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Roohi A, Gharagozlou S. Vitamin D supplementation and calcium: Many-faced gods or nobody in fighting against Corona Virus Disease 2019. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 62:172-184. [PMID: 38901939 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
In December 2019, Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified and designated as a pandemic in March 2020 due to rapid spread of the virus globally. At the beginning of the pandemic, only a few treatment options, mainly focused on supportive care and repurposing medications, were available. Due to its effects on immune system, vitamin D was a topic of interest during the pandemic, and researchers investigated its potential impact on COVID-19 outcomes. However, the results of studies about the impact of vitamin D on the disease are inconclusive. In the present narrative review, different roles of vitamin D regarding the COVID-19 have been discussed to show that vitamin D supplementation should be recommended carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Roohi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Tentolouris N, Achilla C, Anastasiou IA, Eleftheriadou I, Tentolouris A, Basoulis D, Kosta O, Lambropoulos A, Yavropoulou MP, Chatzikyriakidou A, Jude EB. The Association of Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms with COVID-19 Severity. Nutrients 2024; 16:727. [PMID: 38474855 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association studies of vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms with COVID-19 severity have produced inconsistent results in different populations. Herein we examined VDR gene polymorphisms in a Caucasian Greek cohort of COVID-19 patients. METHODS This was a case-control study in a tertiary university hospital in Greece including 137 COVID-19 patients with varying disease severities and 72 healthy individuals. In total 209 individuals were genotyped for the FokI (rs10735810), ApaI (rs7975232), TaqI (rs731236) and BsmI (rs1544410) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the VDR gene by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLPs). Statistical analyses were performed to determine the association between genotype and disease severity, adjusting for various confounding factors. RESULTS Genotype distribution of the studied VDR SNPs in the control group was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The TaqI variant was differentially distributed between controls and COVID-19 patients according to the additive model (p = 0.009), and the CC genotype was significantly associated with an increased risk for severe COVID-19 according to the recessive model [OR: 2.52, 95%CI:1.2-5.29, p = 0.01]. Multivariate analysis demonstrated a robust association of COVID-19 severity and TaqI polymorphism in the recessive model even after adjusting for multiple confounders, including age, sex and CRP levels [Adj.OR:3.23, 95%CI:1.17-8.86, p = 0.023]. The distribution of FokI, ApaI and BsmI genotypes was similar between COVID-19 patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS The CC genotype of TaqI polymorphism is significantly associated with an increased risk for severe COVID-19 independently of age, sex or degree of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tentolouris
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Charoula Achilla
- Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna A Anastasiou
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Eleftheriadou
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Tentolouris
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Basoulis
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Ourania Kosta
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Lambropoulos
- Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria P Yavropoulou
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Anthoula Chatzikyriakidou
- Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Edward B Jude
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, Ashton-under-Lyne OL6 9RW, UK
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
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Alhammadin G, Jarrar Y, Madani A, Lee SJ. Exploring the Influence of VDR Genetic Variants TaqI, ApaI, and FokI on COVID-19 Severity and Long-COVID-19 Symptoms. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1663. [PMID: 38138892 PMCID: PMC10744884 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence regarding the importance of vitamin D in the prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Genetic variants in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene affect the response to vitamin D and have been linked to various diseases. This study investigated the associations of the major VDR genetic variants ApaI, FokI, and TaqI with the severity and long post-infection symptoms of COVID-19. In total, 100 Jordanian patients with confirmed COVID-19 were genotyped for the VDR ApaI, FokI, and TaqI variants using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. COVID-19 severity, the most commonly reported long-COVID-19 symptoms that lasted for >4 weeks from the onset of infection, and other variables were analyzed according to VDR genetic variants. In this study, ApaI and FokI polymorphisms showed no significant associations with COVID-19 severity (p > 0.05). However, a significant association was detected between the TaqI polymorphism and the severity of symptoms after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus (p = 0.04). The wild-type TaqI genotype was typically present in patients with mild illness, whereas the heterozygous TaqI genotype was present in asymptomatic patients. With regard to long-COVID-19 symptoms, the VDR heterozygous ApaI and wild-type TaqI genotypes were significantly associated with persistent fatigue and muscle pain after COVID-19 (p ˂ 0.05). Most carriers of the heterozygous ApaI genotype and carriers of the wild-type TaqI genotype reported experiencing fatigue and muscle pain that lasted for more than 1 month after the onset of COVID-19. Furthermore, the TaqI genotype was associated with persistent shortness of breath after COVID-19 (p = 0.003). Shortness of breath was more common among individuals with homozygous TaqI genotype than among individuals with the wild-type or heterozygous TaqI genotype. VDR TaqI is a possible genetic variant related to both COVID-19 severity and long-COVID-19 symptoms among Jordanian individuals. The associations between VDR TaqI polymorphisms and long-COVID-19 symptoms should be investigated in larger and more diverse ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghayda’ Alhammadin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan; (G.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Yazun Jarrar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan;
| | - Abdalla Madani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan; (G.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Su-Jun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 50834, Republic of Korea
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Duman H, Karav S. Bovine colostrum and its potential contributions for treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1214514. [PMID: 37908368 PMCID: PMC10613682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1214514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine colostrum (BC) is the initial milk an animal produces after giving birth, particularly in the first few days. Numerous bioactive substances found in BC, including proteins, enzymes, growth factors, immunoglobulins, etc., are beneficial to human health. BC has a significant role to play as part of a healthy diet, with well-documented health and nutritional advantages for people. Therefore, the use of BC and its crucial derivatives in the development of functional food and pharmaceuticals for the prevention of several diseases such as gastrointestinal and respiratory system disorders is becoming increasingly popular around the world. A novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases that is called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. After the first SARS-CoV-2 virus-related fatality was announced, the illness quickly spread throughout China and to other continents, causing a pandemic. Since then, numerous studies have been initiated to develop safe and efficient treatments. To prevent viral infection and potential lingering effects, it is important to investigate alternative treatments for COVID-19. Due to its effective bioactive profile and its immunomodulatory roles in biological processes, BC might be considered a promising approach to assist in combating people affected by the SARS-CoV-2 or prevention from the virus. BC has immunomodulatory effects because to its high concentration of bioactive components such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, cytokines, and growth factors, etc., which might help control immunological responses, potentially fostering a balanced immune response. Furthermore, its bioactive components have a potential cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2, aiding in virus neutralization and its comprehensive food profile also supplies important vitamins, minerals, and amino acids, fostering a healthy immune system. Hence, the possible contributions of BC to the management of COVID-19 were reviewed in this article based on the most recent research on the subject. Additionally, the key BC components that influence immune system modulation were evaluated. These components may serve as potential mediators or therapeutic advantages in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Türkiye
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5
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Gao N, Raduka A, Rezaee F. Vitamin D 3 protects against respiratory syncytial virus-induced barrier dysfunction in airway epithelial cells via PKA signaling pathway. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151336. [PMID: 37354621 PMCID: PMC10773979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children globally and is responsible for hospitalization and mortality in the elderly population. Virus-induced airway epithelial barrier damage is a critical step during RSV infection, and emerging studies suggest that RSV disrupts the tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) between epithelial cells, increasing the permeability of the airway epithelial barrier. The lack of commercially available vaccines and effective antiviral drugs for RSV emphasizes the need for new management strategies. Vitamin D3 is a promising intervention for viral infection due to its critical role in modulating innate immune responses. However, there is limited evidence on the effect of vitamin D3 on RSV pathogenies. Here, we investigated the impact of vitamin D3 on RSV-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms. We found that pre-incubation with 1,25(OH)2D3, the active form of vitamin D3, alleviated RSV-induced epithelial barrier disruption in a dose-dependent manner without affecting viability in 16HBE cells. 1,25(OH)2D3 induced minor changes in the protein expression level of TJ/AJ proteins in RSV-infected cells. We observed increased CREB phosphorylation at Ser133 during 1,25(OH)2D3 exposure, indicating that vitamin D3 triggered protein kinase A (PKA) activity in 16HBE. PKA inhibitors modified the restoration of barrier function by 1,25(OH)2D3 in RSV-infected cells, implying that PKA signaling is responsible for the protective effects of vitamin D3 against RSV-induced barrier dysfunction in airway epithelial cells. Our findings suggest vitamin D3 as a prophylactic intervention to protect the respiratory epithelium during RSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Gao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andjela Raduka
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Wimalawansa SJ. Controlling Chronic Diseases and Acute Infections with Vitamin D Sufficiency. Nutrients 2023; 15:3623. [PMID: 37630813 PMCID: PMC10459179 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from developmental disabilities, the prevalence of chronic diseases increases with age especially in those with co-morbidities: vitamin D deficiency plays a major role in it. Whether vitamin D deficiency initiates and/or aggravates chronic diseases or vice versa is unclear. It adversely affects all body systems but can be eliminated using proper doses of vitamin D supplementation and/or safe daily sun exposure. Maintaining the population serum 25(OH)D concentration above 40 ng/mL (i.e., sufficiency) ensures a sound immune system, minimizing symptomatic diseases and reducing infections and the prevalence of chronic diseases. This is the most cost-effective way to keep a population healthy and reduce healthcare costs. Vitamin D facilitates physiological functions, overcoming pathologies such as chronic inflammation and oxidative stress and maintaining broader immune functions. These are vital to overcoming chronic diseases and infections. Therefore, in addition to following essential public health and nutritional guidance, maintaining vitamin D sufficiency should be an integral part of better health, preventing acute and chronic diseases and minimize their complications. Those with severe vitamin D deficiency have the highest burdens of co-morbidities and are more vulnerable to developing complications and untimely deaths. Vitamin D adequacy improves innate and adaptive immune systems. It controls excessive inflammation and oxidative stress, generates antimicrobial peptides, and neutralizes antibodies via immune cells. Consequently, vitamin D sufficiency reduces infections and associated complications and deaths. Maintaining vitamin D sufficiency reduces chronic disease burden, illnesses, hospitalizations, and all-cause mortality. Vulnerable communities, such as ethnic minorities living in temperate countries, older people, those with co-morbidities, routine night workers, and institutionalized persons, have the highest prevalence of vitamin D deficiency-they would significantly benefit from vitamin D and targeted micronutrient supplementation. At least now, health departments, authorities, and health insurance companies should start assessing, prioritizing, and encouraging this economical, non-prescription, safe micronutrient to prevent and treat acute and chronic diseases. This approach will significantly reduce morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs and ensure healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil J Wimalawansa
- Department of Medicine, CardioMetabolic & Endocrine Institute, North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
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Singh P, Hernandez‐Rauda R, Peña‐Rodas O. Preventative and therapeutic potential of animal milk components against COVID-19: A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:2547-2579. [PMID: 37324885 PMCID: PMC10261805 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 is considered one of the most catastrophic events on earth. During the pandemic, food ingredients may play crucial roles in preventing infectious diseases and sustaining people's general health and well-being. Animal milk acts as a super food since it has the capacity to minimize the occurrence of viral infections due to inherent antiviral properties of its ingredients. SARS-CoV-2 virus infection can be prevented by immune-enhancing and antiviral properties of caseins, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, mucin, lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, oligosaccharides, glycosaminoglycans, and glycerol monolaurate. Some of the milk proteins (i.e., lactoferrin) may work synergistically with antiviral medications (e.g., remdesivir), and enhance the effectiveness of treatment in this disease. Cytokine storm during COVID-19 can be managed by casein hydrolyzates, lactoferrin, lysozyme, and lactoperoxidase. Thrombus formation can be prevented by casoplatelins as these can inhibit human platelet aggregation. Milk vitamins (i.e., A, D, E, and B complexes) and minerals (i.e., Ca, P, Mg, Zn, and Se) can have significantly positive effects on boosting the immunity and health status of individuals. In addition, certain vitamins and minerals can also act as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and antivirals. Thus, the overall effect of milk might be a result of synergistic antiviral effects and host immunomodulator activities from multiple components. Due to multiple overlapping functions of milk ingredients, they can play vital and synergistic roles in prevention as well as supportive agents during principle therapy of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Singh
- Department of Animal Husbandry AmritsarGovernment of PunjabAmritsarIndia
| | - Roberto Hernandez‐Rauda
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de AlimentosUniversidad Doctor Andres BelloSan SalvadorEl Salvador, América Central
| | - Oscar Peña‐Rodas
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de AlimentosUniversidad Doctor Andres BelloSan SalvadorEl Salvador, América Central
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Protas VV, Pogossyan GP, Li KG, Zhumina AG, Bisseneva AK, Shaikina DN. Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and VDR Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs2228570 Influence on COVID-19 Susceptibility among the Kazakh Ethnic Group-A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:1781. [PMID: 37049620 PMCID: PMC10097393 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Low plasma levels of the vitamin D metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with the body's susceptibility to infectious diseases, including COVID-19. In this pilot retrospective study, representatives of the Kazakh population (central Kazakhstan) were divided into groups based on the test for IgM and IgG for coronavirus infection. We compared the 25(OH)D plasma levels and concluded that the COVID-19-positive group values (25.17 ng/mL ± 16.65) were statistically lower (p = 0.0114) compared to the COVID-19-negative ones (35.58 ng/mL ± 20.67). There was no association between age, gender and 25(OH)D concentration within the groups (p > 0.05). The genotyping of rs2228570 was performed using a TaqMan Real-Time PCR assay. Allele C predominated among the COVID-19-negative participants and significantly reduced the likelihood of coronavirus infection (p < 0.0001; OR = 0.0804; 95% CI 0.02357-0.2798). There were no statistically significant differences in the frequencies of the A, G and T alleles in the studied groups (p > 0.05). The GG genotype of rs2228570 was associated with a 4.131-fold increased likelihood of COVID-19 infection (p = 0.0288; χ2 = 5.364; OR = 4.131; 95% CI 1.223-13.71). Comprehensive studies are required to determine whether low 25(OH)D plasma concentrations and genetic background represent a risk factor for COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya V. Protas
- Department of Botany, Karaganda Buketov University, Karaganda 100028, Kazakhstan
| | - Gayane P. Pogossyan
- Department of Botany, Karaganda Buketov University, Karaganda 100028, Kazakhstan
| | - Konstantin G. Li
- Biotechnology and Eco-Monitoring Research Park, Karaganda Buketov University, Karaganda 100028, Kazakhstan
| | - Assel G. Zhumina
- Department of Botany, Karaganda Buketov University, Karaganda 100028, Kazakhstan
| | - Anar K. Bisseneva
- Department of Botany, Karaganda Buketov University, Karaganda 100028, Kazakhstan
| | - Dinara N. Shaikina
- Department of Biology, Non-Profit Limited Company “Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University”, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan
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Role of FokI rs.2228570 and Tru9I rs.757343 Polymorphisms in the Mortality of Patients Infected with Different Variants of SARS-CoV-2. Arch Med Res 2023:S0188-4409(23)00053-X. [PMID: 37032232 PMCID: PMC10063569 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and aim Low vitamin D levels are associated with the severity of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, such as Tru9I rs.757343 and FokI rs.2228570, have been suggested to be potential risk factors for severe COVID-19 outcomes. This study investigated how Tru9I rs.757343 and FokI rs.2228570 polymorphisms influenced the mortality rate of COVID-19 in relation to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. Methods The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay was used to genotype Tru9I rs.757343 and FokI rs.2228570 genotypes in 1,734 recovered and 1,450 deceased patients. Results Our results demonstrated that the high mortality rate was correlated with FokI rs.2228570 TT genotype in all three variants but was much higher in the Omicron BA.5 variant than in the Alpha and Delta variants. Furthermore, in patients infected with the Delta variant, FokI rs.2228570 CT genotype was more highly correlated with the mortality rate compared to other variants. Thus, a high mortality rate was correlated with the Tru9I rs.757343 AA genotype in the Omicron BA.5 variant, whereas this relationship was not observed in the other two variants. The T-A haplotype was related to COVID-19 mortality in all three variants, but its effect was more pronounced in the Alpha variant. Moreover, the T-G haplotype was significantly associated with all three variants. Conclusion Our findings showed that the effects of Tru9I rs.757343 and FokI rs.2228570 polymorphisms were related to SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, further studies are still required to validate our findings.
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Kashyap J, Kumari N, Ponnusamy K, Tyagi RK. Hereditary Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets (HVDRR) associated SNP variants of vitamin D receptor exhibit malfunctioning at multiple levels. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194891. [PMID: 36396100 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2022.194891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. It is a primary regulator of calcium and phosphate homeostasis required for skeleton and bone mineralization. Vitamin D in active form 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin-D3 mediates its cellular functions by binding to VDR. Active VDR forms heterodimers with partner RXR (retinoid X receptor) to execute its physiological actions. HVDRR (Hereditary Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets) is a rare genetic disorder that occurs because of generalized resistance to the 1α,25(OH)2D3. HVDRR is caused by the polymorphic variations in VDR gene leading to defective intestinal calcium absorption and mineralization of newly forming bones. Using point and deletion SNPs of VDR we have studied several HVDRR-associated SNP variants for their subcellular dynamics, transcriptional functions, 'genome bookmarking', heterodimeric interactions with RXR, and receptor stability. We previously reported that VDR is a 'mitotic bookmarking factor' that remains constitutively associated with the mitotic chromatin to inherit 'transcriptional memory', however the mechanistic details remained unclear. We document that 'genome bookmarking' property by VDR is critically impaired by naturally occurring HVDRR-associated point and deletion variants found in patients. Furthermore, these HVDRR-associated SNP variants of VDR were found to be compromised in transcriptional function, nuclear translocation, protein stability and intermolecular interactions with its heterodimeric partner RXR. Intriguingly, majority of these disease-allied functional defects failed to be rescued by RXR. Our findings suggest that the HVDRR-associated SNP variations influence the normal functioning of the receptor, and this derived understanding may help in the management of disease with precisely designed small molecule modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kashyap
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Neha Kumari
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Rakesh K Tyagi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; Special Centre for Systems Medicine (Concurrent Faculty), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Mamurova B, Akan G, Mogol E, Turgay A, Tuncel G, Evren EU, Evren H, Suer K, Sanlidag T, Ergoren MC. Strong Association between Vitamin D Receptor Gene and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 Infectious Variants. Glob Med Genet 2023; 10:27-33. [PMID: 36819669 PMCID: PMC9935054 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1761924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has created significant concern since December 2019 worldwide. The virus is known to be highly transmissible. Heterogenic clinical features even vary more among SARS-CoV-2 variants from asymptomatic forms to severe symptoms. Previous studies revealed an association between COVID-19 and vitamin D deficiency resulting from its low levels in COVID-19 patients. To our knowledge, there is no scientific investigation that evaluates the direct association between SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and vitamin D receptor ( VDR ) gene markers in Cyprus. Thus, the present study aimed to identify the putative impact of VDR gene polymorphisms on SARS-CoV-2 infection among different variants. The nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from a total number of 600 patients who were admitted to Near East University Hospital COVID-19 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Diagnosis Laboratory for routine SARS-CoV-2 real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) test. The RT-qPCR negative resulting samples were taken as control samples ( n = 300). On the contrary, the case group consisted of patients who were SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR positive, infected with either SARS-CoV-2 Alpha ( n = 100), Delta ( n = 100), or Omicron ( n = 100) variants. Two VDR gene polymorphisms, Taq I-rs731236 T > C and Fok I-rs10735810 C > T, were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The mean age of the COVID-19 patient's ± standard deviation was 46.12 ± 12.36 and 45.25 ± 12.71 years old for the control group ( p > 0.05). The gender distribution of the patient group was 48.3% female and 51.7% male and for the control group 43% female and 57% male ( p > 0.05). Significant differences were observed in genotype frequencies of FokI and TaqI variants between SARS-CoV-2 patients compared to the control group ( p < 0.005). Furthermore, the risk alleles, FokI T allele and TaqI C, were found to be statistically significant (odds ratio [OR] = 1.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.42-2.29, OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.27-2.05, respectively) in COVID-19 patients. The highest number of patients with wild-type genotype was found in the control group, which is 52.9% compared with 17.5% in the case group. Moreover, most of the COVID-19 patients had heterozygous/homozygous genotypes, reaching 82.5%, while 47.1% of the control group patients had heterozygous/homozygous genotypes. Our results suggested that patients with FokI and TaqI polymorphisms might tend to be more susceptible to getting infected with SARS-CoV-2. Overall, findings from this study provided evidence regarding vitamin D supplements recommendation in individuals with vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in the peri- or post-COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begimai Mamurova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gokce Akan
- DESAM Research Institute, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Evren Mogol
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ayla Turgay
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Near East University Hospital, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gulten Tuncel
- DESAM Research Institute, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Emine Unal Evren
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Kyrenia University
| | - Hakan Evren
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Kyrenia University
| | - Kaya Suer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Tamer Sanlidag
- DESAM Research Institute, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mahmut Cerkez Ergoren
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Near East University Hospital, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus,Address for correspondence M.C. Ergoren, PhD Department of Medical Genetics, Near East University, Faculty of Medicine99138 NicosiaCyprus
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12
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Xie Y, Xu J, Zhou D, Guo M, Zhang M, Gao Y, Liu M, Shi J, Yang K, Zheng Q, Zhao L, Qin Y, Hu R, Wei J, Zhang J, Tian J. Micronutrient perspective on COVID-19: Umbrella review and reanalysis of meta-analyses. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:6783-6801. [PMID: 36794398 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2174948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Micronutrients are clinically important in managing COVID-19, and numerous studies have been conducted, but inconsistent findings exist. OBJECTIVE To explore the association between micronutrients and COVID-19. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library and Scopus for study search on July 30, 2022 and October 15, 2022. Literature selection, data extraction and quality assessment were performed in a double-blinded, group discussion format. Meta-analysis with overlapping associations were reconsolidated using random effects models, and narrative evidence was performed in tabular presentations. RESULTS 57 reviews and 57 latest original studies were included. 21 reviews and 53 original studies were of moderate to high quality. Vitamin D, vitamin B, zinc, selenium, and ferritin levels differed between patients and healthy people. Vitamin D and zinc deficiencies increased COVID-19 infection by 0.97-fold/0.39-fold and 1.53-fold. Vitamin D deficiency increased severity 0.86-fold, while low vitamin B and selenium levels reduced severity. Vitamin D and calcium deficiencies increased ICU admission by 1.09 and 4.09-fold. Vitamin D deficiency increased mechanical ventilation by 0.4-fold. Vitamin D, zinc, and calcium deficiencies increased COVID-19 mortality by 0.53-fold, 0.46-fold, and 5.99-fold, respectively. CONCLUSION The associations between vitamin D, zinc, and calcium deficiencies and adverse evolution of COVID-19 were positive, while the association between vitamin C and COVID-19 was insignificant.REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42022353953.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Xie
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Guo
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengxiang Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ming Liu
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jiyuan Shi
- School of Nursing, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kelu Yang
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Academic Centre for Nursing and Midwifery, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qingyong Zheng
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Hu
- First Operating Room, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jia Wei
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhui Tian
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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13
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BourBour F, Mirzaei Dahka S, Gholamalizadeh M, Akbari ME, Shadnoush M, Haghighi M, Taghvaye-Masoumi H, Ashoori N, Doaei S. Nutrients in prevention, treatment, and management of viral infections; special focus on Coronavirus. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023; 129:16-25. [PMID: 32644876 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1791188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic caused by coronavirus with mild to severe respiratory symptoms. This paper aimed to investigate the effect of nutrients on the immune system and their possible roles in the prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19 in adults. METHODS This Systematic review was designed based on the guideline of the Preferred Reporting for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA). The articles that focussed on nutrition, immune system, viral infection, and coronaviruses were collected by searching databases for both published papers and accepted manuscripts from 1990 to 2020. Irrelevant papers and articles without English abstract were excluded from the review process. RESULTS Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections. CONCLUSION Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19. However, further clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings and presenting the strong recommendations against this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh BourBour
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetic, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Gholamalizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Shadnoush
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Haghighi
- Anesthesiology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS), Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Narjes Ashoori
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saied Doaei
- Research Center of Health and Environment, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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14
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Charoenngam N, Jaroenlapnopparat A, Mettler SK, Grover A. Genetic Variations of the Vitamin D Metabolic Pathway and COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity: Current Understanding and Existing Evidence. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020400. [PMID: 36830936 PMCID: PMC9953304 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory and metabolic effects of vitamin D receptor (VDR) activation have been considered beneficial in mitigating the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) has pleiotropic effects on the immune system that may influence inflammation associated with COVID-19. Multiple observational studies have demonstrated an association between low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk and the severity of COVID-19 infection. However, the impact of vitamin D supplementation as an adjunctive treatment for COVID-19 based on evidence from randomized clinical trials is unclear. Equally important is that certain variations of the genes involved in the vitamin D metabolic pathway have been shown to affect immune function and linked with various clinical outcomes, including cardio-metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases, infections, and cancers. This indicates inter-individual difference in body response to vitamin D. There is also emerging evidence that common polymorphisms of these genes may influence the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19, although the confidence of these findings is limited by a small number of studies and participants. Further studies are needed to address the potential role of VDR activation and DBP in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 which take into account the genetic variations of vitamin D metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipith Charoenngam
- Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 73170, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-492-3500
| | | | - Sofia K. Mettler
- Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ashna Grover
- Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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15
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Vitamin D3 and COVID-19 Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020247. [PMID: 36829806 PMCID: PMC9952713 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune system (innate and adaptive) is influenced by vitamin D3, which affects gene expression and inflammatory pathways. An umbrella review was conducted to evaluate the power and accuracy of data connecting vitamin D3 to the outcomes of COVID-19 infection and to appraise the proof provided by published meta-analyses. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from database inception to 31 May 2022. Meta-analyses of prospective or retrospective observational studies and randomized trials were included. Evidence of association was graded according to the established criteria: strong, highly suggestive, suggestive, weak, or not significant. RESULTS From 74 publications, 27 meta-analyses described five associations between vitamin D3 levels and supplementation and COVID-19 outcomes. Low levels of vitamin D3 were significantly associated with severity (highly suggestive evidence; OR = 1.97 [95% CI, 1.55-2.51], p < 0.01; I2 = 77%, p < 0.01) and mortality risk due to COVID-19 disease (OR = 1.83 [95% CI, 1.55-2.16], p < 0.01; I2 = 50%, p < 0.01). Vitamin D3 supplementation, after a diagnosis of COVID-19 infection, was associated with significantly reduced infection severity (e.g., ICU admission) and mortality. CONCLUSIONS This umbrella review of the available evidence suggests that insufficient vitamin D3 may increase COVID-19 infection risk, severity, and mortality, in addition to showing a highly suggestive association between vitamin D3 supplementation and reduced severity and mortality among infected patients.
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16
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Shaheen I, Afifi R, Abulata N, Aboukhalil R, Meligy B, Algebaly HF, Abd El Dayem OY. Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and vitamin D insufficiency are not associated with sepsis in critically ill children: a case-control study. EGYPTIAN PEDIATRIC ASSOCIATION GAZETTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43054-022-00130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that regulates calcium and phosphorous homeostasis to maintain a healthy mineralized skeleton. It can also influence immune responses and has immunomodulatory properties. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a nuclear receptor that mediates the activities of the hormonal form of vitamin D. VDR polymorphisms can alter immunity and susceptibility to infections by modulating VDR expression and vitamin D activity. This study aimed to investigate the levels of serum vitamin D as well as four VDR polymorphisms: FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI in fifty children admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) with a diagnosis of sepsis and one-hundred age- and sex-matched healthy children.
Methods
Vitamin D levels were measured in serum, in both patients and controls, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) approach. VDR polymorphisms were also studied in both groups using specific restriction enzymes.
Results
Vitamin D levels were low in both patients and controls. Moreover, serum levels were unaffected by VDR polymorphisms, and their distribution was similar in both groups. Neither the need for mechanical ventilation or inotropic treatment nor the sepsis outcome was impacted by serum vitamin D levels or VDR polymorphisms.
Conclusion
In children admitted to pediatric ICU, neither vitamin D levels nor VDR polymorphisms were associated with sepsis. Further larger studies including different types of sepsis are recommended.
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17
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[Vitamin D and polymorphisms of VDR and GC genes in the severity and mortality from COVID-19. A systematic review]. NUTR HOSP 2022; 39:1397-1407. [PMID: 36327123 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies have pointed to a possible relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of the disease promoted by SARS-CoV-2, reducing respiratory and cardiovascular complications caused by a hyperreaction of the immune system known as "cytokine storm". This vitamin exerts multiple functions that depend on the presence and levels of different proteins, such as the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the vitamin D binding protein (DBP), and the existence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the genes that encode these proteins. The objective of this review is to assess whether some VDR and GC SNPs are risk factors for the most severe forms of COVID-19 disease and whether they condition the response to vitamin D supplementation. A search was performed in PubMed, Google Scholar and Scielo, finding that genotypes in patients affected by COVID-19, were rarely performed, although some studies find a relationship between different alleles and the severity of the disease. The ApaI polymorphism of the VDR gene stands out, as the minor allele "a" increases the risk of mortality from COVID-19 (OR = 11.828, CI: 2,493-56,104, p = 0.002). Results divergency in the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation suggest the need for a larger number of studies. In conclusion, the study of VDR and GC polymorphisms seems essential to effectively treat vitamin D deficiency and particularly to protect against COVID-19. Well-designed studies are needed to elucidate whether plasma vitamin D levels play a role of casuality or causality.
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18
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Albu-Mohammed WHM, Anvari E, Fateh A. Evaluating the Role of BglI rs739837 and TaqI rs731236 Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Receptor with SARS-CoV-2 Variants Mortality Rate. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122346. [PMID: 36553614 PMCID: PMC9777972 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A lack of vitamin D is a potential risk factor for coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Variants in the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) gene, such as BglI rs739837 and TaqI rs731236, are associated with various viral infection progressions. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the BglI rs739837 and TaqI rs731236 polymorphisms and the mortality rate of COVID-19 based on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. The genotyping of BglI rs739837 and TaqI rs731236 genotypes was analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 1734 improved and 1450 deceased patients positive for SARS-CoV-2. In this study, the rate of COVID-19 mortality was correlated with TaqI rs731236 TC and CC in the α variant and with TaqI rs731236 CC in the Delta variant, whereas no relationship was found in the Omicron BA.5 variant. In addition, the rate of COVID-19 mortality was associated with BglI rs739837 GT and TT in the Omicron BA.5 variant, while there was no association between BglI rs739837 and COVID-19 mortality in the α and Delta variants. The TG haplotype was more common in all SARS-CoV-2 variants, while the CT haplotype was associated with COVID-19 mortality in the Delta and Omicron BA.5 variants. In conclusion, this study indicated that the impacts of BglI rs739837 and TaqI rs731236 polymorphisms were related to SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, further research is still needed to approve our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enayat Anvari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam 693917134, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +98-216-411-2282; Fax: +98-216-411-2213
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19
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Wimalawansa S. Overcoming Infections Including COVID-19, by Maintaining Circulating 25(OH)D Concentrations Above 50 ng/mL. PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.2147/plmi.s373617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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20
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Córdova-Dávalos LE, Hernández-Mercado A, Barrón-García CB, Rojas-Martínez A, Jiménez M, Salinas E, Cervantes-García D. Impact of genetic polymorphisms related to innate immune response on respiratory syncytial virus infection in children. Virus Genes 2022; 58:501-514. [PMID: 36085536 PMCID: PMC9462631 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes lower respiratory tract infections and bronchiolitis, mainly affecting children under 2 years of age and immunocompromised patients. Currently, there are no available vaccines or efficient pharmacological treatments against RSV. In recent years, tremendous efforts have been directed to understand the pathological mechanisms of the disease and generate a vaccine against RSV. Although RSV is highly infectious, not all the patients who get infected develop bronchiolitis and severe disease. Through various sequencing studies, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been discovered in diverse receptors, cytokines, and transcriptional regulators with crucial role in the activation of the innate immune response, which is implicated in the susceptibility to develop or protect from severe forms of the infection. In this review, we highlighted how variations in the key genes affect the development of innate immune response against RSV. This data would provide crucial information about the mechanisms of viral infection, and in the future, could help in generation of new strategies for vaccine development or generation of the pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elena Córdova-Dávalos
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Alicia Hernández-Mercado
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Claudia Berenice Barrón-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Augusto Rojas-Martínez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Morones Prieto 3000 Pte, Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Mariela Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Eva Salinas
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México.
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México. .,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, 03940, Ciudad de México, México.
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21
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Leal ALAB, da Silva FA, Shin JI, Jeong GH, Ferreira GP, Vasconcelos DFP, Monteiro JRS, de Sousa AA, da Silva FRP, da Cunha Pereira ACT. Polymorphisms in immune-mediator genes and the risk of dengue virus infection: Lights from a systematic revaluation by Bayesian approaches. Cytokine 2022; 157:155955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Jafarpoor A, Jazayeri SM, Bokharaei-Salim F, Ataei-Pirkooh A, Ghaziasadi A, Soltani S, Sadeghi A, Marvi SS, Poortahmasebi V, Khorrami SMS, Hasanzad M, Parsania N, Nagozir S, Mokhtari N, Parsania A, Bahrami A, Nadjarha MH, Pakzad R, Parsania M. VDR gene polymorphisms are associated with the increased susceptibility to COVID-19 among iranian population: A case-control study. Int J Immunogenet 2022; 49:243-253. [PMID: 35861117 PMCID: PMC9350092 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), but the pathogenesis is unclear. Host genetic background is one of the main factors influencing the patients' susceptibility to several viral infectious diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association between host genetic polymorphisms of two genes, including vitamin D receptor (VDR) and vitamin D binding protein (DBP), and susceptibility to COVID‐19 in a sample of the Iranian population. This case‐control study enrolled 188 hospitalized COVID‐19 patients as the case group and 218 suspected COVID‐19 patients with mild signs as the control group. The VDR (rs7975232, rs731236 and rs2228570) and DBP (rs7041) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped by Polymerase Chain Reaction Restriction – Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) method. A significant association between rs2228570 SNP in the VDR gene and the susceptibility of COVID‐19 was found between case and control groups. The CT genotype (Heterozygous) of rs2228570 C > T polymorphism showed significant association with a 3.088 fold increased odds of COVID‐19 (p < .0001; adjusted OR: 3.088; 95% CI: 1.902–5.012). In addition, a significant association between CC genotype of rs2228570 CT polymorphism and increased odds of COVID‐19 in male and female groups (p = .001; adjusted OR: 3.125; 95% CI: 1.630–5.991 and p = .002; adjusted OR: 3.071; 95% CI: 1.485–6.354 respectively) were determined. Our results revealed no significant differences in the frequency of genotype and allele of VDR (rs7975232 and rs731236) and DBP (rs7041) between SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected patients and controls (p > .05). Our results showed that polymorphism of VDR (rs2228570) probably could influence individual susceptibility to COVID‐19. The polymorphisms of VDR (rs7975232 and rs731236) and DBP (rs7041) were not associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jafarpoor
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Jazayeri
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Angila Ataei-Pirkooh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Ghaziasadi
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saber Soltani
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Sadeghi
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Vahdat Poortahmasebi
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mandana Hasanzad
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Parsania
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Nagozir
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Mokhtari
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Parsania
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asma Bahrami
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Pakzad
- Faculty of Health, Department of Epidemiology, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Masoud Parsania
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Apaydin T, Polat H, Dincer Yazan C, Ilgin C, Elbasan O, Dashdamirova S, Bayram F, Tukenmez Tigen E, Unlu O, Tekin AF, Arslan E, Yilmaz I, Haklar G, Ata P, Gozu H. Effects of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms on the prognosis of COVID-19. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 96:819-830. [PMID: 34919268 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin D deficiency has emerged as another potential risk factor for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) due to the immunomodulatory effects of 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH)D]. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms such as Fok I, Bsm I, Apa I, and Taq I are also associated with different courses of viral infections. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the VDR gene polymorphism at Fok I, Taq I, Bsm I, and Apa I genotypes and the prognosis of COVID-19 in respect to vitamin D deficiency. METHODS Two-hundred ninety-seven patients with COVID-19 were enrolled. Serum 25 (OH)D levels were measured. Four variant regions of the VDR gene, FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI were determined. RESULTS Eighty-three percent of subjects had vitamin D deficiency, and 40.7% of the whole group had severe deficiency. Median 25 (OH)D level was 11.97 ng/ml. Vitamin D levels were not related to inflammatory markers, disease severity, admission to intensive care unit (ICU), and mortality. While disease severity was related to Fok I Ff genotype, it was Taq TT genotype for ICU admission. Moreover, the ApaI aa genotype was common among the patients who were died. None of the deceased subjects had the Fok I FF genotype. CONCLUSION 25 (OH)D levels were not related to the severity and mortality of COVID-19. VDR gene polymorphisms are independently associated with the severity of COVID-19 and the survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Apaydin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hamza Polat
- Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceyda Dincer Yazan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Ilgin
- Department of Public Health, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Elbasan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saida Dashdamirova
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feyza Bayram
- Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Tukenmez Tigen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozan Unlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet F Tekin
- Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Arslan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ipek Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goncagul Haklar
- Department of Biochemistry, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pınar Ata
- Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hulya Gozu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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24
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Bae JH, Choe HJ, Holick MF, Lim S. Association of vitamin D status with COVID-19 and its severity : Vitamin D and COVID-19: a narrative review. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:579-599. [PMID: 34982377 PMCID: PMC8724612 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09705-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D is associated with biological activities of the innate and adaptive immune systems, as well as inflammation. In observational studies, an inverse relationship has been found between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and the risk or severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several mechanisms have been proposed for the role of vitamin D in COVID-19, including modulation of immune and inflammatory responses, regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and involvement in glucose metabolism and cardiovascular system. Low 25(OH)D concentrations might predispose patients with COVID-19 to severe outcomes not only via the associated hyperinflammatory syndrome but also by worsening preexisting impaired glucose metabolism and cardiovascular diseases. Some randomized controlled trials have shown that vitamin D supplementation is beneficial for reducing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA positivity but not for reducing intensive care unit admission or all-cause mortality in patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19. Current evidence suggests that taking a vitamin D supplement to maintain a serum concentration of 25(OH)D of at least 30 ng/mL (preferred range 40-60 ng/mL), can help reduce the risk of COVID-19 and its severe outcomes, including mortality. Although further well designed studies are warranted, it is prudent to recommend vitamin D supplements to people with vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency during the COVID-19 pandemic according to international guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Bae
- grid.411134.20000 0004 0474 0479Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hun Jee Choe
- grid.412484.f0000 0001 0302 820XDepartment of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Michael F. Holick
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, 715 Albany St #437, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Soo Lim
- grid.412480.b0000 0004 0647 3378Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82, Gumi-ro, 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 13620 South Korea
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25
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Li P, Zhang Y, Shen W, Shi S, Zhao Z. dbGSRV: A manually curated database of genetic susceptibility to respiratory virus. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262373. [PMID: 35298480 PMCID: PMC8929643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genetics has been proposed to play an essential role in inter-individual differences in respiratory virus infection occurrence and outcomes. To systematically understand human genetic contributions to respiratory virus infection, we developed the database dbGSRV, a manually curated database that integrated the host genetic susceptibility and severity studies of respiratory viruses scattered over literatures in PubMed. At present, dbGSRV contains 1932 records of genetic association studies relating 1010 unique variants and seven respiratory viruses, manually curated from 168 published articles. Users can access the records by quick searching, batch searching, advanced searching and browsing. Reference information, infection status, population information, mutation information and disease relationship are provided for each record, as well as hyperlinks to public databases in convenient of users accessing more information. In addition, a visual overview of the topological network relationship between respiratory viruses and associated genes is provided. Therefore, dbGSRV offers a convenient resource for researchers to browse and retrieve genetic associations with respiratory viruses, which may inspire future studies and provide new insights in our understanding and treatment of respiratory virus infection. Database URL: http://www.ehbio.com/dbGSRV/front/
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Shen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Shi
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihu Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Fernandes AL, Murai IH, Reis BZ, Sales LP, Santos MD, Pinto AJ, Goessler KF, Duran CSC, Silva CBR, Franco AS, Macedo MB, Dalmolin HHH, Baggio J, Balbi GGM, Antonangelo L, Caparbo VF, Gualano B, Pereira RMR. Effect of a single high dose of vitamin D3 on cytokines, chemokines, and growth factor in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:790-798. [PMID: 35020796 PMCID: PMC8807215 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The modulating effect of vitamin D on cytokine concentrations in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the effect of a single high dose of vitamin D3 on cytokines, chemokines, and growth factor in hospitalized patients with moderate to severe COVID-19. METHODS This is a post hoc, ancillary, and exploratory analysis from a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 were recruited from 2 hospitals in São Paulo, Brazil. Of 240 randomly assigned patients, 200 were assessed in this study and randomly assigned to receive a single oral dose of 200,000 IU vitamin D3 (n = 101) or placebo (n = 99). The primary outcome was hospital length of stay, which has been published in our previous study. The prespecified secondary outcomes were serum concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The post hoc exploratory secondary outcomes were IL-4, IL-12p70, IL-17A, IFN-γ, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-8, IFN-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and leukocyte count. Generalized estimating equations for repeated measures, with Bonferroni's adjustment, were used for testing all outcomes. RESULTS The study included 200 patients with a mean ± SD age of 55.5 ± 14.3 y and BMI of 32.2 ± 7.1 kg/m2, of which 109 (54.5%) were male. GM-CSF concentrations showed a significant group-by-time interaction effect (P = 0.04), although the between-group difference at postintervention after Bonferroni's adjustment was not significant. No significant effects were observed for the other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The findings do not support the use of a single dose of 200,000 IU vitamin D3, compared with placebo, for the improvement of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factor in hospitalized patients with moderate to severe COVID-19.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04449718.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan L Fernandes
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor H Murai
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Z Reis
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Sales
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara D Santos
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana J Pinto
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karla F Goessler
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila SC Duran
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla BR Silva
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - André S Franco
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina B Macedo
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Address correspondence to RMRP (E-mail: )
| | - Henrique HH Dalmolin
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaina Baggio
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme GM Balbi
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leila Antonangelo
- Clinical Pathology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valeria F Caparbo
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Food Research Center, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa MR Pereira
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Feketea G, Vlacha V, Pop RM, Bocsan IC, Stanciu LA, Buzoianu AD, Zdrenghea M. Relationship Between Vitamin D Level and Platelet Parameters in Children With Viral Respiratory Infections. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:824959. [PMID: 35463888 PMCID: PMC9021877 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.824959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Apart from their classical roles, both platelets and vitamin D play important roles in inflammation and infectious diseases. This study evaluated the platelet response to viral respiratory tract infection in children aged 4-16 years, 32 with influenza, 27 with non-influenza viral infection tested by nasopharyngeal swab and 21 healthy children of the same age. Blood count, including platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV) and other platelet indices, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and vitamin D (vit D) levels were compared. The influenza group showed lower PLT and platelet mass (PLT*MPV), and the non-influenza group showed significantly lower MPV, which was correlated with the vit D levels, but not CRP or ESR, and the value vit D*MPV was significantly lower in this group. These results revealed that platelet activation in viral respiratory tract infections in children, as measured by MPV, is related to the vit D level, with differences between influenza and non-influenza infection. CONCLUSIONS Viral respiratory tract infection in children can diminish the platelet size most likely by suppressing the platelet activation. This response is associated with low levels of vit D. Whether the vit D status is associated with the virus-platelet immune/inflammatory process needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavriela Feketea
- Department of Haematology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Paediatrics, Amaliada Hospital, Amaliada, Greece.,Department of Paediatrics, Karamandaneio Children's Hospital, Patras, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Vlacha
- Department of Paediatrics, Karamandaneio Children's Hospital, Patras, Greece.,Department of Early Years Learning and Care, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Raluca Maria Pop
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Corina Bocsan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Anca Dana Buzoianu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihnea Zdrenghea
- Department of Haematology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, "Ion Chiricuta" Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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28
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Sun J. Imbalance of the intestinal virome and altered viral-bacterial interactions caused by a conditional deletion of the vitamin D receptor. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1957408. [PMID: 34375154 PMCID: PMC8366551 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1957408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) deficiency is associated with cancer, infection, and chronic inflammation. Prior research has demonstrated VDR regulation of bacteria; however, little is known regarding VDR and viruses. We hypothesize that VDR deficiency impacts on the intestinal virome and viral-bacterial interactions. We specifically deleted VDR from intestinal epithelial cells (VDRΔIEC), Paneth cells (VDRΔPC), and myeloid cells (VDRΔLyz) in mice. Feces were collected for shotgun metagenomic sequencing and metabolite profiling. To test the functional changes, we evaluated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and analyzed microbial metabolites. Vibrio phages, Lactobacillus phages, and Escherichia coli typing phages were significantly enriched in all three conditional VDR-knockout mice. In the VDRΔLyz mice, the levels of eight more virus species (2 enriched, 6 depleted) were significantly changed. Altered virus species were primarily observed in female VDRΔLyz (2 enriched, 3 depleted) versus male VDRΔLyz (1 enriched, 1 depleted). Altered alpha and beta diversity (family to species) were found in VDRΔLyz. In VDRΔIEC mice, bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 was significantly enriched. A significant correlation between viral and bacterial alterations was found in conditional VDR knockout mice. There was a positive correlation between Vibrio phage JSF5 and Cutibacterium acnes in VDRΔPC and VDRΔLyz mice. Also, there were more altered viral species in female conditional VDR knockout mice. Notably, there were significant changes in PRRs: upregulated TLR3, TLR7, and NOD2 in VDRΔLyz mice and increased CLEC4L expression in VDRΔIEC and VDRΔPC mice. Furthermore, we identified metabolites related to virus infection: decreased glucose in VDRΔIEC mice, increased ribulose/xylulose and xylose in VDRΔLyz mice, and increased long-chain fatty acids in VDRΔIEC and VDRΔLyz female mice. Tissue-specific deletion of VDR changes the virome and functionally changes viral receptors, which leads to dysbiosis, metabolic dysfunction, and infection risk. This study helps to elucidate VDR regulating the virome in a tissue-specific and sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yongguo Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yinglin Xia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,CONTACT Yinglin Xia Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 734 CSB, MC716, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center Chicago, IL, USA,Jun Sun Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood Street, Room 704 CSB, MC716Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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29
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Abdollahzadeh R, Shushizadeh MH, Barazandehrokh M, Choopani S, Azarnezhad A, Paknahad S, Pirhoushiaran M, Makani SZ, Yeganeh RZ, Al-Kateb A, Heidarzadehpilehrood R. Association of Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and clinical/severe outcomes of COVID-19 patients. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:105098. [PMID: 34610433 PMCID: PMC8487094 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Growing evidence documented the critical impacts of vitamin D (VD) in the prognosis of COVID-19 patients. The functions of VD are dependent on the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the VD/VDR signaling pathway. Therefore, we aimed to assess the association of VDR gene polymorphisms with COVID-19 outcomes. Methods In the present study, eight VDR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 500 COVID-19 patients in Iran, including 160 asymptomatic, 250 mild/moderate, and 90 severe/critical cases. The association of these polymorphisms with severity, clinical outcomes, and comorbidities were evaluated through the calculation of the Odds ratio (OR). Results Interestingly, significant associations were disclosed for some of the SNP-related alleles and/or genotypes in one or more genetic models with different clinical data in COVID-19 patients. Significant association of VDR-SNPs with signs, symptoms, and comorbidities was as follows: ApaI with shortness of breath (P ˂ 0.001) and asthma (P = 0.034) in severe/critical patients (group III); BsmI with chronic renal disease (P = 0.010) in mild/moderate patients (group II); Tru9I with vomiting (P = 0.031), shortness of breath (P = 0.04), and hypertension (P = 0.030); FokI with fever and hypertension (P = 0.027) in severe/critical patients (group III); CDX2 with shortness of breath (P = 0.022), hypertension (P = 0.036), and diabetes (P = 0.042) in severe/critical patients (group III); EcoRV with diabetes (P ˂ 0.001 and P = 0.045 in mild/moderate patients (group II) and severe/critical patients (group III), respectively). However, the association of VDR TaqI and BglI polymorphisms with clinical symptoms and comorbidities in COVID-19 patients was not significant. Conclusion VDR gene polymorphisms might play critical roles in the vulnerability to infection and severity of COVID-19, probably by altering the risk of comorbidities. However, these results require further validation in larger studies with different ethnicities and geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Abdollahzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mina Barazandehrokh
- Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Asaad Azarnezhad
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Sahereh Paknahad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pirhoushiaran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Zahra Makani
- Babol Razi Pathology and Genetic Laboratory, Babol, Iran
| | - Razieh Zarifian Yeganeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmed Al-Kateb
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roozbeh Heidarzadehpilehrood
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
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30
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Hashemi SMA, Thijssen M, Hosseini SY, Tabarraei A, Pourkarim MR, Sarvari J. Human gene polymorphisms and their possible impact on the clinical outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2089-2108. [PMID: 33934196 PMCID: PMC8088757 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has become one of the most serious health concerns globally. Although multiple vaccines have recently been approved for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an effective treatment is still lacking. Our knowledge of the pathogenicity of this virus is still incomplete. Studies have revealed that viral factors such as the viral load, duration of exposure to the virus, and viral mutations are important variables in COVID-19 outcome. Furthermore, host factors, including age, health condition, co-morbidities, and genetic background, might also be involved in clinical manifestations and infection outcome. This review focuses on the importance of variations in the host genetic background and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. We will discuss the significance of polymorphisms in the ACE-2, TMPRSS2, vitamin D receptor, vitamin D binding protein, CD147, glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), neuropilin-1, heme oxygenase, apolipoprotein L1, vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1), and immune system genes for the clinical outcome of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Ali Hashemi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Marijn Thijssen
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seyed Younes Hosseini
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Health Policy Research Centre, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamal Sarvari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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31
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Kaman A, Öz FN, Sahin G, Metin Akcan Ö. Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in Childhood Brucellosis in Turkish Children. J PEDIAT INF DIS-GER 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1732471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective The vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) polymorphisms and the risk of various infections have been studied. An association with brucellosis and vitamin D levels has been investigated but not yet with VDR gene polymorphisms. We aimed to examine the association between VDR gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to childhood brucellosis.
Methods This case–control study included patients with brucellosis and healthy controls. After extracting genomic DNA using a Qiagen blood DNA isolation kit, five VDR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including Cdx-2, FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI gene, were amplified. Genetic distribution of these SNPs of VDR gene in patient and control groups were compared.
Results A total of 38 patients with brucellosis and 89 healthy controls were evaluated. The genotype distribution of Cdx2, FokI, BsmI, and ApaI polymorphisms were similar between patients and healthy controls. However, the CC homozygous genotype for VDR gene TaqI was significantly overexpressed in patients compared with controls (23.7 vs. 7.9%; p = 0.042). The frequency of the C allele of the TaqI genotype was significantly different between patients and controls (p = 0.018). On the other hand, presence of the A allele in the BsmI was associated considerably with an increased risk of brucellosis (p = 0.037). VDR polymorphism distribution was similar according to age, presence of complicated disease, and presence of bacteremia. The heterozygote TaqI polymorphism was more common in patients presented as subacute and chronic symptoms (p = 0.036).
Conclusion Our results indicated the possible role in TaqI polymorphism of the VDR gene for the risk of brucellosis at the time of exposure to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Kaman
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Nur Öz
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülseren Sahin
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özge Metin Akcan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Necmettin Erbakan University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
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Ul Afshan F, Nissar B, Chowdri NA, Ganai BA. Relevance of vitamin D 3 in COVID-19 infection. GENE REPORTS 2021; 24:101270. [PMID: 34250314 PMCID: PMC8260490 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus, the main culprit for COVID-19 disaster, has triggered a gust of curiosity both in the mechanism of action of this infection as well as potential risk factors for disease generation and regimentation. The prime focus of the present review, which is basically a narrative one, is in utilizing the current concepts of vitamin D3 as an agent with myriad functions, one of them being immunocompetence and a promising weapon for both innate and adaptive immunity against COVID-19 infection. Some of the manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 virus such as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) overlap with the pathophysiological effects that are overcome due to already established role of vitamin D3 e.g., amelioration of cytokine outburst. Additionally, the cardiovascular complications due to COVID-19 infection may also be connected to vitamin D3 levels and the activity of its active forms. Eventually, we summarise the clinical, observational and epidemiological data of the respiratory diseases including COVID-19 disease and try to bring its association with the potential role of vitamin D3, in particular, the activity of its active forms, circulating levels and its supplementation, against dissemination of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falaque Ul Afshan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, J&K 190006, India
| | - Bushra Nissar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, J&K 190006, India
| | | | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- Centre For Research and Development, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, J&K 190006, India
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James PT, Ali Z, Armitage AE, Bonell A, Cerami C, Drakesmith H, Jobe M, Jones KS, Liew Z, Moore SE, Morales-Berstein F, Nabwera HM, Nadjm B, Pasricha SR, Scheelbeek P, Silver MJ, Teh MR, Prentice AM. The Role of Nutrition in COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity of Disease: A Systematic Review. J Nutr 2021; 151:1854-1878. [PMID: 33982105 PMCID: PMC8194602 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many nutrients have powerful immunomodulatory actions with the potential to alter susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, progression to symptoms, likelihood of severe disease, and survival. OBJECTIVE The aim was to review the latest evidence on how malnutrition across all its forms (under- and overnutrition and micronutrient status) may influence both susceptibility to, and progression of, COVID-19. METHODS We synthesized information on 13 nutrition-related components and their potential interactions with COVID-19: overweight, obesity, and diabetes; protein-energy malnutrition; anemia; vitamins A, C, D, and E; PUFAs; iron; selenium; zinc; antioxidants; and nutritional support. For each section we provide: 1) a landscape review of pertinent material; 2) a systematic search of the literature in PubMed and EMBASE databases, including a wide range of preprint servers; and 3) a screen of 6 clinical trial registries. All original research was considered, without restriction to study design, and included if it covered: 1) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (CoV) 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), or SARS-CoV viruses and 2) disease susceptibility or 3) disease progression, and 4) the nutritional component of interest. Searches took place between 16 May and 11 August 2020. RESULTS Across the 13 searches, 2732 articles from PubMed and EMBASE, 4164 articles from the preprint servers, and 433 trials were returned. In the final narrative synthesis, we include 22 published articles, 38 preprint articles, and 79 trials. CONCLUSIONS Currently there is limited evidence that high-dose supplements of micronutrients will either prevent severe disease or speed up recovery. However, results of clinical trials are eagerly awaited. Given the known impacts of all forms of malnutrition on the immune system, public health strategies to reduce micronutrient deficiencies and undernutrition remain of critical importance. Furthermore, there is strong evidence that prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes will reduce the risk of serious COVID-19 outcomes. This review is registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020186194.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip T James
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zakari Ali
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Andrew E Armitage
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Bonell
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Carla Cerami
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Modou Jobe
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Kerry S Jones
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zara Liew
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie E Moore
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda Morales-Berstein
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Nabwera
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Behzad Nadjm
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Sant-Rayn Pasricha
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Pauline Scheelbeek
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matt J Silver
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Megan R Teh
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Prentice
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
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Laneri S, Brancaccio M, Mennitti C, De Biasi MG, Pero ME, Pisanelli G, Scudiero O, Pero R. Antimicrobial Peptides and Physical Activity: A Great Hope against COVID 19. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1415. [PMID: 34209064 PMCID: PMC8304224 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), α- and β-defensins, possess antiviral properties. These AMPs achieve viral inhibition through different mechanisms of action. For example, they can: (i) bind directly to virions; (ii) bind to and modulate host cell-surface receptors, disrupting intracellular signaling; (iii) function as chemokines to augment and alter adaptive immune responses. Given their antiviral properties and the fact that the development of an effective coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment is an urgent public health priority, they and their derivatives are being explored as potential therapies against COVID-19. These explorations using various strategies, range from their direct interaction with the virus to using them as vaccine adjuvants. However, AMPs do not work in isolation, specifically in their role as potent immune modulators, where they interact with toll-like receptors (TLRs) and chemokine receptors. Both of these receptors have been shown to play roles in COVID-19 pathogenesis. In addition, it is known that a healthy lifestyle accompanied by controlled physical activity can represent a natural weapon against COVID-19. In competitive athletes, an increase in serum defensins has been shown to function as self-protection from the attack of microorganisms, consequently a controlled physical activity could act as a support to any therapies in fighting COVID-19. Therefore, including information on all these players' interactions would produce a complete picture of AMP-based therapies' response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Laneri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (M.G.D.B.)
| | - Mariarita Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Cristina Mennitti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Margherita G. De Biasi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (M.G.D.B.)
| | - Maria Elena Pero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (M.E.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Pisanelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (M.E.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Olga Scudiero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.B.); (C.M.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.aR.L., 80131 Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaela Pero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.B.); (C.M.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C.aR.L., 80131 Naples, Italy
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Hariyanto TI, Intan D, Hananto JE, Harapan H, Kurniawan A. Vitamin D supplementation and Covid‐19 outcomes: A systematic review, meta‐analysis and meta‐regression. Rev Med Virol 2021. [PMCID: PMC8420388 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has many protective properties and potential role against acute lung injury. Low serum vitamin D is associated with high risk of pneumonia and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. This study sought to analyse the efficacy of vitamin D in improving the outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19) patients. Using specific keywords, we comprehensively searched the potential articles on PubMed, Europe PMC and ClinicalTrials.gov database until 8th May 2021. All published studies on Covid‐19 and vitamin D were retrieved. Statistical analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.4 software. A total of 11 studies with 22,265 Covid‐19 patients were included in the meta‐analysis. Our data suggested that vitamin D supplementation was associated with reduction in intensive care unit admission rate (OR 0.27; 95% CI: 0.09–0.76, p = 0.010, I2 = 70%, random‐effect modelling); reduction of the need for mechanical ventilation (OR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.16–0.72, p = 0.005, I2 = 61%, random‐effect modelling) and reduction of mortality from Covid‐19 (OR 0.37; 95% CI: 0.21–0.66, p < 0.001, I2 = 50%, random‐effect modelling). Further analysis showed that the associations were influenced by age (p = 0.020). Our study suggests that vitamin D supplementation may offer beneficial effects on Covid‐19 outcomes. However, more randomized clinical trials are required to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denny Intan
- Faculty of Medicine Pelita Harapan University Tangerang Indonesia
| | | | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit School of Medicine Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh Indonesia
- Tropical Disease Center School of Medicine Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh Indonesia
| | - Andree Kurniawan
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine Pelita Harapan University Tangerang Indonesia
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Abbas AH, Salloom DF, Misha'al KI, Taqi EA. Vitamin D receptor rs2228570 and rs1544410 genetic polymorphisms frequency in Iraqi thalassemia patients compared to other ethnic populations. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Shah Alam M, Czajkowsky DM, Aminul Islam M, Ataur Rahman M. The role of vitamin D in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection: An update. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107686. [PMID: 33930705 PMCID: PMC8052476 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is having a disastrous impact on global health. Recently, several studies examined the potential of vitamin D to reduce the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection by modulating the immune system. Indeed, vitamin D has been found to boost the innate immune system and stimulate the adaptive immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the immunological mechanisms underlying the positive effects of vitamin D in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as a thorough survey of the recent epidemiological studies and clinical trials that tested vitamin D as a potential therapeutic agent against COVID-19 infection. We believe that a better understanding of the histopathology and immunopathology of the disease as well as the mechanism of vitamin D effects on COVID-19 severity will ultimately pave the way for a more effective prevention and control of this global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shah Alam
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh.
| | - Daniel M Czajkowsky
- Bio-ID Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Md Aminul Islam
- Department of Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
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Gorji S, Gorji A. COVID-19 pandemic: the possible influence of the long-term ignorance about climate change. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:15575-15579. [PMID: 33403640 PMCID: PMC7785327 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
In addressing the current COVID-19 pandemic and evaluating the measures taken by global leaders so far, it is crucial to trace back the circumstances influencing the emergence of the crisis that the world is presently facing. Could it be that the failure to act in a timely manner dates way back to when first concerns about climate change and its inevitable threat to human health came up? Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the large-scale and rapid environmental changes in the last few decades may be implicated in the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic by increasing the potential risk of the occurrence and the spread of zoonotic diseases, worsening food security, and weakening the human immune system. As we are facing progressive climatic change, a failure to act accordingly could inevitably lead to further, more frequent confrontations with newly emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Gorji
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Domagkstr. 11, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Ali Gorji
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Domagkstr. 11, Münster, 48149, Germany.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
- Neuroscience research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Murai IH, Fernandes AL, Sales LP, Pinto AJ, Goessler KF, Duran CSC, Silva CBR, Franco AS, Macedo MB, Dalmolin HHH, Baggio J, Balbi GGM, Reis BZ, Antonangelo L, Caparbo VF, Gualano B, Pereira RMR. Effect of a Single High Dose of Vitamin D3 on Hospital Length of Stay in Patients With Moderate to Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2021; 325:1053-1060. [PMID: 33595634 PMCID: PMC7890452 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.26848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The efficacy of vitamin D3 supplementation in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of a single high dose of vitamin D3 on hospital length of stay in patients with COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted in 2 sites in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The study included 240 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who were moderately to severely ill at the time of enrollment from June 2, 2020, to August 27, 2020. The final follow-up was on October 7, 2020. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomly assigned to receive a single oral dose of 200 000 IU of vitamin D3 (n = 120) or placebo (n = 120). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was length of stay, defined as the time from the date of randomization to hospital discharge. Prespecified secondary outcomes included mortality during hospitalization; the number of patients admitted to the intensive care unit; the number of patients who required mechanical ventilation and the duration of mechanical ventilation; and serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, total calcium, creatinine, and C-reactive protein. RESULTS Of 240 randomized patients, 237 were included in the primary analysis (mean [SD] age, 56.2 [14.4] years; 104 [43.9%] women; mean [SD] baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, 20.9 [9.2] ng/mL). Median (interquartile range) length of stay was not significantly different between the vitamin D3 (7.0 [4.0-10.0] days) and placebo groups (7.0 [5.0-13.0] days) (log-rank P = .59; unadjusted hazard ratio for hospital discharge, 1.07 [95% CI, 0.82-1.39]; P = .62). The difference between the vitamin D3 group and the placebo group was not significant for in-hospital mortality (7.6% vs 5.1%; difference, 2.5% [95% CI, -4.1% to 9.2%]; P = .43), admission to the intensive care unit (16.0% vs 21.2%; difference, -5.2% [95% CI, -15.1% to 4.7%]; P = .30), or need for mechanical ventilation (7.6% vs 14.4%; difference, -6.8% [95% CI, -15.1% to 1.2%]; P = .09). Mean serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D significantly increased after a single dose of vitamin D3 vs placebo (44.4 ng/mL vs 19.8 ng/mL; difference, 24.1 ng/mL [95% CI, 19.5-28.7]; P < .001). There were no adverse events, but an episode of vomiting was associated with the intervention. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among hospitalized patients with COVID-19, a single high dose of vitamin D3, compared with placebo, did not significantly reduce hospital length of stay. The findings do not support the use of a high dose of vitamin D3 for treatment of moderate to severe COVID-19. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04449718.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor H Murai
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alan L Fernandes
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Sales
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana J Pinto
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karla F Goessler
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila S C Duran
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla B R Silva
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - André S Franco
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina B Macedo
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique H H Dalmolin
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaina Baggio
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G M Balbi
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Z Reis
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leila Antonangelo
- Clinical Pathology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valeria F Caparbo
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa M R Pereira
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization. COVID-19 has high transmissibility and could result in acute lung injury in a fraction of patients. By counterbalancing the activity of the renin-angiotensin system, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, which is the fusion receptor of the virus, plays a protective role against the development of complications of this viral infection. Vitamin D can induce the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and regulate the immune system through different mechanisms. Epidemiologic studies of the relationship between vitamin D and various respiratory infections were reviewed and, here, the postulated mechanisms and clinical data supporting the protective role of vitamin D against COVID-19-mediated complications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hadizadeh
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Kawashima H, Kimura M, Morichi S, Nishimata S, Yamanaka G, Kashiwagi Y. Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels in Japanese Infants with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Younger than 3 Months of Age. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 73:443-446. [PMID: 32611972 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2019.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Low blood levels of vitamin D have been reported in children who have frequent respiratory tract infections. We measured serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy (OH) vitamin D in Japanese infants under 3 months of age who had respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Serum levels of 25-OH vitamin D in the 10 infants, excluding those with underlying diseases, were between < 4 and 29.8 ng/mL. In 8 out of 10 subjects (80.0%), serum 25-OH vitamin D levels were lower than 20 ng/mL. There was no statistically significant association between the levels of 25-OH vitamin D and age, duration of admission, respiratory severity score, white blood cell count, blood gas levels, and N-terminal pro-natriuretic peptide levels. Levels of serum 25-OH vitamin D in children who required hospitalization owing to RSV infection were low, indicating deficiency. These results suggest that vitamin D deficiency affects the susceptibility to RSV infection, but not the severity of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Kawashima
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Morichi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nishimata
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Japan
| | - Gaku Yamanaka
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Kashiwagi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Japan
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Ferrari D, Locatelli M, Briguglio M, Lombardi G. Is there a link between vitamin D status, SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and COVID-19 severity? Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 39:35-47. [PMID: 33137851 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 emerged in December 2019 rapidly spread across the globe and has become pandemic. Little is known about the protective factors of this infection, which is equally distributed between genders and different ages while severe and poor prognosis cases are strongly associated to old males and the presence of comorbidities. Thus, preventive measures aiming at reducing the number of infection and/or their severity are strongly needed. Vitamin D has got great attention and has been claimed as potentially protective against the infection since it may be associated with immunocompetence, inflammation, aging, and those diseases involved in determining the outcomes of COVID-19. This narrative review aims at collecting the literature available on the involvement of the vitamin D status in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the putative utility of vitamin D supplementation in the therapeutics. It emerges that a poor vitamin D status seems to associate with an increased risk of infection whereas age, gender and comorbidities seem to play a more important role in COVID-19 severity and mortality. While randomized control trials are needed to better inquire into this topic, vitamin D supplementation may be useful beside its potential effects on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matteo Briguglio
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy.,Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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43
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Bilezikian JP, Bikle D, Hewison M, Lazaretti-Castro M, Formenti AM, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Nair N, Babalyan V, Hutchings N, Napoli N, Accili D, Binkley N, Landry DW, Giustina A. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Vitamin D and COVID-19. Eur J Endocrinol 2020; 183:R133-R147. [PMID: 32755992 PMCID: PMC9494342 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic has generated an explosion of interest both in the mechanisms of infection leading to dissemination and expression of this disease, and in potential risk factors that may have a mechanistic basis for disease propagation or control. Vitamin D has emerged as a factor that may be involved in these two areas. The focus of this article is to apply our current understanding of vitamin D as a facilitator of immunocompetence both with regard to innate and adaptive immunity and to consider how this may relate to COVID-19 disease. There are also intriguing potential links to vitamin D as a factor in the cytokine storm that portends some of the most serious consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Moreover, cardiac and coagulopathic features of COVID-19 disease deserve attention as they may also be related to vitamin D. Finally, we review the current clinical data associating vitamin D with SARS-CoV-2 infection, a putative clinical link that at this time must still be considered hypothetical.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bilezikian
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Bikle
- Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Martin Hewison
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marise Lazaretti-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina – Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Formenti
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Aakriti Gupta
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mahesh V Madhavan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nandini Nair
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Nicola Napoli
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Domenico Accili
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Neil Binkley
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Donald W Landry
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, San Raffaele, Vita-Salute University and IRCCS Hospital, Milano, Italy
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44
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Vyas N, Kurian SJ, Bagchi D, Manu MK, Saravu K, Unnikrishnan MK, Mukhopadhyay C, Rao M, Miraj SS. Vitamin D in Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: Current Perspective and Future Prospects. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 40:632-645. [PMID: 32870735 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1806758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) partly explains geographical differences in COVID-19 susceptibility, severity, and mortality. VDD among African-Americans, diabetics, hypertensive, and aged populations possibly explain the higher death rate, aggravated by cocooning. Vitamin D is pleiotropic, mediating bone metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and immune functions, whereas VDD is associated with inflammatory reactions and immune dysfunction, predisposing individuals to severe infections. Vitamin D modulates innate and adaptive immunity via the expression of genes that code antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). And the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD)14, the co-receptor for epidermal toll-like receptor (TLR)4. AMPs stimulate TLR2 in macrophages, increasing the conversion of vitamin D into its active form by cytochrome P450 27B1. Antiviral properties of vitamin D-induced AMPs can shift the polarization of the adaptive immune response from helper T cells (Th)1 to the more regulatory Th2 responses that suppress immune over-reactivity by preventing cytokine storm, which is already demonstrated during the Spanish flu episode. Vitamin D induces antiviral effects by both direct and indirect mechanisms via AMPs, immunomodulation, the interplay between major cellular and viral elements, induction of autophagy and apoptosis, variation of genetic and epigenetic factors. The crosstalk between vitamin D and intracellular signaling pathways may operate as a primary regulatory action on viral gene transcription. VDD may increase the likelihood of infection with enveloped viruses, including retrovirus, hepatitis, and dengue. Global data correlates severe VDD with COVID-19 associated coagulopathy, disrupted immune response and mortality, reduced platelet count, and prolonged prothrombin time, suggesting benefits from supplementation.Key teaching pointsVitamin D induces antiviral effects by direct and indirect mechanisms via AMPs, immunomodulation, induction of autophagy, etc.Epidemiology of VDD partly explains geographical differences in COVID-19 susceptibility, severity, and mortality.Global data correlates severe VDD with COVID-19 associated coagulopathy, disrupted immune response and mortality, reduced platelet count, and prolonged prothrombin time, together suggesting benefits from supplementation.Many clinical trials are underway globally to delineate the role of vitamin D in both prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navya Vyas
- Department of Health Policy, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shilia Jacob Kurian
- Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mohan K Manu
- Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kavitha Saravu
- Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College and Hospital, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay
- Kasturba Medical College and Hospital, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahadev Rao
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sonal Sekhar Miraj
- Manipal Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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45
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Kim SS, Lee SI, Jin HS, Park S. Tuberculosis risk is associated with genetic polymorphisms in the LRP2, CUBN, and VDR genes. Genes Genomics 2020; 42:1189-1196. [PMID: 32803705 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-020-00971-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D (Vit. D) is used extensively during tuberculosis treatment. Low levels of serum Vit. D increase the risk of active tuberculosis development. Altered expression of the proteins involved in Vit. D metabolism impairs cathelicidin production, thereby increasing the host susceptibility to tuberculosis. OBJECTIVE We are trying to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in LRP2, CUBN, and VDR genes could affect tuberculosis development. METHODS We included participants of the Korean Association Resource (KARE), part of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES), and used their recorded data. A total of 8840 people (4182 men and 4658 women) were eligible subjects. The 5-kb regions from the ends of transcripts of GC, LRP2, CUBN, and VDR genes were amplified to select 13, 47, 70, and 15 SNPs, respectively. For association analysis and statistical analysis, PLINK version 1.07 and PASW Statistics version 18.0 were used. RESULTS Significant correlation was observed in 11, 2, and 1 SNPs in LRP2, CUBN, and VDR genes. The effect of rs6747692 of LRP2 on transcription factor binding was confirmed using RegulomeDB. We confirmed that rs2239182 of VDR is located in the genomic eQTL region and can affect transcription factor binding and gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Genetic polymorphisms in genes encoding proteins involved in Vit. D metabolism influence immune system components. Therefore, such polymorphisms may influence the susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis invasion and alter the defense mechanisms against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The correlation between genetic variation and tuberculosis development can provide new guidelines for the management of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Sang In Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Hyun-Seok Jin
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Sangjung Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Chungnam, Korea.
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46
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Li YP, Deng HL, Wang WJ, Wang MQ, Li M, Zhang YF, Wang J, Dang SS. Vitamin D receptor gene methylation in patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1979-1985. [PMID: 32556549 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the epigenetic regulation of the VDR gene in enterovirus 71 (EV71)-associated severe hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), a total of 116 patients with EV71-HFMD, including 58 with mild EV71-HFMD and 58 with severe EV71-HFMD, as well as 60 healthy controls, were enrolled in this study. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the relative levels of VDR mRNA expression, and the methylation status of the VDR promoter was assessed using a MethylTarget™ assay. The DNA methylation levels of the VDR promoter in children with EV71-associated severe HFMD were lower than those in the healthy controls and in children with mild HFMD (P < 0.05). Hypomethylation at CpG site 133 and hypermethylation at the CpG 42 sites and 68 downregulated VDR expression. Moreover, the methylation level of VDR could be used for differential diagnosis of mild and severe EV71-associated HFMD (AUC56, 0.73; AUC68, 0.699; AUC42, 0.694; AUC66, 0.693). VDR expression and promoter methylation were associated with the progression of EV71 infection. Determining the VDR promoter status might help clinicians initiate the appropriate strategy for treatment of EV71-associated HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Hui-Ling Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, 710003, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Mu-Qi Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, 710003, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, 710003, China
| | - Shuang-Suo Dang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, China.
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47
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Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, Bhattoa HP. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040988. [PMID: 32252338 PMCID: PMC7231123 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1049] [Impact Index Per Article: 262.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The world is in the grip of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID-19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increasing concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce the risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40-60 ng/mL (100-150 nmol/L). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D3 doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-415-409-1980
| | - Henry Lahore
- 2289 Highland Loop, Port Townsend, WA 98368, USA;
| | - Sharon L. McDonnell
- GrassrootsHealth, Encinitas, CA 92024, USA; (S.L.M.); (C.A.B.); (C.B.F.); (J.L.A.)
| | - Carole A. Baggerly
- GrassrootsHealth, Encinitas, CA 92024, USA; (S.L.M.); (C.A.B.); (C.B.F.); (J.L.A.)
| | - Christine B. French
- GrassrootsHealth, Encinitas, CA 92024, USA; (S.L.M.); (C.A.B.); (C.B.F.); (J.L.A.)
| | - Jennifer L. Aliano
- GrassrootsHealth, Encinitas, CA 92024, USA; (S.L.M.); (C.A.B.); (C.B.F.); (J.L.A.)
| | - Harjit P. Bhattoa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Blvd 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
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48
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Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, Bhattoa HP. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients 2020. [PMID: 32252338 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202003.0235.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The world is in the grip of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID-19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increasing concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce the risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40-60 ng/mL (100-150 nmol/L). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D3 doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA
| | - Henry Lahore
- 2289 Highland Loop, Port Townsend, WA 98368, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Harjit P Bhattoa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Blvd 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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49
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Lee C. Controversial Effects of Vitamin D and Related Genes on Viral Infections, Pathogenesis, and Treatment Outcomes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040962. [PMID: 32235600 PMCID: PMC7230640 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) plays an essential role in mineral homeostasis and bone remodeling. A number of different VD-related genes (VDRG) are required for the metabolic activation of VD and the subsequent induction of its target genes. They include a set of genes that encode for VD-binding protein, metabolic enzymes, and the VD receptor. In addition to its well-characterized skeletal function, the immunoregulatory activities of VD and the related polymorphisms of VDRG have been reported and linked to its therapeutic and preventive actions for the control of several viral diseases. However, in regards to their roles in the progression of viral diseases, inconsistent and, in some cases, contradictory results also exist. To resolve this discrepancy, I conducted an extensive literature search by using relevant keywords on the PubMed website. Based on the volume of hit papers related to a certain viral infection, I summarized and compared the effects of VD and VDRG polymorphism on the infection, pathogenesis, and treatment outcomes of clinically important viral diseases. They include viral hepatitis, respiratory viral infections, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and other viral diseases, which are caused by herpesviruses, dengue virus, rotavirus, and human papillomavirus. This review will provide the most current information on the nutritional and clinical utilization of VD and VDRG in the management of the key viral diseases. This information should be valuable not only to nutritionists but also to clinicians who wish to provide evidence-based recommendations on the use of VD to virally infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choongho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea
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50
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Gandhi K, Patel M. Collocating Novel Targets for Tuberculosis (TB) Drug Discovery. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2020; 18:307-316. [PMID: 31987022 DOI: 10.2174/1570163817666200121143036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium tuberculosis, being a resistive species is an incessant threat to the world population for the treatment of Tuberculosis (TB). An advanced genetic or a molecular level approach is mandatory for both diagnosis and therapy as the prevalence of multi drug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug- resistant (XDR) TB. METHODS A literature review was conducted, focusing essentially on the development of biomarkers and targets to extrapolate the Tuberculosis Drug Discovery process. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this article, we have discussed several substantial targets and genetic mutations occurring in a diseased or treatment condition of TB patients. It includes expressions in Bhlhe40, natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) with its mechanistic actions that have made a significant impact on TB. Moreover, recently identified compounds; imidazopyridine amine derivative (Q203), biphenyl amide derivative (DG70), azetidine, thioquinazole, tetrahydroindazole and 2- mercapto- quinazoline scaffolds for several targets such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), amino acid and fatty acid have been briefed for their confirmed hits and therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Gandhi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Charusat campus, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Mehul Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Charusat Campus, Changa, Gujarat, India
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