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Brandenburg A, Heine A, Brossart P. Next-generation cancer vaccines and emerging immunotherapy combinations. Trends Cancer 2024; 10:749-769. [PMID: 39048489 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines have been a subject of research for several decades as potential new weapons to tackle malignancies. Their goal is to induce a long-lasting and efficient antitumour-directed immune response, capable of mediating tumour regression, preventing tumour progression, and eradicating minimal residual disease, while avoiding major adverse effects. Development of new vaccine technologies and antigen prediction methods has led to significant improvements in cancer vaccine efficacy. However, for their successful clinical application, certain obstacles still need to be overcome, especially tumour-mediated immunosuppression and escape mechanisms. In this review, we introduce therapeutic cancer vaccines and subsequently discuss combination approaches of next-generation cancer vaccines and existing immunotherapies, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and adoptive cell transfer/cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Brandenburg
- Medical Clinic III of Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Immune-Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annkristin Heine
- Medical Clinic III of Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Immune-Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Brossart
- Medical Clinic III of Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Immune-Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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2
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Feldman L. Hypoxia within the glioblastoma tumor microenvironment: a master saboteur of novel treatments. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1384249. [PMID: 38994360 PMCID: PMC11238147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1384249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) tumors are the most aggressive primary brain tumors in adults that, despite maximum treatment, carry a dismal prognosis. GBM tumors exhibit tissue hypoxia, which promotes tumor aggressiveness and maintenance of glioma stem cells and creates an overall immunosuppressive landscape. This article reviews how hypoxic conditions overlap with inflammatory responses, favoring the proliferation of immunosuppressive cells and inhibiting cytotoxic T cell development. Immunotherapies, including vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and CAR-T cell therapy, represent promising avenues for GBM treatment. However, challenges such as tumor heterogeneity, immunosuppressive TME, and BBB restrictiveness hinder their effectiveness. Strategies to address these challenges, including combination therapies and targeting hypoxia, are actively being explored to improve outcomes for GBM patients. Targeting hypoxia in combination with immunotherapy represents a potential strategy to enhance treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Feldman
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
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3
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Gambichler T, Schrama D, Käpynen R, Weyer-Fahlbusch SS, Becker JC, Susok L, Kreppel F, Abu Rached N. Current Progress in Vaccines against Merkel Cell Carcinoma: A Narrative Review and Update. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:533. [PMID: 38793784 PMCID: PMC11125734 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare, aggressive skin cancer that mainly occurs in elderly and immunocompromised patients. Due to the success of immune checkpoint inhibition in MCC, the importance of immunotherapy and vaccines in MCC has increased in recent years. In this article, we aim to present the current progress and perspectives in the development of vaccines for this disease. Here, we summarize and discuss the current literature and ongoing clinical trials investigating vaccines against MCC. We identified 10 articles through a PubMed search investigating a vaccine against MCC. From the international clinical trial database Clinical.Trials.gov, we identified nine studies on vaccines for the management of MCC, of which seven are actively recruiting. Most of the identified studies investigating a vaccine against MCC are preclinical or phase 1/2 trials. The vaccine principles mainly included DNA- and (synthetic) peptide-based vaccines, but RNA-based vaccines, oncolytic viruses, and the combination of vaccines and immunotherapy are also under investigation for the treatment of MCC. Although the management of MCC is changing, when compared to times before the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors, it will still take some time before the first MCC vaccine is ready for approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Gambichler
- Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (R.K.); (N.A.R.)
- Department of Dermatology, Dortmund Hospital gGmbH and Faculty of Health, Witten-Herdecke University, 44122 Dortmund, Germany; (S.S.W.-F.); (L.S.)
- Department of Dermatology and Phlebology, Christian Hospital Unna, 59423 Unna, Germany
| | - David Schrama
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Riina Käpynen
- Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (R.K.); (N.A.R.)
| | - Sera S. Weyer-Fahlbusch
- Department of Dermatology, Dortmund Hospital gGmbH and Faculty of Health, Witten-Herdecke University, 44122 Dortmund, Germany; (S.S.W.-F.); (L.S.)
| | - Jürgen C. Becker
- Translational Skin Cancer Research, DKTK Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, West German Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany;
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Susok
- Department of Dermatology, Dortmund Hospital gGmbH and Faculty of Health, Witten-Herdecke University, 44122 Dortmund, Germany; (S.S.W.-F.); (L.S.)
| | - Florian Kreppel
- Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany;
| | - Nessr Abu Rached
- Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (R.K.); (N.A.R.)
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Sheikhlary S, Lopez DH, Moghimi S, Sun B. Recent Findings on Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines: An Updated Review. Biomolecules 2024; 14:503. [PMID: 38672519 PMCID: PMC11048403 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the global leading causes of death and various vaccines have been developed over the years against it, including cell-based, nucleic acid-based, and viral-based cancer vaccines. Although many vaccines have been effective in in vivo and clinical studies and some have been FDA-approved, there are major limitations to overcome: (1) developing one universal vaccine for a specific cancer is difficult, as tumors with different antigens are different for different individuals, (2) the tumor antigens may be similar to the body's own antigens, and (3) there is the possibility of cancer recurrence. Therefore, developing personalized cancer vaccines with the ability to distinguish between the tumor and the body's antigens is indispensable. This paper provides a comprehensive review of different types of cancer vaccines and highlights important factors necessary for developing efficient cancer vaccines. Moreover, the application of other technologies in cancer therapy is discussed. Finally, several insights and conclusions are presented, such as the possibility of using cold plasma and cancer stem cells in developing future cancer vaccines, to tackle the major limitations in the cancer vaccine developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sheikhlary
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - David Humberto Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Sophia Moghimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (D.H.L.); (S.M.)
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5
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Xia Y, Sun M, Huang H, Jin WL. Drug repurposing for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:92. [PMID: 38637540 PMCID: PMC11026526 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a complex and multifactorial disease, presents a significant challenge to global health. Despite significant advances in surgical, radiotherapeutic and immunological approaches, which have improved cancer treatment outcomes, drug therapy continues to serve as a key therapeutic strategy. However, the clinical efficacy of drug therapy is often constrained by drug resistance and severe toxic side effects, and thus there remains a critical need to develop novel cancer therapeutics. One promising strategy that has received widespread attention in recent years is drug repurposing: the identification of new applications for existing, clinically approved drugs. Drug repurposing possesses several inherent advantages in the context of cancer treatment since repurposed drugs are typically cost-effective, proven to be safe, and can significantly expedite the drug development process due to their already established safety profiles. In light of this, the present review offers a comprehensive overview of the various methods employed in drug repurposing, specifically focusing on the repurposing of drugs to treat cancer. We describe the antitumor properties of candidate drugs, and discuss in detail how they target both the hallmarks of cancer in tumor cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment. In addition, we examine the innovative strategy of integrating drug repurposing with nanotechnology to enhance topical drug delivery. We also emphasize the critical role that repurposed drugs can play when used as part of a combination therapy regimen. To conclude, we outline the challenges associated with repurposing drugs and consider the future prospects of these repurposed drugs transitioning into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xia
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, PR China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550001, PR China
- School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, PR China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Ming Sun
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, PR China
- School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, PR China
| | - Hai Huang
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, PR China.
- School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, PR China.
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
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6
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Martinez-Perez AG, Garza-Morales R, Loera-Arias MDJ, Villa-Cedillo SA, Garcia-Garcia A, Rodriguez-Rocha H, Flores-Maldonado OE, Valdes J, Perez-Trujillo JJ, Saucedo-Cardenas O. Long-term antigen-specific immune response by an oncolytic adenovirus encoding SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL in HPV-16 cancer model. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:408. [PMID: 38460043 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To describe an oncolytic adenovirus (OAd) encoding SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL that is capable of inducing tumor regression in therapeutic assays. Herein, we tested whether the antitumor effect is given by the induction of a tumor-specific immune response, as well as the minimum dose needed to elicit antitumor protection and monitor the OAd biodistribution over time. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6 mice (n = 5) per group were immunized twice with OAds encoding SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL, SA-E7-4-1BBL, or SP-SA-4-1BBL and challenged with TC-1 cancer cells. The DNA construct SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL was employed as a control via biolistic or PBS injection. Groups without tumor development at 47 days were rechallenged with TC-1 cells, and follow-up lasted until day 90. The minimum dose of OAd to induce the antitumor effect was established by immunization using serial dilution doses. The cytometry bead assay and the ELISpot assay were used to evaluate cytokine release in response to ex vivo antigenic stimulation. The distribution profile of the OAd vaccine was evaluated in the different organs by histological, immunohistochemical and qPCR analyses. The OAd SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL-immunized mice did not develop tumors even in a rechallenge. A protective antitumor effect was observed from a dose that is one hundredth of most reports of adenoviral vaccines. Immunization with OAd increases Interferon-gamma-producing cells in response to antigen stimulation. OAd was detected in tumors over time, with significant morphological changes, contrary to nontumor tissues. CONCLUSIONS The OAd SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL vaccine confers a prophylactic, safe, long-lasting, and antigen-dependent antitumor effect mediated by a Th1 antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra G Martinez-Perez
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | | | - Maria de J Loera-Arias
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Sheila A Villa-Cedillo
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Aracely Garcia-Garcia
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Humberto Rodriguez-Rocha
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Orlando E Flores-Maldonado
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Jesus Valdes
- Department of Biochemistry, CINVESTAV-Mexico, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose J Perez-Trujillo
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
| | - Odila Saucedo-Cardenas
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
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7
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Alexander S, Harker-Murray P, Hayashi RJ. Editorial: Non-cellular immunotherapies in pediatric malignancies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1379278. [PMID: 38449864 PMCID: PMC10915082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1379278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Alexander
- Pediatrics, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Harker-Murray
- Pediatric Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Robert J. Hayashi
- Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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8
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Yu R, Zhao F, Xu Z, Zhang G, Du B, Shu Q. Current status and future of cancer vaccines: A bibliographic study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24404. [PMID: 38293405 PMCID: PMC10826732 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer vaccines are an important component of tumour immunotherapy. An increasing number of studies have shown that cancer vaccines have considerable clinical benefits. With the development of tumour precision medicine, cancer vaccines have become important because of their individualised targeting effects. However, few bibliometric studies have conducted comprehensive systematic reviews in this field. This study aimed to assess the scientific output and trends in cancer vaccine research from a global perspective. Methods We collected publications on cancer vaccines from the Web of Science Core Collection database, which was limited to articles and reviews in English. Microsoft Excel, VOS Viewer, and CiteSpace V were used for quantitative and visual analyses. Results A total of 7807 articles were included. From 1991 to 2022, the number of publications increased annually. The United States had the highest number of articles published in this field (48.28 %), the highest citation frequency (183,964 times), and the highest H-index (182). The National Institutes of Health topped the list with 476 articles. Schlom J had the highest number of published articles (128) and was the main investigator in this field. The journal, Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy, had published the highest number of articles in related fields. In recent years, tumour microenvironment, immune checkpoint inhibitors, particle vaccines, tumour antigens, and dendritic cells have become research hotspots related to cancer vaccines. Conclusion Cancer vaccines are a popular research topic in the field of tumour immunotherapy. Related research and publications will enter a boom stage. "Immune checkpoint inhibitors", "tumour microenvironment" and "dendritic cells" may become future research hotspots, while "T-cell suppressor" is a potential puzzle to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yu
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangmin Zhao
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeting Xu
- The First School of Clinical Medical, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaochenxi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingqing Du
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qijin Shu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Raghani NR, Chorawala MR, Mahadik M, Patel RB, Prajapati BG, Parekh PS. Revolutionizing cancer treatment: comprehensive insights into immunotherapeutic strategies. Med Oncol 2024; 41:51. [PMID: 38195781 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Cancer, characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of aberrant cells, underscores the imperative for innovative therapeutic approaches. Immunotherapy has emerged as a pivotal constituent in cancer treatment, offering improved prognostic outcomes for a substantial patient cohort. Noteworthy for its precision, immunotherapy encompasses strategies such as adoptive cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitors, orchestrating the immune system to recognize and selectively target malignant cells. Exploiting the specificity of the immune response renders immunotherapy efficacious, as it selectively targets the body's immune milieu. Diverse mechanisms underlie cancer immunotherapies, leading to distinct toxicity profiles compared to conventional treatments. A remarkable clinical stride in the anticancer resources is immunotherapy. Remarkably, certain recalcitrant cancers like skin malignancies exhibit resistance to radiation or chemotherapy, yet respond favorably to immunotherapeutic interventions. Notably, combination therapies involving chemotherapy and immunotherapy have exhibited synergistic effects, enhancing overall therapeutic efficacy. Understanding the pivotal role of immunotherapy elucidates its complementary value, bolstering the therapeutic landscape. In this review, we elucidate the taxonomy of cancer immunotherapy, encompassing adoptive cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitors, while scrutinizing their distinct adverse event profiles. Furthermore, we expound on the unprecedented potential of immunogenic vaccines to bolster the anticancer immune response. This comprehensive analysis underscores the significance of immunotherapy in modern oncology, unveiling novel prospects for tailored therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha R Raghani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Mehul R Chorawala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Mayuresh Mahadik
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Ganpat University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh B Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UI Carver College of Medicine: The University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, 375 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Bhupendra G Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Ganpat University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.
| | - Priyajeet S Parekh
- A V Pharma LLC, 1545 University Blvd N Ste A, Jacksonville, FL, 32211, USA
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10
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Kondapuram SK, Ramachandran HK, Arya H, Coumar MS. Targeting survivin for cancer therapy: Strategies, small molecule inhibitors and vaccine based therapeutics in development. Life Sci 2023; 335:122260. [PMID: 37963509 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Survivin is a member of the family of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). It is involved in the normal mitotic process and acts as an anti-apoptotic molecule. While terminally differentiated normal tissues lack survivin, several human malignancies have significant protein levels. Resistance to chemotherapy and radiation in tumor cells is associated with survivin expression. Decreased tumor development, apoptosis, and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiation are all effects of downregulating survivin expression or activity. As a prospective cancer treatment, small molecules targeting the transcription and translation of survivin and molecules that can directly bind with the survivin are being explored both in pre-clinical and clinics. Pre-clinical investigations have found and demonstrated the effectiveness of several small-molecule survivin inhibitors. Unfortunately, these inhibitors have also been shown to have off-target effects, which could limit their clinical utility. In addition to small molecules, several survivin peptide vaccines are currently under development. These vaccines are designed to elicit a cytotoxic T-cell response against survivin, which could lead to the destruction of tumor cells expressing survivin. Some survivin-based vaccines are advancing through Phase II clinical studies. Overall, survivin is a promising cancer drug target. However, challenges still need to be addressed before the survivin targeted therapies can be widely used in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Karani Kondapuram
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Hema Kasthuri Ramachandran
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Hemant Arya
- Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Mohane Selvaraj Coumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry 605014, India.
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11
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Wang B, Zhang Y, Yin X. Advances in tumor immunomodulation based on nanodrug delivery systems. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1297493. [PMID: 38106403 PMCID: PMC10725201 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1297493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a therapeutic approach that employs immunological principles and techniques to enhance and amplify the body's immune response, thereby eradicating tumor cells. Immunotherapy has demonstrated effective antitumor effects on a variety of malignant tumors. However, when applied to humans, many immunotherapy drugs fail to target lesions with precision, leading to an array of adverse immune-related reactions that profoundly limit the clinical application of immunotherapy. Nanodrug delivery systems enable the precise delivery of immunotherapeutic drugs to targeted tissues or specific immune cells, enhancing the immune antitumor effect while reducing the number of adverse reactions. A nanodrug delivery system provides a feasible strategy for activating the antitumor immune response by the following mechanisms: 1) increased targeting and uptake of vaccines by DCs, which enhances the efficacy of the immune response; 2) increased tumor cell immunogenicity; 3) regulation of TAMs and other cells by, for example, regulating the polarization of TAMs and interfering with TAN formation, and ECM remodeling by CAFs; and 4) interference with tumor immune escape signaling pathways, namely, the PD-1/PD-L1, FGL1/LAG-3 and IDO signaling pathways. This paper reviews the progress of nanodrug delivery system research with respect to tumor immunotherapy based on tumor immunomodulation over the last few years, discussing the promising future of these delivery systems under this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Xunzhe Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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12
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Tian Z, Yang Z, Jin M, Ding R, Wang Y, Chai Y, Wu J, Yang M, Zhao W. Identification of cytokine-predominant immunosuppressive class and prognostic risk signatures in glioma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:13185-13200. [PMID: 37479756 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The advent of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies this year has changed the way glioblastoma (GBM) is treated. Meanwhile, some patients with strong PD-L1 expression remain immune checkpoint resistant. To better understand the molecular processes that influence the immune environment, there is an urgent need to characterize the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and identify biomarkers to predict patient survival outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Our study analyzed RNA-sequencing data from 178 GBM samples. Their unique gene expression patterns in the tumor microenvironment were analyzed by an unsupervised clustering algorithm. Through these expression patterns, a panel of T-cell exhaustion signatures, immunosuppressive cells, and clinical features correlates with immunotherapy response. The presence or absence of immune status and prognostic signatures was then validated with the test dataset. RESULTS 38.2% of GBM patients showed increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, significant enrichment of T cell exhaustion signals, higher proportion of immunosuppressive cells (macrophages and CD4 regulatory T cells) and nine inhibitory checkpoints (CTLA4, PDCD1, LAG3, BTLA, TIGIT, HAVCR2, IDO1, SIGLEC7, and VISTA). The immunodepleted class (IDC) was used to classify these immunocompromised individuals. Despite the high density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes shown by IDC, such patients have a poor prognosis. Although PD-L1 was highly expressed in IDC, it suggested that there might be ICB resistance. There are many IDC predictive signatures to discover. CONCLUSION PD-1 is strongly expressed in a novel immunosuppressive class of GBM, but this cluster may be resistant to ICB therapy. A comprehensive description of this drug-resistant tumor microenvironment could provide new insights into drug resistance mechanisms and improved immunotherapy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Tian
- The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Zhongyi Yang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Meng Jin
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Ran Ding
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- School of Medical Informatics Engineering, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Yuying Chai
- The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Jinpu Wu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Miao Yang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Weimin Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
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Kang I, Kim Y, Lee HK. γδ T cells as a potential therapeutic agent for glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1273986. [PMID: 37928546 PMCID: PMC10623054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1273986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although γδ T cells comprise a small population of T cells, they perform important roles in protecting against infection and suppressing tumors. With their distinct tissue-localizing properties, combined with their various target recognition mechanisms, γδ T cells have the potential to become an effective solution for tumors that do not respond to current therapeutic procedures. One such tumor, glioblastoma (GBM), is a malignant brain tumor with the highest World Health Organization grade and therefore the worst prognosis. The immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune-evasive glioma stem cells are major factors in GBM immunotherapy failure. Currently, encouraged by the strong anti-tumoral function of γδ T cells revealed at the preclinical and clinical levels, several research groups have shown progression of γδ T cell-based GBM treatment. However, several limitations still exist that block effective GBM treatment using γδ T cells. Therefore, understanding the distinct roles of γδ T cells in anti-tumor immune responses and the suppression mechanism of the GBM TME are critical for successful γδ T cell-mediated GBM therapy. In this review, we summarize the effector functions of γδ T cells in tumor immunity and discuss current advances and limitations of γδ T cell-based GBM immunotherapy. Additionally, we suggest future directions to overcome the limitations of γδ T cell-based GBM immunotherapy to achieve successful treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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14
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Ruzzi F, Semprini MS, Scalambra L, Palladini A, Angelicola S, Cappello C, Pittino OM, Nanni P, Lollini PL. Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12963. [PMID: 37629147 PMCID: PMC10454695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines are increasingly being studied as a possible strategy to prevent and treat cancers. While several prophylactic vaccines for virus-caused cancers are approved and efficiently used worldwide, the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines needs to be further implemented. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are self-assembled protein structures that mimic native viruses or bacteriophages but lack the replicative material. VLP platforms are designed to display single or multiple antigens with a high-density pattern, which can trigger both cellular and humoral responses. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of preventive VLP-based vaccines currently approved worldwide against HBV and HPV infections or under evaluation to prevent virus-caused cancers. Furthermore, preclinical and early clinical data on prophylactic and therapeutic VLP-based cancer vaccines were summarized with a focus on HER-2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ruzzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC) and Alma Mater Institute on Healthy Planet, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.R.); (M.S.S.); (L.S.); (S.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Maria Sofia Semprini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC) and Alma Mater Institute on Healthy Planet, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.R.); (M.S.S.); (L.S.); (S.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Laura Scalambra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC) and Alma Mater Institute on Healthy Planet, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.R.); (M.S.S.); (L.S.); (S.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Arianna Palladini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Stefania Angelicola
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC) and Alma Mater Institute on Healthy Planet, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.R.); (M.S.S.); (L.S.); (S.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Chiara Cappello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC) and Alma Mater Institute on Healthy Planet, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.R.); (M.S.S.); (L.S.); (S.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Olga Maria Pittino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC) and Alma Mater Institute on Healthy Planet, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.R.); (M.S.S.); (L.S.); (S.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Patrizia Nanni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC) and Alma Mater Institute on Healthy Planet, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.R.); (M.S.S.); (L.S.); (S.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC) and Alma Mater Institute on Healthy Planet, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.R.); (M.S.S.); (L.S.); (S.A.); (C.C.); (O.M.P.); (P.N.)
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15
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Carpenter EL, Van Decar S, Adams AM, O'Shea AE, McCarthy P, Chick RC, Clifton GT, Vreeland T, Valdera FA, Tiwari A, Hale D, Kemp Bohan P, Hickerson A, Smolinsky T, Thomas K, Cindass J, Hyngstrom J, Berger AC, Jakub J, Sussman JJ, Shaheen MF, Yu X, Wagner TE, Faries M, Peoples GE. Prospective, randomized, double-blind phase 2B trial of the TLPO and TLPLDC vaccines to prevent recurrence of resected stage III/IV melanoma: a prespecified 36-month analysis. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006665. [PMID: 37536936 PMCID: PMC10401209 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-006665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor lysate, particle-loaded, dendritic cell (TLPLDC) vaccine is made by ex vivo priming matured autologous dendritic cells (DCs) with yeast cell wall particles (YCWPs) loaded with autologous tumor lysate (TL). The tumor lysate, particle only (TLPO) vaccine uses autologous TL-loaded YCWPs coated with silicate for in vivo DC loading. Here we report the 36-month prespecified analyses of this prospective, randomized, double-blind trial investigating the ability of the TLPO and TLPLDC (±granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)) vaccines to prevent melanoma recurrence in high-risk patients. METHODS Patients with clinically disease-free stage III/IV melanoma were randomized 2:1 initially to TLPLDC versus placebo (n=124) and subsequently TLPO versus TLPLDC (n=63). All patients were randomized and blinded; however, the placebo control arm was replaced in the second randomization scheme with another novel vaccine; some analyses in this paper therefore reflect a combination of the two randomization schemes. Patients receiving the TLPLDC vaccine were further divided by their method of DC harvest (with or without G-CSF pretreatment); this was not randomized. The use of standard of care checkpoint inhibitors was not stratified between groups. Safety was assessed and Kaplan-Meier and log-rank analyses compared disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS After combining the two randomization processes, a total of 187 patients were allocated between treatment arms: placebo (n=41), TLPLDC (n=103), or TLPO (n=43). The allocation among arms created by the addition of patients from the two separate randomization schemes does not reflect concurrent randomization among all treatment arms. TLPLDC was further divided by use of G-CSF in DC harvest: no G-CSF (TLPLDC) (n=47) and with G-CSF (TLPLDC+G) (n=56). Median follow-up was 35.8 months. Only two patients experienced a related adverse event ≥grade 3, one each in the TLPLDC+G and placebo arms. DFS was 27.2% (placebo), 55.4% (TLPLDC), 22.9% (TLPLDC+G), and 60.9% (TLPO) (p<0.001). OS was 62.5% (placebo), 93.6% (TLPLDC), 57.7% (TLPLDC+G), and 94.6% (TLPO) (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS The TLPO and TLPLDC (without G-CSF) vaccines were associated with improved DFS and OS in this clinical trial. Given production and manufacturing advantages, the efficacy of the TLPO vaccine will be confirmed in a phase 3 trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02301611.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Spencer Van Decar
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexandra M Adams
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anne E O'Shea
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick McCarthy
- General Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert Connor Chick
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Guy Travis Clifton
- Surgery, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Surgical Oncology, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy Vreeland
- Surgery, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Surgical Oncology, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Franklin A Valdera
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ankur Tiwari
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Diane Hale
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
- Surgery, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Phillip Kemp Bohan
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Annelies Hickerson
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Todd Smolinsky
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Katryna Thomas
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica Cindass
- Department of Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John Hyngstrom
- Surgical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute Cancer Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Adam C Berger
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - James Jakub
- Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Sussman
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Montaser F Shaheen
- Medical Oncology, University of Arizona Medical Center-University Campus, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Xianzhong Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Mark Faries
- Surgical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
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16
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Wang QT, Liu YX, Wang J, Wang H. Advances in Cancer Nanovaccines: Harnessing Nanotechnology for Broadening Cancer Immune Response. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200673. [PMID: 37088719 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Many advances have been made recently in the field of cancer immunotherapy, particularly with the development of treatments such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cellular immunotherapy. The efficacy of immunotherapy is limited, however, owing to high levels of tumor heterogeneity and the immunosuppressive environments of advanced malignant tumors. Therefore, therapeutic anticancer vaccines have gradually become powerful tools for inducing valid antitumor immune responses and regulating the immune microenvironment. Tumor vaccines loaded in nanocarriers have become an indispensable delivery platform for tumor treatment because of their enhanced stability, targeting capability, and high level of safety. Through a unique design, cancer nanovaccines activate innate immunity and tumor-specific immunity simultaneously. For example, the design of cancer vaccines can incorporate strategies such as enhancing the stability and targeting of tumor antigens, combining effective adjuvants, cytokines, and immune microenvironment regulators, and promoting the maturation and cross-presentation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this review, we discuss the design and preparation of nanovaccines for remodeling tumor antigen immunogenicity and regulating the immunosuppressive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ting Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Xuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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17
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Ding R, Wang Y, Fan J, Tian Z, Wang S, Qin X, Su W, Wang Y. Identification of immunosuppressive signature subtypes and prognostic risk signatures in triple-negative breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1108472. [PMID: 37377907 PMCID: PMC10292819 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1108472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has transformed the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in recent years. However, some TNBC patients with high programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression levels develop immune checkpoint resistance. Hence, there is an urgent need to characterize the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and identify biomarkers to construct prognostic models of patient survival outcomes in order to understand biological mechanisms operating within the tumor microenvironment. Patients and methods RNA sequence (RNA-seq) data from 303 TNBC samples were analyzed using an unsupervised cluster analysis approach to reveal distinctive cellular gene expression patterns within the TNBC tumor microenvironment (TME). A panel of T cell exhaustion signatures, immunosuppressive cell subtypes and clinical features were correlated with the immunotherapeutic response, as assessed according to gene expression patterns. The test dataset was then used to confirm the occurrence of immune depletion status and prognostic features and to formulate clinical treatment recommendations. Concurrently, a reliable risk prediction model and clinical treatment strategy were proposed based on TME immunosuppressive signature differences between TNBC patients with good versus poor survival status and other clinical prognostic factors. Results Significantly enriched TNBC microenvironment T cell depletion signatures were detected in the analyzed RNA-seq data. A high proportion of certain immunosuppressive cell subtypes, 9 inhibitory checkpoints and enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokine expression profiles were noted in 21.4% of TNBC patients that led to the designation of this group of immunosuppressed patients as the immune depletion class (IDC). Although IDC group TNBC samples contained tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes present at high densities, IDC patient prognosis was poor. Notably, PD-L1 expression was relatively elevated in IDC patients that indicated their cancers were resistant to ICB treatment. Based on these findings, a set of gene expression signatures predicting IDC group PD-L1 resistance was identified then used to develop risk models for use in predicting clinical therapeutic outcomes. Conclusion A novel TNBC immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment subtype associated with strong PD-L1 expression and possible resistance to ICB treatment was identified. This comprehensive gene expression pattern may provide fresh insights into drug resistance mechanisms for use in optimizing immunotherapeutic approaches for TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ding
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jinyan Fan
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ziyue Tian
- The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiujuan Qin
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Su
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
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18
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Valerio TI, Furrer CL, Sadeghipour N, Patrock SJX, Tillery SA, Hoover AR, Liu K, Chen WR. Immune modulations of the tumor microenvironment in response to phototherapy. JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE OPTICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2023; 16:2330007. [PMID: 38550850 PMCID: PMC10976517 DOI: 10.1142/s1793545823300070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes pro-tumor and anti-inflammatory metabolisms and suppresses the host immune system. It prevents immune cells from fighting against cancer effectively, resulting in limited efficacy of many current cancer treatment modalities. Different therapies aim to overcome the immunosuppressive TME by combining various approaches to synergize their effects for enhanced anti-tumor activity and augmented stimulation of the immune system. Immunotherapy has become a major therapeutic strategy because it unleashes the power of the immune system by activating, enhancing, and directing immune responses to prevent, control, and eliminate cancer. Phototherapy uses light irradiation to induce tumor cell death through photothermal, photochemical, and photo-immunological interactions. Phototherapy induces tumor immunogenic cell death, which is a precursor and enhancer for anti-tumor immunity. However, phototherapy alone has limited effects on long-term and systemic anti-tumor immune responses. Phototherapy can be combined with immunotherapy to improve the tumoricidal effect by killing target tumor cells, enhancing immune cell infiltration in tumors, and rewiring pathways in the TME from anti-inflammatory to pro-inflammatory. Phototherapy-enhanced immunotherapy triggers effective cooperation between innate and adaptive immunities, specifically targeting the tumor cells, whether they are localized or distant. Herein, the successes and limitations of phototherapy combined with other cancer treatment modalities will be discussed. Specifically, we will review the synergistic effects of phototherapy combined with different cancer therapies on tumor elimination and remodeling of the immunosuppressive TME. Overall, phototherapy, in combination with other therapeutic modalities, can establish anti-tumor pro-inflammatory phenotypes in activated tumor-infiltrating T cells and B cells and activate systemic anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha I. Valerio
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Coline L. Furrer
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Negar Sadeghipour
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Sophia-Joy X. Patrock
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Sayre A. Tillery
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Ashley R. Hoover
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Kaili Liu
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
| | - Wei R. Chen
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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19
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Kothari N, Postwala H, Pandya A, Shah A, Shah Y, Chorawala MR. Establishing the applicability of cancer vaccines in combination with chemotherapeutic entities: current aspect and achievable prospects. Med Oncol 2023; 40:135. [PMID: 37014489 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is one of the recently developed cancer treatment modalities. When compared with conventional anticancer drug regimens, immunotherapy has shown significantly better outcomes in terms of quality of life and overall survival. It incorporates a wide range of immunomodulatory modalities that channel the effects of the immune system either by broadly modulating the host immune system or by accurately targeting distinct tumor antigens. One such treatment modality that has gained interest is cancer vaccine therapy which acts by developing antibodies against tumor cells. Cancer vaccines target individual peptides or groups of antigens that are released by tumor cells and presented by the APCs. This also initiates an effective process to activate the host immune responses. Studies on various types of cancer vaccines are conducted, out of which only few are approved by FDA for clinical uses. Despite of documented safety and efficacy of conventional chemotherapy and cancer vaccines, individually they did not produce substantial results in eradication of the cancer as a monotherapy. Hence, the combination approach holds the extensive potential to provide significant improvement in disease outcomes. Certain chemotherapy has immunomodulatory effects and is proven to synergize with cancer vaccines thereby enhancing their anti-tumor activities. Chemotherapeutic agents are known to have immunostimulatory mechanisms apart from its cytotoxic effect and intensify the anti-tumor activities of vaccines by various mechanisms. This review highlights various cancer vaccines, their mechanism, and how their activity gets affected by chemotherapeutic agents. It also aims at summarizing the evidence-based outcome of the combination approach of a cancer vaccine with chemotherapy and a brief on future aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirjari Kothari
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Humzah Postwala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Aanshi Pandya
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Aayushi Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Yesha Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Mehul R Chorawala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India.
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20
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Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines and Their Future Implications. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030660. [PMID: 36992245 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous progress in vaccine development witnessed in the last decades, culminated with the development of vaccines against cancers, is set to change how various cancers are treated [...]
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21
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Nanotechnology for next-generation cancer immunotherapy: State of the art and future perspectives. J Control Release 2023; 356:14-25. [PMID: 36805873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, immunotherapy aiming to activate an effective antitumor immune response has ushered in a new era of cancer treatment. However, the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy is limited by low response rates and high systemic toxicity. Nanotechnology is an encouraging platform for the development of next-generation cancer immunotherapy to effectively treat advanced cancer. Nanotechnology-enabled immunotherapy has remarkable advantages, ranging from the increased bioavailability and stability of immunotherapeutic agents to the enhanced activation of immune cells and favorable safety profiles. Nanotechnology-enabled immunotherapy can target solid tumors through reprogramming or stimulating immune cells (i.e., nanovaccines); modulating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment; or targeting tumor cells and altering their responses to immune cells to generate effective antitumor immunity. In this Oration, I introduce the advanced strategies currently being pursued by our laboratory and other groups to improve the therapeutic efficacy of cancer immunotherapy and discuss the potential challenges and future directions.
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22
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In Silico Studies to Support Vaccine Development. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020654. [PMID: 36839975 PMCID: PMC9963741 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The progress that has been made in computer science positioned in silico studies as an important and well-recognized methodology in the drug discovery and development process. It has numerous advantages in terms of costs and also plays a huge impact on the way the research is conducted since it can limit the use of animal models leading to more sustainable research. Currently, human trials are already being partly replaced by in silico trials. EMA and FDA are both endorsing these studies and have been providing webinars and guidance to support them. For instance, PBPK modeling studies are being used to gather data on drug interactions with other drugs and are also being used to support clinical and regulatory requirements for the pediatric population, pregnant women, and personalized medicine. This trend evokes the need to understand the role of in silico studies in vaccines, considering the importance that these products achieved during the pandemic and their promising hope in oncology. Vaccines are safer than other current oncology treatments. There is a huge variety of strategies for developing a cancer vaccine, and some of the points that should be considered when designing the vaccine technology are the following: delivery platforms (peptides, lipid-based carriers, polymers, dendritic cells, viral vectors, etc.), adjuvants (to boost and promote inflammation at the delivery site, facilitating immune cell recruitment and activation), choice of the targeted antigen, the timing of vaccination, the manipulation of the tumor environment, and the combination with other treatments that might cause additive or even synergistic anti-tumor effects. These and many other points should be put together to outline the best vaccine design. The aim of this article is to perform a review and comprehensive analysis of the role of in silico studies to support the development of and design of vaccines in the field of oncology and infectious diseases. The authors intend to perform a literature review of all the studies that have been conducted so far in preparing in silico models and methods to support the development of vaccines. From this point, it was possible to conclude that there are few in silico studies on vaccines. Despite this, an overview of how the existing work could support the design of vaccines is described.
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Rajan A, Gray JE, Devarakonda S, Birhiray R, Korchin B, Menius E, Donahue RN, Schlom J, Gulley JL. Phase 1 trial of CV301 in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy in nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:447-457. [PMID: 36054490 PMCID: PMC10690498 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CV301, a poxviral-based vaccine, has been evaluated in a phase 1 clinical trial (NCT02840994) and shown to be safe and immunologically active (phase 1a). Preclinical data support a combination of CV301 with programmed death-1 inhibitors, which has been evaluated in the phase 1b part of this trial and is reported here. Patients with advanced nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without actionable genomic alterations received two priming doses of modified vaccinia Ankara-BN-CV301 (MVA) 4 weeks apart, followed by boosting doses of fowlpox-CV301 (FPV) at increasing time intervals for a maximum of 17 doses in combination with nivolumab for cohort 1 (C1) and 15 doses in combination with pembrolizumab for cohort 2 (C2). The primary objective was evaluation of safety and tolerability. Between October 2017 and September 14, 2018, patients were enrolled (C1: 4; median age: 64 years). Mean treatment duration was 332 days in C1 and 289 days in C2. CTCAE ≥grade 3 adverse events (AEs) were observed in four (100%) patients in C1 and three (37.5%) patients in C2. There was one death on trial. Immune-related AEs (irAEs) fulfilling criteria for a dose-limiting toxicity included 1 case of pneumonitis. Among 11 evaluable patients, 1 (9%) had a complete response, 1 (9%) had a partial response and 9 (82%) had stable disease. We conclude that CV301 administered with PD-1 inhibitors is safe and clinically active in patients with advanced NSCLC. The frequency or severity of AEs is not increased, including irAEs for each component of the combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Rajan
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jhanelle E Gray
- Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Ruemu Birhiray
- Medical Oncology, Investigative Clinical Research of Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Erika Menius
- Bavarian Nordic, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Oladejo M, Paulishak W, Wood L. Synergistic potential of immune checkpoint inhibitors and therapeutic cancer vaccines. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 88:81-95. [PMID: 36526110 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) function at different stages of the cancer immune cycle due to their distinct mechanisms of action. Therapeutic cancer vaccines enhance the activation and infiltration of cytotoxic immune cells into the tumor microenvironment (TME), while ICIs, prevent and/or reverse the dysfunction of these immune cells. The efficacy of both classes of immunotherapy has been evaluated in monotherapy, but they have been met with several challenges. Although therapeutic cancer vaccines can activate anti-tumor immune responses, these responses are susceptible to attenuation by immunoregulatory molecules. Similarly, ICIs are ineffective in the absence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Further, ICIs are often associated with immune-related adverse effects that may limit quality of life and compliance. However, the combination of the improved immunogenicity afforded by cancer vaccines and restrained immunosuppression provided by immune checkpoint inhibitors may provide a suitable platform for therapeutic synergism. In this review, we revisit the history and various classifications of therapeutic cancer vaccines. We also provide a summary of the currently approved ICIs. Finally, we provide mechanistic insights into the synergism between ICIs and cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Oladejo
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Wyatt Paulishak
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Laurence Wood
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX 79601, USA.
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Khadela A, Soni S, Megha K, Shah AC, Pandya AJ, Kothari N, Shah I, Avinash CB. Contracting triple-negative breast cancer with immunotherapeutic armamentarium: recent advances and clinical prospects. Med Oncol 2023; 40:48. [PMID: 36520261 PMCID: PMC9751516 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) portraying deficient expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is known to be the most aggressive subtype associated with poor prognosis and interventional strategies limited to chemotherapy and breast conserving surgery. Some TNBC incidences have also been reported with positive circ-HER2 expression thus rendering circ-HER2 a potential immunotherapy target to direct drug development. Resistance and recurrence reported with traditional approaches has led us towards the application of immunotherapeutic interventions owing to their anti-tumor efficacy. This review provides an elaborative insight on potential molecular biomarkers to be targeted by immunotherapy. Additionally, clinical trials proposing the application of immunotherapy in neoadjuvant, adjuvant and metastatic TNBC setting have also been included. The gathered evidence indicates a positive application of immunotherapy in TNBC with therapeutic limitation available only owing to the possibility of adverse events which can be dealt considering risk-to-benefit ratio. Furthermore, potential targets to aim for therapeutic vaccines along with evidence from clinical trials have also been mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Khadela
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Shruti Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Kaivalya Megha
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Aayushi C. Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Aanshi J. Pandya
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Nirjari Kothari
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Ishika Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
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Bhatnagar S, Revuri V, Shah M, Larson P, Shao Z, Yu D, Prabha S, Griffith TS, Ferguson D, Panyam J. Combination of STING and TLR 7/8 Agonists as Vaccine Adjuvants for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246091. [PMID: 36551577 PMCID: PMC9777055 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulatory adjuvants that potently activate antigen-presenting cells and (in turn) prime cytotoxic T cells are a key component of anticancer vaccines. In this study, we investigated a multi-adjuvant approach combining a TLR 7/8 agonist (522) and a STING agonist (DMXAA) to promote enhanced antigen cross-presentation, stimulate specific antitumor T-cell responses, and provide improved anticancer efficacy. In vitro experiments using bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) confirmed enhanced activation with the 522-DMXAA combination based on both co-stimulatory molecule expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. The immunization of mice with vaccines comprising both 522 and DMXAA resulted in greater antitumor efficacy in B16F10 melanoma and MB49 bladder tumor models relative to mono-agonist vaccines. Flow cytometry-based analysis of immune cells from immunized mice revealed the significant activation of antigen-presenting cells, increased numbers of activated and Ag-specific CD8+ T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes, modest NK cell activation, and an overall reduction in CD206+ macrophages. These results were supported by an increase in the levels of IFN-γ and a reduction in IL-10 levels in the sera. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the potential of the TLR7/8 and STING agonist combination as vaccine adjuvants to activate both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhmita Bhatnagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Vishnu Revuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Manan Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peter Larson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zekun Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daohai Yu
- Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Lewis-Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Swayam Prabha
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis-Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Fox Chase Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Thomas S. Griffith
- Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Ferguson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jayanth Panyam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Fox Chase Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-926-2006
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Jain N, Nagaich U, Pandey M, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Predictive genomic tools in disease stratification and targeted prevention: a recent update in personalized therapy advancements. EPMA J 2022; 13:561-580. [PMID: 36505888 PMCID: PMC9727029 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-022-00304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the current era of medical revolution, genomic testing has guided the healthcare fraternity to develop predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine. Predictive screening involves sequencing a whole genome to comprehensively deliver patient care via enhanced diagnostic sensitivity and specific therapeutic targeting. The best example is the application of whole-exome sequencing when identifying aberrant fetuses with healthy karyotypes and chromosomal microarray analysis in complicated pregnancies. To fit into today's clinical practice needs, experimental system biology like genomic technologies, and system biology viz., the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning is required to be attuned to the development of preventive and personalized medicine. As diagnostic techniques are advancing, the selection of medical intervention can gradually be influenced by a person's genetic composition or the cellular profiling of the affected tissue. Clinical genetic practitioners can learn a lot about several conditions from their distinct facial traits. Current research indicates that in terms of diagnosing syndromes, facial analysis techniques are on par with those of qualified therapists. Employing deep learning and computer vision techniques, the face image assessment software DeepGestalt measures resemblances to numerous of disorders. Biomarkers are essential for diagnostic, prognostic, and selection systems for developing personalized medicine viz. DNA from chromosome 21 is counted in prenatal blood as part of the Down's syndrome biomarker screening. This review is based on a detailed analysis of the scientific literature via a vigilant approach to highlight the applicability of predictive diagnostics for the development of preventive, targeted, personalized medicine for clinical application in the framework of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM/3 PM). Additionally, targeted prevention has also been elaborated in terms of gene-environment interactions and next-generation DNA sequencing. The application of 3 PM has been highlighted by an in-depth analysis of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The real-time challenges of genome sequencing and personalized medicine have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, 201303 UP India
| | - Upendra Nagaich
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, 201303 UP India
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031 India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
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Wang F, Duan H, Xu W, Sheng G, Sun Z, Chu H. Light-activated nanomaterials for tumor immunotherapy. Front Chem 2022; 10:1031811. [PMID: 36277335 PMCID: PMC9585221 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1031811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy mainly relies on activating the immune system to achieve antitumor treatment. However, the present tumor immunotherapy used in the clinic showed low treatment efficacy with high systematic toxicity. To overcome the shortcomings of traditional drugs for immunotherapy, a series of antitumor immunotherapies based on nanomaterials have been developed to enhance the body’s antitumor immune response and reduce systematic toxicity. Due to the noninvasiveness, remote controllability, and high temporal and spatial resolution of light, photocontrolled nanomaterials irradiated by excitation light have been widely used in drug delivery and photocontrolled switching. This review aims to highlight recent advances in antitumor immunotherapy based on photocontrolled nanomaterials. We emphasized the advantages of nanocomposites for antitumor immunotherapy and highlighted the latest progress of antitumor immunotherapy based on photoactivated nanomaterials. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of light-activated nanomaterials in antitumor immunity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Duan
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Weizhe Xu
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Sheng
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaogang Sun
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqian Chu
- Translational Medicine Center, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongqian Chu,
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Exosome transportation-mediated immunosuppression relief through cascade amplification for enhanced apoptotic body vaccination. Acta Biomater 2022; 153:529-539. [PMID: 36113726 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines represent the most promising strategies in the battle against cancers. Eliciting a robust therapeutic effect with vaccines, however, remains a challenge owing to the weak immunogenicity of autologous tumor antigens and highly immunosuppressive microenvironment. In the present study, we constructed CpG oligodeoxyribonucleotide (CpG ODN)-loaded cancer cell apoptotic bodies (Abs) as cancer vaccines for enhanced immunotherapy through cascade amplification-mediated immunosuppression relief. Abs that contain an abundant source of tumor-specific neoantigens and other tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) can be regarded as vaccines with higher immunogenicity. The de novo synthesized Abs-CpG could target and polarize macrophages to improve the immunosuppressive microenvironment. More importantly, we found that the effect of immunosuppression relief was cascade amplified, which was mediated by M1 macrophage-derived exosome transportation. Our results showed that CpG ODN polarized macrophages to M1 type and produced a large amount of TNF-α, which then activated cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42). Interestingly, we found that exosomes from M1 macrophages delivered Cdc42 and CpG to adjacent macrophages and further enhanced the phagocytosis of adjacent macrophages by positive feedback. Through cascade amplification induced by Abs-CpG with macrophage exosomes, the immunogenicity and immunosuppressive microenvironment were greatly improved, which then enhanced the performance of cancer vaccine therapy. Thus, we propose that a strategy of combining the Abs-based vaccine platform with the immunomodulatory approach represents the next generation of cancer immunotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 1. We discovered a relieving strategy for tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment: Abs-CpG polarized macrophages to M1 type, and M1 macrophage-derived exosomes delivered Cdc42 and CpG to adjacent macrophages, which then further enhanced the phagocytosis of adjacent macrophages by positive feedback. Through cascade amplification induced by the transfer of macrophage exosomes, the immunogenicity and immunosuppressive microenvironment were greatly improved. 2. As a vaccine, Abs contained both tumor-specific neoantigens and other tumor-associated antigens with higher immunogenicity and high clinical transformability.
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Adverse Renal Effects of Anticancer Immunotherapy: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174086. [PMID: 36077623 PMCID: PMC9454552 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The immune system has a natural ability to work against cancer cells; however, in many cases this ability is insufficient, and cancers develop methods enabling them to escape from the supervision of immune cells. Novel therapeutic methods used in neoplastic diseases are based on encouraging immune cells to fight against cancer. In some cases, boosted by this approach, the immune system may damage not only tumor cells, but also other cells, tissues and organs in the human body. Kidney involvement, for example, is directly dangerous for patients’ health and may have an impact on human body homeostasis and the excretion of xenobiotics. However, renal function impairment in patients treated with immunotherapy is thought to be relatively rare but may be severe. Knowledge of early diagnosis and proper management are essential for physicians utilizing immunotherapy in daily clinical practice. Abstract Modern oncological therapy utilizes various types of immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapy, cancer vaccines, tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies (TT-mAbs), bispecific antibodies and cytokine therapy improve patients’ outcomes. However, stimulation of the immune system, beneficial in terms of fighting against cancer, generates the risk of harm to other cells in a patient’s body. Kidney damage belongs to the relatively rare adverse events (AEs). Best described, but still, superficially, are renal AEs in patients treated with ICIs. International guidelines issued by the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) cover the management of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) during ICI therapy. There are fewer data concerning real occurrence and possible presentations of renal adverse drug reactions of other immunotherapeutic methods. This implies the need for the collection of safety data during ongoing clinical trials and in the real-life world to characterize the hazard related to the use of new immunotherapies and management of irAEs.
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Local and systemic inflammation triggers different outcomes of tumor growth related to infiltration of anti-tumor or pro-tumor macrophages. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:1821-1828. [PMID: 35903953 PMCID: PMC9521782 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous evidence suggests inflammation may be a double-edged sword with cancer-promoting and cancer suppressing function. In this study, we explore the impact of local and systemic inflammation on cancer growth. METHODS Female BALB/C mice were subcutaneously implanted with foreign body (plastic plates) to build up a local inflammation and intraperitoneally injected with PolyIC or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to build up a systemic inflammation, followed by subcutaneous injection of 5 × 10 5 colon cancer cells. Immunohistochemistry and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay were utilized to detect the Ki67 and interleukin (IL) 6, IL-1β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in the tumor tissues and serum, respectively. The distributions of immune cells and expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) were evaluated by flow cytometry (FCM) and quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The results showed that local inflammation induced by foreign body implantation suppressed tumor growth with decreased tumor weight ( P = 0.001), volume ( P = 0.004) and Ki67 index ( P < 0.001). Compared with the control group, myeloid-derived suppressive cells sharply decreased ( P = 0.040), while CD4 + T cells slightly increased in the tumor tissues of the group of foreign body-induced local inflammation ( P = 0.035). Moreover, the number of M1 macrophages ( P = 0.040) and expression of TLRs, especially TLR3 ( P < 0.001) and TLR4 ( P < 0.001), were significantly up-regulated in the foreign body group. Contrarily, tumor growth was significantly promoted in LPS or PolyIC-induced systemic inflammation ( P = 0.009 and 0.006). FCM results showed M1 type macrophages ( P = 0.017 and 0.006) and CD8 + T cells ( P = 0.031 and 0.023) were decreased, while M2 type macrophages ( P = 0.002 and 0.007) were significantly increased in tumor microenvironment of LPS or PolyIC-induced systemic inflammation group. In addition, the decreased expression of TLRs was detected in LPS or PolyIC group. CONCLUSIONS The foreign body-induced local inflammation inhibited tumor growth, while LPS or PolyIC- induced systemic inflammation promoted tumor growth. The results suggested that the different outcomes of tumor growth might be attributed to the infiltration of anti-tumor or pro-tumor immune cells, especially M1 or M2 type macrophages into tumor microenvironment.
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Xia J, Miao Y, Wang X, Huang X, Dai J. Recent progress of dendritic cell-derived exosomes (Dex) as an anti-cancer nanovaccine. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113250. [PMID: 35700679 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer vaccines such as dendritic cell (DC) vaccines and peptide vaccines have become appealing and attractive anticancer immunotherapy options in recent decades, some obstacles have hindered their successful application in the clinical setting. The difficulties associated with the high cost of DC preparation, storage of DC vaccines, tumor-mediated immunosuppressive environment, identification of specific tumor antigens, and high degradation of antigen peptides in vivo limit the clinical application and affect the outcomes of these cancer vaccines. Recently, nanocarriers have been considered as a new approach for vaccine delivery. As biogenic nanocarriers, exosomes are small membrane vesicles secreted by cells that carry various proteins, RNAs, and lipids. More importantly, DC-derived exosomes (Dex) express tumor antigens, MHC molecules, and co-stimulatory molecules on their surface, which trigger the release of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. With their membrane structure, Dex can avoid high degradation while ensuring favorable biocompatibility and biosafety in vivo. In addition, Dex can be stored in vitro for a longer period, which facilitates a significant reduction in production costs. Furthermore, they have shown better antitumor efficacy in preclinical studies compared with DC vaccines owing to their higher immunogenicity and stronger resistance to immunosuppressive effects. However, the clinical efficacy of Dex vaccines remains limited. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Dex as an anticancer nanovaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Xia
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Yangbao Miao
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Xiaobing Huang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Jingying Dai
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
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Lin MJ, Svensson-Arvelund J, Lubitz GS, Marabelle A, Melero I, Brown BD, Brody JD. Cancer vaccines: the next immunotherapy frontier. NATURE CANCER 2022; 3:911-926. [PMID: 35999309 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-022-00418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
After several decades, therapeutic cancer vaccines now show signs of efficacy and potential to help patients resistant to other standard-of-care immunotherapies, but they have yet to realize their full potential and expand the oncologic armamentarium. Here, we classify cancer vaccines by what is known of the included antigens, which tumors express those antigens and where the antigens colocalize with antigen-presenting cells, thus delineating predefined vaccines (shared or personalized) and anonymous vaccines (ex vivo or in situ). To expedite clinical development, we highlight the need for accurate immune monitoring of early trials to acknowledge failures and advance the most promising vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Lin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Judit Svensson-Arvelund
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gabrielle S Lubitz
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (DITEP), INSERM U1015 and CIC1428, Université Paris Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Department of Immunology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Brian D Brown
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua D Brody
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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34
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Sentana-Lledo D, Sartor O, Balk SP, Einstein DJ. Immune mechanisms behind prostate cancer in men of African ancestry: A review. Prostate 2022; 82:883-893. [PMID: 35254710 PMCID: PMC9875381 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men of African ancestry (AA) with prostate cancer suffer from worse outcomes. However, a recent analysis of patients treated with the dendritic cell vaccine sipuleucel-T for prostate cancer suggested that AA patients could have improved outcomes relative to whites. METHODS We conducted a focused literature review of Medline-indexed articles and clinical trials listed on clinicaltrials.gov. RESULTS We identify several studies pointing to enrichment of inflammatory cellular infiltrates and cytokine signaling among AA patients with prostate cancer. We outline potential genomic and transcriptomic alterations that may contribute to immunogenicity. Last, we investigate differences in host immunity and vaccine responsiveness that may be enhanced in AA patients. CONCLUSIONS AA patients with prostate cancer may be enriched for an immunogenic phenotype. Dedicated studies are needed to better understand the immune mechanisms that contribute to existing cancer disparities and test immune-based therapies in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sentana-Lledo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Oliver Sartor
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steven P. Balk
- Division of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J. Einstein
- Division of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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35
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Le I, Dhandayuthapani S, Chacon J, Eiring AM, Gadad SS. Harnessing the Immune System with Cancer Vaccines: From Prevention to Therapeutics. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:816. [PMID: 35632572 PMCID: PMC9146235 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic vaccination against infectious diseases is one of the most successful public health measures of our lifetime. More recently, therapeutic vaccination against established diseases such as cancer has proven to be more challenging. In the host, cancer cells evade immunologic regulation by multiple means, including altering the antigens expressed on their cell surface or recruiting inflammatory cells that repress immune surveillance. Nevertheless, recent clinical data suggest that two classes of antigens show efficacy for the development of anticancer vaccines: tumor-associated antigens and neoantigens. In addition, many different vaccines derived from antigens based on cellular, peptide/protein, and genomic components are in development to establish their efficacy in cancer therapy. Some vaccines have shown promising results, which may lead to favorable outcomes when combined with standard therapeutic approaches. This review provides an overview of the innate and adaptive immune systems, their interactions with cancer cells, and the development of various different vaccines for use in anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilene Le
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (I.L.); (S.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (I.L.); (S.D.); (J.C.)
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jessica Chacon
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (I.L.); (S.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Anna M. Eiring
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (I.L.); (S.D.); (J.C.)
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Shrikanth S. Gadad
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (I.L.); (S.D.); (J.C.)
- L. Frederick Francis Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson Cancer Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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36
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Ding P, Ma Z, Liu D, Pan M, Li H, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Shao C, Jiang M, Lu D, Han J, Wang J, Yan X. Lysine Acetylation/Deacetylation Modification of Immune-Related Molecules in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865975. [PMID: 35585975 PMCID: PMC9108232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As major post-translational modifications (PTMs), acetylation and deacetylation are significant factors in signal transmission and cellular metabolism, and are modulated by a dynamic process via two pivotal categories of enzymes, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). In previous studies, dysregulation of lysine acetylation and deacetylation has been reported to be associated with the genesis and development of malignancy. Scientists have recently explored acetylation/deacetylation patterns and prospective cancer therapy techniques, and the FDA has approved four HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) to be used in clinical treatment. In the present review, the most recent developments in the area of lysine acetylation/deacetylation alteration in cancer immunotherapy were investigated. Firstly, a brief explanation of the acetylation/deacetylation process and relevant indispensable enzymes that participate therein is provided. Subsequently, a multitude of specific immune-related molecules involved in the lysine acetylation/deacetylation process are listed in the context of cancer, in addition to several therapeutic strategies associated with lysine acetylation/deacetylation modification in cancer immunotherapy. Finally, a number of prospective research fields related to cancer immunotherapy concepts are offered with detailed analysis. Overall, the present review may provide a reference for researchers in the relevant field of study, with the aim of being instructive and meaningful to further research as well as the selection of potential targets and effective measures for future cancer immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Senior Department of Oncology, Chinese People'’s Liberation Army of China (PLA) General Hospital, The Fifth Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Senior Department of Oncology, Chinese People'’s Liberation Army of China (PLA) General Hospital, The Fifth Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Minghong Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Huizi Li
- Department of Outpatient, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yingtong Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yimeng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Changjian Shao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Menglong Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Di Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Senior Department of Oncology, Chinese People'’s Liberation Army of China (PLA) General Hospital, The Fifth Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Han, ; Jinliang Wang, ; Xiaolong Yan,
| | - Jinliang Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Senior Department of Oncology, Chinese People'’s Liberation Army of China (PLA) General Hospital, The Fifth Medical Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Han, ; Jinliang Wang, ; Xiaolong Yan,
| | - Xiaolong Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Han, ; Jinliang Wang, ; Xiaolong Yan,
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37
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Development of Peptide-Based Vaccines for Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:9749363. [PMID: 35342400 PMCID: PMC8941562 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9749363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peptides cancer vaccines are designed based on the epitope peptides that can elicit humoral and cellular immune responses targeting tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) or tumor-specific antigens (TSAs). In order to develop a clinically safe and more effective vaccine for the future, several issues need to be addressed, and these include the selection of optimal antigen targets, adjuvants, and immunization regimens. Another emerging approach involves the use of personalized peptide-based vaccines based on neoantigens to enhance antitumor response. Rationally designed combinatorial therapy is currently being investigated with chemotherapeutic drugs or immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies to improve the efficacy. This review discusses an overview of the development of peptide-based vaccines, the role of adjuvants, and the delivery systems for peptide vaccines as well as combinatorial therapy as potential anticancer strategies.
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38
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Assessing the Future of Solid Tumor Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030655. [PMID: 35327456 PMCID: PMC8945484 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of cancer immunotherapy, there has been a major improvement in patient’s quality of life and survival. The growth of cancer immunotherapy has dramatically changed our understanding of the basics of cancer biology and has altered the standards of care (surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) for patients. Cancer immunotherapy has generated significant excitement with the success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in particular. Clinical results using CAR-T for hematological malignancies have led to the approval of four CD19-targeted and one B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeted cell therapy products by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Also, immune checkpoint inhibitors such as antibodies against Programmed Cell Death-1 (PD-1), Programmed Cell Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1), and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) have shown promising therapeutic outcomes and long-lasting clinical effect in several tumor types and patients who are refractory to other treatments. Despite these promising results, the success of cancer immunotherapy in solid tumors has been limited due to several barriers, which include immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), inefficient trafficking, and heterogeneity of tumor antigens. This is further compounded by the high intra-tumoral pressure of solid tumors, which presents an additional challenge to successfully delivering treatments to solid tumors. In this review, we will outline and propose specific approaches that may overcome these immunological and physical barriers to improve the outcomes in solid tumor patients receiving immunotherapies.
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39
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Xu R, Lu T, Zhao J, Wang J, Peng B, Zhang L. Identification of Tumor Antigens and Immune Subtypes in Lung Adenocarcinoma for mRNA Vaccine Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:815596. [PMID: 35265614 PMCID: PMC8899518 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.815596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines are emerging as a viable strategy for cancer treatment. In the current study, we screened for genes associated with the prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma and positively correlated with antigen-presenting cell infiltration and identified KLRG1 and CBFA2T3 as potential tumor antigens for mRNA vaccines in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Further analyses of immune subtypes revealed that patients with early-stage LUAD, high immune cell infiltration, high immune checkpoint expression, and low tumor mutation burden might benefit from mRNA vaccination. Moreover, we identified four biomarkers that can be used to assess mRNA vaccination suitability. We also identified potentially sensitive anti-cancer drugs for populations not suitable for vaccination by means of anti-cancer drug susceptibility prediction. Overall, we provided a new perspective for mRNA vaccine treatment strategies for LUAD and emphasized the importance of precise and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - JiaYing Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - LinYou Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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40
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Bausart M, Préat V, Malfanti A. Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: the promise of combination strategies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:35. [PMID: 35078492 PMCID: PMC8787896 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) treatment has remained almost unchanged for more than 20 years. The current standard of care involves surgical resection (if possible) followed by concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In recent years, immunotherapy strategies have revolutionized the treatment of many cancers, increasing the hope for GBM therapy. However, mostly due to the high, multifactorial immunosuppression occurring in the microenvironment, the poor knowledge of the neuroimmune system and the presence of the blood-brain barrier, the efficacy of immunotherapy in GBM is still low. Recently, new strategies for GBM treatments have employed immunotherapy combinations and have provided encouraging results in both preclinical and clinical studies. The lessons learned from clinical trials highlight the importance of tackling different arms of immunity. In this review, we aim to summarize the preclinical evidence regarding combination immunotherapy in terms of immune and survival benefits for GBM management. The outcomes of recent studies assessing the combination of different classes of immunotherapeutic agents (e.g., immune checkpoint blockade and vaccines) will be discussed. Finally, future strategies to ameliorate the efficacy of immunotherapy and facilitate clinical translation will be provided to address the unmet medical needs of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bausart
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alessio Malfanti
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
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41
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The Efficacy of Therapeutic DNA Vaccines Expressing the Human Papillomavirus E6 and E7 Oncoproteins for Treatment of Cervical Cancer: Systematic Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 10:vaccines10010053. [PMID: 35062714 PMCID: PMC8780177 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is recognized as a serious public health problem since it remains one of the most common cancers with a high mortality rate among women despite existing preventative, screening, and treatment approaches. Since Human Papillomavirus (HPV) was recognized as the causative agent, the preventative HPV vaccines have made great progress over the last few years. However, people already infected with the virus require an effective treatment that would ensure long-term survival and a cure. Currently, clinical trials investigating HPV therapeutic vaccines show a promising vaccine-induced T-cell mediated immune response, resulting in cervical lesion regression and viral eradication. Among existing vaccine types (live vector, protein-based, nucleic acid-based, etc.), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) therapeutic vaccines are the focus of the study, since they are safe, cost-efficient, thermostable, easily produced in high purity and distributed. The aim of this study is to assess and compare existing DNA therapeutic vaccines in phase I and II trials, expressing HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins for the prospective treatment of cervical cancer based on clinical efficacy, immunogenicity, viral clearance, and side effects. Five different DNA therapeutic vaccines (GX-188E, VGX-3100, pNGVL4a-CRT/E7(detox), pNGVL4a-Sig/E7(detox)/HSP70, MEDI0457) were well-tolerated and clinically effective. Clinical implementation of DNA therapeutic vaccines into treatment regimen as a sole approach or in combination with conservative treatment holds great potential for effective cancer treatment.
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42
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Yadav A, Singh S, Sohi H, Dang S. Advances in Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Agents for Cancer Treatment. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 23:25. [PMID: 34907501 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, most of the treatment strategies for cancer are focused on the surgical removal of cancerous tumors, along with physical and chemical treatment such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, respectively. The primary issue associated with these methods is the inhibition of normal cell growth and serious side effects associated with systemic toxicity. The traditional chemotherapeutics which were delivered systemically were inadequate and had serious dose limiting side effects. Recent advances in the development of chemotherapeutics have simultaneously paved the way for efficient targeted drug delivery. Despite the advances in the field of oncogenic drugs, several limitations remain, such as early blood clearance, acquired resistance against cytotoxic agents, toxicity associated with chemotherapeutics, and site-specific drug delivery. Hence, this review article focuses on the recent scientific advancements made in different types of drug delivery systems, including, organic nanocarriers (polymers, albumins, liposomes, and micelles), inorganic nanocarriers (mesoporous silica nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes), aptamers, antibody-drug conjugates, and peptides. These targeted drug delivery approaches offer numerous advantages such as site-specific drug delivery, minimal toxicity, better bioavailability, and an increased overall efficacy of the chemotherapeutics. Graphical abstract.
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43
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Sahu M, Suryawanshi H. Immunotherapy: The future of cancer treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2021; 25:371. [PMID: 34703141 PMCID: PMC8491352 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.325257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are one of the most common cancers worldwide. A large number of patients are diagnosed with locally advanced disease and require multimodal treatment approaches. Standard treatment modalities ranging from surgery to chemotherapy and radiation are yielding mixed results. To overcome this hurdle, newer innovative approaches are required to reduce the morbidity and mortality of the patients. In the last few decades, immunotherapy has become an important part of treating some types of cancer. The immune system plays a key role in the development, establishment and progression of HNSCC. A greater understanding of the dysregulation and evasion of the immune system in the evolution and progression of HNSCC provides the basis for improved therapies and outcomes for patients. Newer types of immune treatments are now being studied, and they will impact how we treat cancer in the future. This article provides a brief overview of the current immunotherapeutic strategies for cancer with emphasis on HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Sahu
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Hemakumari Suryawanshi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India
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44
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Maiorova V, Mollaev MD, Vikhreva P, Kulakovskaya E, Pershin D, Chudakov DM, Kibardin A, Maschan MA, Larin S. Natural Flt3Lg-Based Chimeric Antigen Receptor (Flt3-CAR) T Cells Successfully Target Flt3 on AML Cell Lines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111238. [PMID: 34835169 PMCID: PMC8621097 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cannot be cured with chemotherapy alone, as the blasts survive the treatment. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) approaches for AML are being actively developed. CARs promote immune reactions through recognition of the target molecular epitopes at the surface of cancer cells. The recognition involves the extracellular portion of the CAR protein, which corresponds to either the antibody or the physiological binding partner of the targeted antigen. Here, we design a chimeric receptor with a full-length natural Flt3-ligand recognition module that targets Flt3 tyrosine kinase, known as an adverse marker in AML. We demonstrate specific killing of Flt3-positive THP-1 cells by Flt3-CAR T cells and the lack of cytotoxicity towards Flt3-negative U937 cells. We prove that the inherent cytolytic capacity of T cells is essential for the killing. Finally, we confirm the authenticity of targeting by its competitive dose-dependent inhibition with a soluble Flt3-ligand. The developed system can be viewed as a non-immunogenic functional equivalent of scFv-mediated targeting. The robust in vitro antitumor effects of Flt3-CAR T cells, combined with their low off-target cytotoxicity, hold promise for AML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Maiorova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.D.M.); (P.V.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (A.K.); (M.A.M.); (S.L.)
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Murad D. Mollaev
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.D.M.); (P.V.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (A.K.); (M.A.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Polina Vikhreva
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.D.M.); (P.V.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (A.K.); (M.A.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Elena Kulakovskaya
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.D.M.); (P.V.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (A.K.); (M.A.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Dmitry Pershin
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.D.M.); (P.V.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (A.K.); (M.A.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Dmitriy M. Chudakov
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia;
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Kibardin
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.D.M.); (P.V.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (A.K.); (M.A.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Michael A. Maschan
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.D.M.); (P.V.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (A.K.); (M.A.M.); (S.L.)
| | - Sergey Larin
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.D.M.); (P.V.); (E.K.); (D.P.); (A.K.); (M.A.M.); (S.L.)
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Sun H, Hu W, Yan Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Yao X, Teng L, Wang X, Chai D, Zheng J, Wang G. Using PAMPs and DAMPs as adjuvants in cancer vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:5546-5557. [PMID: 34520322 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1964316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy for cancer has attracted considerable attention. As one of the immunotherapeutics, tumor vaccines exert great potential for cancer immunotherapy. The most important components in tumor vaccines are antigens and adjuvants, which determine the therapeutic safety and efficacy, respectively. After decades of research, many types of adjuvants have been developed. Although these adjuvants can induce strong and long-lasting immune responses in tumor immunity, they also cause more severe toxic side effects and are therefore not suitable for use in humans. With the development of innate immunity research, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are receiving more attention in vaccine design. However, whether they have the potential to become new adjuvants remains to be elucidated. The purpose of this review is to provide newideas for the research and development of new adjuvants by discussing the mechanisms and related functions of PAMPs and DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyou Sun
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Hu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yinan Yan
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zichun Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xuefan Yao
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ling Teng
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Dafei Chai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Center Of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital Of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Center For The Collaboration And Innovation Of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Center Of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital Of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Center For The Collaboration And Innovation Of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Center Of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital Of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Center For The Collaboration And Innovation Of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Tawfik EA, Aldrak NA, Albrahim SH, Alzahrani DA, Alfassam HA, Alkoblan SM, Almalik AM, Chen KS, Abou-Khalil R, Shah K, Zaidan NM. Immunotherapy in hematological malignancies: recent advances and open questions. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:1215-1229. [PMID: 34498496 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, tremendous advances in immunotherapy approaches have been observed, generating significant clinical progress. Cancer immunotherapy has been shown, in different types of blood cancers, to improve the overall survival of patients. Immunotherapy treatment of hematopoietic malignancies is a newly growing field that has been accelerating over the past years. Several US FDA approved drugs and cell-based therapies are being exploited in the late stage of clinical trials. This review attempt to highlight and discuss the numerous innovative immunotherapy approaches of hematopoietic malignancy ranging from nonmyeloablative transplantation, T-cell immunotherapy, natural killer cells and immune agonist to monoclonal antibodies and vaccination. In addition, a brief discussion on the future advances and accomplishments required to counterpart the current immunotherapeutic approaches for hematopoietic malignancies were also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam A Tawfik
- Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), PO Box 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia.,National Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, Life Science & Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), PO Box 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A Aldrak
- Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), PO Box 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad H Albrahim
- Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), PO Box 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dunia A Alzahrani
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, Life Science & Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), PO Box 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya A Alfassam
- Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), PO Box 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar M Alkoblan
- Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), PO Box 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M Almalik
- Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), PO Box 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia.,National Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, Life Science & Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), PO Box 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kok-Siong Chen
- BWH Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics & Imaging, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Rana Abou-Khalil
- Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), PO Box 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Shah
- BWH Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics & Imaging, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nada M Zaidan
- Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, Joint Centers of Excellence Program, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), PO Box 6086, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
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DeMaria PJ, Lee-Wisdom K, Donahue RN, Madan RA, Karzai F, Schwab A, Palena C, Jochems C, Floudas C, Strauss J, Marté JL, Redman JM, Dombi E, Widemann B, Korchin B, Adams T, Pico-Navarro C, Heery C, Schlom J, Gulley JL, Bilusic M. Phase 1 open-label trial of intravenous administration of MVA-BN-brachyury-TRICOM vaccine in patients with advanced cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e003238. [PMID: 34479925 PMCID: PMC8420671 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MVA-BN-brachyury-TRICOM is a recombinant vector-based therapeutic cancer vaccine designed to induce an immune response against brachyury. Brachyury, a transcription factor overexpressed in advanced cancers, has been associated with treatment resistance, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and metastatic potential. MVA-BN-brachyury-TRICOM has demonstrated immunogenicity and safety in previous clinical trials of subcutaneously administered vaccine. Preclinical studies have suggested that intravenous administration of therapeutic vaccines can induce superior CD8+ T cell responses, higher levels of systemic cytokine release, and stronger natural killer cell activation and proliferation. This is the first-in-human study of the intravenous administration of MVA-BN-brachyury-TRICOM. METHODS Between January 2020 and March 2021, 13 patients were treated on a phase 1, open-label, 3+3 design, dose-escalation study at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. The study population was adults with advanced solid tumors and was enriched for chordoma, a rare sarcoma of the notochord that overexpresses brachyury. Vaccine was administered intravenously at three DLs on days 1, 22, and 43. Blood samples were taken to assess drug pharmacokinetics and immune activation. Imaging was conducted at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months post-treatment. The primary endpoint was safety and tolerability as determined by the frequency of dose-limiting toxicities; a secondary endpoint was determination of the recommended phase 2 dose. RESULTS No dose-limiting toxicities were observed and no serious adverse events were attributed to the vaccine. Vaccine-related toxicities were consistent with class profile (ie, influenza-like symptoms). Cytokine release syndrome up to grade 2 was observed with no adverse outcomes. Dose-effect trend was observed for fever, chills/rigor, and hypotension. Efficacy analysis of objective response rate per RECIST 1.1 at the end of study showed one patient with a partial response, four with stable disease, and eight with progressive disease. Three patients with stable disease experienced clinical benefit in the form of improvement in pain. Immune correlatives showed T cell activation against brachyury and other tumor-associated cascade antigens. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous administration of MVA-BN-brachyury-TRICOM vaccine was safe and tolerable. Maximum tolerated dose was not reached. The maximum administered dose was 109 infectious units every 3 weeks for three doses. This dose was selected as the recommended phase 2 dose. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04134312.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J DeMaria
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Lee-Wisdom
- Medical Oncology Service, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ravi A Madan
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fatima Karzai
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Angie Schwab
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudia Palena
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline Jochems
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Charalampos Floudas
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julius Strauss
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer L Marté
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason Mark Redman
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eva Dombi
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brigitte Widemann
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Borys Korchin
- Oncology Strategy, Bavarian Nordic Inc, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Cesar Pico-Navarro
- Oncology Strategy, Bavarian Nordic Inc, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marijo Bilusic
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Zhong H, Liu S, Cao F, Zhao Y, Zhou J, Tang F, Peng Z, Li Y, Xu S, Wang C, Yang G, Li ZQ. Dissecting Tumor Antigens and Immune Subtypes of Glioma to Develop mRNA Vaccine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:709986. [PMID: 34512630 PMCID: PMC8429949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.709986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nowadays, researchers are leveraging the mRNA-based vaccine technology used to develop personalized immunotherapy for cancer. However, its application against glioma is still in its infancy. In this study, the applicable candidates were excavated for mRNA vaccine treatment in the perspective of immune regulation, and suitable glioma recipients with corresponding immune subtypes were further investigated. Methods The RNA-seq data and clinical information of 702 and 325 patients were recruited from TCGA and CGGA, separately. The genetic alteration profile was visualized and compared by cBioPortal. Then, we explored prognostic outcomes and immune correlations of the selected antigens to validate their clinical relevance. The prognostic index was measured via GEPIA2, and infiltration of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) was calculated and visualized by TIMER. Based on immune-related gene expression, immune subtypes of glioma were identified using consensus clustering analysis. Moreover, the immune landscape was visualized by graph learning-based dimensionality reduction analysis. Results Four glioma antigens, namely ANXA5, FKBP10, MSN, and PYGL, associated with superior prognoses and infiltration of APCs were selected. Three immune subtypes IS1-IS3 were identified, which fundamentally differed in molecular, cellular, and clinical signatures. Patients in subtypes IS2 and IS3 carried immunologically cold phenotypes, whereas those in IS1 carried immunologically hot phenotype. Particularly, patients in subtypes IS3 and IS2 demonstrated better outcomes than that in IS1. Expression profiles of immune checkpoints and immunogenic cell death (ICD) modulators showed a difference among IS1-IS3 tumors. Ultimately, the immune landscape of glioma elucidated considerable heterogeneity not only between individual patients but also within the same immune subtype. Conclusions ANXA5, FKBP10, MSN, and PYGL are identified as potential antigens for anti-glioma mRNA vaccine production, specifically for patients in immune subtypes 2 and 3. In summary, this study may shed new light on the promising approaches of immunotherapy, such as devising mRNA vaccination tailored to applicable glioma recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medicine Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Feng Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohua Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Yangsheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shen Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, No. 901 Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Logistic Support Force, Hefei, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, No. 901 Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Logistic Support Force, Hefei, China
| | - Guohua Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science, Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medicine Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Chauhan A, Khan T, Omri A. Design and Encapsulation of Immunomodulators onto Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8037. [PMID: 34360803 PMCID: PMC8347387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of cancer immunotherapy is to reactivate autoimmune responses to combat cancer cells. To stimulate the immune system, immunomodulators, such as adjuvants, cytokines, vaccines, and checkpoint inhibitors, are extensively designed and studied. Immunomodulators have several drawbacks, such as drug instability, limited half-life, rapid drug clearance, and uncontrolled immune responses when used directly in cancer immunotherapy. Several strategies have been used to overcome these limitations. A simple and effective approach is the loading of immunomodulators onto gold-based nanoparticles (GNPs). As gold is highly biocompatible, GNPs can be administered intravenously, which aids in increasing cancer cell permeability and retention time. Various gold nanoplatforms, including nanospheres, nanoshells, nanorods, nanocages, and nanostars have been effectively used in cancer immunotherapy. Gold nanostars (GNS) are one of the most promising GNP platforms because of their unusual star-shaped geometry, which significantly increases light absorption and provides high photon-to-heat conversion efficiency due to the plasmonic effect. As a result, GNPs are a useful vehicle for delivering antigens and adjuvants that support the immune system in killing tumor cells by facilitating or activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This review represents recent progress in encapsulating immunomodulators into GNPs for utility in a cancer immunotherapeutic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshita Chauhan
- Department of Quality Assurance, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- The Novel Drug & Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
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50
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Santos P, Almeida F. Exosome-Based Vaccines: History, Current State, and Clinical Trials. Front Immunol 2021; 12:711565. [PMID: 34335627 PMCID: PMC8317489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.711565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by most cell types as part of an intracellular communication system in crucial processes such as inflammation, cell proliferation, and immune response. However, EVs have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as cancer and numerous infectious diseases. An important feature of EVs is their ability to deliver a wide range of molecules to nearby targets or over long distances, which allows the mediation of different biological functions. This delivery mechanism can be utilized for the development of therapeutic strategies, such as vaccination. Here, we have highlighted several studies from a historical perspective, with respect to current investigations on EV-based vaccines. For example, vaccines based on exosomes derived from dendritic cells proved to be simpler in terms of management and cost-effectiveness than dendritic cell vaccines. Recent evidence suggests that EVs derived from cancer cells can be leveraged for therapeutics to induce strong anti-tumor immune responses. Moreover, EV-based vaccines have shown exciting and promising results against different types of infectious diseases. We have also summarized the results obtained from completed clinical trials conducted on the usage of exosome-based vaccines in the treatment of cancer, and more recently, coronavirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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