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Safri F, Nguyen R, Zerehpooshnesfchi S, George J, Qiao L. Heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma: from mechanisms to clinical implications. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:1105-1112. [PMID: 38499648 PMCID: PMC11327108 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common types of primary liver cancer. Current treatment options have limited efficacy against this malignancy, primarily owing to difficulties in early detection and the inherent resistance to existing drugs. Tumor heterogeneity is a pivotal factor contributing significantly to treatment resistance and recurrent manifestations of HCC. Intratumoral heterogeneity is an important aspect of the spectrum of complex tumor heterogeneity and contributes to late diagnosis and treatment failure. Therefore, it is crucial to thoroughly understand the molecular mechanisms of how tumor heterogeneity develops. This review aims to summarize the possible molecular dimensions of tumor heterogeneity with an emphasis on intratumoral heterogeneity, evaluate its profound impact on the diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for HCC, and explore the suitability of appropriate pre-clinical models that can be used to best study tumor heterogeneity; thus, opening new avenues for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Safri
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Romario Nguyen
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Shadi Zerehpooshnesfchi
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
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2
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van der Graaff D, Seghers S, Vanclooster P, Deben C, Vandamme T, Prenen H. Advancements in Research and Treatment Applications of Patient-Derived Tumor Organoids in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2671. [PMID: 39123399 PMCID: PMC11311786 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16152671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant health burden globally, being the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Despite significant therapeutic advancements, resistance to systemic antineoplastic agents remains an important obstacle, highlighting the need for innovative screening tools to tailor patient-specific treatment. This review explores the application of patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs), three-dimensional, self-organizing models derived from patient tumor samples, as screening tools for drug resistance in CRC. PDTOs offer unique advantages over traditional models by recapitulating the tumor architecture, cellular heterogeneity, and genomic landscape and are a valuable ex vivo predictive drug screening tool. This review provides an overview of the current literature surrounding the use of PDTOs as an instrument for predicting therapy responses in CRC. We also explore more complex models, such as co-cultures with important stromal cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, and organ-on-a-chip models. Furthermore, we discuss the use of PDTOs for drug repurposing, offering a new approach to identify the existing drugs effective against drug-resistant CRC. Additionally, we explore how PDTOs serve as models to gain insights into drug resistance mechanisms, using newer techniques, such as single-cell RNA sequencing and CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. Through this review, we aim to highlight the potential of PDTOs in advancing our understanding of predicting therapy responses, drug resistance, and biomarker identification in CRC management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofie Seghers
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Christophe Deben
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Timon Vandamme
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hans Prenen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Jin H, Yang Q, Yang J, Wang F, Feng J, Lei L, Dai M. Exploring tumor organoids for cancer treatment. APL MATERIALS 2024; 12. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0216185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
As a life-threatening chronic disease, cancer is characterized by tumor heterogeneity. This heterogeneity is associated with factors that lead to treatment failure and poor prognosis, including drug resistance, relapse, and metastasis. Therefore, precision medicine urgently needs personalized tumor models that accurately reflect the tumor heterogeneity. Currently, tumor organoid technologies are used to generate in vitro 3D tissues, which have been shown to precisely recapitulate structure, tumor microenvironment, expression profiles, functions, molecular signatures, and genomic alterations in primary tumors. Tumor organoid models are important for identifying potential therapeutic targets, characterizing the effects of anticancer drugs, and exploring novel diagnostic and therapeutic options. In this review, we describe how tumor organoids can be cultured and summarize how researchers can use them as an excellent tool for exploring cancer therapies. In addition, we discuss tumor organoids that have been applied in cancer therapy research and highlight the potential of tumor organoids to guide preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University 1 , Hangzhou 310015, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University 2 , Wenzhou 325200, China
- Ningxia Medical University 3 , Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University 4 , Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University 2 , Wenzhou 325200, China
- Ningxia Medical University 3 , Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Fangyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University 1 , Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Jiayin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University 1 , Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Lanjie Lei
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University 1 , Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Minghai Dai
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University 2 , Wenzhou 325200, China
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4
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Lin H, Fu H, Sun S, Yin H, Yuan J, Liao J. Patient tissue-derived FGFR4-variant and wild-type colorectal cancer organoid development and anticancer drug sensitivity testing. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30985. [PMID: 38826758 PMCID: PMC11141279 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives FGFR4-variant and wild-type colorectal cancer (CRC) organoids were developed to investigate the effects of FGFR4-targeted drugs, including FGFR4-IN and erdafitinib, on CRC and their possible molecular mechanism. Methods Clinical CRC tissues were collected, seven CRC organoids were developed, and whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed. CRC organoids were cultured and organoid drug sensitivity studies were conducted. Finally, an FGFR4-variant (no wild-type) CRC patient-derived orthotopic xenograft mouse model was developed. Western blot measured ERK/AKT/STAT3 pathway-related protein levels. Results WES results revealed the presence of FGFR4-variants in 5 of the 7 CRC organoids. The structural organization and integrity of organoids were significantly altered under the influence of targeted drugs (FGFR4-IN-1 and erdafitinib). The effects of FGFR4 targeted drugs were not selective for FGFR4 genotypes. FGFR4-IN-1 and erdafitinib significantly reduced the growth, diameter, and Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) activity of organoids. Furthermore, chemotherapeutic drugs, including 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin, inhibited FGFR4-variant and wild-type CRC organoid activity. Moreover, the tumor volume of mice was significantly reduced at week 6, and p-ERK1/2, p-AKT, and p-STAT3 levels were down-regulated following FGFR4-IN-1 and erdafitinib treatment. Conclusions FGFR4-targeted and chemotherapeutic drugs inhibited the activity of FGFR4-variant and wild-type CRC organoids, and targeted drugs were more effective than chemotherapeutic drugs at the same concentration. Additionally, FGFR4 inhibitors hindered tumorigenesis in FGFR4-variant CRC organoids through ERK1/2, AKT, and STAT3 pathways. However, no wild-type control was tested in this experiment, which need further confirmation in the next study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Shishen Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Foshan Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Foshan Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Foshan Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jilin Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
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5
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Zheng H, Liu J, Cheng Q, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Jiang L, Huang Y, Li W, Zhao Y, Chen G, Yu F, Liu L, Li Y, Liao X, Xu L, Xiao Y, Zheng Z, Li M, Wang H, Hu G, Du L, Chen Q. Targeted activation of ferroptosis in colorectal cancer via LGR4 targeting overcomes acquired drug resistance. NATURE CANCER 2024; 5:572-589. [PMID: 38291304 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Acquired drug resistance is a major challenge for cancer therapy and is the leading cause of cancer mortality; however, the mechanisms of drug resistance are diverse and the strategy to specifically target drug-resistant cancer cells remains an unmet clinical issue. Here, we established a colorectal cancer-derived organoid biobank and induced acquired drug resistance by repeated low-level exposures of chemo-agents. Chemosensitivity profiling and transcriptomic analysis studies revealed that chemoresistant cancer-derived organoids exhibited elevated expression of LGR4 and activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Further, we generated a monoclonal antibody (LGR4-mAb) that potently inhibited LGR4-Wnt signaling and found that treatment with LGR4-mAb notably sensitized drug-induced ferroptosis. Mechanistically, LGR4-dependent Wnt signaling transcriptionally upregulated SLC7A11, a key inhibitor of ferroptosis, to confer acquired drug resistance. Our findings reveal that targeting of Wnt signaling by LGR4-mAb augments ferroptosis when co-administrated with chemotherapeutic agents, demonstrating a potential opportunity to fight refractory and recurrent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- The Frontier Center for Cell Response, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- The Frontier Center for Cell Response, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qianping Zhang
- The Frontier Center for Cell Response, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- The Frontier Center for Cell Response, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingyu Jiang
- The Frontier Center for Cell Response, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Huang
- The Frontier Center for Cell Response, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenlei Li
- The Frontier Center for Cell Response, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanping Zhao
- School of Statistics and Data Science, LPMC and KLMDASR, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guo Chen
- The Frontier Center for Cell Response, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fan Yu
- The Frontier Center for Cell Response, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- The Frontier Center for Cell Response, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- CNBG-Nankai University Joint Research and Development Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Xudong Liao
- The Frontier Center for Cell Response, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lai Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibo Zheng
- Department of International Medical Services, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Hu
- School of Statistics and Data Science, LPMC and KLMDASR, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Lei Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.
- CNBG-Nankai University Joint Research and Development Center, Tianjin, China.
| | - Quan Chen
- The Frontier Center for Cell Response, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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6
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Kubo T, Sunami K, Koyama T, Kitami M, Fujiwara Y, Kondo S, Yonemori K, Noguchi E, Morizane C, Goto Y, Maejima A, Iwasa S, Hamaguchi T, Kawai A, Namikawa K, Arakawa A, Sugiyama M, Ohno M, Yoshida T, Hiraoka N, Yoshida A, Yoshida M, Nishino T, Furukawa E, Narushima D, Nagai M, Kato M, Ichikawa H, Fujiwara Y, Kohno T, Yamamoto N. The impact of rare cancer and early-line treatments on the benefit of comprehensive genome profiling-based precision oncology. ESMO Open 2024; 9:102981. [PMID: 38613908 PMCID: PMC11033064 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2024.102981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive genome profiling (CGP) serves as a guide for suitable genomically matched therapies for patients with cancer. However, little is known about the impact of the timing and types of cancer on the therapeutic benefit of CGP. MATERIALS AND METHODS A single hospital-based pan-cancer prospective study (TOP-GEAR; UMIN000011141) was conducted to examine the benefit of CGP with respect to the timing and types of cancer. Patients with advanced solid tumors (>30 types) who either progressed with or without standard treatments were genotyped using a single CGP test. The subjects were followed up for a median duration of 590 days to examine therapeutic response, using progression-free survival (PFS), PFS ratio, and factors associated with therapeutic response. RESULTS Among the 507 patients, 62 (12.2%) received matched therapies with an overall response rate (ORR) of 32.3%. The PFS ratios (≥1.3) were observed in 46.3% (19/41) of the evaluated patients. The proportion of subjects receiving such therapies in the rare cancer cohort was lower than that in the non-rare cancer cohort (9.6% and 17.4%, respectively; P = 0.010). However, ORR of the rare cancer patients was higher than that in the non-rare cancer cohort (43.8% and 20.0%, respectively; P = 0.046). Moreover, ORR of matched therapies in the first or second line after receiving the CGP test was higher than that in the third or later lines (62.5% and 21.7%, respectively; P = 0.003). Rare cancer and early-line treatment were significantly and independently associated with ORR of matched therapies in multivariable analysis (P = 0.017 and 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSION Patients with rare cancer preferentially benefited from tumor mutation profiling by increasing the chances of therapeutic response to matched therapies. Early-line treatments after profiling increase the therapeutic benefit, irrespective of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kubo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Clinical Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo
| | - K Sunami
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo; Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo
| | - T Koyama
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - M Kitami
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - Y Fujiwara
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Thoracic Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Aichi
| | - S Kondo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - K Yonemori
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - E Noguchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - C Morizane
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - Y Goto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - A Maejima
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Urology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - S Iwasa
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - T Hamaguchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama
| | - A Kawai
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology and Rehabilitation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - K Namikawa
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - A Arakawa
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - M Sugiyama
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - M Ohno
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - T Yoshida
- Department of Genetic Services and Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - N Hiraoka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - A Yoshida
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - M Yoshida
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - T Nishino
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - E Furukawa
- Division of Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo
| | - D Narushima
- Division of Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo
| | - M Nagai
- Division of Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo
| | - M Kato
- Division of Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo
| | - H Ichikawa
- Department of Clinical Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo; Division of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Center Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Fujiwara
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo
| | - T Kohno
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo; Division of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Center Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Yamamoto
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo.
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Luo Q, Quan Y, Liu W, Wu Z, Qiu W, Liang W, Yang P, Huang Q, Li G, Wei J, Wang Q, Shen F, Li W, He F, Cao J. Seed and Soil: Consensus Molecular Subgroups (CMS) and Tumor Microenvironment Features Between Primary Lesions and Metastases of Different Organ Sites in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2024; 16:225-243. [PMID: 38525373 PMCID: PMC10961079 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s441675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) are mainly used for biological interpretability and clinical stratification of colorectal cancer (CRC) in primary tumors (PT) but few in metastases. The heterogeneity of CMS distribution in metastases and the concordance of CMS between PT and metastases still lack sufficient study. We used CMS to classify CRC metastases and combine it with histopathological analysis to explore differences between PT and distant metastases. Patients and Methods We obtained gene expression profiles for 942 PT samples from TCGA database (n=376) and GEO database (n=566), as well as 442 metastasis samples from GEO database. Among these, 765 PT samples and 442 metastasis samples were confidently identified with CMS using the "CMS classifier" and enrolled for analysis. Clinicopathological manifestation and CMS classification of CRC metastases were assessed with data from GEO, TCGA, and cBioPortal. Overall, 105 PT-metastasis pairs were extracted from 10 GEO datasets to assess CMS concordance. Tumor microenvironment (TME) features between PT and metastases were analyzed by immune-stromal infiltration with ESTIMATE and xCell algorithms. Finally, TME features were validated with multiplex immunohistochemistry in 27 PT-metastasis pairs we retrospectively collected. Results Up to 64% of CRC metastases exhibited concordant CMS groups with matched PT, and the TME of metastases was similar to that of PT. For most common distant metastases, liver metastases were predominantly CMS2 and lung and peritoneal metastases were mainly CMS4, highlighting "seed" of tumor cells of different CMS groups had a preference for metastasis to "soil" of specific organs. Compared with PT, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) reduced in liver metastases, CD4+T cells and M2-like macrophages increased in lung metastases, and M2-like macrophages and CAF increased in peritoneal metastases. Conclusion Our findings underscore the importance of CMS-guided specific organ monitoring and treatment post-primary tumor surgery for patients. Differences in immune-stromal infiltration among different metastases provide targeted therapeutic opportunities for metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibo Quan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixin Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Qiu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Liang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanwei Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianchang Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Shen
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanglin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng He
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, People’s Republic of China
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Razumovskaya AV, Silkina MO, Nikulin SV, Tonevitsky AG, Alekseev BY. Modulators of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway Enhance the Cytotoxic Effect of Standard Chemotherapeutic Drugs on Organoids of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Bull Exp Biol Med 2024; 176:703-708. [PMID: 38724815 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-024-06093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The activity of known modulators of the Nrf2 signaling pathway (bardoxolone and brusatol) was studied on cultures of tumor organoids of metastatic colorectal cancer previously obtained from three patients. The effect of modulators was studied both as monotherapy and in combination with standard chemotherapy drugs used to treat colorectal cancer. The Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol and the Nrf2 activator bardoxolone have antitumor activity. Moreover, bardoxolone and brusatol also significantly enhance the effect of the chemotherapy drugs 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan metabolite SN-38. Thus, bardoxolone and brusatol can be considered promising candidates for further preclinical and clinical studies in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Razumovskaya
- Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- National Medical Research Center of Radiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Obninsk, Russia
| | - M O Silkina
- Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- National Medical Research Center of Radiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Obninsk, Russia
| | - S V Nikulin
- Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
- National Medical Research Center of Radiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Obninsk, Russia.
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - B Ya Alekseev
- National Medical Research Center of Radiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Obninsk, Russia
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Ran L, Mou X, Peng Z, Li X, Li M, Xu D, Yang Z, Sun X, Yin T. ADORA2A promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis through PI3K/AKT pathway activation in colorectal carcinoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19477. [PMID: 37945707 PMCID: PMC10636200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The third most often diagnosed disease globally and the second most prevalent cause of cancer-related death is colorectal cancer (CRC). Numerous human malignancies have been identified to have high expression of ADORA2A. However, it is still ambiguous about its function in CRC. RNA-seq with stable transfected SETDB1 knockdown cells was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Further, knockdown of ADORA2A in CRC cell lines SW620 and HCT116 was performed with siRNA and over expression of ADORA2A in SW480 cells was conducted with plasmids. CCK8, colony formation, wound healing, and transwell assay were used to detect the effects of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion after knockdown and over expression of ADORA2A. Also, apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry, apoptosis-related proteins and key PI3K/AKT pathway proteins were detected using Western blotting. ADORA2A was identified after RNA-seq analysis and played an important role in CRC prognosis. ADORA2A was relatively high in SW620 and HCT116 cell lines compared to SW480 cell lines. ADORA2A knockdown in SW620 and HCT116 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while ADORA2A overexpression had the opposite effect. In addition, ADORA2A also impacted the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, including Bcl-2, Bax, Cleaved caspase-3 and Cleaved caspase-9, and reduced apoptosis. Furthermore, this process may include the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. ADORA2A promotes CRC progression and inhibits apoptosis by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. It may contribute to the management and treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyan Ran
- College of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao Mou
- College of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenglin Peng
- College of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, No.25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou City, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaochen Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Meirong Li
- College of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, No.25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou City, Sichuan, China
| | - Duo Xu
- College of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zixi Yang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, No.25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou City, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Precision Pathology Diagnosis for Serious Diseases, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingwang Sun
- College of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, No.25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou City, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Yin
- College of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, No.25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou City, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Precision Pathology Diagnosis for Serious Diseases, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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10
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Song Y, Kerr TD, Sanders C, Dai L, Baxter SS, Somerville B, Baugher RN, Mellott SD, Young TB, Lawhorn HE, Plona TM, Xu B, Wei L, Hu Q, Liu S, Hutson A, Karim B, Burkett S, Difilippantonio S, Pinto L, Gebert J, Kloor M, Lipkin SM, Sei S, Shoemaker RH. Organoids and metastatic orthotopic mouse model for mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1223915. [PMID: 37746286 PMCID: PMC10516605 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1223915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genome integrity is essential for the survival of an organism. DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes (e.g., MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2) play a critical role in the DNA damage response pathway for genome integrity maintenance. Germline mutations of MMR genes can lead to Lynch syndrome or constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome, resulting in an increased lifetime risk of developing cancer characterized by high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) and high mutation burden. Although immunotherapy has been approved for MMR-deficient (MMRd) cancer patients, the overall response rate needs to be improved and other management options are needed. Methods To better understand the biology of MMRd cancers, elucidate the resistance mechanisms to immune modulation, and develop vaccines and therapeutic testing platforms for this high-risk population, we generated organoids and an orthotopic mouse model from intestine tumors developed in a Msh2-deficient mouse model, and followed with a detailed characterization. Results The organoids were shown to be of epithelial origin with stem cell features, to have a high frameshift mutation frequency with MSI-H and chromosome instability, and intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity. An orthotopic model using intra-cecal implantation of tumor fragments derived from organoids showed progressive tumor growth, resulting in the development of adenocarcinomas mixed with mucinous features and distant metastasis in liver and lymph node. Conclusions The established organoids with characteristics of MSI-H cancers can be used to study MMRd cancer biology. The orthotopic model, with its distant metastasis and expressing frameshift peptides, is suitable for evaluating the efficacy of neoantigen-based vaccines or anticancer drugs in combination with other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Song
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vaccine, Immunity, and Cancer Directorate, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Travis D. Kerr
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vaccine, Immunity, and Cancer Directorate, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Chelsea Sanders
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Lisheng Dai
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vaccine, Immunity, and Cancer Directorate, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Shaneen S. Baxter
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vaccine, Immunity, and Cancer Directorate, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Brandon Somerville
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vaccine, Immunity, and Cancer Directorate, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ryan N. Baugher
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Stephanie D. Mellott
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Todd B. Young
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Heidi E. Lawhorn
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Teri M. Plona
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Bingfang Xu
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Genomics Laboratory, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Alan Hutson
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Baktiar Karim
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Sandra Burkett
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Simone Difilippantonio
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ligia Pinto
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vaccine, Immunity, and Cancer Directorate, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Johannes Gebert
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven M. Lipkin
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shizuko Sei
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Robert H. Shoemaker
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
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11
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Bteich F, Mohammadi M, Li T, Bhat MA, Sofianidi A, Wei N, Kuang C. Targeting KRAS in Colorectal Cancer: A Bench to Bedside Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12030. [PMID: 37569406 PMCID: PMC10418782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease with a myriad of alterations at the cellular and molecular levels. Kristen rat sarcoma (KRAS) mutations occur in up to 40% of CRCs and serve as both a prognostic and predictive biomarker. Oncogenic mutations in the KRAS protein affect cellular proliferation and survival, leading to tumorigenesis through RAS/MAPK pathways. Until recently, only indirect targeting of the pathway had been investigated. There are now several KRAS allele-specific inhibitors in late-phase clinical trials, and many newer agents and targeting strategies undergoing preclinical and early-phase clinical testing. The adequate treatment of KRAS-mutated CRC will inevitably involve combination therapies due to the existence of robust adaptive resistance mechanisms in these tumors. In this article, we review the most recent understanding and findings related to targeting KRAS mutations in CRC, mechanisms of resistance to KRAS inhibitors, as well as evolving treatment strategies for KRAS-mutated CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernand Bteich
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA;
- Department of Medical Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (M.M.); (T.L.); (M.A.B.); (N.W.)
| | - Mahshid Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (M.M.); (T.L.); (M.A.B.); (N.W.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Terence Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (M.M.); (T.L.); (M.A.B.); (N.W.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Muzaffer Ahmed Bhat
- Department of Medical Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (M.M.); (T.L.); (M.A.B.); (N.W.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Amalia Sofianidi
- Oncology Unit, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital for Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ning Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (M.M.); (T.L.); (M.A.B.); (N.W.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Chaoyuan Kuang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA;
- Department of Medical Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (M.M.); (T.L.); (M.A.B.); (N.W.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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12
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Luo Q, Zhou P, Chang S, Huang Z, Zeng X. Characterization of butyrate-metabolism in colorectal cancer to guide clinical treatment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5106. [PMID: 36991138 PMCID: PMC10060236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent one in the world among the most common malignant tumors. Numerous studies have shown that butyrate has demonstrated promise as an antitumor agent in a variety of human cancer types. However, butyrate remains understudied in CRC tumorigenesis and progression. In this study, we explored therapeutic strategies to treat CRC by examining the role of butyrate metabolism. First, from the Molecular Signature Database (MSigDB), we identified 348 butyrate metabolism-related genes (BMRGs). Next, we downloaded 473 CRC and 41 standard colorectal tissue samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and the transcriptome data of GSE39582 dataset from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Then we evaluated the expression patterns of butyrate metabolism-related genes with difference analysis in CRC. Through univariate Cox regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis, a prognostic model was constructed based on differentially expressed BMRGs. In addition, we discovered an independent prognostic marker for CRC patients. According to the expression levels and coefficients of identified BMRGs, the risk scores of all CRC samples were calculated. Utilizing differentially expressed genes in the high- and low-risk groups, we also constructed a Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network to visualize the interactions between proteins. Through the results of PPI network, we screened out differentially expressed target butyrate metabolism-related genes from ten hub genes. Finally, we performed clinical correlation analysis, immune cell infiltration analysis, and mutation analysis for these target genes. One hundred and seventy three differentially expressed butyrate metabolism-related genes were screened out in all the CRC samples. The prognostic model was established with univariate Cox regression and LASSO regression analysis. CRC patients' overall survival was significantly lower in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group for both training and validation set. Among the ten hub genes identified from the PPI network, four target butyrate metabolism-related genes were identified containing FN1, SERPINE1, THBS2, and COMP, which might provide novel markers or targets for treating CRC patients. Eighteen butyrate metabolism-related genes were used to develop a risk prognostic model that could be helpful for doctors to predict CRC patients' survival rate. Using this model, it is beneficial to forecast the response of CRC patients to immunotherapy and chemotherapy, thus making it easier to custom tailor cancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy to the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Luo
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Jiangmen Wuyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangmen, China.
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Jiangxi Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuangqing Chang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Jiangmen Wuyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangmen, China
| | - Zhifang Huang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Jiangmen Wuyi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangmen, China
| | - Xuebo Zeng
- Department of Brain Diseases, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopaedic Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Chai C, Ji P, Xu H, Tang H, Wang Z, Zhang H, Zhou W. Targeting cancer drug resistance utilizing organoid technology. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114098. [PMID: 36528918 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer organoids generated from 3D in vitro cell cultures have contributed to the study of drug resistance. Maintenance of genomic and transcriptomic similarity between organoids and parental cancer allows organoids to have the ability of accurate prediction in drug resistance testing. Protocols of establishing therapy-sensitive and therapy-resistant organoids are concluded in two aspects, which are generated directly from respective patients' cancer and by induction of anti-cancer drug. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses and gene editing have been applied to organoid studies to identify key targets in drug resistance and FGFR3, KHDRBS3, lnc-RP11-536 K7.3 and FBN1 were found to be key targets. Furthermore, mechanisms contributing to resistance have been identified, including metabolic adaptation, activation of DNA damage response, defects in apoptosis, reduced cellular senescence, cellular plasticity, subpopulation interactions and gene fusions. Additionally, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been verified to be involved in drug resistance utilizing organoid technology. Reversal of drug resistance can be achieved by targeting key genes and CSCs in cancer organoids. In this review, we summarize applications of organoids to cancer drug resistance research, indicating prospects and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changpeng Chai
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China; The Forth Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Pengfei Ji
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Hao Xu
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Huan Tang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Zhengfeng Wang
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Wence Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China; The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
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14
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Chen Q, Li S. Gemcitabine Versus Docetaxel Plus Cisplatin as Induction Chemotherapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2022; 132:2379-2387. [PMID: 35238403 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare tumor volume reduction after induction chemotherapy (IC) with gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GP) and docetaxel plus cisplatin (DP) and to evaluate the influence on subsequent radiotherapy in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective clinical study. METHODS Patients who received GP or DP IC followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) were retrospectively enrolled. Propensity score matching (PSM) was adopted to control the balance between the GP and DP groups. RESULTS A total of 41 patients treated with GP and 53 patients treated with DP were enrolled. After matching, 33 sub-pairs of 66 patients were generated in the post-PSM cohort. As compared with DP, GP was superior in its gross tumor volume of the nasopharynx (GTVnx) reduction (28.88% vs. 18.73%; P = .014) but equivalent in its gross tumor volume of the lymph nodes (GTVnd) reduction (37.58% vs. 29.79%; P = .229). Univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed that the chemotherapy regimen was an independent factor associated with the reduction in GTVnx (P = .011). The GP group exhibited advantages in the dosimetric parameters of the planning target volume of high-risk volume and low-risk volume (PTV1 and PTV2), lenses, temporal lobes, and parotid glands. Univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed that chemotherapy regimen was an independent factor associated with the dosimetric parameters of PTV1, PTV2, lenses, temporal lobes, and parotid glands. CONCLUSION GP regimen achieves a greater GTVnx reduction than DP regimen and has an advantage in the dosimetry of subsequent CCRT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 132:2379-2387, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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15
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Identification of cuproptosis-related subtypes and development of a prognostic signature in colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17348. [PMID: 36253436 PMCID: PMC9576756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuproptosis, a novel form of copper-mediated regulated cell death, participates in tumor progression. However, the role of cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the cuproptosis subtypes and build a predictive model to improve the prognosis of patients with CRC. Gene expression data were downloaded from the TCGA database to identify distinct molecular subtypes using a non-negative matrix factorization algorithm. A robust and efficient prognostic signature was constructed by performing multivariate Cox regression analysis and further validated using the Gene Expression Omnibus cohort. Based on the gene expression matrix of CRC, the abundance of infiltrating immune cells and tumour microenvironment scores were calculated using the CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms, respectively. The pRRophetic algorithm was used to predict the sensitivity of the patients to different chemotherapy drugs. Two distinct molecular subtypes were identified based on 41 CRGs, with subtype C1 being characterized by an advanced clinical stage and worse overall survival. A prognostic signature was constructed based on the DEGs between the two cuproptosis subtypes, and its predictive ability was validated in an external database. Patients with CRC who belonged to the low-risk group had significantly higher survival rates than those who belonged to the high-risk group. Additionally, it remained a valid prognostic indicator in strata of age, sex, tumor location, and TNM stage, and its significance persisted after the multivariate Cox regression analysis. By further analyzing the prognostic signature, a higher immune score was observed in the low-risk group, which presented a better prognosis. AKT.inhibitor.VIII, doxorubicin, lenalidomide, and tipiparnib were more sensitive in the high-risk score group. A highly accurate nomogram was constructed to improve clinical application of the risk score. Compared with an ideal nomogram, our model, consisting of clinicopathological features, performed well in predicting patient survival. In conclusion, our study provides new ways and perspectives for the prediction of the prognosis of patients with CRC and guide more effective treatment regimens.
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16
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In vitro chemotherapy-associated muscle toxicity is attenuated with nutritional support, while treatment efficacy is retained. Oncotarget 2022; 13:1094-1108. [PMID: 36242541 PMCID: PMC9564364 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Muscle-wasting and treatment-related toxicities negatively impact prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Specific nutritional composition might support skeletal muscle and enhance treatment support. In this in vitro study we assess the effect of nutrients EPA, DHA, L-leucine and vitamin D3, as single nutrients or in combination on chemotherapy-treated C2C12-myotubes, and specific CRC-tumor cells. Materials and Methods: Using C2C12-myotubes, the effects of chemotherapy (oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin+5-fluorouracil and irinotecan) on protein synthesis, cell-viability, caspase-3/7-activity and LDH-activity were assessed. Addition of EPA, DHA, L-leucine and vitamin D3 and their combination (SNCi) were studied in presence of above chemotherapies. Tumor cell-viability was assessed in oxaliplatin-treated C26 and MC38 CRC cells, and in murine and patient-derived CRC-organoids. Results: While chemotherapy treatment of C2C12-myotubes decreased protein synthesis, cell-viability and increased caspase-3/7 and LDH-activity, SNCi showed improved protein synthesis and cell viability and lowered LDH activity. The nutrient combination SNCi showed a better overall performance compared to the single nutrients. Treatment response of tumor models was not significantly affected by addition of nutrients. Conclusions: This in vitro study shows protective effect with specific nutrition composition of C2C12-myotubes against chemotherapy toxicity, which is superior to the single nutrients, while treatment response of tumor cells remained.
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17
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Kahlert UD, Shi W, Strecker M, Scherpinski LA, Wartmann T, Dölling M, Perrakis A, Relja B, Mengoni M, Braun A, Croner RS. COL10A1 allows stratification of invasiveness of colon cancer and associates to extracellular matrix and immune cell enrichment in the tumor parenchyma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1007514. [PMID: 36267978 PMCID: PMC9577326 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1007514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment options for metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) are mostly ineffective. We present new evidence that tumor tissue collagen type X alpha 1 (COL10A1) is a relevant candidate biomarker to improve this dilemma. Methods Several public databases had been screened to observe COL10A1 expression in transcriptome levels with cell lines and tissues. Protein interactions and alignment to changes in clinical parameters and immune cell invasion were performed, too. We also used algorithms to build a novel COL10A1-related immunomodulator signature. Various wet-lab experiments were conducted to quantify COL10A1 protein and transcript expression levels in disease and control cell models. Results COL10A1 mRNA levels in tumor material is clinical and molecular prognostic, featuring upregulation compared to non-cancer tissue, increase with histomorphological malignancy grading of the tumor, elevation in tumors that invade perineural areas, or lymph node invasion. Transcriptomic alignment noted a strong positive correlation of COL10A1 with transcriptomic signature of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and populations of the immune compartment, namely, B cells and macrophages. We verified those findings in functional assays showing that COL10A1 are decreased in CRC cells compared to fibroblasts, with strongest signal in the cell supernatant of the cells. Conclusion COL10A1 abundance in CRC tissue predicts metastatic and immunogenic properties of the disease. COL10A1 transcription may mediate tumor cell interaction with its stromal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf D. Kahlert
- University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wenjie Shi
- University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- University Hospital for Gynecology, Pius-Hospital, University Medicine Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marco Strecker
- University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz A. Scherpinski
- University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wartmann
- University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Dölling
- University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Aristotelis Perrakis
- University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Borna Relja
- Experimental Radiology, University Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Mengoni
- University Clinic for Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Braun
- University Clinic for Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Roland S. Croner
- University Clinic for General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Roland S. Croner,
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18
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Castrogiovanni P, Barbagallo I, Imbesi R, Musumeci G, Sanfilippo C, Broggi G, Caltabiano R, Tibullo D, Giallongo C, Forte S, Li Volti G, Di Rosa M. Chitinase domain containing 1 increase is associated with low survival rate and M0 macrophages infiltrates in colorectal cancer patients. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 237:154038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
The epidermal growth factor (EGF) system has allowed chemists, biologists, and clinicians to improve our understanding of cell production and cancer therapy. The discovery of EGF led to the recognition of cell surface receptors capable of controlling the proliferation and survival of cells. The detailed structures of the EGF-like ligand and the responses of their receptors (EGFR-family) has revealed the conformational and aggregation changes whereby ligands activate the intracellular kinase domains. Biophysical analysis has revealed the preformed clustering of different EGFR-family members and the processes which occur on ligand binding. Understanding these receptor activation processes and the consequential cytoplasmic signaling has allowed the development of inhibitors which are revolutionizing cancer therapy. This Review describes the recent progress in our understanding of the activation of the EGFR-family, the effects of signaling from the EGFR-family on cell proliferation, and the targeting of the EGFR-family in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony W Burgess
- Honorary Laboratory Head, Personalized Oncology Division, WEHI, Parkville3050, Australia.,Professor Emeritus, Departments of Medical Biology and Surgery (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Melbourne3052, Australia.,The Brain Cancer Centre at WEHI, Parkville3052, Australia
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20
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Narayan NJC, Requena D, Lalazar G, Ramos-Espiritu L, Ng D, Levin S, Shebl B, Wang R, Hammond WJ, Saltsman JA, Gehart H, Torbenson MS, Clevers H, LaQuaglia MP, Simon SM. Human liver organoids for disease modeling of fibrolamellar carcinoma. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1874-1888. [PMID: 35803261 PMCID: PMC9391427 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is a rare, often lethal, liver cancer affecting adolescents and young adults, for which there are no approved therapeutics. The development of therapeutics is hampered by a lack of in vitro models. Organoids have shown utility as a model system for studying many diseases. In this study, tumor tissue and the adjacent non-tumor liver were obtained at the time of surgery. The tissue was dissociated and grown as organoids. We developed 21 patient-derived organoid lines: 12 from metastases, three from the liver tumor and six from adjacent non-tumor liver. These patient-derived FLC organoids recapitulate the histologic morphology, immunohistochemistry, and transcriptome of the patient tumor. Patient-derived FLC organoids were used in a preliminary high-throughput drug screen to show proof of concept for the identification of therapeutics. This model system has the potential to improve our understanding of this rare cancer and holds significant promise for drug testing and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J C Narayan
- Pediatric Surgical Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Requena
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gadi Lalazar
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lavoisier Ramos-Espiritu
- High Throughput and Spectroscopy Center, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Denise Ng
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Solomon Levin
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bassem Shebl
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ruisi Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William J Hammond
- Pediatric Surgical Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - James A Saltsman
- Pediatric Surgical Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Helmuth Gehart
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michael S Torbenson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michael P LaQuaglia
- Pediatric Surgical Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanford M Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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21
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Parseh B, Khosravi A, Fazel A, Ai J, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Verdi J, Shahbazi M. 3-Dimensional Model to Study Apoptosis Induction of Activated Natural Killer Cells Conditioned Medium Using Patient-Derived Colorectal Cancer Organoids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:895284. [PMID: 35721501 PMCID: PMC9204536 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.895284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that can kill tumor cells via different pathways, including the secretion of cytotoxic granules in immunological synapses and the binding of apoptosis-inducing ligands with cognate death receptors on tumor cells. These ligands are also soluble in NK cells conditioned medium (NK-CM). However, novel preclinical in vitro models are required for solid tumors such as colorectal cancer (CRC) to investigate apoptosis induction of activated NK-CM in a tissue-like structure. In the present study, we established a patient-derived CRC organoid culture system as a new tool for CRC research in the last decade. Tumor organoids were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and compared with the original tumor taken from the patient. Goblet cell differentiation and mucus secretion were evaluated using periodic acid–Schiff and alcian blue histochemical staining. Moreover, tumor organoids were stained for CDX2 and Ki67 markers with immunohistochemistry (IHC) to investigate gastrointestinal origin and proliferation. Histopathological evaluations indicated tumor organoids represent patient tumor characteristics. Primary NK cells were isolated and characterized using CD56 marker expression and the lack of the CD3 marker. Flow cytometry results showed the purity of isolated CD3−and CD56 + NK cells about 93%. After further ex vivo expansion, IL-2-activated NK-CM was collected. Secretions of IFN-γ and TNF-α were measured to characterize activated NK-CM. Cytokines levels were significantly elevated in comparison to the control group. Soluble forms of apoptosis-inducing ligands, including TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and FasL, were detected by western blot assay. Colon cancer organoids were treated by IL-2-activated NK-CM. Apoptosis was assessed by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and quantified by flow cytometry. In conclusion, despite the activated NK-CM containing apoptosis-inducing ligands, these ligands’ soluble forms failed to induce apoptosis in patient-derived colon cancer organoids. Nevertheless, we report a reliable in vitro assessment platform in a personalized setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyamin Parseh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ayyoob Khosravi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Fazel
- Cancer Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Verdi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Shahbazi
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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22
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Wang Z, Zhang Z, Zhang K, Zhou Q, Chen S, Zheng H, Wang G, Cai S, Wang F, Li S. Multi-Omics Characterization of a Glycerolipid Metabolism-Related Gene Enrichment Score in Colon Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:881953. [PMID: 35600382 PMCID: PMC9117699 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.881953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycerolipid metabolism is involved in the genesis and progression of colon cancer. The current study aims at exploring the prognostic value and potential molecular mechanism of glycerolipid metabolism-related genes in colon cancer from the perspective of multi-omics. Methods Clinical information and mRNA expression data of patients with colon cancer were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was applied to calculate the glycerolipid metabolism-related gene enrichment score (GLMS). Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to study the prognostic value of GLMS in TCGA-COAD and GSE39582 cohorts. The molecular mechanism of the prognostic factor was investigated via immune cell infiltration estimation and correlation analysis of cancer hallmark pathways. Single-cell transcriptomic dataset GSE146771 was used to identify the cell populations which glycerolipid metabolism targeted on. Results The GLMS was found to be associated with tumor location and consensus molecular types (CMSs) of colon cancer in TCGA-COAD cohort (P < 0.05). Patients in the low-GLMS group exhibited poorer overall survival (OS) in TCGA cohort (P = 0.03; HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.42-0.94), which was further validated in the GSE39582 dataset (P < 0.001; HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.43-0.76). The association between the GLMS and OS remained significant in the multivariable analysis (TCGA cohort: P = 0.04; HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42-0.98; GSE39582 cohort: P < 0.001; HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.45-0.80). The GLMS was positively correlated with cancer hallmark pathways including bile acid metabolism, xenobiotic metabolism, and peroxisome and negatively correlated with pathways such as interferon gamma response, allograft rejection, apoptosis, and inflammatory response (P < 0.05). Increased immune infiltration and upregulated expression of immune checkpoints were observed in patients with lower GLMS (P < 0.05). Single-cell datasets verified the different distribution of GLMS in cell subsets, with significant enrichment of GLMS in malignant cells and Tprolif cells. Conclusion We demonstrated that GLMS was a potential independent prognostic factor for colon cancer. The GLMS was also correlated with several cancer hallmark pathways, as well as immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cancer Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhuoqi Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- General Surgery Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiaoxia Zhou
- Medical Department, Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sidong Chen
- Medical Department, Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- General Surgery Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Medical Department, Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangli Cai
- Medical Department, Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fujing Wang
- General Surgery Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shenglong Li
- General Surgery Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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23
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Watanabe S, Yogo A, Otsubo T, Umehara H, Oishi J, Kodo T, Masui T, Takaishi S, Seno H, Uemoto S, Hatano E. Establishment of patient-derived organoids and a characterization-based drug discovery platform for treatment of pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:489. [PMID: 35505283 PMCID: PMC9063137 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal tumors. The aim of this study is to provide an effective therapeutic discovery platform for pancreatic cancer by establishing and characterizing patient-derived organoids (PDOs). METHODS PDOs were established from pancreatic tumor surgical specimens, and the mutations were examined using a panel sequence. Expression of markers was assessed by PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry; tumorigenicity was examined using immunodeficient mice, and drug responses were examined in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS PDOs were established from eight primary and metastatic tumors, and the characteristic mutations and expression of cancer stem cell markers and CA19-9 were confirmed. Tumorigenicity of the PDOs was confirmed in subcutaneous transplantation and in the peritoneal cavity in the case of PDOs derived from disseminated nodules. Gemcitabine-sensitive/resistant PDOs showed consistent responses in vivo. High throughput screening in PDOs identified a compound effective for inhibiting tumor growth of a gemcitabine-resistant PDO xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS This PDO-based platform captures important aspects of treatment-resistant pancreatic cancer and its metastatic features, suggesting that this study may serve as a tool for the discovery of personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadanori Watanabe
- DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Cancer Research Unit, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Akitada Yogo
- DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuguteru Otsubo
- DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Cancer Research Unit, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Umehara
- DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Cancer Research Unit, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Oishi
- DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Cancer Research Unit, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Kodo
- DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Cancer Research Unit, Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Masui
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Shigeo Takaishi
- DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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24
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Ineveld RL, Vliet EJ, Wehrens EJ, Alieva M, Rios AC. 3D imaging for driving cancer discovery. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109675. [PMID: 35403737 PMCID: PMC9108604 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the cellular composition and architecture of cancer has primarily advanced using 2D models and thin slice samples. This has granted spatial information on fundamental cancer biology and treatment response. However, tissues contain a variety of interconnected cells with different functional states and shapes, and this complex organization is impossible to capture in a single plane. Furthermore, tumours have been shown to be highly heterogenous, requiring large-scale spatial analysis to reliably profile their cellular and structural composition. Volumetric imaging permits the visualization of intact biological samples, thereby revealing the spatio-phenotypic and dynamic traits of cancer. This review focuses on new insights into cancer biology uniquely brought to light by 3D imaging and concomitant progress in cancer modelling and quantitative analysis. 3D imaging has the potential to generate broad knowledge advance from major mechanisms of tumour progression to new strategies for cancer treatment and patient diagnosis. We discuss the expected future contributions of the newest imaging trends towards these goals and the challenges faced for reaching their full application in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravian L Ineveld
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology Utrecht The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Esmée J Vliet
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology Utrecht The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ellen J Wehrens
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology Utrecht The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maria Alieva
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology Utrecht The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Anne C Rios
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology Utrecht The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
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25
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Stern A, Thompson B, Williams K, McClellan R, Gebhart S, Hartman J. The CellRaft AIR Ⓡ system: A novel system enabling organoid imaging, identification, and isolation. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2022; 27:201-208. [PMID: 35058186 PMCID: PMC10802934 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems have been developed that can re-capitulate organ level responses, simulate compound diffusion through complex structures, and assess cellular heterogeneity of tissues, making them attractive models for advanced in vitro research and discovery. Organoids are a unique subtype of 3D cell culture that are grown from stem cells, are self-organizing, and closely replicate in vivo pathophysiology. Organoids have been used to understand tissue development, model diseases, test drug sensitivity and toxicity, and advance regenerative medicine. However, traditional organoid culture methods are inadequate because they are low throughput and ill-suited for single organoid imaging, phenotypic assessment, and isolation from heterogenous organoid populations. To address these bottlenecks, we have adapted our tissue culture consumable and instrumentation to enable automated imaging, identification, and isolation of individual organoids. Organoids grown on the 3D CytoSortⓇ Array can be reliably tracked, imaged, and phenotypically analyzed using brightfield and fluorescent microscopy as they grow over time, then released and transferred fully intact for use in downstream applications. Using mouse hepatic and pancreatic organoids, we have demonstrated the use of this technology for single-organoid imaging, clonal organoid generation, parent organoid subcloning, and single-organoid RNA extraction for downstream gene expression or transcriptomic analysis. The results validate the ability of the CellRaft AIRⓇ System to facilitate efficient, user-friendly, and automated workflows broadly applicable to organoid research by overcoming several pain points: 1) single organoid time-course imaging and phenotypic assessment, 2) establishment of single cell-derived organoids, and 3) isolation and retrieval of single organoids for downstream applications.
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26
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Baião A, Dias S, Soares AF, Pereira CL, Oliveira C, Sarmento B. Advances in the use of 3D colorectal cancer models for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:569-580. [PMID: 35343351 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2056162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and deadly tumors worldwide. CRC in vitro and in vivo models that recapitulate key features of human disease are essential to the development of novel and effective therapeutics. However, two-dimensional (2D) in vitro culture systems are considered too simple and do not represent the complex nature of the human tumor. However, three-dimensional (3D) models have emerged in recent years as more advanced and complex cell culture systems, able to closely resemble key features of human cancer tissues. AREAS COVERED The authors' review the currently established in vitro cell culture models and describe the advances in the development of 3D scaffold-free models to study CRC. The authors also discuss intestinal spheroids and organoids. As well as in vitro models for drug screening and metastatic CRC (mCRC). EXPERT OPINION The ideal CRC in vitro model is not yet established. Spheroid-based 3D models represent one of the most used approaches to recapitulate the tumor environment, overcoming some limitations of 2D models. Mouse and patient-derived organoids are more advanced models that can mimic more closely the characteristics and properties of CRC, with the possibility of including cells derived from patients with metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Baião
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Dias
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Francisca Soares
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Leite Pereira
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Oliveira
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,CESPU - Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
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27
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Furbo S, Urbano PCM, Raskov HH, Troelsen JT, Kanstrup Fiehn AM, Gögenur I. Use of Patient-Derived Organoids as a Treatment Selection Model for Colorectal Cancer: A Narrative Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041069. [PMID: 35205817 PMCID: PMC8870458 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer globally. Despite successful treatment, it has a 40% chance of recurrence within five years after surgery. While neoadjuvant chemotherapy is offered for stage IV cancers, it comes with a risk of resistance and disease progression. CRC tumors vary biologically, recur frequently, and pose a significant risk for cancer-related mortality, making it increasingly relevant to develop methods to study personalized treatment. A tumor organoid is a miniature, multicellular, and 3D replica of a tumor in vitro that retains its characteristics. Here, we discuss the current methods of culturing organoids and the correlation of drug response in organoids with clinical responses in patients. This helps us to determine whether organoids can be used for treatment selection in a clinical setting. Based on the studies included, there was a strong correlation between treatment responses of organoids and clinical treatment responses. Abstract Surgical resection is the mainstay in intended curative treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) and may be accompanied by adjuvant chemotherapy. However, 40% of the patients experience recurrence within five years of treatment, highlighting the importance of improved, personalized treatment options. Monolayer cell cultures and murine models, which are generally used to study the biology of CRC, are associated with certain drawbacks; hence, the use of organoids has been emerging. Organoids obtained from tumors display similar genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, making them ideal for investigating individualized treatment strategies and for integration as a core platform to be used in prediction models. Here, we review studies correlating the clinical response in patients with CRC with the therapeutic response in patient-derived organoids (PDO), as well as the limitations and potentials of this model. The studies outlined in this review reported strong associations between treatment responses in the PDO model and clinical treatment responses. However, as PDOs lack the tumor microenvironment, they do not genuinely account for certain crucial characteristics that influence therapeutic response. To this end, we reviewed studies investigating PDOs co-cultured with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This model is a promising method allowing evaluation of patient-specific tumors and selection of personalized therapies. Standardized methodologies must be implemented to reach a “gold standard” for validating the use of this model in larger cohorts of patients. The introduction of this approach to a clinical scenario directing neoadjuvant treatment and in other curative and palliative treatment strategies holds incredible potential for improving personalized treatment and its outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Furbo
- Center for Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Lykkebækvej 1, 4600 Køge, Denmark; (S.F.); (P.C.M.U.); (H.H.R.); (A.-M.K.F.)
| | - Paulo César Martins Urbano
- Center for Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Lykkebækvej 1, 4600 Køge, Denmark; (S.F.); (P.C.M.U.); (H.H.R.); (A.-M.K.F.)
| | - Hans Henrik Raskov
- Center for Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Lykkebækvej 1, 4600 Køge, Denmark; (S.F.); (P.C.M.U.); (H.H.R.); (A.-M.K.F.)
| | - Jesper Thorvald Troelsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark;
- Enhanced Perioperative Oncology (EPeOnc) Consortium, Zealand University Hospital, 4600 Køge, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Kanstrup Fiehn
- Center for Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Lykkebækvej 1, 4600 Køge, Denmark; (S.F.); (P.C.M.U.); (H.H.R.); (A.-M.K.F.)
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Sygehusvej 10, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 København, Denmark
| | - Ismail Gögenur
- Center for Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Lykkebækvej 1, 4600 Køge, Denmark; (S.F.); (P.C.M.U.); (H.H.R.); (A.-M.K.F.)
- Enhanced Perioperative Oncology (EPeOnc) Consortium, Zealand University Hospital, 4600 Køge, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 København, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-2633-6426
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Role of oncogenic KRAS in the prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:143. [PMID: 34742312 PMCID: PMC8571891 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease at the cellular and molecular levels. Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) is a commonly mutated oncogene in CRC, with mutations in approximately 40% of all CRC cases; its mutations result in constitutive activation of the KRAS protein, which acts as a molecular switch to persistently stimulate downstream signaling pathways, including cell proliferation and survival, thereby leading to tumorigenesis. Patients whose CRC harbors KRAS mutations have a dismal prognosis. Currently, KRAS mutation testing is a routine clinical practice before treating metastatic cases, and the approaches developed to detect KRAS mutations have exhibited favorable sensitivity and accuracy. Due to the presence of KRAS mutations, this group of CRC patients requires more precise therapies. However, KRAS was historically thought to be an undruggable target until the development of KRASG12C allele-specific inhibitors. These promising inhibitors may provide novel strategies to treat KRAS-mutant CRC. Here, we provide an overview of the role of KRAS in the prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of CRC.
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Cai Z, Suo L, Huang Z. Isoflurane Suppresses Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion and Facilitates Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells Through Targeting miR-216. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:658926. [PMID: 34458282 PMCID: PMC8385302 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.658926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Surgery is the first line treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). Anesthetic isoflurane may improve outcomes of cancer surgery. Herein, we investigated the effects of isoflurane on malignant behaviors of CRC cells and its underlying therapeutic target. Methods: SW620 and HCT116 CRC cells were exposed to a series of concentrations of isoflurane. CCK-8 assay was utilized for determination of the optimal concentration of isoflurane. Under treatment with isoflurane, proliferation, migration, and invasion were separately assessed via clone formation and transwell assays. Apoptotic levels were observed via flow cytometry and expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase3 proteins was quantified through western blot. MiR-216 expression was detected in isoflurane-induced SW620 and HCT116 cells by RT-qPCR. Following transfection with miR-216 mimic, malignant biological behaviors were examined in isoflurane-treated SW620 and HCT116 cells. Results: 40 μM isoflurane distinctly restrained proliferative, migrated, and invasive capacities and elevated apoptotic levels in SW620 and HCT116 cells. Up-regulation of miR-216 was found in CRC cells. Its expression was suppressed by isoflurane. MiR-216 mimic ameliorated the reduction in proliferation, migration, and invasion and the increase in apoptosis for 40 μM isoflurane-induced SW620 and HCT116 cells. Conclusion: Isoflurane, a promising drug of CRC, may suppress malignant biological behaviors of tumor cells. Furthermore, miR-216 is an underlying target of isoflurane. Thus, isoflurane could be adopted for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Liangyuan Suo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Zeqing Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
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30
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Zhu Y, Zhang Q, Wei C, Hu Y, Gong H, Liu Y, Lai H, Feng Y, Lin Y. High-Precision Quantitative Analysis Reveals Carcinoembryonic Protein Expression Differs Among Colorectal Cancer Primary Foci and Metastases to Different Sites. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211037175. [PMID: 34342245 PMCID: PMC8351024 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211037175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of carcinoembryonic protein (CEA) is an important biological marker and therapeutic target in colorectal cancer (CRC). CEA expression heterogeneity confers resistance to CEA-targeting immunotherapy antibodies. Thus, quantification of the CEA-positive cell ratio among all tumor cells would be important in identifying patients that would benefit from CEA-targeted therapies. However, the proportion of tumor cells that express CEA within primary and metastasized tumors at different sites has not been studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine CEA positive cell proportion in paired CRC primary foci, liver metastases, and lymph node (LN) metastases, and whether proportion of CEA positive cell differs among colorectal cancer primary foci, liver metastases, and LN metastases from 26 patients. The CEA expression was detected by immunohistochemical assay. Then we set up a quantification approach to quantify the proportion of CEA-positive cells based on the TissueGnostics (TG) system. Then the proportion of CEA positive cells were measured and compared among primary foci, liver metastases, and LN metastases. As a result, the proportion of CEA positive tumor cells was slightly higher in liver metastases than in primary foci (89.8% ± 2.71% vs 82.1% ± 5.05%, P < 0.001). The proportion of CEA-positive cells was significantly lower in LN metastases than in primary foci (82.3% ± 4.32% vs 70.28% ± 5.04%, P < 0.001). In 8 cases with matched CRC primary foci, liver metastases, and LN metastases, the proportions of CEA proportion in liver metastasis was the highest, followed by primary foci and LNs metastasis. In conclusion, this study provided an new approach for quantification of CEA positive cell in tumors and proved the percentage of CEA-positive cells varied in different metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhen Zhu
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Colorectal Clinical Research Center, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Colorectal Clinical Research Center, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjiang Wei
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Colorectal Clinical Research Center, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Hu
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Colorectal Clinical Research Center, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Gong
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Colorectal Clinical Research Center, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Colorectal Clinical Research Center, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Lai
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Colorectal Clinical Research Center, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Feng
- Research Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Colorectal Clinical Research Center, Nanning, People's Republic of China
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31
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Gil DA, Deming DA, Skala MC. Volumetric growth tracking of patient-derived cancer organoids using optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:3789-3805. [PMID: 34457380 PMCID: PMC8367263 DOI: 10.1364/boe.428197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Patient-derived cancer organoids (PCOs) are in vitro organotypic models that reflect in vivo drug response, thus PCOs are an accessible model for cancer drug screening in a clinically relevant timeframe. However, current methods to assess the response of PCOs are limited. Here, a custom swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) system was used to rapidly evaluate volumetric growth and drug response in PCOs. This system was optimized for an inverted imaging geometry to enable high-throughput imaging of PCOs. An automated image analysis framework was developed to perform 3D single-organoid tracking of PCOs across multiple time points over 48 hours. Metabolic inhibitors and cancer therapies decreased PCOs volumetric growth rate compared to control PCOs. Single-organoid tracking improved sensitivity to drug treatment compared to a pooled analysis of changes in organoid volume. OCT provided a more accurate assessment of organoid volume compared to a volume estimation method based on 2D projections. Single-organoid tracking with OCT also identified heterogeneity in drug response between solid and hollow PCOs. This work demonstrates that OCT and 3D single-organoid tracking are attractive tools to monitor volumetric growth and drug response in PCOs, providing rapid, non-destructive methods to quantify heterogeneity in PCOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Gil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53704, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53704, USA
| | - Dustin A. Deming
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53704, USA
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53704, USA
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53704, USA
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53704, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53704, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53704, USA
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32
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Sándor GO, Soós AÁ, Lörincz P, Rojkó L, Harkó T, Bogyó L, Tölgyes T, Bursics A, Buzás EI, Moldvay J, Wiener Z. Wnt Activity and Cell Proliferation Are Coupled to Extracellular Vesicle Release in Multiple Organoid Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:670825. [PMID: 34249925 PMCID: PMC8264557 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.670825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are considered as a potential tool for early disease diagnosis; however, factors modifying EV release remain partially unknown. By using patient-derived organoids that capture the cellular heterogeneity of epithelial tissues, here we studied the connection between the Wnt-producing microniche and EV secretion in multiple tissues. Although nearly all cells in pancreatic ductal (PD) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) samples expressed porcupine (PORCN), an enzyme critical for Wnt secretion, only a subpopulation of lung bronchiolar (NL) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) organoid cells produced active Wnt. The microniche for proliferating cells was shaped not only by PORCN + cells in NL and LUAD organoids but also by fibroblast-derived EVs. This effect could be blocked by using Wnt secretion inhibitors. Whereas inhibiting Wnt secretion in PD NL or LUAD organoids critically changed both cell proliferation and EV release, these were uncoupled from each other in PDAC. Sorting for CD133 identified a cell population in the LUAD microniche that produced organoids with a high percentage of PORCN + and proliferating cells and an elevated EV secretion, which may explain that CD133 marks LUAD cells with malignant behavior. Collectively, we show here that high cell proliferation rate, induced by Wnt pathway activation, is coupled to a higher EV release, a critical finding that may be considered when developing EV-based diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - András Áron Soós
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Lörincz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Premium Postdoctoral Research Program, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lívia Rojkó
- 1st Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tünde Harkó
- Department of Pathology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Levente Bogyó
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tölgyes
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Uzsoki Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Bursics
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Uzsoki Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit I Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,ELKH-SE Immune-Proteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,HCEMM-SE Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Moldvay
- 1st Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,SE-NAP Brain Metastasis Research Group, 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Wiener
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Rizzo G, Bertotti A, Leto SM, Vetrano S. Patient-derived tumor models: a more suitable tool for pre-clinical studies in colorectal cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:178. [PMID: 34074330 PMCID: PMC8168319 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), despite the advances in screening and surveillance, remains the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide. The biological inadequacy of pre-clinical models to fully recapitulate the multifactorial etiology and the complexity of tumor microenvironment and human CRC's genetic heterogeneity has limited cancer treatment development. This has led to the development of Patient-derived models able to phenocopy as much as possible the original inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity of CRC, reflecting the tumor microenvironment's cellular interactions. Implantation of patient tissue into immunodeficient mice hosts and the culture of tumor organoids have allowed advances in cancer biology and metastasis. This review highlights the advantages and limits of Patient-derived models as innovative and valuable pre-clinical tools to study progression and metastasis of CRC, develop novel therapeutic strategies by creating a drug screening platform, and predict the efficacy of clinical response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, 20090, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bertotti
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCs, Candiolo, 10060, Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, 10060, Torino, Italy
| | - Simonetta Maria Leto
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCs, Candiolo, 10060, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, Pieve Emanuele, 20090, Milan, Italy.
- IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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34
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Jia Z, Liang N, Li S. [Application of Organoids in Lung Cancer Precision Medicine]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2021; 23:615-620. [PMID: 32702796 PMCID: PMC7406434 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.101.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Precision medicine is an approach to rational treatment selection in the overall management of lung cancer nowadays. The introduction of the patient-derived organoid (PDO) model has established the "black-box" decision-making system from the perspective of in-vitro functional models. This may assist as a complement to the treatment selection strategy based on gene-drug correlation. Further validation must be done in multi-dimensional characteristics recapitulation of the primary tumor in organoids and in large-scale randomized controlled clinical trials. This article will give an introduction to the organoid model and review the application scenarios of organoids in the context of the precise treatment of existing lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Jia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.,Peking Union Medical College, Eight-year MD Program, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Naixin Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shanqing Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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35
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Tumor cell invasion into Matrigel: optimized protocol for RNA extraction. Biotechniques 2021; 70:327-335. [PMID: 33969693 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2021-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
3D models are increasingly used to study mechanisms driving tumor progression and mimicking in vitro processes such as invasion and migration. However, there is a need to establish more protocols based on 3D culture systems that allow for downstream molecular biology investigations. Materials & methods: Here we present a method for optimal RNA extraction from highly aggressive primary glioma cells invading into Matrigel. The method has been established by comparing previously reported protocols, available commercial kits and optimizing specific steps for matrix dissociation, RNA separation and purification. Results and conclusion: The protocol allows RNA extraction from cells embedded into Matrigel, with optimal yield, purity and integrity suitable for subsequent sequencing analysis of both high and low molecular weight RNA.
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36
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Avolio M, Trusolino L. Rational Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Reverse Tale of Men, Mice, and Culture Dishes. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1644-1660. [PMID: 33820776 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stratification of colorectal cancer into subgroups with different response to therapy was initially guided by descriptive associations between specific biomarkers and treatment outcome. Recently, preclinical models based on propagatable patient-derived tumor samples have yielded an improved understanding of disease biology, which has facilitated the functional validation of correlative information and the discovery of novel response determinants, therapeutic targets, and mechanisms of tumor adaptation and drug resistance. We review the contribution of patient-derived models to advancing colorectal cancer characterization, discuss their influence on clinical decision-making, and highlight emerging challenges in the interpretation and clinical transferability of results obtainable with such approaches. SIGNIFICANCE: Association studies in patients with colorectal cancer have led to the identification of response biomarkers, some of which have been implemented as companion diagnostics for therapeutic decisions. By enabling biological investigation in a clinically relevant experimental context, patient-derived colorectal cancer models have proved useful to examine the causal role of such biomarkers in dictating drug sensitivity and are providing fresh knowledge on new actionable targets, dynamics of tumor evolution and adaptation, and mechanisms of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Avolio
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Livio Trusolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Torino, Italy. .,Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
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37
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Pramil E, Dillard C, Escargueil AE. Colorectal Cancer and Immunity: From the Wet Lab to Individuals. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071713. [PMID: 33916641 PMCID: PMC8038567 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tackling the current dilemma of colorectal cancer resistance to immunotherapy is puzzling and requires novel therapeutic strategies to emerge. However, characterizing the intricate interactions between cancer and immune cells remains difficult because of the complexity and heterogeneity of both compartments. Developing rationales is intellectually feasible but testing them can be experimentally challenging and requires the development of innovative procedures and protocols. In this review, we delineated useful in vitro and in vivo models used for research in the field of immunotherapy that are or could be applied to colorectal cancer management and lead to major breakthroughs in the coming years. Abstract Immunotherapy is a very promising field of research and application for treating cancers, in particular for those that are resistant to chemotherapeutics. Immunotherapy aims at enhancing immune cell activation to increase tumor cells recognition and killing. However, some specific cancer types, such as colorectal cancer (CRC), are less responsive than others to the current immunotherapies. Intrinsic resistance can be mediated by the development of an immuno-suppressive environment in CRC. The mutational status of cancer cells also plays a role in this process. CRC can indeed be distinguished in two main subtypes. Microsatellite instable (MSI) tumors show a hyper-mutable phenotype caused by the deficiency of the DNA mismatch repair machinery (MMR) while microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors show a comparatively more “stable” mutational phenotype. Several studies demonstrated that MSI CRC generally display good prognoses for patients and immunotherapy is considered as a therapeutic option for this type of tumors. On the contrary, MSS metastatic CRC usually presents a worse prognosis and is not responsive to immunotherapy. According to this, developing new and innovative models for studying CRC response towards immune targeted therapies has become essential in the last years. Herein, we review the in vitro and in vivo models used for research in the field of immunotherapy applied to colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Pramil
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.P.); (C.D.)
- Alliance Pour la Recherche en Cancérologie—APREC, Tenon Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Clémentine Dillard
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.P.); (C.D.)
- Alliance Pour la Recherche en Cancérologie—APREC, Tenon Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre E. Escargueil
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France; (E.P.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)1-49-28-46-44
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38
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Gil DA, Deming D, Skala MC. Patient-derived cancer organoid tracking with wide-field one-photon redox imaging to assess treatment response. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200400R. [PMID: 33754540 PMCID: PMC7983069 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.3.036005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Accessible tools are needed for rapid, non-destructive imaging of patient-derived cancer organoid (PCO) treatment response to accelerate drug discovery and streamline treatment planning for individual patients. AIM To segment and track individual PCOs with wide-field one-photon redox imaging to extract morphological and metabolic variables of treatment response. APPROACH Redox imaging of the endogenous fluorophores, nicotinamide dinucleotide (NADH), nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), was used to monitor the metabolic state and morphology of PCOs. Redox imaging was performed on a wide-field one-photon epifluorescence microscope to evaluate drug response in two colorectal PCO lines. An automated image analysis framework was developed to track PCOs across multiple time points over 48 h. Variables quantified for each PCO captured metabolic and morphological response to drug treatment, including the optical redox ratio (ORR) and organoid area. RESULTS The ORR (NAD(P)H/(FAD + NAD(P)H)) was independent of PCO morphology pretreatment. Drugs that induced cell death decreased the ORR and growth rate compared to control. Multivariate analysis of redox and morphology variables identified distinct PCO subpopulations. Single-organoid tracking improved sensitivity to drug treatment compared to pooled organoid analysis. CONCLUSIONS Wide-field one-photon redox imaging can monitor metabolic and morphological changes on a single organoid-level, providing an accessible, non-destructive tool to screen drugs in patient-matched samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Gil
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Dustin Deming
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Melissa C. Skala
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Address all correspondence to Melissa C. Skala,
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39
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Donowitz M, Turner JR, Verkman AS, Zachos NC. Current and potential future applications of human stem cell models in drug development. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:3342-3344. [PMID: 32452833 PMCID: PMC7324189 DOI: 10.1172/jci138645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Donowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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40
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Blachier F, Andriamihaja M, Larraufie P, Ahn E, Lan A, Kim E. Production of hydrogen sulfide by the intestinal microbiota and epithelial cells and consequences for the colonic and rectal mucosa. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G125-G135. [PMID: 33084401 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00261.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Among bacterial metabolites, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has received increasing attention. The epithelial cells of the large intestine are exposed to two sources of H2S. The main one is the luminal source that results from specific bacteria metabolic activity toward sulfur-containing substrates. The other source in colonocytes is from the intracellular production mainly through cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) activity. H2S is oxidized by the mitochondrial sulfide oxidation unit, resulting in ATP synthesis, and, thus, establishing this compound as the first mineral energy substrate in colonocytes. However, when the intracellular H2S concentration exceeds the colonocyte capacity for its oxidation, it inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain, thus affecting energy metabolism. Higher luminal H2S concentration affects the integrity of the mucus layer and displays proinflammatory effects. However, a low/minimal amount of endogenous H2S exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on the colon mucosa, pointing out the ambivalent effect of H2S depending on its intracellular concentration. Regarding colorectal carcinogenesis, forced CBS expression in late adenoma-like colonocytes increased their proliferative activity, bioenergetics capacity, and tumorigenicity; whereas, genetic ablation of CBS in mice resulted in a reduced number of mutagen-induced aberrant crypt foci. Activation of endogenous H2S production and low H2S extracellular concentration enhance cancerous colorectal cell proliferation. Higher exogenous H2S concentrations markedly reduce mitochondrial ATP synthesis and proliferative capacity in cancerous cells and enhance glycolysis but do not affect their ATP cell content or viability. Thus, it appears that, notably through an effect on colonocyte energy metabolism, endogenous and microbiota-derived H2S are involved in the host intestinal physiology and physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Blachier
- UMR PNCA, Nutrition Physiology and Alimentary Behavior, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Andriamihaja
- UMR PNCA, Nutrition Physiology and Alimentary Behavior, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Larraufie
- UMR PNCA, Nutrition Physiology and Alimentary Behavior, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Paris, France
| | - Eunyeong Ahn
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Annaïg Lan
- UMR PNCA, Nutrition Physiology and Alimentary Behavior, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Paris, France
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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Onfroy-Roy L, Hamel D, Foncy J, Malaquin L, Ferrand A. Extracellular Matrix Mechanical Properties and Regulation of the Intestinal Stem Cells: When Mechanics Control Fate. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122629. [PMID: 33297478 PMCID: PMC7762382 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISC) are crucial players in colon epithelium physiology. The accurate control of their auto-renewal, proliferation and differentiation capacities provides a constant flow of regeneration, maintaining the epithelial intestinal barrier integrity. Under stress conditions, colon epithelium homeostasis in disrupted, evolving towards pathologies such as inflammatory bowel diseases or colorectal cancer. A specific environment, namely the ISC niche constituted by the surrounding mesenchymal stem cells, the factors they secrete and the extracellular matrix (ECM), tightly controls ISC homeostasis. Colon ECM exerts physical constraint on the enclosed stem cells through peculiar topography, stiffness and deformability. However, little is known on the molecular and cellular events involved in ECM regulation of the ISC phenotype and fate. To address this question, combining accurately reproduced colon ECM mechanical parameters to primary ISC cultures such as organoids is an appropriated approach. Here, we review colon ECM physical properties at physiological and pathological states and their bioengineered in vitro reproduction applications to ISC studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Onfroy-Roy
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence: (L.O.-R.); (A.F.); Tel.: +33-5-62-744-522 (A.F.)
| | - Dimitri Hamel
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France;
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (J.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Julie Foncy
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (J.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Laurent Malaquin
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France; (J.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence: (L.O.-R.); (A.F.); Tel.: +33-5-62-744-522 (A.F.)
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Keller F, Bruch R, Schneider R, Meier-Hubberten J, Hafner M, Rudolf R. A Scaffold-Free 3-D Co-Culture Mimics the Major Features of the Reverse Warburg Effect In Vitro. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081900. [PMID: 32823793 PMCID: PMC7463893 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most tumors consume large amounts of glucose. Concepts to explain the mechanisms that mediate the achievement of this metabolic need have proposed a switch of the tumor mass to aerobic glycolysis. Depending on whether primarily tumor or stroma cells undergo such a commutation, the terms ‘Warburg effect’ or ‘reverse Warburg effect’ were coined to describe the underlying biological phenomena. However, current in vitro systems relying on 2-D culture, single cell-type spheroids, or basal-membrane extract (BME/Matrigel)-containing 3-D structures do not thoroughly reflect these processes. Here, we aimed to establish a BME/Matrigel-free 3-D microarray cancer model to recapitulate the metabolic interplay between cancer and stromal cells that allows mechanistic analyses and drug testing. Human HT-29 colon cancer and CCD-1137Sk fibroblast cells were used in mono- and co-cultures as 2-D monolayers, spheroids, and in a cell-chip format. Metabolic patterns were studied with immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. In chip-based co-cultures, HT-29 cells showed facilitated 3-D growth and increased levels of hexokinase-2, TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR), lactate dehydrogenase, and: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 (TOMM20), when compared with HT-29 mono-cultures. Fibroblasts co-cultured with HT-29 cells expressed higher levels of mono-carboxylate transporter 4, hexokinase-2, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3, and ubiquitin-binding protein p62 than in fibroblast mono-cultures, in both 2-D cultures and chips. Tetramethylrhodamin-methylester (TMRM) live-cell imaging of chip co-cultures revealed a higher mitochondrial potential in cancer cells than in fibroblasts. The findings demonstrate a crosstalk between cancer cells and fibroblasts that affects cellular growth and metabolism. Chip-based 3-D co-cultures of cancer cells and fibroblasts mimicked features of the reverse Warburg effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Keller
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany; (F.K.); (R.B.); (M.H.)
- Institute of Medical Technology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roman Bruch
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany; (F.K.); (R.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Richard Schneider
- TIP Oncology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (R.S.); (J.M.-H.)
| | | | - Mathias Hafner
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany; (F.K.); (R.B.); (M.H.)
- Institute of Medical Technology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Rudolf
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany; (F.K.); (R.B.); (M.H.)
- Institute of Medical Technology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University and Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-621-292-6804
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Gonzalez-Fernandez T, Tenorio AJ, Leach JK. Three-Dimensional Printed Stamps for the Fabrication of Patterned Microwells and High-Throughput Production of Homogeneous Cell Spheroids. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2020; 7:139-147. [PMID: 32855996 PMCID: PMC7313638 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2019.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of cells into spheroids and organoids is a promising tool for regenerative medicine, cancer and cell biology, and drug discovery due to their recapitulation of the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions found in vivo. Traditional approaches for the production of spheroids, such as the hanging drop method, are limited by the lack of reproducibility and the use of labor-intensive and time-consuming techniques. The need for high-throughput approaches allowing for the quick and reproducible formation of cell aggregates has driven the development of soft lithography techniques based on the patterning of microwells into nonadherent hydrogels. However, these methods are also limited by costly, labor-intensive, and multistep protocols that could impact the sterility of the process and efficiency of spheroid formation. In this study, we describe a one-step method for the fabrication of patterned nonadherent microwells into tissue culture plates using three-dimensional (3D) printed stamps and evaluate the production of cell spheroids of different sizes and cell sources. The generation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell and endothelial cell spheroids by the use of 3D printed stamps was superior in comparison with a widely used multistep mold technique, yielding spheroids of larger sizes and higher DNA content. The 3D stamps produced spheroids of more consistent diameter and DNA content when compared with other commercially available methods. These 3D printed stamps offer a tunable, simple, fast, and cost-effective approach for the production of reproducible spheroids and organoids for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro J. Tenorio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - J. Kent Leach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
- Address correspondence to: J. Kent Leach, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, 2303 GBSF, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Ramzy GM, Koessler T, Ducrey E, McKee T, Ris F, Buchs N, Rubbia-Brandt L, Dietrich PY, Nowak-Sliwinska P. Patient-Derived In Vitro Models for Drug Discovery in Colorectal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061423. [PMID: 32486365 PMCID: PMC7352800 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of relevant preclinical models that reliably recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity of human cancer has slowed down the development and approval of new anti-cancer therapies. Even though two-dimensional in vitro culture models remain widely used, they allow only partial cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions and therefore do not represent the complex nature of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, better models reflecting intra-tumor heterogeneity need to be incorporated in the drug screening process to more reliably predict the efficacy of drug candidates. Classic methods of modelling colorectal carcinoma (CRC), while useful for many applications, carry numerous limitations. In this review, we address the recent advances in in vitro CRC model systems, ranging from conventional CRC patient-derived models, such as conditional reprogramming-based cell cultures, to more experimental and state-of-the-art models, such as cancer-on-chip platforms or liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M. Ramzy
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.M.R.); (E.D.)
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thibaud Koessler
- Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.K.); (P.-Y.D.)
| | - Eloise Ducrey
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.M.R.); (E.D.)
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas McKee
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.M.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Frédéric Ris
- Translational Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Buchs
- Translational Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Laura Rubbia-Brandt
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.M.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Pierre-Yves Dietrich
- Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.K.); (P.-Y.D.)
| | - Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.M.R.); (E.D.)
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-22-379-3352
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Joshi R, Castro De Moura M, Piñeyro D, Alvarez-Errico D, Arribas C, Esteller M. The DNA methylation landscape of human cancer organoids available at the American type culture collection. Epigenetics 2020; 15:1167-1177. [PMID: 32396494 PMCID: PMC7595613 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1762398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One caveat in cancer research is the dependence of certain experimental systems that might not really reflect the properties of the primary tumours. The recent irruption of 3D cultured cells termed organoids could render a better representation of the original tumour sample. However, every laboratory has its own protocol and tissue-provider to establish these cancer models, preventing further dissemination and validation of the obtained data. To address this problem, the Human Cancer Models Initiative (HCMI) has selected the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) to make available organoid models to the scientific community. In this regard, no epigenetic information is available for these samples and, overall, the DNA methylation profiles of human cancer organoids are largely unknown. Herein, we provide the DNA methylation landscape of 25 human cancer organoids available at the ATCC using a microarray that interrogates more than 850,000 CpG sites. We observed that the studied organoids retain the epigenetic setting of their original primary cancer type; that exhibit a DNA methylation landscape characteristic of transformed tissues excluding an overgrowth of normal-matched cells; and that are closer to the DNA methylation profiles of the corresponding primary tumours than to established 2D cell lines. Most importantly, the obtained DNA methylation results are freely available to everyone for further data mining. Thus, our findings support from the epigenetic standpoint that the ATCC human cancer organoids recapitulate many of the features of the disorder in the patient and are excellent tools to be shared among investigators for further tumour biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Joshi
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona , Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - David Piñeyro
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona , Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carles Arribas
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona , Barcelona, Spain.,Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) , Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC) , Madrid, Spain.,Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB) , Barcelona, Spain
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Preston JL, Stiffler N. Epigenetic loss of heterozygosity of Apc and an inflammation-associated mutational signature detected in Lrig1 +/--driven murine colonic adenomas. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:126. [PMID: 32059662 PMCID: PMC7023705 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-6616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The loss of a single copy of adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) in leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (Lrig1)-expressing colonic progenitor cells induces rapid growth of adenomas in mice with high penetrance and multiplicity. The tumors lack functional APC, and a genetic loss of heterozygosity of Apc was previously observed. METHODS To identify genomic features of early tumorigenesis, and to profile intertumoral genetic heterogeneity, tumor exome DNA (n = 9 tumors) and mRNA (n = 5 tumors) sequences were compared with matched nontumoral colon tissue. Putative somatic mutations were called after stringent variant filtering. Somatic signatures of mutational processes were determined and splicing patterns were observed. RESULTS The adenomas were found to be genetically heterogeneous and unexpectedly hypermutated, displaying a strong bias toward G:C > A:T mutations. A genetic loss of heterozygosity of Apc was not observed, however, an epigenetic loss of heterozygosity was apparent in the tumor transcriptomes. Complex splicing patterns characterized by a loss of intron retention were observed uniformly across tumors. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that early tumors originating from intestinal stem cells with reduced Lrig1 and Apc expression are highly mutated and genetically heterogeneous, with an inflammation-associated mutational signature and complex splicing patterns that are uniform across tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Preston
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
| | - Nicholas Stiffler
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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Dünker N, Jendrossek V. Implementation of the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Model in Radiation Biology and Experimental Radiation Oncology Research. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101499. [PMID: 31591362 PMCID: PMC6826367 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is part of standard cancer treatment. Innovations in treatment planning and increased precision in dose delivery have significantly improved the therapeutic gain of radiotherapy but are reaching their limits due to biologic constraints. Thus, a better understanding of the complex local and systemic responses to RT and of the biological mechanisms causing treatment success or failure is required if we aim to define novel targets for biological therapy optimization. Moreover, optimal treatment schedules and prognostic biomarkers have to be defined for assigning patients to the best treatment option. The complexity of the tumor environment and of the radiation response requires extensive in vivo experiments for the validation of such treatments. So far in vivo investigations have mostly been performed in time- and cost-intensive murine models. Here we propose the implementation of the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model as a fast, cost-efficient model for semi high-throughput preclinical in vivo screening of the modulation of the radiation effects by molecularly targeted drugs. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the application spectrum, advantages and limitations of the CAM assay and summarizes current knowledge of its applicability for cancer research with special focus on research in radiation biology and experimental radiation oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Dünker
- Institute for Anatomy II, Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Medicine Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, University Medicine Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Chiarini F, Evangelisti C, Lattanzi G, McCubrey JA, Martelli AM. Advances in understanding the mechanisms of evasive and innate resistance to mTOR inhibition in cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1322-1337. [PMID: 30928610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of drug-resistance by neoplastic cells is recognized as a major cause of targeted therapy failure and disease progression. The mechanistic (previously mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a highly conserved Ser/Thr kinase that acts as the catalytic subunit of two structurally and functionally distinct large multiprotein complexes, referred to as mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. Both mTORC1 and mTORC2 play key roles in a variety of healthy cell types/tissues by regulating physiological anabolic and catabolic processes in response to external cues. However, a body of evidence identified aberrant activation of mTOR signaling as a common event in many human tumors. Therefore, mTOR is an attractive target for therapeutic targeting in cancer and this fact has driven the development of numerous mTOR inhibitors, several of which have progressed to clinical trials. Nevertheless, mTOR inhibitors have met with a very limited success as anticancer therapeutics. Among other reasons, this failure was initially ascribed to the activation of several compensatory signaling pathways that dampen the efficacy of mTOR inhibitors. The discovery of these regulatory feedback mechanisms greatly contributed to a better understanding of cancer cell resistance to mTOR targeting agents. However, over the last few years, other mechanisms of resistance have emerged, including epigenetic alterations, compensatory metabolism rewiring and the occurrence of mTOR mutations. In this article, we provide the reader with an updated overview of the mechanisms that could explain resistance of cancer cells to the various classes of mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Chiarini
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, 40136 Bologna, BO, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, 40136 Bologna, BO, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lattanzi
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, 40136 Bologna, BO, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy.
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