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Li X, Bai Y, Dong Z, Xu C, Liu S, Yu H, Kong L, Li Q. Chromosome-level genome assembly of the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) provides insights into its evolution and adaptation. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 45:101045. [PMID: 36470107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) is an endangered and economically important marine bivalve species that plays a critical role in the coastal ecosystem. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of O. edulis, generated using PacBio HiFi-CCS long reads and annotated with Nanopore full-length transcriptome. The O. edulis genome covers 946.06 Mb (scaffold N50 94.82 Mb) containing 34,495 protein-coding genes and a high proportion of repeat sequences (58.49 %). The reconstructed demographic histories show that O. edulis population might be shaped by breeding habit (embryo brooding) and historical climatic change. Comparative genomic analysis indicates that transposable elements may drive lineage-specific evolution in oysters. Notably, the O. edulis genome has a Hox gene cluster rearrangement that has never been reported in bivalves, making this species valuable for evolutionary studies of molluscan diversification. Moreover, genome expansion of O. edulis is probably central to its adaptation to filter-feeding and sessile lifestyles, as well as embryo brooding and pathogen resistance, in coastal ecosystems. This chromosome-level genome assembly provides new insights into the genome feature of oysters, and presents an important resource for genetic research, evolutionary studies, and biological conservation of O. edulis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yitian Bai
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chengxun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lingfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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2
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Proestou DA, Sullivan ME, Lundgren KM, Ben-Horin T, Witkop EM, Hart KM. Understanding Crassostrea virginica tolerance of Perkinsus marinus through global gene expression analysis. Front Genet 2023; 14:1054558. [PMID: 36741318 PMCID: PMC9892467 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1054558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease tolerance, a host's ability to limit damage from a given parasite burden, is quantified by the relationship between pathogen load and host survival or reproduction. Dermo disease, caused by the protozoan parasite P. marinus, negatively impacts survival in both wild and cultured eastern oyster (C. virginica) populations. Resistance to P. marinus has been the focus of previous studies, but tolerance also has important consequences for disease management in cultured and wild populations. In this study we measured dermo tolerance and evaluated global expression patterns of two sensitive and two tolerant eastern oyster families experimentally challenged with distinct doses of P. marinus (0, 106, 107, and 108 parasite spores per gram wet weight, n = 3-5 individuals per family per dose). Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) identified several modules correlated with increasing parasite dose/infection intensity, as well as phenotype. Modules positively correlated with dose included transcripts and enriched GO terms related to hemocyte activation and cell cycle activity. Additionally, these modules included G-protein coupled receptor, toll-like receptor, and tumor necrosis factor pathways, which are important for immune effector molecule and apoptosis activation. Increased metabolic activity was also positively correlated with treatment. The module negatively correlated with infection intensity was enriched with GO terms associated with normal cellular activity and growth, indicating a trade-off with increased immune response. The module positively correlated with the tolerant phenotype was enriched for transcripts associated with "programmed cell death" and contained a large number of tripartite motif-containing proteins. Differential expression analysis was also performed on the 108 dosed group using the most sensitive family as the comparison reference. Results were consistent with the network analysis, but signals for "programmed cell death" and serine protease inhibitors were stronger in one tolerant family than the other, suggesting that there are multiple avenues for disease tolerance. These results provide new insight for defining dermo response traits and have important implications for applying selective breeding for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A. Proestou
- National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Mary E. Sullivan
- National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Kathryn Markey Lundgren
- National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Tal Ben-Horin
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Erin M. Witkop
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Keegan M. Hart
- National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Kingston, RI, United States
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3
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Boutet I, Lacroix C, Devin S, Tanguy A, Moraga D, Auffret M. Does the environmental history of mussels have an effect on the physiological response to additional stress under experimental conditions? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:149925. [PMID: 34555605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Expected effects on marine biota of the ongoing elevation of water temperature and high latitudes is of major concern when considering the reliability of coastal ecosystem production. To compare the capacity of coastal organisms to cope with a temperature increase depending on their environmental history, responses of adult blue mussels (Mytilus spp.) taken from two sites differentially exposed to chemical pollution were investigated during an experimental exposure to a thermal stress. Immune parameters were notably altered by extreme warming and transcriptional changes for a broad selection of genes were associated to the temperature increase following a two-step response pattern. Site-specific responses suggested an influence of environmental history and support the possibility of a genetic basis in the physiological response. However no meaningful difference was detected between the response of hybrids and M galloprovincialis. This study brings new information about the capacity of mussels to cope with the ongoing elevation of water temperature in these coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Boutet
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin (UMR 7144 AD2M CNRS-Sorbonne Université), Place Georges Tessier, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Camille Lacroix
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire de Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR 6539 LEMAR CNRS-UBO-IFREMER-IRD), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France; CEDRE Conseil et Expertise en Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux, 715 Rue Alain Colas, CS 41836, 29218 Brest Cedex 2, France
| | - Simon Devin
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (UMR 7360 LIEC CNRS-Université de Lorraine), 8 rue du Général Delestraint, 57070 Metz. France
| | - Arnaud Tanguy
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin (UMR 7144 AD2M CNRS-Sorbonne Université), Place Georges Tessier, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Dario Moraga
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire de Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR 6539 LEMAR CNRS-UBO-IFREMER-IRD), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Michel Auffret
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire de Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR 6539 LEMAR CNRS-UBO-IFREMER-IRD), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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4
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Chan J, Wang L, Li L, Mu K, Bushek D, Xu Y, Guo X, Zhang G, Zhang L. Transcriptomic Response to Perkinsus marinus in Two Crassostrea Oysters Reveals Evolutionary Dynamics of Host-Parasite Interactions. Front Genet 2021; 12:795706. [PMID: 34925467 PMCID: PMC8678459 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.795706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease outbreaks are causing widespread declines of marine invertebrates including corals, sea stars, shrimps, and molluscs. Dermo is a lethal infectious disease of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica caused by the protist Perkinsus marinus. The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is resistant to Dermo due to differences in the host-parasite interaction that is not well understood. We compared transcriptomic responses to P. marinus challenge in the two oysters at early and late infection stages. Dynamic and orchestrated regulation of large sets of innate immune response genes were observed in both species with remarkably similar patterns for most orthologs, although responses in C. virginica were stronger, suggesting strong or over-reacting immune response could be a cause of host mortality. Between the two species, several key immune response gene families differed in their expansion, sequence variation and/or transcriptional response to P. marinus, reflecting evolutionary divergence in host-parasite interaction. Of note, significant upregulation of inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) was observed in resistant C. gigas but not in susceptible C. virginica, suggesting upregulation of IAPs is an active defense mechanism, not a passive response orchestrated by P. marinus. Compared with C. gigas, C. virginica exhibited greater expansion of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and positive selection in P. marinus responsive TLRs. The C1q domain containing proteins (C1qDCs) with the galactose-binding lectin domain that is involved in P. marinus recognition, were only present and significantly upregulated in C. virginica. These results point to previously undescribed differences in host defense genes between the two oyster species that may account for the difference in susceptibility, providing an expanded portrait of the evolutionary dynamics of host-parasite interaction in lophotrochozoans that lack adaptive immunity. Our findings suggest that C. virginica and P. marinus have a history of coevolution and the recent outbreaks may be due to increased virulence of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiulin Chan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Lu Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Marine Science, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Marine Science, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Mu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Marine Science, Beijing, China
| | - David Bushek
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Port Norris, NJ, United States
| | - Yue Xu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ximing Guo
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Port Norris, NJ, United States
| | - Guofan Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Marine Science, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology and Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Marine Science, Beijing, China
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5
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Sirovy KA, Johnson KM, Casas SM, La Peyre JF, Kelly MW. Lack of genotype-by-environment interaction suggests limited potential for evolutionary changes in plasticity in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5721-5734. [PMID: 34462983 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eastern oysters in the northern Gulf of Mexico are facing rapid environmental changes and can respond to this change via plasticity or evolution. Plasticity can act as an immediate buffer against environmental change, but this buffering could impact the organism's ability to evolve in subsequent generations. While plasticity and evolution are not mutually exclusive, the relative contribution and interaction between them remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the roles of plastic and evolved responses to environmental variation and Perkinsus marinus infection in Crassostrea virginica by using a common garden experiment with 80 oysters from six families outplanted at two field sites naturally differing in salinity. We use growth data, P. marinus infection intensities, 3' RNA sequencing (TagSeq) and low-coverage whole-genome sequencing to identify the effect of genotype, environment and genotype-by-environment interaction on the oyster's response to site. As one of first studies to characterize the joint effects of genotype and environment on transcriptomic and morphological profiles in a natural setting, we demonstrate that C. virginica has a highly plastic response to environment and that this response is parallel among genotypes. We also find that genes responding to genotype have distinct and opposing profiles compared to genes responding to environment with regard to expression levels, Ka/Ks ratios and nucleotide diversity. Our findings suggest that C. virginica may be able to buffer the immediate impacts of future environmental changes by altering gene expression and physiology, but the lack of genetic variation in plasticity suggests limited capacity for evolved responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Sirovy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sandra M Casas
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jerome F La Peyre
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Morgan W Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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6
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Yao T, Lu J, Bai C, Xie Z, Ye L. The Enhanced Immune Protection in Small Abalone Haliotis diversicolor Against a Secondary Infection With Vibrio harveyi. Front Immunol 2021; 12:685896. [PMID: 34295333 PMCID: PMC8290317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.685896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, more and more studies have shown that early pathogenic bacterial infection in invertebrates can enhance immunity and significantly reduce mortality when reinfected with the same pathogen. There are mechanisms to explain this phenomenon, but they are relatively few. In addition, dose-dependent primary infection is also associated with increased immunity. In the present study, the initial infection dose and mortality of abalone Haliotis diversicolor after reinfection with Vibrio harveyi were recorded, and the mechanism of immune enhancement was investigated by the transcriptomic response of abalone after two successive stimuli with V. harveyi. Priming with different concentrations of pathogen can enhance immunity; however, higher concentration is not always better. Compared with the first exposure, more genes were up-regulated after the second exposure. Among the commonly expressed genes, the immune related genes were significantly or persistently highly expressed after two infections and included pattern recognition receptors as well as immune effectors, such as toll-like receptors, perlucin 4, scavenger receptor class B-like protein, cytochrome P450 1B1-like, glutathione S-transferase 6, lysozyme and so on; in addition, these immune-related genes were mainly distributed in the pathways related to phagocytosis and calcium signaling. Among the specifically expressed genes, compared with the first infection, more genes were involved in the immune, metabolic and digestive pathways after the second infection, which would be more conducive to preventing the invasion of pathogens. This study outlined the mechanism of immune enhancement in abalone after secondary infection at the global molecular level, which is helpful for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of immune priming in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Yao
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhilv Xie
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingtong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Bultelle F, Boutet I, Devin S, Caza F, St-Pierre Y, Péden R, Brousseau P, Chan P, Vaudry D, Le Foll F, Fournier M, Auffret M, Rocher B. Molecular response of a sub-antarctic population of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis platensis) to a moderate thermal stress. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 169:105393. [PMID: 34217095 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Kerguelen Islands (49°26'S, 69°50'E) represent a unique environment due to their geographical isolation, which protects them from anthropogenic pollution. The ability of the endemic mussel, part of the Mytilus complex, to cope with moderate heat stress was explored using omic tools. Transcripts involved in six major metabolic functions were selected and the qRT-PCR data indicated mainly changes in aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism and stress response. Proteomic comparisons revealed a typical stress response pattern with cytoskeleton modifications and elements suggesting increased energy metabolism. Results also suggest conservation of protein homeostasis by the long-lasting presence of HSP while a general decrease in transcription is observed. The overall findings are consistent with an adaptive response to moderate stresses in mussels in good physiological condition, i.e. living in a low-impact site, and with the literature concerning this model species. Therefore, local blue mussels could be advantageously integrated into biomonitoring strategies, especially in the context of Global Change.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bultelle
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO / Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems, FR CNRS 3730 Scale, Université Le Havre Normandie, F-76063, Le Havre Cedex, France.
| | - I Boutet
- Station Biologique de Roscoff CNRS, Laboratory Adaptation & Diversity in Marine Environment (UMR7144 CNRS-SU), Sorbonne Université, Roscoff, France.
| | - S Devin
- UMR 7360 LIEC, Université Metz-Lorraine, France.
| | - F Caza
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Y St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - R Péden
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO / Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems, FR CNRS 3730 Scale, Université Le Havre Normandie, F-76063, Le Havre Cedex, France; UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO / Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems, Université de REIMS Champagne-Ardenne, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687, Reims, France.
| | - P Brousseau
- Institut des Sciences de la mer, Le Parc de la rivière Mitis, Sainte-Flavie, Québec, G0J 2L0, Canada.
| | - P Chan
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Plateforme PISSARO, IRIB, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - D Vaudry
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Plateforme PISSARO, IRIB, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239 DC2N, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - F Le Foll
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO / Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems, FR CNRS 3730 Scale, Université Le Havre Normandie, F-76063, Le Havre Cedex, France.
| | - M Fournier
- Institut des Sciences de la mer, Le Parc de la rivière Mitis, Sainte-Flavie, Québec, G0J 2L0, Canada.
| | - M Auffret
- UMR CNRS 6539-LEMAR/ Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France.
| | - B Rocher
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO / Environmental Stresses and Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems, FR CNRS 3730 Scale, Université Le Havre Normandie, F-76063, Le Havre Cedex, France.
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8
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Liu C, Yang C, Wang M, Jiang S, Yi Q, Wang W, Wang L, Song L. A CD63 Homolog Specially Recruited to the Fungi-Contained Phagosomes Is Involved in the Cellular Immune Response of Oyster Crassostrea gigas. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1379. [PMID: 32793193 PMCID: PMC7387653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 63 (CD63), a four-transmembrane glycoprotein in the subfamily of tetraspanin, has been widely recognized as a gateway from the infection of foreign invaders to the immune defense of hosts. Its role in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is, however, yet to be discovered. This work makes contributions by identifying CgCD63H, a CD63 homolog with four transmembrane domains and one conservative CCG motif, and establishing its role as a receptor that participates in immune recognition and hemocyte phagocytosis. The presence of CgCD63H messenger RNA (mRNA) in hepatopancreas, labial palps, gill, and hemocytes is confirmed. The expression level of mRNA in hemocytes is found significantly (p < 0.01) upregulated after the injection of Vibrio splendidus. CgCD63H protein, typically distributed over the plasma membrane of oyster hemocytes, is recruited to the Yarrowia lipolytica-containing phagosomes after the stimulation of Y. lipolytica. The recombinant CgCD63H protein expresses binding capacity to glucan (GLU), peptidoglycan (PGN), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of lyophilized hemolymph. The phagocytic rate of hemocytes toward V. splendidus and Y. lipolytica is significantly inhibited (p < 0.01) after incubation with anti-CgCD63H antibody. Our work further suggests that CgCD63H functions as a receptor involved in the immune recognition and hemocyte phagocytosis against invading pathogen, which can be a marker candidate for the hemocyte typing in C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghui Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Chuanyan Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
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9
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Proestou DA, Sullivan ME. Variation in global transcriptomic response to Perkinsus marinus infection among eastern oyster families highlights potential mechanisms of disease resistance. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 96:141-151. [PMID: 31809834 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dermo disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus, negatively impacts wild and cultured Eastern oyster populations, yet our knowledge of the mechanistic bases for parasite pathogenicity and the Eastern oyster's response to it is limited. To better understand host responses to the parasite and identify molecular mechanisms underlying disease-resistance phenotypes, we experimentally challenged two families exhibiting divergent Dermo-resistance phenotypes with the parasite, generated global expression profiles using RNAseq and identified differentially expressed transcripts between control and challenged oysters from each family at multiple time points post-parasite injection. The susceptible and resistant families exhibited strikingly different transcriptomic responses to the parasite over a 28-day time period. The resistant family exhibited a strong, focused, early response to P. marinus infection, where many significantly upregulated transcripts were associated with the biological processes "regulation of proteolysis" and "oxidation-reduction process." P. marinus virulence factors are mainly comprised of proteases that facilitate parasite invasion and weaken host humoral defenses, thus host upregulation of transcripts associated with negative regulation of proteolysis is consistent with a Dermo-resistant phenotype. In contrast, the susceptible family mounted a very weak, disorganized, initial response to the parasite. Few transcripts were differentially expressed between control and injected oysters, and no functional enrichment was detected among them. At the final 28 d time point 2450 differentially expressed transcripts were identified and were associated with either "G-protein coupled receptor activity" (upregulated) or "microtubule-based process" (downregulated). A handful of protease inhibitors were differentially expressed between control and injected susceptible oysters, but this function was not enriched in the susceptible data set. The differential expression patterns observed in this study provide valuable insight into the functional basis of Dermo resistance and suggest that the timing of expression is just as important as the transcripts being expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A Proestou
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, 469 CBLS, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Mary E Sullivan
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center, 469 CBLS, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA; University of Rhode Island, Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, 460 CBLS, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
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10
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Mariom, Take S, Igarashi Y, Yoshitake K, Asakawa S, Maeyama K, Nagai K, Watabe S, Kinoshita S. Gene expression profiles at different stages for formation of pearl sac and pearl in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:240. [PMID: 30909870 PMCID: PMC6434816 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The most critical step in the pearl formation during aquaculture is issued to the proliferation and differentiation of outer epithelial cells of mantle graft into pearl sac. This pearl sac secretes various matrix proteins to produce pearls by a complex physiological process which has not been well-understood yet. Here, we aimed to unravel the genes involved in the development of pearl sac and pearl, and the sequential expression patterns of different shell matrix proteins secreted from the pearl sac during pearl formation by pearl oyster Pinctada fucata using high-throughput transcriptome profiling. Results Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clearly different gene expression profiles between earlier (before 1 week) and later stages (1 week to 3 months) of grafting. Immune-related genes were highly expressed between 0 h – 24 h (donor dependent) and 48 h – 1 w (host dependent), and in the course of wound healing process pearl sac was developed by two weeks of graft transplantation. Moreover, for the first time, we identified some stem cell marker genes including ABCG2, SOX2, MEF2A, HES1, MET, NRP1, ESR1, STAT6, PAX2, FZD1 and PROM1 that were expressed differentially during the formation of pearl sac. The expression profiling of 192 biomineralization-related genes demonstrated that most of the shell matrix proteins (SMPs) involved in prismatic layer formation were first up-regulated and then gradually down-regulated indicating their involvement in the development of pearl sac and the onset of pearl mineralization. Most of the nacreous layer forming SMPs were up-regulated at 2 weeks after the maturation of pearl sac. Nacrein, MSI7 and shematrin involved in both layer formation were highly expressed during 0 h – 24 h, down-regulated up to 1 week and then up-regulated again after accomplishment of pearl sac formation. Conclusions Using an RNA-seq approach we unraveled the expression pattern of the key genes involved in the development of pearl sac and pearl as a result of host immune response after grafting. These findings provide valuable information in understanding the molecular mechanism of pearl formation and immune response in P. fucata. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5579-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariom
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Saori Take
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoji Igarashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Yoshitake
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuichi Asakawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kaoru Maeyama
- Mikimoto Pharmaceutical CO., LTD, Kurose 1425, Ise, Mie, 516-8581, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Nagai
- Pearl Research Laboratory, K. MIKIMOTO & CO., LTD, Osaki Hazako 923, Hamajima, Shima, Mie, 517-0403, Japan
| | - Shugo Watabe
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0313, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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11
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Luz Cunha AC, Pontinha VDA, de Castro MAM, Sühnel S, Medeiros SC, Moura da Luz ÂM, Harakava R, Tachibana L, Mello DF, Danielli NM, Dafre AL, Magalhães ARM, P Mouriño JL. Two epizootic Perkinsus spp. events in commercial oyster farms at Santa Catarina, Brazil. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:455-463. [PMID: 30659615 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perkinsus spp. have been detected in various bivalve species from north-east Brazil. Santa Catarina is a South Brasil state with the highest national oyster production. Considering the pathogenicity of some Perkinsus spp., a study was carried out to survey perkinsosis in two oyster species cultured in this State, the mangrove oyster Crassostrea gasar and the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Sampling involved eight sites along the state coast, and oyster sampling was collected during the period between January 2013 and December 2014. For the detection of Perkinsus, Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM) and histology were used, and for the identification of the species, PCR and DNA sequencing were used. Perkinsus spp. was found by RFTM in C. gigas and C. gasar from São Francisco do Sul. This pathology was also detected in C. gasar from Balneário Barra do Sul both, by RFTM and histology. Perkinsus marinus was identified in C. gigas and C. gasar from São Francisco do Sul and Perkinsus beihaiensis in C. gasar from Balneário Barra do Sul. This is the first report of P. marinus in C. gigas from South America. Results of this preliminary study suggest that both oyster species tolerate the species of Perkinsus identified, without suffering heavy lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Luz Cunha
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Vitor de A Pontinha
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Sühnel
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Sthefanie C Medeiros
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ângela M Moura da Luz
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Harakava
- Biological Institute, Paulista Agency of Technology Agribusiness, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Tachibana
- Fishing Institute, Paulista Agency of Technology Agribusiness, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle F Mello
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Naissa M Danielli
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alcir L Dafre
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Aimê R M Magalhães
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - José Luiz P Mouriño
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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12
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Lau YT, Gambino L, Santos B, Pales Espinosa E, Allam B. Regulation of oyster (Crassostrea virginica) hemocyte motility by the intracellular parasite Perkinsus marinus: A possible mechanism for host infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:18-25. [PMID: 29635064 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemocytes associated with the mucus lining of pallial (mantle, gill) surfaces of the oyster Crassostrea virginica have been recently suggested to facilitate infection by the Alveolate parasite Perkinsus marinus by mediating the uptake and dispersion of parasite cells. These "pallial hemocytes", which are directly exposed to microbes present in surrounding seawater, are able to migrate bi-directionally between mucosal surfaces and the circulatory system, potentially playing a sentinel role. Interestingly, P. marinus was shown to increase trans-epithelial migration of hemocytes suggesting it may regulate cell motility to favor infection establishment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of P. marinus on hemocyte motility and identify specific molecular mechanisms potentially used by the parasite to regulate hemocyte migration. In a first series of experiments, various components of P. marinus (live P. marinus cells, extracellular products, fragments of P. marinus cell membrane, membrane-modified live P. marinus cells, heat-killed P. marinus) along with components of the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus (bacterial cells and extracellular products) were investigated for their effects on hemocyte motility. In a second series of experiments, inhibitors of specific molecular pathways involved in motility regulation (Y-27632: inhibitor of Rho-associated protein kinase, RGDS: integrin inhibitor, CK-666: Arp2/3 inhibitor) were used in conjunction with qPCR gene expression experiments to identify pathways regulated by P. marinus exposure. Results showed a specific increase in hemocyte motility following exposure to live P. marinus cells. The increase in motility induced by P. marinus was suppressed by RGDS and CK-666 implicating the involvement of integrins and Arp2/3 in cell activation. Gene expression data suggest that Arp2/3 is possibly regulated directly by an effector produced by P. marinus. The implications of increased hemocyte motility prompted by P. marinus during the early stage of the infection process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk-Ting Lau
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Laura Gambino
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Bianca Santos
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States.
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13
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de la Ballina NR, Villalba A, Cao A. Proteomic profile of Ostrea edulis haemolymph in response to bonamiosis and identification of candidate proteins as resistance markers. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 128:127-145. [PMID: 29733027 DOI: 10.3354/dao03220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
European flat oyster Ostrea edulis populations have suffered extensive mortalities caused by bonamiosis. The protozoan parasite Bonamia ostreae is largely responsible for this disease in Europe, while its congener B. exitiosa has been detected more recently in various European countries. Both of these intracellular parasites are able to survive and proliferate within haemocytes, the main cellular effectors of the immune system in molluscs. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to compare the haemolymph protein profile between Bonamia spp.-infected and non-infected oysters within 3 different stocks, a Galician stock of oysters selected for resistance against bonamiosis, a non-selected Galician stock and a selected Irish stock. Thirty-four proteins with a presumably relevant role in the oyster-Bonamia spp. interaction were identified; they were involved in major metabolic pathways, such as energy production, respiratory chain, oxidative stress, signal transduction, transcription, translation, protein degradation and cell defence. Furthermore, the haemolymph proteomic profiles of the non-infected oysters of the 2 Galician stocks were compared. As a result, 7 proteins representative of the non-infected Galician oysters selected for resistance against bonamiosis were identified; these 7 proteins could be considered as candidate markers of resistance to bonamiosis, which should be further assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria R de la Ballina
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
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Wang L, Song X, Song L. The oyster immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:99-118. [PMID: 28587860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oysters, the common name for a number of different bivalve molluscs, are the worldwide aquaculture species and also play vital roles in the function of ecosystem. As invertebrate, oysters have evolved an integrated, highly complex innate immune system to recognize and eliminate various invaders via an array of orchestrated immune reactions, such as immune recognition, signal transduction, synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, as well as encapsulation and phagocytosis of the circulating haemocytes. The hematopoietic tissue, hematopoiesis, and the circulating haemocytes have been preliminary characterized, and the detailed annotation of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas genome has revealed massive expansion and functional divergence of innate immune genes in this animal. Moreover, immune priming and maternal immune transfer are reported in oysters, suggesting the adaptability of invertebrate immunity. Apoptosis and autophagy are proved to be important immune mechanisms in oysters. This review will summarize the research progresses of immune system and the immunomodulation mechanisms of the primitive catecholaminergic, cholinergic, neuropeptides, GABAergic and nitric oxidase system, which possibly make oysters ideal model for studying the origin and evolution of immune system and the neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network in lower invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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15
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Hasanuzzaman AFM, Rubiolo JA, Robledo D, Gómez-Tato A, Álvarez-Dios JA, Fernández-Boo S, Cao A, Villalba A, Pardo BG, Martínez P. Gene expression analysis of Ruditapes philippinarum haemocytes after experimental Perkinsus olseni zoospore challenge and infection in the wild. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:611-621. [PMID: 29162545 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is seriously threatened by the protistan parasite Perkinsus olseni. We characterized and compared gene expression of Manila clam haemocytes in response to P. olseni in a time-course (10 h, 24 h, 8 d) controlled laboratory challenge (LC), representing the first step of infection, and in a more complex infection in the wild (WI), using a validated oligo-microarray containing 11,232 transcripts, mostly annotated. Several immune-genes involved in NIK/NF-kappaB signalling, Toll-like receptor signalling and apoptosis were activated at LC-10 h. However, down-regulation of genes encoding lysozyme, histones, cathepsins and heat shock proteins indicated signals of immunodepression, which persisted at LC-24 h, when only down-regulated genes were detected. A rebound of haemocyte activity occurred at LC-8 d as shown by up-regulation of genes involved in cytoskeleton organization and cell survival. The WI study showed a more complex picture, and several immune-relevant processes including cytoskeleton organization, cell survival, apoptosis, encapsulation, cell redox- and lipid-homeostasis were activated, illustrating the main mechanism of host response. Our results provide useful information, including potential biomarkers, to develop strategies for controlling Manila clam perkinsosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Farah Md Hasanuzzaman
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain; Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh.
| | - Juan Andrés Rubiolo
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Diego Robledo
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain; The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Antonio Gómez-Tato
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Álvarez-Dios
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Sergio Fernández-Boo
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
| | - Asunción Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - Belén G Pardo
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
| | - Paulino Martínez
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain.
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16
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Xing Q, Liao H, Xun X, Wang J, Zhang Z, Yang Z, Huang X, Bao Z. Genome-wide identification, characterization and expression analyses of TLRs in Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) provide insight into the disparity of responses to acidifying exposure in bivalves. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:280-288. [PMID: 28698128 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in innate immunity by recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns, including lipoproteins, lipopeptides, lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, dsRNA, ssRNA and CpG DNA motifs. Although significant effects of TLRs on immunity have been reported in most vertebrates and some invertebrates, the complete TLR superfamily has not been systematically characterized in scallops. In this study, 18 TLR genes were identified from Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) using whole-genome scanning. Phylogenetic and protein structural analyses were performed to determine the identities and evolutionary relationships of the 18 genes. Extensive expansion of TLR genes from the Yesso scallop genome indicated gene duplication events. In addition, expression profiling of PyTLRs was performed at different acidifying exposure levels (pH = 6.50, 7.50) with different challenge durations (3, 6, 12 and 24 h) via in silico analysis using transcriptome and genome databases. Our results confirmed the inducible expression patterns of PyTLRs under acidifying exposure, and the responses to immune stress may have arisen through adaptive recruitment of tandem duplications of TLR genes. Collectively, this study provides novel insight into PyTLRs as well as the specific role and response of TLR signaling pathways in host immune responses against acidifying exposure in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xing
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Huan Liao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaogang Xun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhengrui Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zujing Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Farias ND, de Oliveira NFP, da Silva PM. Perkinsus infection is associated with alterations in the level of global DNA methylation of gills and gastrointestinal tract of the oyster Crassostrea gasar. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 149:76-81. [PMID: 28800971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bivalves are filter feeders that obtain food from seawater that may contain infectious agents, such as the protozoan parasites Perkinsus marinus and P. olseni that are associated with massive mortalities responsible for losses in the aquaculture industry. Despite all physical and chemical barriers, microorganisms cross epithelia and infect host tissues to cause pathologies. Epigenetics mechanisms play important roles in a variety of human processes, from embryonic development to cell differentiation and growth. It is currently emerging as crucial mechanism involved in modulation of host-parasite interactions and pathogenesis, promoting discovery of targets for drug treatment. In bivalves, little is known about epigenetic mechanism in host parasite interactions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Perkinsus sp. infections on DNA methylation levels in tissues of Crassostrea gasar oysters. Samples were collected in 2015 and 2016 in the Mamanguape River estuary (PB). Oyster gills were removed and used for Perkinsus sp. DIAGNOSIS Gills (G) and gastrointestinal tract (GT), as well as cultured P. marinus trophozoites were preserved in 95% ethanol for DNA extractions. DNA methylation levels were estimated from G and GT tissues of uninfected (n=60) and infected oysters (n=60), and from P. marinus trophozoites, by ELISA assays. Results showed that the mean prevalence of Perkinsus sp. infections was high (87.3%) in 2015 and moderate (59.6%) in 2016. DNA methylation levels of G and GT tissues were significantly lower in infected oyster than in uninfected oysters, suggesting that infections are associated with hypomethylation. Methylation level was significantly higher in G than in GT tissues, indicating a likely tissue-specific mechanism. P. marinus trophozoites showed 33% methylation. This was the first study that confirms alterations of DNA methylation in two tissues of C. gasar oysters in association with Perkinsus sp. infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natanael Dantas Farias
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Naila Francis Paulo de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CEP 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
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Kang SW, Patnaik BB, Hwang HJ, Park SY, Chung JM, Song DK, Patnaik HH, Lee JB, Kim C, Kim S, Park HS, Park SH, Park YS, Han YS, Lee JS, Lee YS. Sequencing and de novo assembly of visceral mass transcriptome of the critically endangered land snail Satsuma myomphala: Annotation and SSR discovery. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2016; 21:77-89. [PMID: 28107688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Satsuma myomphala is critically endangered through loss of natural habitats, predation by natural enemies, and indiscriminate collection. It is a protected species in Korea but lacks genomic resources for an understanding of varied functional processes attributable to evolutionary success under natural habitats. For assessing the genetic information of S. myomphala, we performed for the first time, de novo transcriptome sequencing and functional annotation of expressed sequences using Illumina Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) platform and bioinformatics analysis. We identified 103,774 unigenes of which 37,959, 12,890, and 17,699 were annotated in the PANM (Protostome DB), Unigene, and COG (Clusters of Orthologous Groups) databases, respectively. In addition, 14,451 unigenes were predicted under Gene Ontology functional categories, with 4581 assigned to a single category. Furthermore, 3369 sequences with 646 having Enzyme Commission (EC) numbers were mapped to 122 pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway database. The prominent protein domains included the Zinc finger (C2H2-like), Reverse Transcriptase, Thioredoxin-like fold, and RNA recognition motif domain. Many unigenes with homology to immunity, defense, and reproduction-related genes were screened in the transcriptome. We also detected 3120 putative simple sequence repeats (SSRs) encompassing dinucleotide to hexanucleotide repeat motifs from >1kb unigene sequences. A list of PCR primers of SSR loci have been identified to study the genetic polymorphisms. The transcriptome data represents a valuable resource for further investigations on the species genome structure and biology. The unigenes information and microsatellites would provide an indispensable tool for conservation of the species in natural and adaptive environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Won Kang
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do 31538, Republic of Korea; Trident School of Biotech Sciences, Trident Academy of Creative Technology (TACT), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Hee-Ju Hwang
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Biodiversity Conservation & Change Research Division, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, 137, Donam 2-gil, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Chung
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Kwon Song
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongray Howrelia Patnaik
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Bong Lee
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute (KOZRI), Chonbuk National University, 820-120 Hana-ro, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54528, Republic of Korea
| | - Changmu Kim
- National Institute of Biological Resources, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonok Kim
- National Institute of Biological Resources, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Seog Park
- Research Institute, GnC BIO Co., Ltd., 621-6 Banseok-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34069, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Park
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil (Shinjeong0dong), Jungeup-si, Jeollabuk-do,56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Park
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Sang Lee
- Institute of Environmental Research, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do-si 243341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, 22 Soonchunhyangro, Shinchang-myeon, Asan, Chungcheongnam-do 31538, Republic of Korea.
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Nita-Lazar M, Mancini J, Feng C, González-Montalbán N, Ravindran C, Jackson S, de Las Heras-Sánchez A, Giomarelli B, Ahmed H, Haslam SM, Wu G, Dell A, Ammayappan A, Vakharia VN, Vasta GR. The zebrafish galectins Drgal1-L2 and Drgal3-L1 bind in vitro to the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) glycoprotein and reduce viral adhesion to fish epithelial cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:241-252. [PMID: 26429411 PMCID: PMC4684960 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV; Rhabdoviridae, Novirhabdovirus) infects teleost fish, such as salmon and trout, and is responsible for significant losses in the aquaculture industry and in wild fish populations. Although IHNV enters the host through the skin at the base of the fins, the viral adhesion and entry mechanisms are not fully understood. In recent years, evidence has accumulated in support of the key roles played by protein-carbohydrate interactions between host lectins secreted to the extracellular space and virion envelope glycoproteins in modulating viral adhesion and infectivity. In this study, we assessed in vitro the potential role(s) of zebrafish (Danio rerio) proto type galectin-1 (Drgal1-L2) and a chimera galectin-3 (Drgal3-L1) in IHNV adhesion to epithelial cells. Our results suggest that the extracellular Drgal1-L2 and Drgal3-L1 interact directly and in a carbohydrate-dependent manner with the IHNV glycosylated envelope and glycans on the epithelial cell surface, significantly reducing viral adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Nita-Lazar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin Mancini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chiguang Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Núria González-Montalbán
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chinnarajan Ravindran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shawn Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ana de Las Heras-Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Giomarelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hafiz Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Arun Ammayappan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vikram N Vakharia
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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20
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Guo X, He Y, Zhang L, Lelong C, Jouaux A. Immune and stress responses in oysters with insights on adaptation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:107-119. [PMID: 25989624 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oysters are representative bivalve molluscs that are widely distributed in world oceans. As successful colonizers of estuaries and intertidal zones, oysters are remarkably resilient against harsh environmental conditions including wide fluctuations in temperature and salinity as well as prolonged air exposure. Oysters have no adaptive immunity but can thrive in microbe-rich estuaries as filter-feeders. These unique adaptations make oysters interesting models to study the evolution of host-defense systems. Recent advances in genomic studies including sequencing of the oyster genome have provided insights into oyster's immune and stress responses underlying their amazing resilience. Studies show that the oyster genomes are highly polymorphic and complex, which may be key to their resilience. The oyster genome has a large gene repertoire that is enriched for immune and stress response genes. Thousands of genes are involved in oyster's immune and stress responses, through complex interactions, with many gene families expanded showing high sequence, structural and functional diversity. The high diversity of immune receptors and effectors may provide oysters with enhanced specificity in immune recognition and response to cope with diverse pathogens in the absence of adaptive immunity. Some members of expanded immune gene families have diverged to function at different temperatures and salinities or assumed new roles in abiotic stress response. Most canonical innate immunity pathways are conserved in oysters and supported by a large number of diverse and often novel genes. The great diversity in immune and stress response genes exhibited by expanded gene families as well as high sequence and structural polymorphisms may be central to oyster's adaptation to highly stressful and widely changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Guo
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Port Norris, NJ 08345, USA.
| | - Yan He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Christophe Lelong
- UMR BOREA, "Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques", MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France; Centre de Référence sur l'Huître (CRH), Université de Caen Basse Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Aude Jouaux
- UMR BOREA, "Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques", MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France; Centre de Référence sur l'Huître (CRH), Université de Caen Basse Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
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21
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Aleng NA, Sung YY, MacRae TH, Abd Wahid ME. Non-Lethal Heat Shock of the Asian Green Mussel, Perna viridis, Promotes Hsp70 Synthesis, Induces Thermotolerance and Protects Against Vibrio Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135603. [PMID: 26288319 PMCID: PMC4546054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild heat stress promotes thermotolerance and protection against several different stresses in aquatic animals, consequences correlated with the accumulation of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). The purpose of this study was to determine if non-lethal heat shock (NLHS) of the Asian green mussel, Perna viridis, an aquatic species of commercial value, promoted the production of Hsp70 and enhanced its resistance to stresses. Initially, the LT50 and LHT for P. viridis were determined to be 42°C and 44°C, respectively, with no heat shock induced death of mussels at 40°C or less. Immunoprobing of western blots revealed augmentation of constitutive (PvHsp70-1) and inducible (PvHsp70-2) Hsp70 in tissue from adductor muscle, foot, gill and mantel of P. viridis exposed to 38°C for 30 min followed by 6 h recovery, NLHS conditions for this organism. Characterization by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed that PvHsp70-1 and PvHsp70-2 respectively corresponded most closely to Hsp70 from P. viridis and Mytilus galloprovincialis. Priming of adult mussels with NLHS promoted thermotolerance and increased resistance to V. alginolyticus. The induction of Hsp70 in parallel with enhanced thermotolerance and improved protection against V. alginolyticus, suggests Hsp70 functions in P. viridis as a molecular chaperone and as a stimulator of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Afiqah Aleng
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Yeong Yik Sung
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
- School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (YYS); (MEAW)
| | - Thomas H. MacRae
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Mohd Effendy Abd Wahid
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
- School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (YYS); (MEAW)
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22
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Prado-Alvarez M, Lynch SA, Kane A, Darmody G, Pardo BG, Martínez P, Cotterill J, Wontner-Smith T, Culloty SC. Oral immunostimulation of the oyster Ostrea edulis: Impacts on the parasite Bonamia ostreae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:43-51. [PMID: 25652290 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds were orally administered to the native European oyster Ostrea edulis to evaluate the immune response and the progression of infection of the protozoan parasite Bonamia ostreae. The immunostimulants lipopolysaccharide and zymosan directly administrated to the water column induced an increase in lysozyme activity and the percentage of granulocytes in naïve oysters over a period of 7 days. In another set of experiments, zymosan and curdlan were microencapsulated in alginate and also administered to the water column to naïve and B. ostreae infected O. edulis. Oyster mortality, prevalence and intensity of infection and several immune parameters were evaluated up to 28 days post-administration. Lysozyme activity, nitric oxide production and the expression of galectin, lysozyme and superoxide dismutase increased after 24 h in both infected and uninfected oysters. Zymosan immunostimulated oysters displayed a decrease in the prevalence of B. ostreae infection not attributed to mortalities but which could be associated to the enhanced ability of immunostimulants to evoke an enhanced immune response in the oysters and reduce infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Prado-Alvarez
- Aquaculture & Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University College Cork, The Cooperage, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland.
| | - S A Lynch
- Aquaculture & Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University College Cork, The Cooperage, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
| | - A Kane
- Aquaculture & Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University College Cork, The Cooperage, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
| | - G Darmody
- Aquaculture & Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University College Cork, The Cooperage, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
| | - B G Pardo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - P Martínez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - J Cotterill
- The Food & Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - T Wontner-Smith
- The Food & Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - S C Culloty
- Aquaculture & Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University College Cork, The Cooperage, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
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23
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The use of -omic tools in the study of disease processes in marine bivalve mollusks. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 131:137-54. [PMID: 26021714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of disease processes and host-pathogen interactions in model species has benefited greatly from the application of medium and high-throughput genomic, metagenomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses. The rate at which new, low-cost, high-throughput -omic technologies are being developed has also led to an expansion in the number of studies aimed at gaining a better understanding of disease processes in bivalves. This review provides a catalogue of the genetic and -omic tools available for bivalve species and examples of how -omics has contributed to the advancement of marine bivalve disease research, with a special focus in the areas of immunity, bivalve-pathogen interactions, mechanisms of disease resistance and pathogen virulence, and disease diagnosis. The analysis of bivalve genomes and transcriptomes has revealed that many immune and stress-related gene families are expanded in the bivalve taxa examined thus far. In addition, the analysis of proteomes confirms that responses to infection are influenced by epigenetic, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modifications. The few studies performed in bivalves show that epigenetic modifications are non-random, suggesting a role for epigenetics in regulating the interactions between bivalves and their environments. Despite the progress -omic tools have enabled in the field of marine bivalve disease processes, there is much more work to be done. To date, only three bivalve genomes have been sequenced completely, with assembly status at different levels of completion. Transcriptome datasets are relatively easy and inexpensive to generate, but their interpretation will benefit greatly from high quality genome assemblies and improved data analysis pipelines. Finally, metagenomic, epigenomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies focused on bivalve disease processes are currently limited but their expansion should be facilitated as more transcriptome datasets and complete genome sequences become available for marine bivalve species.
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24
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Immune responses to infectious diseases in bivalves. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 131:121-36. [PMID: 26003824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many species of bivalve mollusks (phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia) are important in fisheries and aquaculture, whilst others are critical to ecosystem structure and function. These crucial roles mean that considerable attention has been paid to the immune responses of bivalves such as oysters, clams and mussels against infectious diseases that can threaten the viability of entire populations. As with many invertebrates, bivalves have a comprehensive repertoire of immune cells, genes and proteins. Hemocytes represent the backbone of the bivalve immune system. However, it is clear that mucosal tissues at the interface with the environment also play a critical role in host defense. Bivalve immune cells express a range of pattern recognition receptors and are highly responsive to the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns. Their responses to infection include chemotaxis, phagolysosomal activity, encapsulation, complex intracellular signaling and transcriptional activity, apoptosis, and the induction of anti-viral states. Bivalves also express a range of inducible extracellular recognition and effector proteins, such as lectins, peptidoglycan-recognition proteins, thioester bearing proteins, lipopolysaccharide and β1,3-glucan-binding proteins, fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) and antimicrobial proteins. The identification of FREPs and other highly diversified gene families in bivalves leaves open the possibility that some of their responses to infection may involve a high degree of pathogen specificity and immune priming. The current review article provides a comprehensive, but not exhaustive, description of these factors and how they are regulated by infectious agents. It concludes that one of the remaining challenges is to use new "omics" technologies to understand how this diverse array of factors is integrated and controlled during infection.
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25
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Anderson K, Taylor DA, Thompson EL, Melwani AR, Nair SV, Raftos DA. Meta-analysis of studies using suppression subtractive hybridization and microarrays to investigate the effects of environmental stress on gene transcription in oysters. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118839. [PMID: 25768438 PMCID: PMC4358831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many microarray and suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) studies have analyzed the effects of environmental stress on gene transcription in marine species. However, there have been no unifying analyses of these data to identify common stress response pathways. To address this shortfall, we conducted a meta-analysis of 14 studies that investigated the effects of different environmental stressors on gene expression in oysters. The stressors tested included chemical contamination, hypoxia and infection, as well as extremes of temperature, pH and turbidity. We found that the expression of over 400 genes in a range of oyster species changed significantly after exposure to environmental stress. A repeating pattern was evident in these transcriptional responses, regardless of the type of stress applied. Many of the genes that responded to environmental stress encoded proteins involved in translation and protein processing (including molecular chaperones), the mitochondrial electron transport chain, anti-oxidant activity and the cytoskeleton. In light of these findings, we put forward a consensus model of sub-cellular stress responses in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli Anderson
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Daisy A. Taylor
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma L. Thompson
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Aroon R. Melwani
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Sham V. Nair
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - David A. Raftos
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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26
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Romero A, Forn-Cuní G, Moreira R, Milan M, Bargelloni L, Figueras A, Novoa B. An immune-enriched oligo-microarray analysis of gene expression in Manila clam (Venerupis philippinarum) haemocytes after a Perkinsus olseni challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 43:275-286. [PMID: 25555813 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Perkinsus cause high mortality and economic losses in bivalves commonly produced in global aquaculture. Although the immune responses of oysters and clams naturally infected with Perkinsus marinus or Perkinsus olseni have been extensively studied, there is not much information on host response at the early stages of infection. In this study, we analysed how P. olseni influences the gene expression profiles of haemocytes from the Manila clam (Venerupis philippinarum) using temporal experimental infections and an immune-enriched microarray. We identified an early phase of infection that was characterised by no mortality and by the increased expression of genes associated with pathogen recognition, production of nitrogen radicals and antimicrobial activity. Cellular processes such as inhibition of serine proteases and proliferation were also involved in this early response. This phase was followed by an intermediate stage, when the pathogen was most likely multiplying and infecting new areas of the body, and animals began to die. In this stage, many genes related to cell movement were over-expressed. Thirty days after infection metabolic pathway genes were the most affected. Apoptosis appears to be important during pathogenesis. Our results provide novel observations of the broader innate immune response triggered by P. olseni at different infection stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Institute of Marine Research, IIM - CSIC, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 362018 Vigo, Spain
| | - Gabriel Forn-Cuní
- Institute of Marine Research, IIM - CSIC, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 362018 Vigo, Spain
| | - Rebeca Moreira
- Institute of Marine Research, IIM - CSIC, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 362018 Vigo, Spain
| | - Massimo Milan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Institute of Marine Research, IIM - CSIC, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 362018 Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Institute of Marine Research, IIM - CSIC, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 362018 Vigo, Spain.
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27
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Nikapitiya C, McDowell IC, Villamil L, Muñoz P, Sohn S, Gomez-Chiarri M. Identification of potential general markers of disease resistance in American oysters, Crassostrea virginica through gene expression studies. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:27-36. [PMID: 24973516 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several diseases have a significant impact on American oyster populations in the Atlantic coasts of North America. Knowledge about the responses of oysters to pathogenic challenge could help in identifying potential markers of disease resistance and biomarkers of the health status of an oyster population. A previous analysis of the transcriptome of resistant and susceptible American oysters in response to challenge with the bacterial pathogen Roseovarius crassostreae, as well as sequencing of suppression subtractive hybridization libraries from oysters challenged with the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus, provided a list of genes potentially involved in disease resistance or susceptibility. We investigated the patterns of inducible gene expression of several of these genes in response to experimental challenge with the oyster pathogens R. crassostreae, Vibrio tubiashii, and P. marinus. Oysters showing differential susceptibility to R. crassostreae demonstrated differential patterns of expression of genes coding for immune (serine protease inhibitor-1, SPI1) and stress-related (heat shock protein 70, HSP70; arginine kinase) proteins 30 days after challenge with this bacterial pathogen. Differential patterns of expression of immune (spi1, galectin and a matrix metalloproteinase) and stress-related (hsp70, histone H4, and arginine kinase) genes was observed in hemocytes from adult oysters challenged with P. marinus, but not with V. tubiashii. While levels of spi1 expression in hemocytes collected 8 and 21 days after P. marinus challenge were negatively correlated with parasite load in oysters tissues at the end of the challenge (62 days), levels of expression of hsp70 in hemocytes collected 1-day after challenge were positively correlated with oyster parasite load at 62 days. Our results confirm previous research on the role of serine protease inhibitor-1 in immunity and disease resistance in oysters. They also suggest that HSP70 and histone H4 could be used as a markers of health status or disease susceptibility in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamilani Nikapitiya
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, CBLS169, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Ian C McDowell
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, CBLS169, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Luisa Villamil
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, CBLS169, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Pilar Muñoz
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, CBLS169, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - SaeBom Sohn
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, CBLS169, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Marta Gomez-Chiarri
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, CBLS169, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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Eierman LE, Hare MP. Transcriptomic analysis of candidate osmoregulatory genes in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:503. [PMID: 24950855 PMCID: PMC4101419 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is a euryhaline species that can thrive across a wide range of salinities (5-35). As with all estuarine species, individual oysters must be able to regulate their osmotic balance in response to constant temporal variation in salinity. At the population level, recurrent viability selection may be an additional mechanism shaping adaptive osmoregulatory phenotypes at the margins of oyster salinity tolerance. To identify candidate genes for osmoregulation, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the transcriptome of wild juvenile eastern oysters from 'high' and 'low' salinity regimes. Annotations and candidates were mostly based on the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) genome sequence so osmoregulatory relevance in C. virginica was explored by testing functional enrichment of genes showing spatially discrete patterns of expression and by quantifying coding sequence divergence. RESULTS The assembly of sequence reads and permissive clustering of potentially oversplit alleles resulted in 98,729 reftigs (contigs and singletons). Of these, 50,736 were annotated with 9,307 belonging to a set of candidate osmoregulatory genes identified from the C. gigas genome. A total of 218,777 SNPs (0.0185 SNPs/bp) were identified in annotated reftigs of C. virginica. Amino acid divergence between translations of C. virginica annotated reftigs and C. gigas coding sequence averaged 23.2 % with an average dN/dS ratio of 0.074, suggesting purifying selection on protein sequences. The high and low salinity source oysters each expressed a subset of genes unique to that group, and the functions for these annotated genes were consistent with known molecular mechanisms for osmotic regulation in molluscs. CONCLUSIONS Most of the osmoregulatory gene candidates experimentally identified in C. gigas are present in this C. virginica transcriptome. In general these congeners show coding sequence divergence too high to make the C. gigas genome a useful reference for C. virginica bioinformatics. However, strong purifying selection is characteristic of the osmoregulatory candidates so functional annotations are likely to correspond. An initial examination of C. virginica presence/absence expression patterns across the salinity gradient in a single estuary suggests that many of these candidates have expression patterns that co-vary with salinity, consistent with osmoregulatory function in C. virginica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Eierman
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, 213 Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Matthew P Hare
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, 213 Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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Pallial mucus of the oyster Crassostrea virginica regulates the expression of putative virulence genes of its pathogen Perkinsus marinus. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:305-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Zhang L, Li L, Zhu Y, Zhang G, Guo X. Transcriptome analysis reveals a rich gene set related to innate immunity in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 16:17-33. [PMID: 23907648 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-013-9526-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As a benthic filter-feeder of estuaries, the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, faces tremendous exposure to microbial pathogens. How eastern oysters without adaptive immunity survive in pathogen-rich environments is of fundamental interest, but studies on its immune system are hindered by the lack of genomic resources. We sequenced the transcriptome of an adult oyster with short Illumina reads and assembled 66,229 contigs with a N50 length of 1,503 bp. The assembly covered 89.4 % of published ESTs and 97.9 % of mitochondrial genes demonstrating its quality. A set of 39,978 contigs and unigenes (>300 bp) were identified and annotated by searching public databases. Analysis of the gene set yielded a diverse set of 657 genes related to innate immunity, including many pertaining to pattern recognition, effectors, signal transduction, cytokines, and apoptosis. Gene families encoding C1q domain containing proteins, CTLD, IAPs, Ig_I-set, and TRAFs expanded in C. virginica and Crassostrea gigas. Many key genes of the apoptosis system including IAP, BAX, BAC-2, caspase, FADD, and TNFR were identified, suggesting C. virginica possess advanced apoptosis and apoptosis-regulating systems. Our results show that short Illumina reads can produce transcriptomes of highly polymorphic genomes with coverage and integrity comparable to that from longer 454 reads. The expansion and high diversity in gene families related to innate immunity, point to a complex defense system in the lophotrochozoan C. virginica, probably in adaptation to a pathogen-rich environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
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Leite RB, Milan M, Coppe A, Bortoluzzi S, dos Anjos A, Reinhardt R, Saavedra C, Patarnello T, Cancela ML, Bargelloni L. mRNA-Seq and microarray development for the Grooved Carpet shell clam, Ruditapes decussatus: a functional approach to unravel host-parasite interaction. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:741. [PMID: 24168212 PMCID: PMC4007648 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Grooved Carpet shell clam Ruditapes decussatus is the autochthonous European clam and the most appreciated from a gastronomic and economic point of view. The production is in decline due to several factors such as Perkinsiosis and habitat invasion and competition by the introduced exotic species, the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. After we sequenced R. decussatus transcriptome we have designed an oligo microarray capable of contributing to provide some clues on molecular response of the clam to Perkinsiosis. Results A database consisting of 41,119 unique transcripts was constructed, of which 12,479 (30.3%) were annotated by similarity. An oligo-DNA microarray platform was then designed and applied to profile gene expression in R. decussatus heavily infected by Perkinsus olseni. Functional annotation of differentially expressed genes between those two conditionswas performed by gene set enrichment analysis. As expected, microarrays unveil genes related with stress/infectious agents such as hydrolases, proteases and others. The extensive role of innate immune system was also analyzed and effect of parasitosis upon expression of important molecules such as lectins reviewed. Conclusions This study represents a first attempt to characterize Ruditapes decussatus transcriptome, an important marine resource for the European aquaculture. The trancriptome sequencing and consequent annotation will increase the available tools and resources for this specie, introducing the possibility of high throughput experiments such as microarrays analysis. In this specific case microarray approach was used to unveil some important aspects of host-parasite interaction between the Carpet shell clam and Perkinsus, two non-model species, highlighting some genes associated with this interaction. Ample information was obtained to identify biological processes significantly enriched among differentially expressed genes in Perkinsus infected versus non-infected gills. An overview on the genes related with the immune system on R. decussatus transcriptome is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo B Leite
- CCMAR- Center of Marine Sciences/University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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Host–parasite interactions: Marine bivalve molluscs and protozoan parasites, Perkinsus species. J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 114:196-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Genomics study of the exposure effect of Gymnodinium catenatum, a paralyzing toxin producer, on Crassostrea gigas' defense system and detoxification genes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72323. [PMID: 24039751 PMCID: PMC3769282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crassostrea gigas accumulates paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) associated with red tide species as Gymnodinium catenatum. Previous studies demonstrated bivalves show variable feeding responses to toxic algae at physiological level; recently, only one study has reported biochemical changes in the transcript level of the genes involved in C. gigas stress response. Principal Findings We found that 24 h feeding on toxic dinoflagellate cells (acute exposure) induced a significant decrease in clearance rate and expression level changes of the genes involved in antioxidant defense (copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, Cu/Zn-SOD), cell detoxification (glutathione S-transferase, GST and cytochrome P450, CPY450), intermediate immune response activation (lipopolysaccharide and beta glucan binding protein, LGBP), and stress responses (glutamine synthetase, GS) in Pacific oysters compared to the effects with the non-toxic microalga Isochrysis galbana. A sub-chronic exposure feeding on toxic dinoflagellate cells for seven and fourteen days (30×103 cells mL−1) showed higher gene expression levels. A significant increase was observed in Cu/Zn-SOD, GST, and LGBP at day 7 and a major increase in GS and CPY450 at day 14. We also observed that oysters fed only with G. catenatum (3×103 cells mL−1) produced a significant increase on the transcription level than in a mixed diet (3×103 cells mL−1 of G. catenatum+0.75×106 cells mL−1I. galbana) in all the analyzed genes. Conclusions Our results provide gene expression data of PST producer dinoflagellate G. catenatum toxic effects on C. gigas, a commercially important bivalve. Over expressed genes indicate the activation of a potent protective mechanism, whose response depends on both cell concentration and exposure time against these toxic microalgae. Given the importance of dinoflagellate blooms in coastal environments, these results provide a more comprehensive overview of how oysters respond to stress generated by toxic dinoflagellate exposure.
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Taylor DA, Thompson EL, Nair SV, Raftos DA. Differential effects of metal contamination on the transcript expression of immune- and stress-response genes in the Sydney Rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 178:65-71. [PMID: 23545341 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination by metals is a serious threat to the biological sustainability of coastal ecosystems. Our current understanding of the potential biological effects of metals in these ecosystems is limited. This study tested the transcriptional expression of immune- and stress-response genes in Sydney Rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata). Oysters were exposed to four metals (cadmium, copper, lead and zinc) commonly associated with anthropogenic pollution in coastal waterways. Seven target genes (superoxide dismutase, ferritin, ficolin, defensin, HSP70, HSP90 and metallothionein) were selected. Quantitative (real-time) PCR analyses of the transcript expression of these genes showed that each of the different metals elicited unique transcriptional profiles. Significant changes in transcription were found for 18 of the 28 combinations tested (4 metals × 7 genes). Of these, 16 reflected down-regulation of gene transcription. HSP90 was the only gene significantly up-regulated by metal contamination (cadmium and zinc only), while defensin expression was significantly down-regulated by exposure to all four metals. This inhibition could have a significant negative effect on the oyster immune system, promoting susceptibility to opportunistic infections and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy A Taylor
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay, NSW 2088, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
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Jeffroy F, Brulle F, Paillard C. Differential expression of genes involved in immunity and biomineralization during Brown Ring Disease development and shell repair in the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 113:129-36. [PMID: 23500956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe drop in Manila clams production in French aquacultured fields since the end of the 1980's is associated to Brown Ring Disease (BRD). This disease, caused by the bacteria Vibrio tapetis, is characterized by specific symptoms on the inner face of the shell. Diseased animals develop conchiolin deposit to enrobe bacteria and form new calcified layers on the shell. Suppression subtractive hybridization was performed to identify genes differentially expressed during the early interaction of V. tapetis and Ruditapes philippinarum. Results revealed 301 unique genes differentially expressed during V. tapetis challenge. Several candidates involved in immune and biomineralization processes were selected from libraries. Transcriptional expression of selected candidates was determined in hemolymph and mantle tissues and revealed spatial and temporal variations. At 56 days after infection, when clams were in phase of shell repair, transcripts of galectin and ferritin in hemocytes showed higher expression. Ca-like and serpin transcripts were specifically expressed in mantle and could contribute to defense against BRD.
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Genard B, Miner P, Nicolas JL, Moraga D, Boudry P, Pernet F, Tremblay R. Integrative study of physiological changes associated with bacterial infection in Pacific oyster larvae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64534. [PMID: 23704993 PMCID: PMC3660371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial infections are common in bivalve larvae and can lead to significant mortality, notably in hatcheries. Numerous studies have identified the pathogenic bacteria involved in such mortalities, but physiological changes associated with pathogen exposure at larval stage are still poorly understood. In the present study, we used an integrative approach including physiological, enzymatic, biochemical, and molecular analyses to investigate changes in energy metabolism, lipid remodelling, cellular stress, and immune status of Crassostrea gigas larvae subjected to experimental infection with the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio coralliilyticus. Findings Our results showed that V. coralliilyticus exposure induced (1) limited but significant increase of larvae mortality compared with controls, (2) declined feeding activity, which resulted in energy status changes (i.e. reserve consumption, β-oxidation, decline of metabolic rate), (3) fatty acid remodeling of polar lipids (changes in phosphatidylinositol and lysophosphatidylcholine composition`, non-methylene–interrupted fatty acids accumulation, lower content of major C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as activation of desaturases, phospholipase and lipoxygenase), (4) activation of antioxidant defenses (catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin) and cytoprotective processes (heat shock protein 70, pernin), and (5) activation of the immune response (non-self recognition, NF-κκ signaling pathway, haematopoiesis, eiconosoids and lysophosphatidyl acid synthesis, inhibitor of metalloproteinase and antimicrobial peptides). Conclusion Overall, our results allowed us to propose an integrative view of changes induced by a bacterial infection in Pacific oyster larvae, opening new perspectives on the response of marine bivalve larvae to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Genard
- Institut des sciences de la mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada.
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Lockyer AE, Emery AM, Kane RA, Walker AJ, Mayer CD, Mitta G, Coustau C, Adema CM, Hanelt B, Rollinson D, Noble LR, Jones CS. Early differential gene expression in haemocytes from resistant and susceptible Biomphalaria glabrata strains in response to Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51102. [PMID: 23300533 PMCID: PMC3530592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The outcome of infection in the host snail Biomphalaria glabrata with the digenean parasite Schistosoma mansoni is determined by the initial molecular interplay occurring between them. The mechanisms by which schistosomes evade snail immune recognition to ensure survival are not fully understood, but one possibility is that the snail internal defence system is manipulated by the schistosome enabling the parasite to establish infection. This study provides novel insights into the nature of schistosome resistance and susceptibility in B. glabrata at the transcriptomic level by simultaneously comparing gene expression in haemocytes from parasite-exposed and control groups of both schistosome-resistant and schistosome-susceptible strains, 2 h post exposure to S. mansoni miracidia, using an novel 5K cDNA microarray. Differences in gene expression, including those for immune/stress response, signal transduction and matrix/adhesion genes were identified between the two snail strains and tests for asymmetric distributions of gene function also identified immune-related gene expression in resistant snails, but not in susceptible. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that genes involved in mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinone biosynthesis and electron carrier activity were consistently up-regulated in resistant snails but down-regulated in susceptible. This supports the hypothesis that schistosome-resistant snails recognize schistosomes and mount an appropriate defence response, while in schistosome-susceptible snails the parasite suppresses this defence response, early in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Lockyer
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Kane
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Walker
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Claus D. Mayer
- BioSS (Biomathematics & Statistics Scotland) Office, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- Ecologie et Evolution des interactions, CNRS Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Christine Coustau
- Sophia Agrobiotech Institute, INRA-CNRS-UNS, 06903 Sophia Antopolis, France
| | - Coen M. Adema
- CETI (Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology), Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ben Hanelt
- CETI (Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology), Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - David Rollinson
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie R. Noble
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine S. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Gong X, Pan L, Miao J, Liu N. Application of SSH and quantitative real time PCR to construction of gene expression profiles from scallop Chlamys farreri in response to exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 34:911-918. [PMID: 23017328 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
TBBPA-induced genes were identified using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) from Chlamys farreri. A total of 203 and 44 clones from SSH forward and reverse library were respectively obtained including cellular process, immune system process, response to stimulus, metabolic process and signaling etc. Differential gene expressions were compared between scallops from control and TBBPA treatment groups (400 μg/L, 15 days) using quantitative real time RT-PCR. For further research, eight significant genes expression from scallops exposed to TBBPA (0; 100; 200; 400 μg/L) sampling at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 15 days, were utilized for Q-RT-PCR. The results revealed that the expression level of most selected cDNAs was dominantly up-regulated or down-regulated in the TBBPA-induced scallops. These findings provide basic genomic information of the bivalve and the selected genes may be the potential molecular biomarkers for TBBPA pollution in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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Chen X, Su YQ, Wang J, Liu M, Niu SF, Zhong SP, Qiu F. Isolation and identification of the immune-relevant ribosomal protein L10 (RPL10/QM-like gene) from the large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea (Pisces: Sciaenidae). GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:3755-65. [PMID: 23096695 DOI: 10.4238/2012.october.15.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the immune role of ribosomal protein L10 (RPL10/QM-like gene) in marine fish, we challenged the large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena (= Larimichthys) crocea, the most important marine fish culture species in China, by injection with a mixture of the bacteria Vibrio harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus (3:1 in volume). Microarray analysis and real-time PCR were performed 24 and 48 h post-challenge to isolate and identify the QM-like gene from the gill P. crocea (designated PcQM). The expression level of the PcQM gene did not changed significantly at 24 h post-challenge, but was significantly downregulated at 48 h post-challenge, suggesting that the gene had an immune-modulatory effect in P. crocea. Full-length PcQM cDNA and genomic sequences were obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR. The sequence of the PcQM gene clustered together with those of other QM-like genes from other aquatic organisms, indicating that the QM-like gene is highly conserved in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Department of Marine technology, College of Ocean, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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References. Mol Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470979365.refs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Luo M, Ye S, Xu T, Wu X, Yang P. Molecular characterization of a novel tetraspanin from the oyster, Crassostrea ariakensis: variation, localization and relationship to oyster host defense. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:294-304. [PMID: 22634254 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We identified a tetraspanin family member gene, named Ca-TSP, in the oyster Crassostrea ariakensis and found that the transcription profiles of Ca-TSP were variable in the oyster hemocytes. Three distinct patterns of variation of Ca-TSP were observed. Using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, we show that Ca-TSP was present in granules and in vesicular structures of the oyster hemocyte. Sequence analysis, structural features and immunogold electron microscopy showed that Ca-TSP is an integral membrane glycoprotein of granules of hemocyte and may be a novel CD63-like gene of the tetraspanin family of molluscs. The gene expression analysis of Ca-TSP using isolated oyster hemocytes, was done following challenge of the oysters with LPS and Poly I:C. The Ca-TSP mRNA levels increased in hemocytes in the first 12 h after LPS and Poly I:C stimulation, and decreased after the addition of H(2)O(2). Western blot analysis using anti-Ca-TSP antibody indicated that gene expression and protein levels were similar. The recombinant Ca-TSP was found to significantly inhibit hemocytes aggregation. Our results suggested that Ca-TSP participates in the innate immunity of the oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Technology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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He Y, Yu H, Bao Z, Zhang Q, Guo X. Mutation in promoter region of a serine protease inhibitor confers Perkinsus marinus resistance in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:411-417. [PMID: 22683517 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors from the host may inhibit proteases from invading pathogens and confer resistance. We have previously shown that a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP198C) in a serine protease inhibitor gene (cvSI-1) is associated with Perkinsus marinus resistance in the eastern oyster. As SNP198 is synonymous, we studied whether its linkage to polymorphism at the promoter region could explain the resistance. A 631 bp fragment of the promoter region was cloned by genome-walking and resequenced, revealing 22 SNPs and 3 insertion/deletions (indels). A 25 bp indel at position -404 was genotyped along with SNP198 for association analysis using before- and after-mortality samples. After mortalities that were primarily caused by P. marinus, the frequency of deletion allele at -404indel increased by 15.6% (p = 0.0437), while that of SNP198C increased by only 3.4% (p = 0.5756). The resistance alleles at the two loci were coupled in 79.6% of the oysters. Oysters with the deletion allele at -404indel showed significant (p = 0.0189) up-regulation of cvSI-1 expression under P. marinus challenge. Our results suggest that mutation at the promoter region causes increased transcription of cvSI-1, which in turn confers P. marinus resistance in the eastern oyster likely through inhibiting pathogenic proteases from the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
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Guo YW, Zhang Y, Huang X, Gao KS, Wang KJ, Ke CH, Huang HQ. Proteomic analysis of dimethoate-responsive proteins in the oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) gonad. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:2248-2258. [PMID: 22237506 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The organophosphorus pesticide dimethoate (DM) has been widely used in agriculture, and its extensive use could still have left many environmental problems. METHODS In the present study, the oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) was subjected to acute DM toxicity (2 mg/L), and gas chromatographic analysis revealed and quantified residues of DM in the oyster gonad. RESULTS Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed 12 differentially expressed proteins in the DM-exposed oyster gonad in comparison to the control. Among these 12 protein spots, nine were down-regulated, and three were up-regulated. Both matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and database searching were utilized to identify these differential proteins, and revealed five proteins previously described as being related to DM toxicity. In addition, the levels of mRNA expression corresponding to these differential proteins were further proved in part by real-time PCR. The functions of these proteins were summarized as: carrying out energy metabolism, DNA repair, DNA transcriptional regulation, and oxidative protection. The remaining seven protein spots were of particular interest in terms of their responses to DM, which have seldom been reported. CONCLUSION These data might point to a number of novel and significant biomarkers for evaluating the contamination levels of DM and provide useful insight into the mechanisms of DM toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Morga B, Renault T, Faury N, Arzul I. New insights in flat oyster Ostrea edulis resistance against the parasite Bonamia ostreae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:958-968. [PMID: 22406616 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bonamiosis due to the parasite Bonamia ostreae has been associated with massive mortality in flat oyster stocks in Europe. Control of the disease currently relies on disease management practices and transfer restriction. Previously, massal selections based on survival to challenge to infection with B. ostreae have been applied to produce flat oyster families with resistant progeny. In an attempt to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in disease resistance, differentially expressed sequence tags between resistant and wild Ostrea edulis haemocytes, both infected with the parasite, were identified using suppression subtractive hybridisation. Expression of seven ESTs has been studied using quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR. The base-line expression of an extracellular superoxide dismutase, inhibitor of apoptosis (OeIAP), Fas ligand (OeFas-ligand) and Cathepsin B was significantly increased, whilst cyclophilin B appeared significantly decreased in resistant oysters. Considering their great interest for further studies, the open reading frames of the OeFas-ligand and OeIAP were completely sequenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Morga
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), La Tremblade, France
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Perrigault M, Allam B. Differential immune response in the hard clam (mercenaria mercenaria) against bacteria and the protistan pathogen QPX (quahog parasite unknown). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:1124-1134. [PMID: 22484278 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The immune response of the hard clam (quahog) Mercenaria mercenaria following challenge with live bacteria (Vibrio alginolyticus) and the protist QPX (Quahog Parasite Unknown) was investigated. The study also compared immune responses following QPX challenge in two different hard clam broodstocks exhibiting different degrees of susceptibility toward this parasite. Different immune and stress-related cellular and humoral factors were assessed including general hemocyte parameters (total and differential hemocyte counts, percentage of dead cells, reactive oxygen production, phagocytosis), parameters geared toward QPX (anti-QPX activity in plasma and hemocyte resistance to the cytotoxicity of QPX extracellular products). Two genes (ferritin and metallothionein) previously shown to be modulated following QPX exposure were molecularly characterized by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and their transcription levels were determined in resistant and susceptible clams in response to QPX and bacterial challenge. Results indicated that both V. alginolyticus and QPX challenge triggered significant immune responses in clams with similar trends for most measured parameters. However, specific responses were observed for anti-QPX activity in plasma and hemocyte resistance to QPX products as well as ferritin and metallothionein expression according to each inoculum. Similarly, different response patterns were detected following QPX challenge in susceptible and resistant clam stocks. Resistant clams were able to elicit effective response against the parasite leading to the elimination of QPX and the restoration of constitutive immune status whereas QPX-susceptible clams triggered a strong immune modulation characterized by an acute phase response and associated acute phase protein but appeared to be less active in eliminating the parasite. These results suggest that different signaling pathways are triggered during V. alginolyticus and QPX challenge. Moreover, differences in the immune response toward QPX might be linked to the susceptibility or resistance of different clam stocks to the infection by this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Perrigault
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA
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Schmitt P, Rosa RD, Duperthuy M, de Lorgeril J, Bachère E, Destoumieux-Garzón D. The Antimicrobial Defense of the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas. How Diversity may Compensate for Scarcity in the Regulation of Resident/Pathogenic Microflora. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:160. [PMID: 22783227 PMCID: PMC3390580 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy oysters are inhabited by abundant microbial communities that vary with environmental conditions and coexist with immunocompetent cells in the circulatory system. In Crassostrea gigas oysters, the antimicrobial response, which is believed to control pathogens and commensals, relies on potent oxygen-dependent reactions and on antimicrobial peptides/proteins (AMPs) produced at low concentrations by epithelial cells and/or circulating hemocytes. In non-diseased oysters, hemocytes express basal levels of defensins (Cg-Defs) and proline-rich peptides (Cg-Prps). When the bacterial load dramatically increases in oyster tissues, both AMP families are driven to sites of infection by major hemocyte movements, together with bactericidal permeability/increasing proteins (Cg-BPIs) and given forms of big defensins (Cg-BigDef), whose expression in hemocytes is induced by infection. Co-localization of AMPs at sites of infection could be determinant in limiting invasion as synergies take place between peptide families, a phenomenon which is potentiated by the considerable diversity of AMP sequences. Besides, diversity occurs at the level of oyster AMP mechanisms of action, which range from membrane lysis for Cg-BPI to inhibition of metabolic pathways for Cg-Defs. The combination of such different mechanisms of action may account for the synergistic activities observed and compensate for the low peptide concentrations in C. gigas cells and tissues. To overcome the oyster antimicrobial response, oyster pathogens have developed subtle mechanisms of resistance and evasion. Thus, some Vibrio strains pathogenic for oysters are equipped with AMP-sensing systems that trigger resistance. More generally, the known oyster pathogenic vibrios have evolved strategies to evade intracellular killing through phagocytosis and the associated oxidative burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Schmitt
- Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, UMR 5119, CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, IRD, Ifremer, and Université Montpellier 1, Place Eugène Bataillon Montpellier, France
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Fleury E, Huvet A. Microarray analysis highlights immune response of pacific oysters as a determinant of resistance to summer mortality. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 14:203-17. [PMID: 21845383 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-011-9403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Summer mortality of Crassostrea gigas is the result of a complex interaction between oysters, their environment, and pathogens. A high heritability was estimated for resistance to summer mortality, which provided an opportunity to develop lines of oysters that were resistant (R) or susceptible (S) to summer mortality. Previous genome-wide expression profiling study of R and S oyster gonads highlighted reproduction and antioxidant defense as constitutive pathways that operate differentially between these two lines. Here, we show that signaling in innate immunity also operates differentially between these lines, and we hypothesize that this is at the main determinant of their difference in survival in the field. A reanalysis of our published microarray data using separate ANOVAs at each sampling date revealed a specific "immune" profile at the date preceding the mortality. In addition, we conducted additional microarray profiling of two other tissues, gills, and muscle, and both showed an overrepresentation of immune genes (46%) among those that are differentially expressed between the two lines. Eleven genes were pinpointed to be simultaneously differentially expressed between R and S lines in the three tissues. Among them, ten are related to "Immune Response." For these genes, the kinetics of R mRNA levels between sampling dates appeared different just before the morality peak and suggests that under field conditions, R oysters had the capacity to modulate signaling in innate immunity whereas S oysters did not. This study enhances our understanding of the complex summer mortality syndrome and provides candidates of interest for further functional and genetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Fleury
- Ifremer, UMR 100 Physiologie et Ecophysiologie des Mollusques Marins, Centre de Brest, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Genard B, Moraga D, Pernet F, David E, Boudry P, Tremblay R. Expression of candidate genes related to metabolism, immunity and cellular stress during massive mortality in the American oyster Crassostrea virginica larvae in relation to biochemical and physiological parameters. Gene 2012; 499:70-5. [PMID: 22417898 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of mRNA of genes related to metabolism, immunity and cellular stress was examined in relation to a massive mortality event during the culture of American oyster larvae, Crassostrea virginica which was probably, in regard to previous microbiological analysis, induced by Vibrio infection. To document molecular changes associated with the mortality event, mRNA levels were compared to biochemical and physiological data, previously described in a companion paper. Among the 18 genes studied, comparatively to the antibiotic control, 10 showed a lower relative gene expression when the massive mortality occurred. Six of them are presumed to be related to metabolism, corroborating the metabolic depression associated with the mortality event suggested by biochemical and physiological analyses. Relationships between the regulation of antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, and the mRNA abundance of genes linked to oxidative stress, cytoprotection, and immune response are also discussed. Finally, we observed an increase in the transcript abundance of two genes involved in apoptosis and cell regulation simultaneously with mortality, suggesting that these processes might be linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Genard
- Institut des Sciences de la mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310, allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, Canada G5L 3A1
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Clark MS, Denekamp NY, Thorne MAS, Reinhardt R, Drungowski M, Albrecht MW, Klages S, Beck A, Kube M, Lubzens E. Long-term survival of hydrated resting eggs from Brachionus plicatilis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29365. [PMID: 22253713 PMCID: PMC3253786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several organisms display dormancy and developmental arrest at embryonic stages. Long-term survival in the dormant form is usually associated with desiccation, orthodox plant seeds and Artemia cysts being well documented examples. Several aquatic invertebrates display dormancy during embryonic development and survive for tens or even hundreds of years in a hydrated form, raising the question of whether survival in the non-desiccated form of embryonic development depends on pathways similar to those occurring in desiccation tolerant forms. Methodology/Principal Findings To address this question, Illumina short read sequencing was used to generate transcription profiles from the resting and amictic eggs of an aquatic invertebrate, the rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis. These two types of egg have very different life histories, with the dormant or diapausing resting eggs, the result of the sexual cycle and amictic eggs, the non-dormant products of the asexual cycle. Significant transcriptional differences were found between the two types of egg, with amictic eggs rich in genes involved in the morphological development into a juvenile rotifer. In contrast, representatives of classical “stress” proteins: a small heat shock protein, ferritin and Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins were identified in resting eggs. More importantly however, was the identification of transcripts for messenger ribonucleoprotein particles which stabilise RNA. These inhibit translation and provide a valuable source of useful RNAs which can be rapidly activated on the exit from dormancy. Apoptotic genes were also present. Although apoptosis is inconsistent with maintenance of prolonged dormancy, an altered apoptotic pathway has been proposed for Artemia, and this may be the case with the rotifer. Conclusions These data represent the first transcriptional profiling of molecular processes associated with dormancy in a non-desiccated form and indicate important similarities in the molecular pathways activated in resting eggs compared with desiccated dormant forms, specifically plant seeds and Artemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody S. Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael A. S. Thorne
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mario Drungowski
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | | | - Sven Klages
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | - Alfred Beck
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | - Michael Kube
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | - Esther Lubzens
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Identification and expression of immune genes in the flat oyster Ostrea edulis in response to bonamiosis. Gene 2012; 492:81-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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