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Hose L, Schürmann M, Sudhoff H. Upregulation of key factors of viral entry of corona- and influenza viruses upon TLR3-signaling in cells from the respiratory tract and clinical treatment options by 1,8-Cineol. Phytother Res 2024. [PMID: 39020450 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
At the end of the 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), highly contagious variants of coronaviruses had emerged. Together with influenza viruses, different variants of the coronavirus currently cause most colds and require appropriate drug treatment. We have investigated the expression of important factors for the replication of these viruses, namely transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2), neuropilin1 (NRP1), and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) after toll like receptor-3 (TLR-3) stimulation using RT-qPCR and flow cytometry (FC) analysis. As model served primary fibroblasts derived from the lung and nasal cavity, as well as epidermal stem cells and fully matured respiratory epithelium. The stimulated cell cultures were treated with pharmaceuticals (Dexamethasone and Enzalutamide) and the outcome was compared with the phytomedicine 1,8-Cineol. The stimulation of TLR3 is sufficient to induce the expression of exactly those targets that were highly expressed in the corresponding culture type, specifically ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in respiratory epithelial stem cells and NRP1 in fibroblast cells. It seems this self-perpetuating cycle of infection-driven upregulation of key viral replication factors by the innate immune system represents an evolutionary advantage for viruses using these transcripts as viral replication factors. Likewise, to the standard pharmaceuticals with proven clinical efficiency, 1,8-Cineol was able to disrupt this self-perpetuating cycle. Considering the minor side effects and negligible pharmacological interactions with other drugs, it is conceivable that an adjuvant or combinatorial therapy with 1,8-Cineol for respiratory diseases caused by corona- or influenza viruses would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Hose
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Campus Klinikum Bielefeld Mitte, University Hospital OWL of Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Matthias Schürmann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Campus Klinikum Bielefeld Mitte, University Hospital OWL of Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Holger Sudhoff
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Campus Klinikum Bielefeld Mitte, University Hospital OWL of Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Anbessa B, Lulekal E, Hymete A, Debella A, Debebe E, Abebe A, Degu S. Ethnomedicine, antibacterial activity, antioxidant potential and phytochemical screening of selected medicinal plants in Dibatie district, Metekel zone, western Ethiopia. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:199. [PMID: 38773522 PMCID: PMC11110246 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medicinal plants play a major role in the delivery of healthcare, particularly among the rural population of Ethiopia. Plant extracts and their bioactive compounds have been utilized for the treatment of several diseases. This study was aimed at evaluating the antibacterial activity, antioxidant capacity, and phytochemical content of selected medicinal plants used in Dibatie district, western Ethiopia. METHODS Study plants were collected, shade dried, pulverized, extracted by maceration in 80% ethanol, and subjected to antibacterial, antioxidant, and phytochemical tests. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using 96-well microplates and nutrient broth microdilution. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Phytochemical screening was conducted using standard test methods. RESULTS The ethanolic extract of Polystachya steudneri Rchb.f. pseudobulbs was the most active against gram-negative Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Shigella flexneri, with MIC values of 8 ± 0, 11 ± 5, 3 ± 1, 3 ± 1, and 2 ± 0 mg/mL, respectively. The ethanolic extract of P. steudneri was also the most effective against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Enterococcus faecalis, with MIC values of 8 ± 0, 8 ± 0, 3 ± 1, and 16 ± 0 mg/mL, respectively. Ethanolic extracts of Gnidia involucrata Steud. ex A.Rich. stems and roots were effective antioxidants, with respective 50% DPPH free radical inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 168.68 and 181.79 µg/mL, followed by that of P. steudneri (IC50 = 203.11 µg/mL). The study plants contained alkaloids, anthocyanins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed the antibiotic, antioxidant, and phytochemical constituents of the investigated plants and suggested further investigations that may lead to bioactive lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baressa Anbessa
- Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia.
| | - Ermias Lulekal
- Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ariaya Hymete
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asfaw Debella
- Directorate of Modern and Traditional Medicine Research, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eyob Debebe
- Traditional and Modern Medicine Research and Development Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abiy Abebe
- Traditional and Modern Medicine Research and Development Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sileshi Degu
- Traditional and Modern Medicine Research and Development Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Eldin AB, Ezzat M, Afifi M, Sabry O, Caprioli G. Herbal medicine: the magic way crouching microbial resistance. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:4280-4289. [PMID: 36719419 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2172009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics poses a high level of danger worldwide. Bacterial resistance mechanisms are spreading globally, impeding our ability to treat common infectious diseases. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics accelerate microbial resistance to antibiotics. Despite the exerted efforts, none of the newly developed antibiotics are expected to be effective against the dangerous forms of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Since many plants have been shown to contain powerful antimicrobial compounds that can act synergistically or alternatively to antibiotics, the demand for herbal medicines has recently increased to co-treat microbes that are resistant to antibiotics. Maximum benefit can be achieved when the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of natural products match the antibiotic. This review article refers to nine highly effective and key herbs to use alongside antibiotics to overcome crises of antibiotic resistance. Their unique molecular mechanisms of action have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Badr Eldin
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, MIU, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Ezzat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manal Afifi
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, MIU, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar Sabry
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt
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Abdelfadeel EH, El-Halim ESA, Hegazy TM, Ghany HAA. Relationship between radioactivity and toxicity in some medicinal plants. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10952. [PMID: 37414833 PMCID: PMC10326242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants absorb water, nutrients and minerals from the soil through their root. Also, minerals, the radionuclides present in the growing media also are absorbed by plant parts following the same pathway. Consequently, it is important to determine the concentrations of these radionuclides in edible plants to access the associated risk to human health. In the present work, the levels of natural radioactivity and the level of some toxic elements in 17 medicinal plants, commonly used in Egypt, were measured using high-purity germanium gamma spectrometry and atomic absorption, respectively. The investigated plants were sub-grouped according to the edible parts into leave samples (n = 8), roots (n = 3), and seeds (n = 6). Also, the specific activity of both radon and thoron was measured by using alpha emitters registration which is emitted from radon and thoron gases in CR-39 nuclear track detectors. Additionally, the concentration of some toxic elements (Cu, Zn, Cd and, Pb) in six samples of medicinal plants was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman H Abdelfadeel
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - E S Abd El-Halim
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - T M Hegazy
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H A Abdel Ghany
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Giang TV, Hoa LNM, Hien TT, Cuong QD, Cap NT, Lam Vuong N, Thach PN. Traditional Vietnamese Medicine Containing Garlic Extract for Patients With Non-severe COVID-19: A Phase-II, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Cureus 2023; 15:e42484. [PMID: 37637574 PMCID: PMC10452047 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still ongoing with the omicron variant. Low-cost, effective treatments are still needed, particularly in low-to-middle-income countries. This study assessed the safety and efficacy of TD0068, an herbal medicine developed from mainly garlic, for patients with non-severe COVID-19. Methods This is a phase-II, double-blind, randomized controlled trial to compare oral capsule TD0068 and placebo in adults aged 18-65 years with non-severe COVID-19 between September and October 2021. The efficacy outcomes measured included daily cycle threshold (Ct) value from the time of the initial reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, time to viral clearance, daily symptom severity score from 15 symptoms of interest, time to symptom resolution, and progression to severe/critical COVID-19. Safety outcomes included adverse events (AEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs). Results Sixty patients were randomized (31 received TD0068, and 29 received a placebo). The two groups were balanced in baseline characteristics: mean age was 39 years, and female was predominant (66%). Daily Ct value (median on days 3, 5, 7, and 9 was 25.7, 30.8, 35.4, and 37.6 in the TD0068 group, and 26.4, 31.2, 36.0, and 37.4 in the placebo group, respectively) and time to viral clearance (median: 10 vs. 11 days in TD0068 and placebo groups) were similar between groups. Daily symptom severity score (median on days 3, 5, 7, and 9 was 2, 2, 1, and 0 in the TD0068 group, and 3, 2, 1, and 1 in the placebo group), and time to symptom resolution (median: seven vs. nine days, respectively) were also comparable between groups. No SAE occurred in the study. Conclusions TD0068 is safe but does not show an effect for non-severe COVID-19 patients. Further research is needed to explore the potential benefits of garlic in other forms or dosages for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Van Giang
- Department of Viral and Parasitic Diseases, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, VNM
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, VNM
| | - Le Nguyen Minh Hoa
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, VNM
| | - Tran Thi Hien
- Department of Viral and Parasitic Diseases, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, VNM
| | - Quach Duy Cuong
- Department of Viral and Parasitic Diseases, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, VNM
| | - Nguyen Trung Cap
- Emergency Department, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, VNM
| | - Nguyen Lam Vuong
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, VNM
| | - Pham Ngoc Thach
- Emergency Department, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Hanoi, VNM
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England C, TrejoMartinez J, PerezSanchez P, Karki U, Xu J. Plants as Biofactories for Therapeutic Proteins and Antiviral Compounds to Combat COVID-19. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:617. [PMID: 36983772 PMCID: PMC10054913 DOI: 10.3390/life13030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had a profound impact on the world's health and economy. Although the end of the pandemic may come in 2023, it is generally believed that the virus will not be completely eradicated. Most likely, the disease will become an endemicity. The rapid development of vaccines of different types (mRNA, subunit protein, inactivated virus, etc.) and some other antiviral drugs (Remdesivir, Olumiant, Paxlovid, etc.) has provided effectiveness in reducing COVID-19's impact worldwide. However, the circulating SARS-CoV-2 virus has been constantly mutating with the emergence of multiple variants, which makes control of COVID-19 difficult. There is still a pressing need for developing more effective antiviral drugs to fight against the disease. Plants have provided a promising production platform for both bioactive chemical compounds (small molecules) and recombinant therapeutics (big molecules). Plants naturally produce a diverse range of bioactive compounds as secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, terpenoids/terpenes and polyphenols, which are a rich source of countless antiviral compounds. Plants can also be genetically engineered to produce valuable recombinant therapeutics. This molecular farming in plants has an unprecedented opportunity for developing vaccines, antibodies, and other biologics for pandemic diseases because of its potential advantages, such as low cost, safety, and high production volume. This review summarizes the latest advancements in plant-derived drugs used to combat COVID-19 and discusses the prospects and challenges of the plant-based production platform for antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbin England
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
- Molecular Biosciences Program, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | | | - Paula PerezSanchez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Uddhab Karki
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
- Molecular Biosciences Program, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
- College of Agriculture, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
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Antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal activities and gas chromatographic fingerprint of fractions from the root bark of Afzelia africana. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 13:60-76. [PMID: 36721842 PMCID: PMC9884338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Afzelia africana is a tropical plant with numerous ethno-medicinal benefits. The plant has been used for the treatment of pain, hernia, fever, malaria, inflammation and microbial infections. OBJECTIVES To perform bioassay-guided fractionation, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the bark of Afzelia africana. METHODS Column chromatography fractionation, antioxidant activity (% (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity))), antimicrobial activity (microbroth dilution: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), MBC/MIC ratio), and synergistic activities (Checkerboard assay: Fraction Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI)). RESULTS Bioassay-guided fractionation of A. africana produced four fractions that displayed promising free radical scavenging activities in the ABTS (54-93)% and the DPPH (35-76)% assays in the ranking order of F1(93-54)>F4(81-58)>F2(74-58)>F3(72-55) and F3(77-42)>F1(64-46)>F4(55-44)>F2(47-35) respectively at a concentration range of 1.0-0.01 mg/mL. The fraction F1 (MBC: 2.5-5.0 mg/mL) and F4 (MBC: 1.25-10.0 mg/mL) exhibited broad spectrum of superior bactericidal effects than F2 (MBC≥100.0 mg/mL) and F3 (MBC: 12.5-100.0 mg/mL) against Staphylococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans (standard strain). The two most active fractions (F1 and F4) reported synergistic effects (FICI≤0.5) against S. typhi whilst the F4 reported additional synergism against E. coli, K. pneumonia, and S. typhi when combined with ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, the two fractions reported synergistic effects against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa when combined with tetracycline whilst F1 reported antifungal synergism against fluconazole resistant Candida albicans when combined with fluconazole and ketoconazole. CONCLUSION The study has confirmed the antioxidant, antimicrobial and synergistic uses of A. africana for the treatment of both infectious and non-infectious disease.
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Plant Spices as a Source of Antimicrobial Synergic Molecules to Treat Bacterial and Viral Co-Infections. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238210. [PMID: 36500303 PMCID: PMC9737474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the lack of antiviral agents available for human use, while the complexity of the physiological changes caused by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) imposed the prescription of multidrug pharmacotherapy to treat infected patients. In a significant number of cases, it was necessary to add antibiotics to the prescription to decrease the risk of co-infections, preventing the worsening of the patient's condition. However, the precautionary use of antibiotics corroborated to increase bacterial resistance. Since the development of vaccines for COVID-19, the pandemic scenario has changed, but the development of new antiviral drugs is still a major challenge. Research for new drugs with synergistic activity against virus and resistant bacteria can produce drug leads to be used in the treatment of mild cases of COVID-19 and to fight other viruses and new viral diseases. Following the repurposing approach, plant spices have been searched for antiviral lead compounds, since the toxic effects of plants that are traditionally consumed are already known, speeding up the drug discovery process. The need for effective drugs in the context of viral diseases is discussed in this review, with special focus on plant-based spices with antiviral and antibiotic activity. The activity of plants against resistant bacteria, the diversity of the components present in plant extracts and the synergistic interaction of these metabolites and industrialized antibiotics are discussed, with the aim of contributing to the development of antiviral and antibiotic drugs. A literature search was performed in electronic databases such as Science Direct; SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online); LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences); Elsevier, SpringerLink; and Google Scholar, using the descriptors: antiviral plants, antibacterial plants, coronavirus treatment, morbidities and COVID-19, bacterial resistance, resistant antibiotics, hospital-acquired infections, spices of plant origin, coronaviruses and foods, spices with antiviral effect, drug prescriptions and COVID-19, and plant synergism. Articles published in English in the period from 2020 to 2022 and relevant to the topic were used as the main inclusion criteria.
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Octaviani M, Ameliah WY, Frimayanti N, Djohari M, Fadhli H. Isolation of Endophytic Fungus from Leaves of Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr and Antibacterial Activity Against Propionibacterium acnes and Escherichia coli. BORNEO JOURNAL OF PHARMACY 2022. [DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v5i3.3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncaria cordata (Lour). Merr (akar kaik-kaik) is one of the medicinal plants used as antibacterial because it contains bioactive compounds that can inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The plant is one of the sources of endophyte fungal isolates that can be developed as an alternative to producing antibacterial compounds. This research aimed to isolate the endophytic fungus from the leaves of U. cordata and know the antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Escherichia coli by disc diffusion. The Fungi that were isolated from the leaves of U. cordata were 17 isolates. The isolates were continued for antibacterial activity testing: IFED 1 (Nigrospora sp.), IFED 2 (Aspergillus sp.), IFED 3 (Fusarium sp.), and IFED 4, whose genus was unknown. The results obtained were fungal isolates IFED 1 to IFED 4 had activity in inhibiting the growth of P. acnes with moderate category (18.16 mm) and weak categories (6.21, 6.16, and 6.68 mm) and in E. coli with moderate category (14.56 mm) and weak categories (6.53, 6.71, and 7.23 mm). The results of One-Way ANOVA and Tukey's test showed a significant difference (p <0.05) between the diameter of the inhibition zone with the type of endophytic fungus supernatant isolated from the leaves of U. cordata. The best isolate of endophytic fungi inhibiting P. acnes and E. coli bacteria was IFED 1 (Nigrospora sp).
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