis, creating new hypotheses for future research.
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37
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Jung JW, Kim JH, Pfeiffer R, Ahn YJ, Page TL, Kwon HW. Neuromodulation of olfactory sensitivity in the peripheral olfactory organs of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81361. [PMID: 24244739 PMCID: PMC3828268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory sensitivity exhibits daily fluctuations. Several studies have suggested that the olfactory system in insects is modulated by both biogenic amines and neuropeptides. However, molecular and neural mechanisms underlying olfactory modulation in the periphery remain unclear since neuronal circuits regulating olfactory sensitivity have not been identified. Here, we investigated the structure and function of these signaling pathways in the peripheral olfactory system of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, utilizing in situ hybridization, qRT-PCR, and electrophysiological approaches. We showed that tachykinin was co-localized with the octopamine receptor in antennal neurons located near the antennal nerves. In addition, the tachykinin receptor was found to be expressed in most of the olfactory receptor neurons in antennae. Functionally, the effects of direct injection of tachykinin peptides, dsRNAs of tachykinin, tachykinin receptors, and octopamine receptors provided further support for the view that both octopamine and tachykinin modulate olfactory sensitivity. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that octopamine and tachykinin in antennal neurons are olfactory regulators in the periphery. We propose here the hypothesis that octopamine released from neurons in the brain regulates the release of tachykinin from the octopamine receptor neurons in antennae, which in turn modulates the olfactory sensitivity of olfactory receptor neurons, which house tachykinin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Won Jung
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rita Pfeiffer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Young-Joon Ahn
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Terry L. Page
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Hyung Wook Kwon
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Hiroi M, Ohkura M, Nakai J, Masuda N, Hashimoto K, Inoue K, Fiala A, Tabata T. Principal component analysis of odor coding at the level of third-order olfactory neurons in Drosophila. Genes Cells 2013; 18:1070-81. [PMID: 24118654 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory information in Drosophila is conveyed by projection neurons from olfactory sensory neurons to Kenyon cells (KCs) in the mushroom body (MB). A subset of KCs responds to a given odor molecule, and the combination of these KCs represents a part of the neuronal olfactory code. KCs are also thought to function as coincidence detectors for memory formation, associating odor information with a coincident punishment or reward stimulus. Associative conditioning has been shown to modify KC output. This plasticity occurs in the vertical lobes of MBs containing α/α' branches of KCs, which is shown by measuring the average Ca(2+) levels in the branch of each lobe. We devised a method to quantitatively describe the population activity patterns recorded from axons of >1000 KCs at the α/α' branches using two-photon Ca(2+) imaging. Principal component analysis of the population activity patterns clearly differentiated the responses to distinct odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hiroi
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
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Pech U, Dipt S, Barth J, Singh P, Jauch M, Thum AS, Fiala A, Riemensperger T. Mushroom body miscellanea: transgenic Drosophila strains expressing anatomical and physiological sensor proteins in Kenyon cells. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:147. [PMID: 24065891 PMCID: PMC3779816 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster represents a key model organism for analyzing how neuronal circuits regulate behavior. The mushroom body in the central brain is a particularly prominent brain region that has been intensely studied in several insect species and been implicated in a variety of behaviors, e.g., associative learning, locomotor activity, and sleep. Drosophila melanogaster offers the advantage that transgenes can be easily expressed in neuronal subpopulations, e.g., in intrinsic mushroom body neurons (Kenyon cells). A number of transgenes has been described and engineered to visualize the anatomy of neurons, to monitor physiological parameters of neuronal activity, and to manipulate neuronal function artificially. To target the expression of these transgenes selectively to specific neurons several sophisticated bi- or even multipartite transcription systems have been invented. However, the number of transgenes that can be combined in the genome of an individual fly is limited in practice. To facilitate the analysis of the mushroom body we provide a compilation of transgenic fruit flies that express transgenes under direct control of the Kenyon-cell specific promoter, mb247. The transgenes expressed are fluorescence reporters to analyze neuroanatomical aspects of the mushroom body, proteins to restrict ectopic gene expression to mushroom bodies, or fluorescent sensors to monitor physiological parameters of neuronal activity of Kenyon cells. Some of the transgenic animals compiled here have been published already, whereas others are novel and characterized here for the first time. Overall, the collection of transgenic flies expressing sensor and reporter genes in Kenyon cells facilitates combinations with binary transcription systems and might, ultimately, advance the physiological analysis of mushroom body function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Pech
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology of Behavior, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
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Saiz-Sanchez D, De La Rosa-Prieto C, Ubeda-Bañon I, Martinez-Marcos A. Interneurons and beta-amyloid in the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus and olfactory tubercle in APPxPS1 transgenic mice model of Alzheimer's disease. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1413-23. [PMID: 23904197 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Impaired olfaction has been described as an early symptom in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroanatomical changes underlying this deficit in the olfactory system are largely unknown. Given that interneuron populations are crucial in olfactory information processing, we have quantitatively analyzed somatostatin- (SOM), parvalbumin- (PV), and calretinin-expressing (CR) cells in the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nucleus, and olfactory tubercle in PS1 x APP double transgenic mice model of AD. The experiments were performed in wild type and double transgenic homozygous animal groups of 2, 4, 6, and 8 months of age to analyze early stages of the pathology. In addition, beta-amyloid (Aβ) expression and its correlation with SOM cells have been quantified under confocal microscopy. The results indicate increasing expressions of Aβ with aging as well as an early fall of SOM and CR expression, whereas PV was decreased later in the disease progression. These observations evidence an early, preferential vulnerability of SOM and CR cells in rostral olfactory structures during AD that may be useful to unravel neural basis of olfactory deficits associated to this neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Saiz-Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad y Neurodegeneración, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Octopamine modulates activity of neural networks in the honey bee antennal lobe. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2013; 199:947-62. [PMID: 23681219 PMCID: PMC3825135 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-013-0805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal plasticity allows an animal to respond to environmental changes by modulating its response to stimuli. In the honey bee (Apis mellifera), the biogenic amine octopamine plays a crucial role in appetitive odor learning, but little is known about how octopamine affects the brain. We investigated its effect in the antennal lobe, the first olfactory center in the brain, using calcium imaging to record background activity and odor responses before and after octopamine application. We show that octopamine increases background activity in olfactory output neurons, while reducing average calcium levels. Odor responses were modulated both upwards and downwards, with more odor response increases in glomeruli with negative or weak odor responses. Importantly, the octopamine effect was variable across glomeruli, odorants, odorant concentrations and animals, suggesting that the octopaminergic network is shaped by plasticity depending on an individual animal's history and possibly other factors. Using RNA interference, we show that the octopamine receptor AmOA1 (homolog of the Drosophila OAMB receptor) is involved in the octopamine effect. We propose a network model in which octopamine receptors are plastic in their density and located on a subpopulation of inhibitory neurons in a disinhibitory pathway. This would improve odor-coding of behaviorally relevant, previously experienced odors.
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Stawicki TM, Takayanagi-Kiya S, Zhou K, Jin Y. Neuropeptides function in a homeostatic manner to modulate excitation-inhibition imbalance in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003472. [PMID: 23658528 PMCID: PMC3642046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides play crucial roles in modulating neuronal networks, including changing intrinsic properties of neurons and synaptic efficacy. We previously reported a Caenorhabditis elegans mutant, acr-2(gf), that displays spontaneous convulsions as the result of a gain-of-function mutation in a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit. The ACR-2 channel is expressed in the cholinergic motor neurons, and acr-2(gf) causes cholinergic overexcitation accompanied by reduced GABAergic inhibition in the locomotor circuit. Here we show that neuropeptides play a homeostatic role that compensates for this excitation-inhibition imbalance in the locomotor circuit. Loss of function in genes required for neuropeptide processing or release of dense core vesicles specifically modulate the convulsion frequency of acr-2(gf). The proprotein convertase EGL-3 is required in the cholinergic motor neurons to restrain convulsions. Electrophysiological recordings of neuromuscular junctions show that loss of egl-3 in acr-2(gf) causes a further reduction of GABAergic inhibition. We identify two neuropeptide encoding genes, flp-1 and flp-18, that together counteract the excitation-inhibition imbalance in acr-2(gf) mutants. We further find that acr-2(gf) causes an increased expression of flp-18 in the ventral cord cholinergic motor neurons and that overexpression of flp-18 reduces the convulsion of acr-2(gf) mutants. The effects of these peptides are in part mediated by two G-protein coupled receptors, NPR-1 and NPR-5. Our data suggest that the chronic overexcitation of the cholinergic motor neurons imposed by acr-2(gf) leads to an increased production of FMRFamide neuropeptides, which act to decrease the activity level of the locomotor circuit, thereby homeostatically modulating the excitation and inhibition imbalance. Imbalanced neuronal circuit activity is considered a major underlying cause in many neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and autism. Neuropeptides are small polypeptides that are released from neurons. They are widely known to provide neuromodulatory functions and have diverse roles in the nervous system. By investigating a C. elegans mutant that exhibits convulsions as the result of an imbalanced excitation and inhibition in the locomotor circuit, we have identified a homeostatic mechanism involving two distinct neuropeptide genes. We find that the expression of the neuropeptides is up-regulated in response to over-excitation and that, in turn, they act to increase inhibitory transmission. While current treatment strategies for epilepsy have focused on targeting fast synaptic transmission, this work supports the general notion that manipulating slow neuropeptide neurotransmission can strongly influence neural excitation and inhibition imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara M. Stawicki
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Seika Takayanagi-Kiya
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Keming Zhou
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yishi Jin
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shao YF, Zhao P, Dong CY, Li J, Kong XP, Wang HL, Dai LR, Hou YP. Neuropeptide S facilitates mice olfactory function through activation of cognate receptor-expressing neurons in the olfactory cortex. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62089. [PMID: 23614017 PMCID: PMC3628337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a newly identified neuromodulator located in the brainstem and regulates various biological functions by selectively activating the NPS receptors (NPSR). High level expression of NPSR mRNA in the olfactory cortex suggests that NPS-NPSR system might be involved in the regulation of olfactory function. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of NPS or co-injection of NPSR antagonist on the olfactory behaviors, food intake, and c-Fos expression in olfactory cortex in mice. In addition, dual-immunofluorescence was employed to identify NPS-induced Fos immunereactive (-ir) neurons that also bear NPSR. NPS (0.1–1 nmol) i.c.v. injection significantly reduced the latency to find the buried food, and increased olfactory differentiation of different odors and the total sniffing time spent in olfactory habituation/dishabituation tasks. NPS facilitated olfactory ability most at the dose of 0.5 nmol, which could be blocked by co-injection of 40 nmol NPSR antagonist [D-Val5]NPS. NPS administration dose-dependently inhibited food intake in fasted mice. Ex-vivo c-Fos and NPSR immunohistochemistry in the olfactory cortex revealed that, as compared with vehicle-treated mice, NPS markedly enhanced c-Fos expression in the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), piriform cortex (Pir), ventral tenia tecta (VTT), the anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus (ACo) and lateral entorhinal cortex (LEnt). The percentage of Fos-ir neurons that also express NPSR were 88.5% and 98.1% in the AON and Pir, respectively. The present findings demonstrated that NPS, via selective activation of the neurons bearing NPSR in the olfactory cortex, facilitates olfactory function in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Shao
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Yu Dong
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Pan Kong
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Liang Wang
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Rong Dai
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ping Hou
- Departments of Neuroscience, Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Dotson CD, Geraedts MCP, Munger SD. Peptide regulators of peripheral taste function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:232-9. [PMID: 23348523 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral sensory organ of the gustatory system, the taste bud, contains a heterogeneous collection of sensory cells. These taste cells can differ in the stimuli to which they respond and the receptors and other signaling molecules they employ to transduce and encode those stimuli. This molecular diversity extends to the expression of a varied repertoire of bioactive peptides that appear to play important functional roles in signaling taste information between the taste cells and afferent sensory nerves and/or in processing sensory signals within the taste bud itself. Here, we review studies that examine the expression of bioactive peptides in the taste bud and the impact of those peptides on taste functions. Many of these peptides produced in taste buds are known to affect appetite, satiety or metabolism through their actions in the brain, pancreas and other organs, suggesting a functional link between the gustatory system and the neural and endocrine systems that regulate feeding and nutrient utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedrick D Dotson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Brito RG, Santos PL, Prado DS, Santana MT, Araújo AAS, Bonjardim LR, Santos MRV, de Lucca Júnior W, Oliveira AP, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Citronellol reduces orofacial nociceptive behaviour in mice - evidence of involvement of retrosplenial cortex and periaqueductal grey areas. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 112:215-21. [PMID: 23035741 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Citronellol (CT) is a monoterpenoid alcohol present in the essential oil of many medicinal plants, such as Cymbopogon citratus. We evaluated the antinociceptive effects of CT on orofacial nociception in mice and investigated the central pathway involved in the effect. Male Swiss mice were pretreated with CT (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.), morphine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (saline + tween 80 0.2%). Thirty minutes after the treatment, we injected formalin (20 μl, 2%), capsaicin (20 μl, 2.5 μg) or glutamate (40 μl, 25 μM) into the right limb. For the action in the CNS, ninety minutes after the treatment, the animals were perfused, the brains collected, crioprotected, cut in a criostate and submitted in an immunofluorescence protocol for Fos protein. CT produced significant (p < 0.01) antinociceptive effect, in all doses, in the formalin, capsaicin and glutamate tests. The immunofluorescence showed that the CT activated significantly (p < 0.05) the olfactory bulb, the piriform cortex, the retrosplenial cortex and the periaqueductal grey of the CNS. Together, our results provide first-time evidence that this monoterpene attenuates orofacial pain at least, in part, through an activation of CNS areas, mainly retrosplenial cortex and periaqueductal grey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan G Brito
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
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Lucero MT. Peripheral modulation of smell: fact or fiction? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 24:58-70. [PMID: 22986099 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite studies dating back 30 or more years showing modulation of odorant responses at the level of the olfactory epithelium, most descriptions of the olfactory system infer that odorant signals make their way from detection by cilia on olfactory sensory neurons to the olfactory bulb unaltered. Recent identification of multiple subtypes of microvillar cells and identification of neuropeptide and neurotransmitter expression in the olfactory mucosa add to the growing body of literature for peripheral modulation in the sense of smell. Complex mechanisms including perireceptor events, modulation of sniff rates, and changes in the properties of sensory neurons match the sensitivity of olfactory sensory neurons to the external odorant environment, internal nutritional status, reproductive status, and levels of arousal or stress. By furthering our understanding of the players mediating peripheral olfaction, we may open the door to novel approaches for modulating the sense of smell in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Lucero
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, 420 Chipeta Way Ste, 1700 Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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Nusbaum MP, Blitz DM. Neuropeptide modulation of microcircuits. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012; 22:592-601. [PMID: 22305485 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides provide functional flexibility to microcircuits, their inputs and effectors by modulating presynaptic and postsynaptic properties and intrinsic currents. Recent studies have relied less on applied neuropeptide and more on their neural release. In rhythmically active microcircuits (central pattern generators, CPGs), recent studies show that neuropeptide modulation can enable particular activity patterns by organizing specific circuit motifs. Neuropeptides can also modify microcircuit output indirectly, by modulating circuit inputs. Recently elucidated consequences of neuropeptide modulation include changes in motor patterns and behavior, stabilization of rhythmic motor patterns and changes in CPG sensitivity to sensory input. One aspect of neuropeptide modulation that remains enigmatic is the presence of multiple peptide family members in the same nervous system and even the same neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Nusbaum
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6074, United States.
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