Urban river pollution in Bangladesh during last 40 years: potential public health and ecological risk, present policy, and future prospects toward smart water management

Microelements, Fatty Acid Profile, and Selected Biomarkers in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Muscle Tissue: Seasonal Variations and Health Risk Assessment

The study assesses associations between microelement levels, fatty acid composition, and oxidative stress markers in grass carp muscle in the summer and autumn seasons. Additionally, various factors were considered, including the estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), total THQ (TTHQ), and metal pollution index (MPI), to evaluate potential health risks for consumers. The microelements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and Zn) were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and total mercury was determined using cold-vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS). Fatty acid profiling was realized using gas chromatography (GC) detection with a flame ionization detector (FID). The overall tendency of microelement levels was as follows: Fe > Zn > Al > Sr > Ba > Ni > Se > Cr> Cu > Mn > Pb > As > Li > Hg; Collapse

Key Words

• Biomarker
• Biomonitoring
• Dorsal muscle
• FAs
• Freshwater fish
• Risk assessment
• Trace elements

Collapse

MESH Headings

• Animals
• Carps/metabolism
• Fatty Acids/analysis
• Fatty Acids/metabolism
• Biomarkers/analysis
• Biomarkers/metabolism
• Risk Assessment
• Seasons
• Muscles/chemistry
• Muscles/metabolism
• Trace Elements/analysis
• Oxidative Stress

Collapse

Grants

• Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra

Collapse

Affiliation(s)

Anton Kovacik Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Marek Helczman Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Julius Arvay Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Marian Tomka Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
Marek Snirc Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Ivona Janco AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Martin Fik Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Nikola Stefunkova Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Rudolf Dupak Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic Reprofit International s.r.o., Hlinky 48/122, Pisarky, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
Lubos Harangozo Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Katarina Tokarova Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Eva Kovacikova AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Tomas Jambor Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Jaroslav Andreji Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
Peter Massanyi Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic

Collapse

Occurrence, seasonal variation, and environmental risk of multiclass antibiotics in the urban surface water of the Buriganga River, Bangladesh

Owing to the extensive use of antibiotics in hospitals, animal husbandry, and various human activities, antibiotic contamination is becoming an increasing global concern, including in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, the Buriganga River is heavily polluted with multiple antibiotics, which can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria. In this study, we performed the first investigation of seasonal variations in the occurrence and spatial distribution of 29 antibiotics in the Buriganga River, Bangladesh, from wet season (August 2019) and dry season (February 2020). We also evaluate the potential environmental and resistance risks related to antibiotic contamination. The concentrations of metronidazole (9.1-970 ng L-1), sulfadiazine (below the limit of detection ( Collapse

Key Words

• Antibiotics
• Bangladesh
• Occurrence
• Risk assessment
• River surface water

Collapse

MESH Headings

• Bangladesh
• Seasons
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/analysis
• Rivers/chemistry
• Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
• Environmental Monitoring
• Risk Assessment

Collapse

Grants Collapse

Affiliation(s)

Umma Salma Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
Yuri Nishimura Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
Masahiro Tokumura Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
Anwar Hossain Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh; Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-Cho 3, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
Kozo Watanabe Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-Cho 3, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
Kazushi Noro Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
Mohammad Raknuzzaman Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
Takashi Amagai Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
Masakazu Makino Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.

Collapse

Water pollution, cholera, and the role of probiotics: a comprehensive review in relation to public health in Bangladesh

Cholera, a disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, remains a pervasive public health threat, particularly in regions with inadequate water sanitation and hygiene infrastructure, such as Bangladesh. This review explores the complex interplay between water pollution and cholera transmission in Bangladesh, highlighting how contaminated water bodies serve as reservoirs for V. cholerae. A key focus is the potential role of probiotics as a novel intervention approach for cholera prevention and management. Probiotics are promising as an adjunctive approach to existing therapies as they can enhance gut barrier function, induce competitive exclusion of pathogens, and modulate host immune responses. Recent probiotic advancements include engineering strains that disrupt V. cholerae biofilms and inhibit their virulence. Integrating probiotics with traditional cholera control measures could significantly enhance their effectiveness and provide a multifaceted approach to combating this persistent disease. This review aims to shed light on the potential of probiotics in revolutionizing cholera management and to offer insights into their application as both preventive and therapeutic tools in the fight against this enduring public health challenge.

Impacts of rapid urbanization on long-term water quality of the peripheral River of Dhaka, Bangladesh

This study was carried out to determine the current state of the physicochemical water quality parameters and the effects of urbanization over 50 years in the peripheral rivers by using primary and secondary data adjacent to Dhaka city. These rivers and waterways had DO levels much below the recommended standard of Bangladesh, and occasionally, they even approached 0. This suggests that the water in these rivers is highly polluted and unfit for aquatic life. For the most part, high rates of pollution also contribute to high BOD readings. Besides, the weighted arithmetic method discovered that the urban rivers have deficient water quality, which requires immediate attention. Compared to the seasonal variations, the water quality is worse in the dry season compared to the wet season. Among all the rivers, the lowest WQI found was 11.89 in the wet season and 123.65 in the dry season. Moreover, the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) calculation was done, with data from 1 to 3797 indicating that most heavy metal data sets are unsuitable for drinking and household uses. The current study found that built-up areas have grown 288%, and the water bodies have declined by 60% over the last 30 years. This study shows that the quality of peripheral river water in Dhaka city hinders the objectives of the SDG 6 Goal: Clean Water and Sanitation. Revitalizing the water supply requires the attention of the city authorities. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Rapid urbanization has made Dhaka one of the least habitable cities, with industrial growth contributing significantly to pollution. DO levels are far below than Bangladesh's standards, sometimes approaching zero, making the water unfit for aquatic life. The study reveals a decline in water quality, especially during the dry season, and WQI indicates extremely low standards. Built-up areas have increased by 288%, while water bodies have decreased by 60% over the past 30 years.

Characteristics, Contamination Levels, and Ecosystem Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Surface Water of a Highly Urbanized River from a Developing Country

Microplastic (MP) contamination poses significant risks to ecosystems and human health. However, the absence of standardized protocols, detailed polymer identification, and sources identification hinders the development of targeted mitigation strategies, particularly in developing nations. There is a scarcity of comprehensive data on MP distribution, sources, and transport mechanisms in freshwater environments. This study aimed to fill these gaps by comprehensively characterizing MP contamination, elucidating distribution patterns, identifying sources, and assessing ecological risks in an urban river adjacent to a megacity. This was accomplished using stereomicroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, and a range of risk assessment indices. The analyses revealed spatial variations in MP levels, ranging from 350 to 660 items/m3 across different sampling stations along the river. Analysis of variance(ANOVA) highlighted significant differences in the average number of MPs among the stations (F = 16.93, p ≪ 0.01), with station S3 exhibiting the highest count and station S4 the lowest. Factors such as point sources of domestic and municipal waste, as well as river navigation, likely contribute to these variations. The predominant types, colors, and sizes of MPs observed were fiber, transparent, and <0.5 mm, respectively. Notably, 80% of the MPs consisted of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), commonly associated with land-based sources like packaging materials. Despite minor ecological risks indicated by ecosystem risk assessment indices such as the risk index(RI) and pollution load index (PLI), which recorded values of 9.04 and 1.87, respectively, the potential hazard index(PHI) rose to hazard category V, posing a substantial threat to the river ecosystem. PCA facilitated the identification of trends linked to specific pollution sources, while cluster analysis categorized MPs with similar characteristics, thereby enhancing the understanding of their distribution patterns. These findings provided novel insights into the pervasive presence and pathways of plastic pollution in developing nations, offering important considerations for international efforts to address public health and environmental challenges associated with MPs.

Selected micro- and macro-element associations with oxidative status markers in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) blood serum and ejaculate: a correlation study

The aim of this study was to (1) determine complex interactions between macro- and micro-elements present in blood serum and ejaculate of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and (2) examine the association between alterations in these macro- and micro-elements with markers of oxidative stress. Blood and ejaculate from 10 male carp were collected in the summer period on the experimental pond in Kolíňany (West Slovak Lowland). Reactive oxygen species (ROS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), protein carbonyls (PC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in blood serum and ejaculate using spectrophotometric methods. The amounts of elements (Ag, Al, Ba, Co, Li, Mo, Ca, K, Na, and Mg) in all samples were quantified using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometry. Data demonstrated significant differences in elemental concentrations between blood and ejaculate, specifically significantly higher ejaculate levels were detected for Ag, Al, Ba, Co, Li, Mo, K, and Mg. Potassium was the most abundant macro-element in the ejaculate, while sodium was the most abundant in blood serum. Among the micro-elements, Al was predominant in both types of samples. It is noteworthy that oxidative status markers including ROS, TAC, and MDA were significantly higher in ejaculate indicating the presence of oxidative stress in C. carpio reproductive tissue. The positive correlations between Mg and Ca in blood serum and ejaculate suggest these elements play a functional role in metabolic and physiological processes. In contrast, the positive correlations of Ba and Al with markers of oxidative stress indicated the association of these metals with induction of oxidative stress. Our findings provide insights into the association of metals with biomarkers of physiological function as well as adverse effects in C. carpio.

The impact of feeding pattern on heavy metal accumulation and associated health risks in fishes from the Dhaleshwari River Bangladesh

Heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems accumulate in fish tissues, posing significant ecological and health hazards due to their toxic effects on both the environment and human consumers. The purpose of the study was to assess the potential hazards associated with consuming carnivorous, omnivorous, and herbivorous fish species from the Dhaleshwari River in Bangladesh. The study focused on the seasonal variation and accumulation pattern of toxic heavy metals in these fish species. For this, four fish species (Wallagu attu, Ompak bimaculatus, Labeo calbasu, Cirrhinus mrigala were sampled during the dry and wet seasons from the contiguity of the industrial outlet from Dhaleshwari River. The amount of accumulation of Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu and As in the muscles of the samples were analyzed using spectrophotometry. Heavy metal concentrations were observed to be in the following descending order: Cu (1.99) > Cr (1.92) > Pb (1.42) > Cd (0.31) > As (≤0.0002) (mg/kg, wet weight). Cr, Cd and Pb concentrations exceeded some international food safety guidelines for fish muscles. Carnivorous species exhibited higher metal accumulation than omnivores and herbivores. Statistical analysis revealed significant variations among seasons (p < 0.001), species (p < 0.05) and strong correlation among metals (except As) with p < 0.01. Risk assessment suggested carnivorous species might pose noncarcinogenic risks to both of its child and adult consumers. Despite the potential noncarcinogenic risks, the alarming levels of chromium in these fish indicate a substantial cancer risk for both adults and children, raising concerns about the safety of consuming fish from the Dhaleshwari River. These findings strongly emphasize the importance of implementing enhanced regulatory monitoring to mitigate health risks associated with contaminated fish consumption.

Distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa across different point sources of pollution in the Buriganga River, Bangladesh

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogenic bacterium widely distributed in the environment, with increasing concerns about multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains in riverine systems. In this study, we assessed the antibiotic resistance of 50 P. aeruginosa isolates from surface water samples collected at seven distinct sites along the Buriganga River. Antibiotic sensitivity was tested using the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion method. The results showed widespread antibiotic resistance, with 88% of isolates resistant to cefotaxime and tetracycline, followed by 48% resistance to cefepime and 24% to ciprofloxacin. Conversely, most isolates were susceptible to penicillin, aminoglycosides, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolone-class antibiotics, with sensitivity rates of 100, 98, 92, 94, and 96%, respectively. Thirteen isolates (26%) were classified as MDR, predominantly from point-source pollution sites such as industries, medical waste, and municipal waste discharges. Notably, 4% of isolates exhibited resistance to both imipenem and meropenem, raising concerns about the spread of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa in the river. This study highlights the contamination of river water with antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa and its potential transmission through aquatic systems. Proper waste management and treatment are critical to controlling the spread of MDR isolates, which pose risks to both public health and the environment.

The Impact of Landfill Operations on Borehole Water Quality

Water is crucial for life, and although groundwater is considered safe, it can degrade due to inadequate source protection and inefficient resource management. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of landfill operations on water quality from selected landfill sites. Spectrometry analytical techniques were used to assess the physicochemical parameters of the samples. The study found that while Salmonella was absent in most samples, E. coli and total coliforms were present, making the water unsafe for domestic use. Although turbidity, pH, temperature and other parameters were within acceptable GSA/WHO levels, total coliform and E. coli raise concerns about faecal contamination and potential health risks. Cadmium was absent in all samples, but chromium, lead, arsenic and mercury were detected. These heavy metals could pose health hazards to consumers. The samples showed no risk of noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risk to consumers, but then there is a potential health risk to consumers over time due to bioaccumulation. Regular monitoring and periodic assessments are recommended to ensure water safety. Proper waste management practices in landfill areas can minimize potential impacts on water quality, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring and assessment. The municipal authorities can inform residents of the situation and put in policies to protect human health. The results could help residents know the level of contamination of water from their boreholes and the necessary precautions to take to reduce their health impact. A treatment system can be developed in detail to their peculiar need.

Source Apportionment and Human Health Risks of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Surface Water of Coal Mining Areas

Contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) frequently occurs in surface water in coal mining areas. This study analyzed 34 surface water samples collected from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau for their hydrochemical characteristics, spatial distribution, source apportionment, and human health risks. Our statistical analysis showed that the average concentrations of PTEs in the surface water ranked as follows: Fe > Al > Zn > Mn > Ba > B> Ni > Li > Cd > Mo > Cu > Co > Hg > Se > As > Pb > Sb. The spatial analysis revealed that samples with high concentrations of Fe, Al, and Mn were predominantly distributed in the main stream, Xichong River, and Yangchang River. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified four sources of PTEs in the surface water. Hg, As, and Se originated from wastewater discharged by coal preparation plants and coal mines. Mo, Li, and B originated from the dissolution of clay minerals in coal seams. Elevated concentrations of Cu, Fe, Al, Mn, Co, and Ni were attributed to the dissolution of kaolinite, illite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and minerals associated with Co and Ni in coal seams. Cd, Zn, and Pb were derived from coal melting and traffic release. The deterministic health risks assessment showed that 94.12% of the surface water samples presented non-carcinogenic risks below the health limit of 1. Meanwhile, 73.56% of the surface water samples with elevated As posed level III carcinogenic risk to the local populations. Special attention to drinking water safety for children is warranted due to their lower metabolic capacity for detoxifying PTEs. This study provides insight for PTE management in sustainable water environments.

Tracing fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM) characteristics and water quality parameters: Insights from an urban industrial river to marine zone

This study aims to identify continuous water quality changes and identify fluorescence properties from urban rivers to marine zones. Various types of natural and anthropogenic sources derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) have been identified in this study. These include soil-derived DOM, plant remnants, and soluble particles produced when organic material partially decomposes and is released by microorganisms, such as bacteria, algae, and plants. DOM was characterized using a three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3DEEM), parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), and water quality parameters from the Buriganga River, Dhaka to Patenga Seaport, Chittagong, along with the Shitalakshya River, a small portion of the Padma River, and the Meghna River. To better understand the data analysis, the study area was divided into three central regions: urban industrial rivers, industrial estuarine rivers, and marine zones. In the urban industrial river, 3DEEM and PARAFAC identified five fluorophores (peaks: A, C, M, T, and Tuv) with five components: detergent-like, fulvic-like, tryptophan or protein-like, fulvic-like (C-type), and protein-like, which might originate from the industrial activities and sewage pollution. In the industrial estuarine river zone, three fluorophores have been identified (peaks: A, C, Tuv) with two known components, namely, fulvic acid (A-type) and fulvic acid (C-type), with an unknown photoproduct at Ex/Em = 295/368 (peak Tuv). Components in the industrial river zone may originate from terrestrial sources, indicating vegetation along the river. In the marine zone, four fluorophores have been identified (peaks: Tuv, A, T, C) with two components, that is, protein- or tryptophan-like and humic acid-like from coral origin. The intensities of both fulvic-like and protein-like substances were high in urban industrial river water owing to industrial activity and sewage pollution. SUVA254 suggests high aromaticity in all three regions, whereas the optical properties suggest that terrestrial and microbial components are present in the urban industrial and estuarine rivers. This further indicates that urban industrial river water quality is highly polluted. The lowest degradation potential index (DPI) in the marine zone might result from the presence of the highest number of dissolved solids in the water, and the highest DPI of industrial estuarine rivers explains the comparatively high presence of terrestrial-derived humic (A)- and humic (C)-like components in the ratio to the unknown photoproduct of mid-wavelength. PRACTITIONER POINTS: This study's uniqueness is a 220-km cruise from an urban river to a coastal seaport to analyze fluorescence properties. The study found that most water parameters were within the DoE standards, except for DO, which was consistently low. 3DEEM-PARAFAC identified five fluorophores linked to detergent, fulvic, and protein-like substances from sewage and industrial sources. Our study concludes that microbial and terrestrial sources dominate dissolved organic matter in urban, estuarine, and marine regions.

A probabilistic risk assessment of heavy metal in water and sediment: An industrially affected urban river in Bangladesh

Human welfare and biodiversity are at risk due to the deterioration of water and sediment quality. Particularly, in last few decades, global water and sediment quality degraded due to the rapid industrialization and urbanization. This study aimed to determine the concentration of nine heavy metals and metalloid (Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg, As, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Zn) and assess the ecological risks using different pollution indices (e.g., heavy metal pollution index [HPI], Nemerow pollution index [NI], geo-accumulation index [Igeo], contamination factor [CF], degree of contamination [CD] and pollution load index [PLI], ecological risk index [ERI]) in water and sediment of the Shitalakshya River, an industrially affected urban river of Bangladesh. For the first time, 20 water and sediment samples were collected across a wider geographical area of the Shitalakshya River during both monsoon and dry seasons and analyzed using the atomic absorption spectrometer. Average concentrations of heavy metals and metalloid in water were within the Bangladesh standard except for Cr (51.69 ppb) and Mn (228.20 ppb) during monsoon season, portraying potential ecological and human health risks. Besides, average concentration of Mn (549.75 and 370.93 ppb), Ni (549.75 and 370.93 ppb), and Cu (45.34 and 36.09 ppb) in sediment during both seasons were above international standard, implying risk to aquatic sediment biota. The average HPI values indicated moderate to high contamination, whereas the NI values implied polluted water in monsoon season with severe pollution in port area of the river. Similarly, Igeo, CF, CD, and PLI elucidated different levels of contamination in the sediment, particularly during dry season. The ERI values also referred moderate ecological risk in the sediment during dry season. Overall, our findings highlight the alarming level of heavy metal pollution in the Shitalakshya River, necessitating immediate action to protect the aquatic environment, sediment biota, and human health. PRACTITIONER POINTS: This study determined the concentration of heavy metals and metalloid in water and sediment of the Shitalakshya River, Bangladesh. The study revealed that the average concentration of Cr and Mn in water exceeded national standard, whereas Mn, Ni, and Cu in sediment exceeded international limit. Potential ecological risk of heavy metals was also assessed using different pollution indices. Calculated pollution indices indicated different degree of pollution, implying critical ecological condition due to heavy metal pollution in aquatic environment and sediment biota.

Characterization and genome mining of Bacillus subtilis BDSA1 isolated from river water in Bangladesh: A promising bacterium with diverse biotechnological applications

The metabolic versatility of Bacillus subtilis makes it useful for a wide range of applications in biotechnology, from bioremediation to industrially important metabolite production. Understanding the molecular attributes of the biocontrol characteristics of B. subtilis is necessary for its tailored use in the environment and industry. Therefore, the present study aimed to conduct phenotypic characterization and whole genome analysis of the B. subtilis BDSA1 isolated from polluted river water from Dhaka, Bangladesh to explore its biotechnological potential. The chromium reduction capacity at 100 ppm Cr (VI) showed that B. subtilis BDSA1 reduced 40 % of Cr (VI) within 24hrs at 37 °C. Exposure of this bacterium to 200 ppm cadmium resulted in 43 % adsorption following one week of incubation at 37 °C. Molecular detection of chrA and czcC gene confirmed chromium and cadmium resistance characteristics of BDSA1. The size of the genome of the B. subtilis BDSA1 was 4.2 Mb with 43.4 % GC content. Genome annotation detected the presence of numerous genes involved in the degradation of xenobiotics, resistance to abiotic stress, production of lytic enzymes, siderophore formation, and plant growth promotion. The assembled genome also carried chromium, cadmium, copper, and arsenic resistance-related genes, notably cadA, czcD, czrA, arsB etc. Genome mining revealed six biosynthetic gene clusters for bacillaene, bacillibacin, bacilysin, subtilosin, fengycin and surfactin. Importantly, BDSA1 was predicted to be non-pathogenic to humans and had only two acquired antimicrobial resistance genes. The pan-genome analysis showed the openness of the B. subtilis pan-genome. Our findings suggested that B. subtilis BDSA1 might be a promising candidate for diverse biotechnological uses.

Comprehensive index analysis approach for ecological and human health risk assessment of a tributary river in Bangladesh

This study examined the water quality of the Turag River, an important tributary river in Dhaka, Bangladesh in terms of physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal contamination to assess the potential risks to both ecological systems and human health. The majority of the water samples complied with the acceptable limits established by the World Health Organization (WHO) for various parameters including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), except total hardness (TH). The sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl-), fluoride (F-), nitrate (NO3 -), and sulfate (SO4 2-) levels in the water samples were found to be within acceptable ranges for most cases. Moreover, heavy metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), and mercury (Hg) were analyzed and their mean concentrations (μg/L) were found in the order of Fe (244.72 ± 214.35) > Mn (28.93 ± 29.64) > Zn (22.97 ± 10.93) > Cu (8.28 ± 5.99) > Hg (8.23 ± 6.58) > As (1.34 ± 0.39) > Ni (1.20 ± 0.38) > Cr (0.67 ± 0.85) > Pb (0.61 ± 0.72) > Se (0.42 ± 0.48) > Cd (0.13 ± 0.09) which were within the acceptable limit, except Hg. The cumulative effect of all heavy metals was assessed through the heavy metal pollution index (HPI), contamination degree (Cd), and nemerow pollution index (PN). The mean value of HPI (682.38 ± 525.68) crossed the critical index value of 100, indicating an elevated level of pollution. The mean value of Cd (8.763 ± 6.48) indicates a low-moderate-significant level of contamination due to an elevated level of Hg, and for the PN it was found 174.27 ± 146.66, indicating a high level of pollution due to high level of Fe. Ecological risk index (ERI) indicated low levels of risk for Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Mn, As, Se, Cu, and Zn but a significantly high risk for Hg. The water was classified as good to excellent based on its physicochemical properties (pH, EC, TDS, COD, DO, F-, Cl-, NO3 -, and SO4 2-) while it was deemed poor to unsuitable for heavy metals according to the water quality index (WQI). Among the carcinogenic constituents, As poses the greatest carcinogenic risk, particularly for children. The mean value of Cr, Mn, and As in the HQingestion for adult and child, and Cd, Hg for child exceeded the threshold value established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), while the HQdermal values remained below the maximum limit for all heavy metals. The value of HI at all locations exceeds the threshold of 1, as specified by USEPA. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis revealed that the presence of heavy metals in the Turag River was mainly attributed to anthropogenic sources, including industrial effluent discharge from neighboring industries, domestic wastewater, and agricultural runoff containing agrochemicals from the surrounding lands.

Comparative analysis of environmental sustainability indicators: Insights from Japan, Bangladesh, and Thailand

This study analyses environmental sustainability indicators (ESIs) and explores their governance challenges in developing countries (Bangladesh and Thailand) and advances possible remedies in light of the practices of a developed country (Japan). A comparative analysis of countries' performance based on the ESIs could help identify useful practices from countries with high ESI to improve the poor ESI countries. While it is broadly understood that renewable energy and effective governance support environmental sustainability, our findings extend this knowledge by detailing how these factors interact specifically within the contexts of developed and developing nations. The analysis delineates the complex relationship between GDP growth, fossil fuel reliance, and sustainability efforts, offering a detailed examination of the variance in ESI performance across these countries. Beyond established notions, this study empirically validates the relationships between environmental sustainability (ES) and its influencing factors, providing a country-specific analysis that emphasizes the differential impact of renewable energy adoption, governance quality, and economic policies on environmental sustainability in Japan, Bangladesh, and Thailand. The results also revealed that Bangladesh's performance in terms of majority ESIs ranges from bad to worse, while Japan exhibits good performance in all its ESI indicators except for emissions. Thailand's ESI performance indicates its vulnerability to climate disasters and slow growth of renewable energy. The ESI measures of Thailand have shown its susceptibility to climate-related calamities and a slowdown in the rate of renewable energy implementation. A noticeable discrepancy in the execution of regulatory frameworks was noted between developing countries, such as Bangladesh, and industrialized ones, such as Japan. The outstanding results of Japan's ESI may be credited to the successful practices of its citizens and their strong devotion to the rule of law.

A comprehensive scenario of heavy metals pollution in the rivers of Bangladesh during the last two decades

For decades, rivers have been used for transporting pollutants loaded with heavy metals (HMs) causing severe pollution in downstream. The current study aimed to review the levels and sources of 10 HMs, viz. As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, and Zn in the surface water of the rivers in Bangladesh. The PRISMA criteria were used to conduct a systematic review of the available literature published between 2001 and 2020, and thus a total of 55 documents were finally selected for review. The mean concentration of each HM exceeding the threshold limits as per World Health Organization (WHO), the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and Department of Environment (DoE), Bangladesh standards were higher in the last decade (2011-2020) than in the previous one (2001-2010). Most HM concentrations in water were found above the threshold limits in three divisions (Dhaka, Rajshahi, and Chattogram). The Buriganga River in Dhaka has been the top polluted river in Bangladesh. Among the 10 HMs, six metals (As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe, and Mn) exceeded the limit set by WHO, USEPA, and DoE in all three seasons, where mean values of most of the HMs were found to be the highest in the summer season. Statistical analyses identified possible sources of HMs such as natural weathering, electroplating, fertilizers and pesticides, mining and manufacturing, textiles, coal mining and burning, batteries, and paint industries. Strong legislations and regulations, awareness programs, continuous monitoring, and comprehensive research are urgently needed to control riverine HMs pollution in Bangladesh.

Dissolved trace elements in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River Basin: A new approach for estimating trace element flux inputs from rivers into the world's oceans

Understanding the changes in the chemical compositions of dissolved trace elements from source to sink is important for determining their spatiotemporal variations and the contributions from each sub-catchment in the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna Rivers. To estimate weathering and matter transfer in these Rivers and the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (G-B-M) Estuary, we measured 15 dissolved trace element concentrations from surface and bottom water samples and exchangeable trace metals from suspended particulate matter (SPM). From December 2019 to January 2020, post-monsoon samples were collected from the upstream of the three rivers and the G-B-M Estuary. Dissolved trace elements in the Ganges and Meghna Rivers exhibited remarkable spatial variations, whereas those in the Brahmaputra River and the G-B-M Estuary were uniform. The dissolved trace elements, basic information (river length and drainage area), and physicochemical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity) of the three rivers were inconsistent. The sample sites near urban areas and industrial centers had high concentrations of dissolved trace elements. In the G-B-M Estuary, iron and lead concentrations decreased along the salinity gradient, whereas selenium levels gradually increased, which may have been released by the SPM owing to its highly exchangeable trace metals. Compared with historical concentrations, trace elements that entered the G-B Estuary from the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers exhibited either decreased or increased metal fluxes due to additional terrigenous sources, suggesting that the inputs of trace element flux from the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers into the oceans may need to be re-evaluated. Furthermore, Fe and Pb concentrations and river fluxes in the Ganges and Changjiang have decreased in recent years. Hence, the fluxes of certain trace elements that enter the oceans from large rivers may require re-evaluation.

Characterization and application of synthesized calcium alginate-graphene oxide for the removal of Cr3+, Cu2+ and Cd2+ ions from tannery effluents

Environmental sustainability has gained acceptance to achieving the goal of a secure ecosystem with a reliable management system. Heavy metal remediation of aqueous streams is of special concern due to the intractability and persistence in the environment. Adsorption is a potential alternative to the existing inefficient conventional technologies for the removal and recovery of metal ions from aqueous solutions and becomes vital to align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and mitigate the adverse environmental and social impacts. Calcium Alginate-Graphene oxide (CA-GO) composite has been synthesized for the adsorption of heavy metals including Cr3+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ ions from tannery effluents. Graphene oxide is prepared from commercial graphite powder and reacted with sodium alginate and calcium chloride to form the beads of CA-GO composite. The developed composite was characterized by FTIR, elemental analysis, SEM, XRD analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, the effect of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial concentration of metal ions on the adsorption capacity were investigated through batch experiments. At a pH>3.0 (pHzpc), the carboxyl group of CA-GO was deprotonated to make the surface negatively charged and facilitate metal adsorption. The optimum pH and maximum adsorption capacity of CA-GO for removal of Cr(III), Cu(II), and Cd(II) were 4.5, 6.0, and 7.0, and 90.58, 108.57, and 134.77 mg g-1, respectively. The kinetics, adsorption isotherms, and thermodynamics were studied to determine the adsorption mechanism. The kinetic of adsorption adopted the second-order model. Thermodynamic parameter were calculated and the adsorption process was determined to be exothermic and spontaneous at room temperature. The developed composite has been efficaciously applied for the removal of metal ions and pollution from real tannery effluents.

Source specific sedimentary response towards the differential anthropogenic impacts in terms of potentially toxic elements in an urban river

To investigate the interplay between varying anthropogenic activities and sediment dynamics in an urban river (Turag, Bangladesh), this study involved 37-sediment samples from 11 different sections of the river. Neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry were utilized to quantify the concentrations of 14 metal(oid)s (Al, Ti, Co, Fe, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn). This study revealed significant toxic metal trends, with Principal coordinate analysis explaining 62.91 % of the variance from upstream to downstream. The largest RSDs for Zn(287 %), Mn(120 %), and Cd(323 %) implies an irregular regional distribution throughout the river. The UNMIX-model and PMF-model were utilized to identify potential sources of metal(oid)s in sediments. ∼63.65-66.7 % of metal(oid)s in sediments originated from anthropogenic sources, while remaining attributed to natural sources in both models. Strikingly, all measured metal(oid)s' concentrations surpassed the threshold effect level, with Zn and Ni exceeding probable effect levels when compared to SQGs.

Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health hazards of potentially toxic elements in commonly consumed rice cultivars in Dhaka city, Bangladesh

The study aimed to assess the level of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Mn, and Ni) and associated health implications through commonly consumed rice cultivars of Bangladesh available in Capital city, Dhaka. The range of As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Mn, and Ni in rice grains were 0.04-0.35, 0.01-0.15, 0.01-1.18, 10.74-34.35, 1.98-13.42, 0.18-1.43, 2.51-22.08, and 0.21-5.96 mg/kg fresh weight (FW), respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) identified substantial anthropogenic activities to be responsible for these elements in rice grains. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of the elements was below the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI) level. The hazard index (HI) was above the threshold level, stating non-carcinogenic health hazards from consuming these rice cultivars. The mean target cancer risk (TCR) of As and Pb exceeded the USEPA acceptable level (10-6), revealing carcinogenic health risks from the rice grains.

Combined pollution characteristics and ecological risks of multi-pollutants in Poyang Lake

Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, faced severe ecological degradation in the past decade. Combined pollution of multi-pollutants may be one of the contributing factors. However, the characteristics of combined pollution and the ecological risks are still not clear. In this study, we used Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS), In Situ Bioassay Passive Sampling Device (ISBPSD) and conventional sampling methods, to study the toxic pollutants levels and the combined biological toxicity effects. The results showed that high levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs, averaged 162 ng/g) and polycyclic musk (PCM, averaged 53.6 ng/g) residues, as well as some metals such as nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) concentrations exceeded the relevant standard level in the sediment. The risk of combined pollution in the water was relatively low, but high risk was found in the sediments. According to the ISBPSD studies, the survival rates of species in the water and sediments were only 10.0-45.0% and 1.67-11.7% respectively, which was much lower than that reported in other typical basins of China. OCPs, PCMs, and certain metals such as Pb and Ni may be the key toxic pollutants causing biological toxicity effects in Poyang Lake.

Analysis of the characteristics of major pollutants discharged from wastewater in China's provinces

In recent years, the discharge of major pollutants in China's wastewater has been decreasing but remains at a high level. Controlling the discharge of pollutants in sewage is of great importance for protecting water quality and maintaining ecological balance. Based on data collected from 31 provinces in China from 2011 to 2020 (except 2018), this study analyzes the spatiotemporal variation emissions of the wastewater pollutants: chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). The entropy method was used to evaluate the effectiveness of water pollution control in different provinces. Our results revealed that the total emission per gross domestic product (GDP) for COD, NH3-N, TN and TP in China decreased by 50.7%, 81.9%, 65.4% and 70.8%, respectively. In terms of regional annual emission differences, the Northwest region was the lowest compared with other regions, accounting for 4.87%-6.59% of the national pollutant emissions, and the Central China region was the highest, accounting for 22.4%-26.05% of the national pollutant emissions. The average value of pollutant emissions per unit of GDP decreased year-to-year overall, but Guangxi and Tibet showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. The correlation results indicated a significant correlation (0.977) between TN and TP emissions in wastewater in China during 2011-2020. Through clustering and Multidimensional Scaling model (MDS) analysis, Beijing and Shanghai have been performing well in controlling water pollution discharge, while the provinces of Tibet and Guangxi must still increase their efforts in water pollution control. Furthermore, these results demonstrate the experience and achievements of the Chinese government in the treatment of wastewater pollution and provide a useful reference for treatment of wastewater pollution in the world.

The application of Rumex abyssinicus based activated carbon for Brilliant Blue Reactive dye adsorption from aqueous solution

The environmental pollution and human health impacts associated with the discharge of massive dye-containing effluents necessitate a search for cost-effective treatment technology. Therefore, this research work is conducted with the objective of investigating the potential of Rumex abyssinicus-derived activated carbon (RAAC) for the adsorption of Brilliant Blue Reactive (BBR) dye from aqueous solutions. Chemical activation with H₃PO₄ followed by pyrolysis was used to prepare the adsorbent. Characterization of the developed adsorbent was done using proximate analysis, pH point of zero charge (pHpzc), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The experimental design and the effect of independent variables including pH (2, 6, and 10), initial dye concentration (50, 100, and 150 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 g/100 mL), and contact time (20, 50, and 80 min) were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with Box Behnken design (BBD). The analysis results revealed the exitance of high specific surface area of 524 m²/g, morphological cracks, and the presence of multiple functional groups like -OH, C=C, alkene, and amorphous structure. Maximum removal efficiency of 99.98% was attained at optimum working conditions of pH 2, contact time of 50 min, dye concentration of 100 mg/L, and adsorbent dosage of 0.15 mg/100 mL, reducing the pollutant concentration from 100 to 0.02 mg/L. Evaluation of the experimental data was done using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Sips isotherm models, in which the Langmuir model was found to be the best fit with the experimental data at R² 0.986. This shows that the adsorbent surface is homogeneous and mono-layered. Furthermore, the kinetic study confirmed that the pseudo second-order model best describes the experimental data with R² = 0.999. In general, the research work showed that the low cost, environmental friendliness and high adsorption capabilities of the activated carbon derived from Rumex abyssinicus could be taken as an effective nt for the removal of BBR dye from aqueous solutions.

Spatiotemporal distribution and pollution assessment of trace metals in the Buriganga River, Bangladesh

The Buriganga River plays a key role in the socioeconomic structure of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. However, this river is severely polluted and is considered one of the most polluted in the world. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the concentrations of various metals in the Buriganga River. A study was conducted from August 2019 to February 2020 to determine the concentrations of 16 metals in water samples (n = 210) collected from 10 distinct sites in the Buriganga River. The mean values for the concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sb, and Pb in river water were above the guideline values prescribed by the WHO, Japan, and Bangladesh. Moreover, the fraction ratios of Be, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, and Pb were high (>0.85); consequently, these metals could accumulate at high concentrations in river sediments. Assessment using the single-factor pollution index allowed the classification of the pollution level as 'serious pollution' for Sb and 'heavy pollution' for Cd, Ni, and Pb. The trace metal concentrations in this river imply that crops cultivated along the river using river water may also be contaminated with trace metals.

Nontarget Analysis of Polluted Surface Waters in Bangladesh Using Open Science Workflows

Nontarget mass spectrometry has great potential to reveal patterns of water contamination globally through community science, but few studies are conducted in low-income countries, nor with open-source workflows, and few datasets are FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable). Water was collected from urban and rural rivers around Dhaka, Bangladesh, and analyzed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry in four ionization modes (electrospray ionization ±, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ±) with data-independent MS2 acquisition. The acquisition strategy was complementary: 19,427 and 7365 features were unique to ESI and APCI, respectively. The complexity of water pollution was revealed by >26,000 unique molecular features resolved by MS-DIAL, among which >20,000 correlated with urban sources in Dhaka. A major wastewater treatment plant was not a dominant pollution source, consistent with major contributions from uncontrolled urban drainage, a result that encourages development of further wastewater infrastructures. Matching of deconvoluted MS2 spectra to public libraries resulted in 62 confident annotations (i.e., Level 1-2a) and allowed semiquantification of 42 analytes including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and personal care products. In silico structure prediction for the top 100 unknown molecular features associated with an urban source allowed 15 additional chemicals of anthropogenic origin to be annotated (i.e., Level 3). The authentic MS2 spectra were uploaded to MassBank Europe, mass spectral data were openly shared on the MassIVE repository, a tool (i.e., MASST) that could be used for community science environmental surveillance was demonstrated, and current limitations were discussed.

Arsenic contamination in groundwater and food chain with mitigation options in Bengal delta with special reference to Bangladesh

Bangladesh, situated in Bengal delta, is one of the worst affected countries by arsenic contamination in groundwater. Most of the people in the country are dependent on groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes. Currently, 61 districts out of 64 districts of Bangladesh are affected by arsenic contamination. Drinking arsenic contaminated groundwater is the main pathway of arsenic exposure in the population. Additionally, the use of arsenic-contaminated groundwater for irrigation purpose in crop fields in Bangladesh has elevated arsenic concentration in surface soil and in the plants. In many arsenic-affected countries, including Bangladesh, rice is reported to be one of the significant sources of arsenic contamination. This review discussed scenario of groundwater arsenic contamination and transmission of arsenic through food chain in Bangladesh. The study further highlighted the human health perspectives of arsenic exposure in Bangladesh with possible mitigation and remediation options employed in the country.

Comparative Evaluation of Chlorella vulgaris and Anabaena variabilis for Phycoremediation of Polluted River Water: Spotlighting Heavy Metals Detoxification

This study investigated the phycoremediation abilities of Chlorella vulgaris (microalga) and Anabaena variabilis (cyanobacterium) for the detoxification of polluted river water. Lab-scale phycoremediation experiments were conducted for 20 days at 30 °C using the microalgal and cyanobacterial strains and water samples collected from the Dhaleswari river in Bangladesh. The physicochemical properties such as electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), hardness ions, and heavy metals of the collected water samples indicated that the river water is highly polluted. The results of the phycoremediation experiments demonstrated that both microalgal and cyanobacterial species significantly reduced the pollutant load and heavy metal concentrations of the river water. The pH of the river water was significantly raised from 6.97 to 8.07 and 8.28 by C. vulgaris and A. variabilis, respectively. A. variabilis demonstrated higher efficacy than C. vulgaris in reducing the EC, TDS, and BOD of the polluted river water and was more effective at reducing the pollutant load of SO₄^2- and Zn. In regard to hardness ions and heavy metal detoxification, C. vulgaris performed better at removing Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cr, and Mn. These findings indicate that both microalgae and cyanobacteria have great potential to remove various pollutants, especially heavy metals, from the polluted river water as part of a low-cost, easily controllable, environmentally friendly remediation strategy. Nevertheless, the composition of polluted water should be assessed prior to the designing of microalgae- or cyanobacteria-based remediation technology, since the pollutant removal efficiency is found to be species dependent.

Assessing the impact of land use and land cover on river water quality using water quality index and remote sensing techniques

The impact of land use on water quality is becoming a global concern due to the increasing demand for freshwater. This study aimed to assess the effects of land use and land cover (LULC) on the surface water quality of the Buriganga, Dhaleshwari, Meghna, and Padma river system in Bangladesh. To determine the state of water, water samples were collected from twelve locations in the Buriganga, Dhaleshwari, Meghna, and Padma rivers during the winter season of 2015 and collected samples were analysed for seven water quality indicators: pH, temperature (Temp.), conductivity (Cond.), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) for assessing water quality (WQ). Additionally, same-period satellite imagery (Landsat-8) was utilised to classify the LULC using the object-based image analysis (OBIA) technique. The overall accuracy assessment and kappa co-efficient value of post-classified images were 92% and 0.89, respectively. In this research, the root mean squared water quality index (RMS-WQI) model was used to determine the WQ status, and satellite imagery was utilised to classify LULC types. Most of the WQs were found within the ECR guideline level for surface water. The RMS-WQI result showed that the "fair" status of water quality found in all sampling sites ranges from 66.50 to 79.08, and the water quality is satisfactory. Four types of LULC were categorised in the study area mainly comprised of agricultural land (37.33%), followed by built-up area (24.76%), vegetation (9.5%), and water bodies (28.41%). Finally, the Principal component analysis (PCA) techniques were used to find out significant WQ indicators and the correlation matrix revealed that WQ had a substantial positive correlation with agricultural land (r = 0.68, P < 0.01) and a significant negative association with the built-up area (r =  - 0.94, P < 0.01). To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first attempt in Bangladesh to assess the impact of LULC on the water quality along the longitudinal gradient of a vast river system. Hence, we believe that the findings of this study can support planners and environmentalists to plan and design landscapes and protect the river environment.

Bayesian-Based Approaches to Exploring the Long-Term Alteration in Trace Metals of Surface Water and Its Driving Forces

Trace metal pollution poses a serious threat to the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, characterizing the long-term environmental behavior of trace metals and their driving forces is essential for guiding water quality management. Based on a long-term data set from 1990 to 2019, this study systematically conducted the spatiotemporal trend assessment, influential factor analysis, and source apportionment of trace elements in the rivers of the German Elbe River basin. Results show that the mean concentrations of the given elements in the last 30 years were found in the order of Fe (1179.5 ± 1221 μg·L^-1) ≫ Mn (209.6 ± 181.7 μg·L^-1) ≫ Zn (52.5 ± 166.2 μg·L^-1) ≫ Cu (5.3 ± 5.5 μg·L^-1) > Ni (4.4 ± 8.3 μg·L^-1) > Pb (3.3 ± 4.4 μg·L^-1) > As (2.9 ± 2.3 μg·L^-1) > Cr (1.8 ± 2.4 μg·L^-1) ≫ Cd (0.3 ± 1.1 μg·L^-1) > Hg (0.05 ± 0.12 μg·L^-1). Wavelet analyses show that river flow regimes and flooding dominated the periodic variations in metal pollution. Bayesian network suggests that the hydrochemical factors (i.e., TOC, TP, TN, pH, and EC) chemically influenced the metal mobility between water and sediments. Furthermore, the source apportionment computed by the Bayesian multivariate receptor model shows that the given element contamination was typically attributed to the geogenic sources (17.5, 95% confidence interval: 13.1-17.6%), urban and industrial sources (22.1, 18.0-27.2%), arable soil erosion (24.2, 16.4-31.5%), and historical anthropogenic activities (35.2, 32.8-43.3%). The results provided herein reveal that both the hydrochemical influence on metal mobility and the chronic disturbance from anthropogenic activities caused the long-term variation in trace metal pollution.

Synthetic surfactants in drinking and surface waters in Armenia and apparent non-association with some diseases

The main goal of this study is to compare the concentrations of anionic synthetic surfactants (ASS) in drinking and surface waters in Armenia and to explore possible relationship with diseases of the skin and digestive system. Surfactants are widely employed in numerous field of the economy, are in contact with the entire population throughout life and can be harmful to human health.The samples of drinking and surface waters (n = 144) were collected in Kotayk province to analyze ASS concentrations, physicochemical parameters and phytotoxic activity. The prevalence of diseases was analyzed for different population groups. ASS concentrations in surface waters were significantly higher in summer compared to spring (p = 0.006). In drinking water, concentrations were also higher in summer, but not significantly. In surface waters, ASS levels were 2.4-3 times higher compared to drinking (p = 0.03) and exceeded the permissible limit by 1.4-2.9 times in summer and fall. No phytotoxic activity and differences in both classes of diseases and age groups were revealed. The determination of ASS in both surface and drinking waters with the same trend showed their interrelation to a certain extent. This study provides important information for future research and action which will contribute to the sustainable development of local communities.

Effect of Watering down Environmental Regulation on Residents' Health in China: A Quasi-Natural Experiment of Local Officials' Promotion Motivation

Environmental performance is increasingly important in promoting officials, whose pursuit of promotions and related behavior may affect the health of residents in their jurisdictions. In this study, we spatially matched Chinese river water quality monitoring station data, enterprise pollution emission data, and resident health data and quantified how Chinese officials pursuing promotions based on environmental performance affected resident health using a regression discontinuity design and difference-in-difference with interaction terms design strategy. The results show that the upstream-downstream disparity of environmental governance and pollutant emissions affects the residents' health, medical treatment behavior, and medical expenditure. Furthermore, we identified the causal relationship between official promotion and upstream-downstream disparity and estimated the marginal effect of promotion on residents' health. The study suggests that local officials limit the pollution emissions of enterprises in the upstream river to achieve environmental performance and relax the pollution restrictions of firms in the downstream river to achieve economic performance, such that the health of residents near the river is differentially affected.

Seasonal Dynamic of Physicochemical Parameters of Berach River System in Udaipur District, Rajasthan

Surface and ground water have been contaminated is a result of the improper disposal of industrial and municipal waste. Seasonal variations in human interference and natural processes particularly rainfall and temperature have an impact on the water quality of aquatic ecosystems. During the study, Sarjana tank showed the lowest average value of water temperature, 25.31ºC, whereas Gadwa pond had the maximum average value of water temperature (28.25ºC). The highest depth of visibility observed in Bada Madar tank (104cm) in winter 2019 and lowest depth of visibility observed in downstream pond (9.2cm) in monsoon 2019. Industrial pollution was responsible for comparatively low pH in the ponds of Berach river viz Upstream, Downstream, Gadwa, Daroli pond and Sarjana tank. The maximum average dissolved oxygen was found in Fatehsagar lake and minimum average dissolved oxygen found in Daroli pond. Udaisagar lake had highest alkalinity of 324.00 mg/l during winter 2018 and the lowest value of 68mg/l was observed in Down-stream pond in winter 2019. Chhota Madar tank had the lowest average hardness value of 136.61 mg/L. The highest mean conductivity (3.1018 m.mhos.) value was observed in the Down-stream pond and the lowest mean conductivity (0.3178 m.mhos.) in Chota Madar pond. Lowest TDS value (151.8 ppm) was in Bada Madar tank during the monsoon of 2018 and highest (4999.2 ppm) was in the downstream pond during winter 2018. Lowest mean chloride was found in Fatehsagar lake while highest mean chloride was found in downstream pond. Chhota Madar tank was found to be most rich in phosphates (0.4856 mg/l).

Biofilm-mediated decolorization, degradation and detoxification of synthetic effluent by novel biofilm-producing bacteria isolated from textile dyeing effluent

Biofilm-mediated bioremediation of xenobiotic pollutants is an environmental friendly biological technique. In this study, 36 out of 55 bacterial isolates developed biofilms in glass test tubes containing salt-optimized broth plus 2% glycerol (SOBG). Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Congo red- and Calcofluor binding results showed biofilm matrices contain proteins, curli, nanocellulose-rich polysaccharides, nucleic acids, lipids, and peptidoglycans. Several functional groups including -OH, N-H, C-H, CO, COO^-, -NH_2, PO, C-O, and C-C were also predicted. By sequencing, ten novel biofilm-producing bacteria (BPB) were identified, including Exiguobacterium indicum ES31G, Kurthia gibsonii ES43G, Kluyvera cryocrescens ES45G, Cedecea lapagei ES48G, Enterobacter wuhouensis ES49G, Aeromonas caviae ES50G, Lysinibacillus sphaericus ES51G, Acinetobacter haemolyticus ES52G, Enterobacter soli ES53G, and Comamonas aquatica ES54G. The Direct Red (DR) 28 (a carcinogenic and mutagenic dye used in dyeing and biomedical processes) decolorization process was optimized in selected bacterial isolates. Under optimum conditions (SOBG medium, 75 mg L^-1 dye, pH 7, 28 °C, microaerophilic condition and within 72 h of incubation), five of the bacteria tested could decolorize 97.8% ± 0.56-99.7% ± 0.45 of DR 28 dye. Azoreductase and laccase enzymes responsible for biodegradation were produced under the optimum condition. UV-Vis spectral analysis revealed that the azo (-NN-) bond peak at 476 nm had almost disappeared in all of the decolorized samples. FTIR data revealed that the foremost characteristic peaks had either partly or entirely vanished or were malformed or stretched. The chemical oxygen demand decreased by 83.3-91.3% in the decolorized samples, while plant probiotic bacterial growth was indistinguishable in the biodegraded metabolites and the original dye. Furthermore, seed germination (%) was higher in the biodegraded metabolites than the parent dye. Thus, examined BPB could provide potential solutions for the bioremediation of industrial dyes in wastewater.

IoT-Based Smart Water Management Systems for Residential Buildings in Saudi Arabia

Water is a precious resource that can be intelligently managed. Effective water usage demands computerized home water supply management in a culture where water tanks, motors, and pumps are ubiquitous. Water management is crucial for the government and the citizens in countries like Saudi Arabia. The issue is providing a constant, high-quality, low-cost water supply. This study introduces a smart water management (IoT-SWM) system that may be used in structures that do not have access to a constant water supply but instead have water stored in enormous tanks underneath. The GSM module collects water use data from each home in a community and transmits it to the cloud, where it is analyzed. A smart water grid is a hybrid application that uses an inspection mode to identify leaks and measure the resulting height differences to keep track of the tank’s water level. The system automatically deactivates the affected section after detecting any water shortage or malfunction in the system mechanism, such as broken valves, pumps, or pipes. It sends an emergency signal to building managers. It monitors essential water quality elements regularly, and if they fall below acceptable levels, it sends warning signals to the building management, who can take action. Over an extended period, the system monitored and recorded all water quality metrics. The system restarts when the water pump has been reconnected and sends an emergency alert. As a result, the suggested system has been an excellent replacement for Saudi Arabia’s mechanically operated system.

Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in sediments from the Brahmaputra River watershed in Bangladesh

Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of selected heavy metals such as barium (Ba), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in sediments of the Brahmaputra River watershed in Bangladesh was investigated. The mean abundances (ppm) of heavy metals in sediment samples were in decreasing order Ba (375.60) > V (67.60) > Cr (54.10) > Zn (48.20) > Ni (22.28) > Pb (20.25) > Cu (7.59) > As (4.21). Concentrations of Pb and As in the sediments are enriched relative to the average upper continental crust composition, while Ba, V, Cr, Zn, Ni, and Cu decrease considerably. A higher concentration of Pb and Ni indicates that Brahmaputra River watershed samples receive a significant contribution from anthropogenic sources of heavy metals. Chromium displays marked positive correlation with V (r = 0.91, p =  < 0.01), inferring a similar source materials input into the watershed. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) values suggest that the sediments were uncontaminated to moderately contaminated by Ni, Zn, Pb, V, and Cr, whereas moderate to heavily contaminated by As and Cu. The contamination factor (CF) confirmed that sediments in the watershed were moderate to highly contaminated by As, Cu, and Cr. The pollution load index (PLI) values for most of the samples were over one (> 1), indicating an advanced decline in the watershed sediment quality. The overall results of a multivariate statistical analysis suggest that Ba, V, Cr, and Zn contents were all-natural sources, and Pb, Ni, As, and Cu were derived from both natural and anthropogenic sources.

Vertical profile of dissolved oxygen and associated water variables in the Pasur-Rupsha estuary of Bangladesh

Vertical profile of dissolved oxygen (DO) and associated water variables were measured in the head of the Pasur-Rupsha estuary of Bangladesh. Water samples were collected from two stations at 0.60 m depth intervals during high and low tides from July, 2016 to January, 2017. DO concentration was ranged from 6.0 to 8.6 mg/l with maximum two units of variation in the profiles of the stations and demonstrated an inconsistent stratification pattern. The observed stratification pattern was remarkably triggered by a relatively high concentration of DO in the bottom layer than that of the surface layer during both the high and low tides in most of the study periods. High rate of freshwater flow at the surface; existence of estuarine gravitational circulation with 5-15 m depth profile; and lack of consumers in the bottom due to the high deposition of sediment particles were found responsible for the relatively high concentration of DO at bottom and low in surface layer of the estuary. Water temperature, salinity, pH, phytoplankton density and transparency were ranged from 22 to 32 °C, 0-6 ppt, 7.0 to 8.5, 1000-23000 ind/l and 13-17 cm respectively considering the depth profiles in the study periods. Temperature and plankton density were found significantly (P < 0.000) correlated with DO while the pH and salinity did not show any significant (P > 0.3) correlation. The ecosystem process associated with the vertical profile of DO explained in this study will provide considerable advances in understanding the ecosystem dynamics of the Pasur-Rupsha Estuary of Bangladesh.

Impact of 2nd wave of COVID-19-related lockdown on coastal water quality at Diu, western coast of India and role of total alkalinity on bacterial loads

A detailed coastal water monitoring near Diu coast, western part of India was performed from October, 2020 to May, 2021 covering the 2nd lockdown time. Average monthly fluctuation from 7 different sampling stations of total 9 physico-chemical parameters such as pH, salinity, turbidity, nitrite (NO₂), nitrate (NO₃), ammonia (NH₃), phosphate (PO₄), total alkalinity and silicate were recorded. Initially, Mann-Kendall trend test for all the 9 parameters showed non-zero trend, which may be either linear or non-linear. During 2nd lockdown period, there was a fluctuation of value for parameters like pH, salinity, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate. Average total bacterial count and differential bacterial count also gradually decreased from March, 2021 sampling. Principal component analysis (PCA) plot covering all the physico-chemical parameters as well as the differential bacterial count showed a distinct cluster of all bacterial count with total alkalinity value. Subsequently, mathematical equation was formulated between total alkalinity value and all differential bacterial count. Upto our knowledge, this is the first report where mathematical equation was formulated to obtain value of different bacterial load based on the derived total alkalinity value of the coastal water samples near Diu, India.

Application and validation of a biotic ligand model for calculating acute toxicity of lead to Moina dubia in lakes of Hanoi, Vietnam

It is increasingly being recognized that biotic ligand models (BLMs) can successfully predict the toxicity of divalent metals toward aquatic biota applied to temperate freshwater ecosystems. However, studies on the eutrophic lakes in tropical regions toward native tropical organisms, including Moina, are relatively limited. In this study, Moina dubia, the native organism of the Hanoi eutrophic urban lakes, were used in toxicological studies of lead (Pb); 24-h EC₅₀ value of Pb was 523.19 µg/L under optimal living conditions for M. dubia in the laboratory. The constant binding of Pb²⁺ on M. dubia surface sites (log K_PbBL = 2.38) was significantly low. Other stability constants were obtained under experiments as logK_CaBL = 2.48, logK_MgBL = 2.80, logK_NaBL = 2.35, logK_KBL = 2.49, and logK_HBL = 3.026. A BLM was developed to calculate the acute toxicity (EC₅₀-24 h) of lead on M. dubia based on the condition of the urban lakes of Hanoi. Validation with toxicity data in synthetic medium showed a coefficient determination of 79.16% and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 10.2%, while the validation with the toxicity data with natural water medium from 11 Hanoi lakes showed a coefficient determination of 73.7% and a MAPE of 13.66%. The BLM worked well with water at a pH of 7.0 to 8.0, but failed with water at a pH above 8.0. Eutrophic conditions proved to have a significant effect on the toxicity of lead on local zooplankton.

Prediction of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand in the Buriganga River of Bangladesh using novel hybrid machine learning algorithms

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is one of the most important variables indicating stream pollution with a severe condition of organic loading and maintaining aquatic life in ecosystems. Advanced monitoring techniques such as machine learning (ML) methods have been developed for an accurate, reliable, and cost-effective prediction of BOD. This study investigated the effectiveness of four stand-alone ML algorithms, namely, artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and gradient boosting machine (GBM), and six novel hybrid algorithms, namely, RF-SVM, ANN-SVM, GBM-SVM, RF-ANN, GBM-ANN, and RF-GBM, in predicting BOD of the Buriganga river system of Bangladesh. The feature importance analysis of RF algorithm indicated that chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, total solids (TS), suspended solids (SS), and turbidity are the most influential parameters for predicting BOD₅ . The significance of this study is the application of the novel hybrid models that resulted in higher prediction success; RF-SVM with the highest R² value (0.908). The employed novel hybrid ML models can be particularly useful for efficient and systematic data management, water pollution control, and prevention in developing countries such as Bangladesh. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Investigated the efficiency of four stand-alone and six novel hybrid ML models for predicting BOD in a river of Bangladesh. The significance of this study is the application of the six novel hybrid models that resulted in higher prediction success. The best three prediction models were RF-SVM, ANN-SVM, and GBM-SVM with a prediction success of 91%, 89.6%, and 88.8% respectively. ML models indicated COD, conductivity, TDS, TS, SS, and turbidity as the most influential variables for predicting BOD. The novel hybrid models can be useful for developing countries for efficient systematic data management, pollution control, and prevention strategies.

Ranking of Basin-Scale Factors Affecting Metal Concentrations in River Sediment

River sediments often contain potentially harmful pollutants such as metals. Much research has been conducted to identify factors involved in sediment concentrations of metals. While most metal pollution studies focus on smaller scales, it has been shown that basin-scale parameters are powerful predictors of river water quality. The present study focused on basin-scale factors of metal concentrations in river sediments. The study was performed on the contiguous USA using Random Forest (R.F.) to analyze the importance of different factors of the metal pollution potential of river sediments and evaluate the possibility of assessing this potential from basin characteristics. Results indicated that the most important factors belonged to the groups Geology, Dams, and Land cover. Rock characteristics (contents of K2O, CaO, and SiO2) and reservoir drainage area were strong factors. Vegetation indices were more important than land cover types. The response of different metals to basin-scale factors varied greatly. The R.F. models performed well with prediction errors of 16.5% to 28.1%, showing that basin-scale parameters hold sufficient information for predicting potential metal concentrations. The results contribute to research and policymaking dependent on understanding large-scale factors of metal pollution.

Elucidating competing strategic behaviors using prospect theory, system dynamics, and evolutionary game: a case of transjurisdictional water pollution problem in China

Water is a critical natural resource for socio-economic and environmental systems. In transjurisdictional river basins, when basin-wide water pollution management scheme is absent, stakeholders tend to adopt utility-maximizing behavior based on incomplete information. Such a scenario could lead to a free-riding problem. This paper attempts to elucidate the strategic behavior of riparian regions using prospect theory, evolutionary game, and system dynamics. The evolution of riparian regions' strategic behaviors is explained, and the impacts of different factors on their strategic selections are simulated. The results showed that the prospective value of factors and stakeholders' attitude to risk are a key for resolving transjurisdictional river water pollution problems. Improving the subjective judgment of the probability of water pollution, raising awareness, strengthening the penalties in "polluter pays" schemes, abandoning segmented river basin management, and building a basin-wide water management system are vital for maintaining the ecological integrity of any transjurisdictional river basin and accelerate the sustainable development of its riparian regions.

Adsorptive removal of pollutants from water using magnesium ferrite nanoadsorbent: a promising future material for water purification

Nanoadsorbents having large specific surface area, high pore volume with tunable pore size, affordability and easy magnetic separation gained much popularity in recent time. Iron-based nanoadsorbents showed higher adsorption capacity for different pollutant removal from water among other periodic elements. Spinel ferrite nanomaterials among iron-bearing adsorbent class performed better than single iron oxide and hydroxides due to their large surface area, mesoporous pore, high pore volume and stability. This work aimed at focusing on water treatment using magnesium ferrite (MgFe₂O₄) nanomaterials. Synthesis routes, properties and pollutant adsorption were critically investigated to explore the performance of magnesium ferrite in water treatment. Structural and surface properties were greatly affected by the factors involved in different synthesis routes and iron and magnesium ratio. Complete removal of pollutants through adsorption was achieved using magnesium ferrite. Pollutant adsorption capacity of MgFe₂O₄ and its modified forms was found several folds higher than Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ nanomaterials. In addition, MgFe₂O₄ showed strong stability in water than other pure iron oxide and hydroxide. Modification with graphene oxide, activated carbon, biochar and silica was demonstrated to be beneficial for enhanced adsorption capacity. Complex formation was suggested as a dominant mechanism for pollutant adsorption. These nanomaterials could be a viable and competitive adsorbent for diverse pollutant removal from water.

Sustainability Assessment Model of the Buriganga River Restoration Project in Bangladesh: A System Dynamics and Inclusive Wealth Study

The Bangladesh government initiated the Buriganga River Restoration Project in 2010 to clean the heavily polluted Turag-Buriganga River. This study assessed the dynamic impact of the project on intergenerational well-being and developing a sustainable river system. The project outcomes were modeled for three future scenarios—varying waste control, streamflow, and migration control levels. System dynamics modeling—based on Streeter-Phelps’ water quality model and inclusive wealth (IW) index—was applied to secondary data (including remotely sensed data). The simulation model indicated that the project (with increasing streamflow up to 160 m3/s) will not ensure sustainability because dissolved oxygen (DO) is meaningfully decreasing, biological oxygen demand (BOD) is increasing, and IW is declining over time. However, sustainability can be achieved in scenario 3, an integrated strategy (streamflow: 160 m3/s, waste control: 87.78% and migration control: 6%) that will ensure DO of 8.3 mg/L, BOD of 3.1 mg/L, and IW of 57.5 billion USD in 2041, which is equivalent to 2.22% cumulative gross domestic product by 2041. This study is the first to use combined modeling to assess the dynamic impacts of a river restoration project. The findings can help policymakers to achieve sustainability and determine the optimal strategy for restoring polluted rivers.

Biofilm Formation, Production of Matrix Compounds and Biosorption of Copper, Nickel and Lead by Different Bacterial Strains

Bacterial biofilms play a key role in metal biosorption from wastewater. Recently, Enterobacter asburiae ENSD102, Enterobacter ludwigii ENSH201, Vitreoscilla sp. ENSG301, Acinetobacter lwoffii ENSG302, and Bacillus thuringiensis ENSW401 were shown to form air–liquid (AL) and solid–air–liquid (SAL) biofilms in a static condition at 28 and 37°C, respectively. However, how environmental and nutritional conditions affect biofilm formation; production of curli and cellulose; and biosorption of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) by these bacteria have not been studied yet. In this study, E. asburiae ENSD102, E. ludwigii ENSH201, and B. thuringiensis ENSW401 developed the SAL biofilms at pH 8, while E. asburiae ENSD102 and Vitreoscilla sp. ENSG301 constructed the SAL biofilms at pH 4. However, all these strains produced AL biofilms at pH 7. In high osmolarity and ½-strength media, all these bacteria built fragile AL biofilms, while none of these strains generated the biofilms in anaerobic conditions. Congo red binding results showed that both environmental cues and bacterial strains played a vital role in curli and cellulose production. Calcofluor binding and spectrophotometric results revealed that all these bacterial strains produced significantly lesser amounts of cellulose at 37°C, pH 8, and in high osmotic conditions as compared to the regular media, at 28°C, and pH 7. Metal biosorption was drastically reduced in these bacteria at 37°C than at 28°C. Only Vitreoscilla sp. ENSG301 and B. thuringiensis ENSW401 completely removed (100%) Cu and Ni at an initial concentration of 12.5 mg l^–1, while all these bacteria totally removed (100%) Pb at concentrations of 12.5 and 25 mg l^–1 at pH 7 and 28°C. At an initial concentration of 100 mg l^–1, the removal of Cu (92.5 to 97.8%) and Pb (89.3 to 98.3%) was the highest at pH 6, while it was higher (84.7 to 93.9%) for Ni at pH 7. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed metal-unloaded biomass biofilms contained amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, and phosphate groups. The peak positions of these groups were shifted responding to Cu, Ni, and Pb, suggesting biosorption of metals. Thus, these bacterial strains could be utilized to remove Cu, Ni, and Pb from aquatic environment.