1
|
Lebedeva EA, Gonotkov MA, Furman AA, Velegzhaninov IO. VOLTAGE-GATED ION CHANNEL'S GENE EXPRESSION IN THE MYOCARDIUM OF EMBRYO AND ADULT CHICKENS. Dev Biol 2024:S0012-1606(24)00210-0. [PMID: 39127438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The functioning of the cardiovascular system is critical for embryo survival. Cardiac contractions depend on the sequential activation of different classes of voltage-gated ion channels. Understanding the fundamental features of these interactions is important for identifying the mechanisms of pathologies development in the myocardium. However, at present there is no consensus on which ion channels are involved in the formation of automaticity in the early embryonic stages. The aim of this study was to elucidate the expression of genes encoding various types of ion channels that are involved in the generation of electrical activity chicken heart at different stages of ontogenesis. We analyzed the expression of 14 genes from different families of ion channels. It was revealed that the expression profiles of ion channel genes change depending on the stages of ontogenesis. The HCN4, CACNA1D, SCN1A, SCN5A, KCNA1 genes have maximum expression at the tubular heart stage. In adult, a switch occurs to the higher expression of CACNA1C, KCNH6, RYR and SLC8A1 genes. This data correlated with the results obtained by the microelectrode method. It can be assumed that the automaticity of the tubular heart is mainly due to the mechanism of the «membrane-clock» (hyperpolarization-activated current (If), Ca2+-current L-type (ICaL), Na+-current (INa) and the slow component of the delayed rectifier K+-current (IKs)). Whereas in adult birds, the mechanism for generating electrical impulses is determined by both «membrane- clock» and «Ca2+-clock».
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Lebedeva
- Institute of Physiology Komi Science Center, Ural Branch Russian Academy of SciencesGSP-2, 50 st. Pervomayskaya, 167982 Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia.
| | - M A Gonotkov
- Institute of Physiology Komi Science Center, Ural Branch Russian Academy of SciencesGSP-2, 50 st. Pervomayskaya, 167982 Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia
| | - A A Furman
- Institute of Physiology Komi Science Center, Ural Branch Russian Academy of SciencesGSP-2, 50 st. Pervomayskaya, 167982 Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia
| | - I O Velegzhaninov
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pai VP, Levin M. HCN2 Channel-induced Rescue of Brain, Eye, Heart, and Gut Teratogenesis Caused by Nicotine, Ethanol, and Aberrant Notch Signaling. Wound Repair Regen 2022; 30:681-706. [PMID: 35662339 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Organogenesis is a complex process that can be disrupted by embryonic exposure to teratogens or mutation-induced alterations in signaling pathways, both of which result in organ mispatterning. Building on prior work in Xenopus laevis that showed that increased HCN2 ion channel activity rescues nicotine-induced brain & eye morphogenesis, we demonstrate much broader HCN2-based rescue of organ patterning defects. Induced HCN2 expression in both local or distant tissues can rescue CNS (brain & eye) as well as non-CNS (heart, & gut) organ defects induced by three different teratogenic conditions: nicotine exposure, ethanol exposure, or aberrant Notch protein. Rescue can also be induced by small-molecule HCN2 channel activators, even with delayed treatment initiation. Our results suggest that HCN2 (likely mediated by bioelectric signals) can be an effective regulator of organogenesis from all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) and reveal non-cell-autonomous influences on organ formation that work at considerable distance during embryonic development. These results suggest molecular bioelectric strategies for repair that could be explored in the future for regenerative medicine. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav P Pai
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Assembly of the Cardiac Pacemaking Complex: Electrogenic Principles of Sinoatrial Node Morphogenesis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8040040. [PMID: 33917972 PMCID: PMC8068396 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac pacemaker cells located in the sinoatrial node initiate the electrical impulses that drive rhythmic contraction of the heart. The sinoatrial node accounts for only a small proportion of the total mass of the heart yet must produce a stimulus of sufficient strength to stimulate the entire volume of downstream cardiac tissue. This requires balancing a delicate set of electrical interactions both within the sinoatrial node and with the downstream working myocardium. Understanding the fundamental features of these interactions is critical for defining vulnerabilities that arise in human arrhythmic disease and may provide insight towards the design and implementation of the next generation of potential cellular-based cardiac therapeutics. Here, we discuss physiological conditions that influence electrical impulse generation and propagation in the sinoatrial node and describe developmental events that construct the tissue-level architecture that appears necessary for sinoatrial node function.
Collapse
|
4
|
Drakhlis L, Biswanath S, Farr CM, Lupanow V, Teske J, Ritzenhoff K, Franke A, Manstein F, Bolesani E, Kempf H, Liebscher S, Schenke-Layland K, Hegermann J, Nolte L, Meyer H, de la Roche J, Thiemann S, Wahl-Schott C, Martin U, Zweigerdt R. Human heart-forming organoids recapitulate early heart and foregut development. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:737-746. [PMID: 33558697 PMCID: PMC8192303 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-00815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organoid models of early tissue development have been produced for the intestine, brain, kidney and other organs, but similar approaches for the heart have been lacking. Here we generate complex, highly structured, three-dimensional heart-forming organoids (HFOs) by embedding human pluripotent stem cell aggregates in Matrigel followed by directed cardiac differentiation via biphasic WNT pathway modulation with small molecules. HFOs are composed of a myocardial layer lined by endocardial-like cells and surrounded by septum-transversum-like anlagen; they further contain spatially and molecularly distinct anterior versus posterior foregut endoderm tissues and a vascular network. The architecture of HFOs closely resembles aspects of early native heart anlagen before heart tube formation, which is known to require an interplay with foregut endoderm development. We apply HFOs to study genetic defects in vitro by demonstrating that NKX2.5-knockout HFOs show a phenotype reminiscent of cardiac malformations previously observed in transgenic mice. Heart-forming organoids model early cardiac development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lika Drakhlis
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Santoshi Biswanath
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Clara-Milena Farr
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Victoria Lupanow
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jana Teske
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Ritzenhoff
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annika Franke
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Manstein
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Emiliano Bolesani
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Kempf
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Stem Cell Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Simone Liebscher
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,The Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.,Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) 'Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Nolte
- Industrial and Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiko Meyer
- Industrial and Biomedical Optics Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jeanne de la Roche
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Thiemann
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), REBIRTH-Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bhattacharyya S, Munshi NV. Development of the Cardiac Conduction System. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037408. [PMID: 31988140 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac conduction system initiates and propagates each heartbeat. Specialized conducting cells are a well-conserved phenomenon across vertebrate evolution, although mammalian and avian species harbor specific components unique to organisms with four-chamber hearts. Early histological studies in mammals provided evidence for a dominant pacemaker within the right atrium and clarified the existence of the specialized muscular axis responsible for atrioventricular conduction. Building on these seminal observations, contemporary genetic techniques in a multitude of model organisms has characterized the developmental ontogeny, gene regulatory networks, and functional importance of individual anatomical compartments within the cardiac conduction system. This review describes in detail the transcriptional and regulatory networks that act during cardiac conduction system development and homeostasis with a particular emphasis on networks implicated in human electrical variation by large genome-wide association studies. We conclude with a discussion of the clinical implications of these studies and describe some future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikhil V Munshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology.,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development.,Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pai VP, Cervera J, Mafe S, Willocq V, Lederer EK, Levin M. HCN2 Channel-Induced Rescue of Brain Teratogenesis via Local and Long-Range Bioelectric Repair. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:136. [PMID: 32528251 PMCID: PMC7264377 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic exposure to the teratogen nicotine results in brain defects, by disrupting endogenous spatial pre patterns necessary for normal brain size and patterning. Extending prior work in Xenopus laevis that showed that misexpression of ion channels can rescue morphogenesis, we demonstrate and characterize a novel aspect of developmental bioelectricity: channel-dependent repair signals propagate long-range across the embryo. We show that distal HCN2 channel misexpression and distal transplants of HCN2-expressing tissue, non-cell-autonomously reverse profound defects, rescuing brain anatomy, gene expression, and learning. Moreover, such rescue can be induced by small-molecule HCN2 channel activators, even with delayed treatment initiation. We present a simple, versatile computational model of bioelectrical signaling upstream of key patterning genes such as OTX2 and XBF1, which predicts long-range repair induced by ion channel activity, and experimentally validate the predictions of this model. Our results and quantitative model identify a powerful morphogenetic control mechanism that could be targeted by future regenerative medicine exploiting ion channel modulating drugs approved for human use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav P Pai
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Javier Cervera
- Departament de Termodinamica, Facultat de Fisica, Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Salvador Mafe
- Departament de Termodinamica, Facultat de Fisica, Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Valerie Willocq
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Emma K Lederer
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The rate and rhythm of heart muscle contractions are coordinated by the cardiac conduction system (CCS), a generic term for a collection of different specialized muscular tissues within the heart. The CCS components initiate the electrical impulse at the sinoatrial node, propagate it from atria to ventricles via the atrioventricular node and bundle branches, and distribute it to the ventricular muscle mass via the Purkinje fibre network. The CCS thereby controls the rate and rhythm of alternating contractions of the atria and ventricles. CCS function is well conserved across vertebrates from fish to mammals, although particular specialized aspects of CCS function are found only in endotherms (mammals and birds). The development and homeostasis of the CCS involves transcriptional and regulatory networks that act in an embryonic-stage-dependent, tissue-dependent, and dose-dependent manner. This Review describes emerging data from animal studies, stem cell models, and genome-wide association studies that have provided novel insights into the transcriptional networks underlying CCS formation and function. How these insights can be applied to develop disease models and therapies is also discussed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC. Development and evolution of the metazoan heart. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:634-656. [PMID: 31063648 PMCID: PMC6767493 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of the evolution and development of the heart in metazoans are highlighted, starting with the evolutionary origin of the contractile cell, supposedly the precursor of cardiomyocytes. The last eukaryotic common ancestor is likely a combination of several cellular organisms containing their specific metabolic pathways and genetic signaling networks. During evolution, these tool kits diversified. Shared parts of these conserved tool kits act in the development and functioning of pumping hearts and open or closed circulations in such diverse species as arthropods, mollusks, and chordates. The genetic tool kits became more complex by gene duplications, addition of epigenetic modifications, influence of environmental factors, incorporation of viral genomes, cardiac changes necessitated by air‐breathing, and many others. We evaluate mechanisms involved in mollusks in the formation of three separate hearts and in arthropods in the formation of a tubular heart. A tubular heart is also present in embryonic stages of chordates, providing the septated four‐chambered heart, in birds and mammals passing through stages with first and second heart fields. The four‐chambered heart permits the formation of high‐pressure systemic and low‐pressure pulmonary circulation in birds and mammals, allowing for high metabolic rates and maintenance of body temperature. Crocodiles also have a (nearly) separated circulation, but their resting temperature conforms with the environment. We argue that endothermic ancestors lost the capacity to elevate their body temperature during evolution, resulting in ectothermic modern crocodilians. Finally, a clinically relevant paragraph reviews the occurrence of congenital cardiac malformations in humans as derailments of signaling pathways during embryonic development. The cardiac regulatory toolkit contains many factors including epigenetic, genetic, viral, hemodynamic, and environmental factors, but also transcriptional activators, repressors, duplicated genes, redundancies and dose‐dependancies. Numerous toolkits regulate mechanisms including cell‐cell interactions, EMT, mitosis patterns, cell migration and differentiation and left/right sidedness involved in the development of endocardial cushions, looping, septum complexes, pharyngeal arch arteries, chamber and valve formation and conduction system. Evolutionary development of the yolk sac circulation likely preceded the advent of endothermy in amniotes. Parallel evolutionary traits regulate the development of contractile pumps in various taxa often in conjunction with the gut, lungs and excretory organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Poelmann
- Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Disruption of RHOA‐ROCK Signaling Results in Atrioventricular Block and Disturbed Development of the Putative Atrioventricular Node. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:83-92. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
10
|
Vicente Steijn R, Sedmera D, Blom NA, Jongbloed M, Kvasilova A, Nanka O. Apoptosis and epicardial contributions act as complementary factors in remodeling of the atrioventricular canal myocardium and atrioventricular conduction patterns in the embryonic chick heart. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1033-1042. [PMID: 30152577 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During heart development, it has been hypothesized that apoptosis of atrioventricular canal myocardium and replacement by fibrous tissue derived from the epicardium are imperative to develop a mature atrioventricular conduction. To test this, apoptosis was blocked using an established caspase inhibitor and epicardial growth was delayed using the experimental epicardial inhibition model, both in chick embryonic hearts. RESULTS Chicken embryonic hearts were either treated with the peptide caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk by intrapericardial injection in ovo (ED4) or underwent epicardial inhibition (ED2.5). Spontaneously beating embryonic hearts isolated (ED7-ED8) were then stained with voltage-sensitive dye Di-4-ANEPPS and imaged at 0.5-1 kHz. Apoptotic cells were quantified (ED5-ED7) by whole-mount LysoTracker Red and anti-active caspase 3 staining. zVAD-treated hearts showed a significantly increased proportion of immature (base to apex) activation patterns at ED8, including ventricular activation originating from the right atrioventricular junction, a pattern never observed in control hearts. zVAD-treated hearts showed decreased numbers of apoptotic cells in the atrioventricular canal myocardium at ED7. Hearts with delayed epicardial outgrowth showed also increased immature activation patterns at ED7.5 and ED8.5. However, the ventricular activation always originated from the left atrioventricular junction. Histological examination showed no changes in apoptosis rates, but a diminished presence of atrioventricular sulcus tissue compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Apoptosis in the atrioventricular canal myocardium and controlled replacement of this myocardium by epicardially derived HCN4-/Trop1- sulcus tissue are essential determinants of mature ventricular activation pattern. Disruption can lead to persistence of accessory atrioventricular connections, forming a morphological substrate for ventricular pre-excitation. Developmental Dynamics 247:1033-1042, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Vicente Steijn
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Sedmera
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nico A Blom
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Jongbloed
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alena Kvasilova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Nanka
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vicente-Steijn R, Kelder TP, Tertoolen LG, Wisse LJ, Pijnappels DA, Poelmann RE, Schalij MJ, deRuiter MC, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Jongbloed MRM. RHOA-ROCK signalling is necessary for lateralization and differentiation of the developing sinoatrial node. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1186-1197. [PMID: 28899000 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims RHOA-ROCK signalling regulates cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and transcription. RHOA is expressed in the developing cardiac conduction system in chicken and mice. In early development, the entire sinus venosus myocardium, including both the transient left-sided and the definitive sinoatrial node (SAN), has pacemaker potential. Later, pacemaker potential is restricted to the right-sided SAN. Disruption of RHOA expression in adult mice causes arrhythmias including bradycardia and atrial fibrillation, the mechanism of which is unknown but presumed to affect the SAN. The aim of this study is to assess the role of RHOA-ROCK signalling in SAN development in the chicken heart. Methods and results ROCK signalling was inhibited chemically in embryonic chicken hearts using Y-27632. This prolonged the immature state of the sinus venosus myocardium, evidenced by up-regulation of the transcription factor ISL1, wide distribution of pacemaker potential, and significantly reduced heart rate. Furthermore ROCK inhibition caused aberrant expression of typical SAN genes: ROCK1, ROCK2, SHOX2, TBX3, TBX5, ISL1, HCN4, CX40, CAV3.1, and NKX2.5 and left-right asymmetry genes: PITX2C and NODAL. Anatomical abnormalities in pulmonary vein development were also observed. Patch clamp electrophysiology confirmed the immature phenotype of the SAN cells and a residual left-sided sinus venosus myocardium pacemaker-like potential. Conclusions RHOA-ROCK signalling is involved in establishing the right-sided SAN as the definitive pacemaker of the heart and restricts typical pacemaker gene expression to the right side of the sinus venosus myocardium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Vicente-Steijn
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,ICIN Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim P Kelder
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leon G Tertoolen
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus J Wisse
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël A Pijnappels
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert E Poelmann
- Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J Schalij
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C deRuiter
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana C Gittenberger-de Groot
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pai VP, Pietak A, Willocq V, Ye B, Shi NQ, Levin M. HCN2 Rescues brain defects by enforcing endogenous voltage pre-patterns. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29519998 PMCID: PMC5843655 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous bioelectrical signaling coordinates cell behaviors toward correct anatomical outcomes. Lack of a model explaining spatialized dynamics of bioelectric states has hindered the understanding of the etiology of some birth defects and the development of predictive interventions. Nicotine, a known neuroteratogen, induces serious defects in brain patterning and learning. Our bio-realistic computational model explains nicotine’s effects via the disruption of endogenous bioelectrical gradients and predicts that exogenous HCN2 ion channels would restore the endogenous bioelectric prepatterns necessary for brain patterning. Voltage mapping in vivo confirms these predictions, and exogenous expression of the HCN2 ion channel rescues nicotine-exposed embryos, resulting in normal brain morphology and molecular marker expression, with near-normal learning capacity. By combining molecular embryology, electrophysiology, and computational modeling, we delineate a biophysical mechanism of developmental brain damage and its functional rescue. The authors have previously shown that membrane voltage can influence embryonic patterning during development. Here, the authors computationally model how nicotine disrupts Xenopus embryogenesis by perturbing voltage gradients, and rescue nicotine-inducted defects with HCN2 channel expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav P Pai
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Alexis Pietak
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Valerie Willocq
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Bin Ye
- Veridian Biotechnology Limited, Biotech Center 2, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nian-Qing Shi
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Carmona R, Ariza L, Cañete A, Muñoz-Chápuli R. Comparative developmental biology of the cardiac inflow tract. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 116:155-164. [PMID: 29452155 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate heart receives the blood through the cardiac inflow tract. This area has experienced profound changes along the evolution of vertebrates; changes that have a reflection in the cardiac ontogeny. The development of the inflow tract involves dynamic changes due to the progressive addition of tissue derived from the secondary heart field. The inflow tract is the site where oxygenated blood coming from lungs is received separately from the systemic return, where the cardiac pacemaker is established and where the proepicardium develops. Differential cell migration towards the inflow tract breaks the symmetry of the primary heart tube and determines the direction of the cardiac looping. In air-breathing vertebrates, an inflow tract reorganization is essential to keep separate blood flows from systemic and pulmonary returns. Finally, the sinus venosus endocardium has recently been recognized as playing a role in the constitution of the coronary vasculature. Due to this developmental complexity, congenital anomalies of the inflow tract can cause severe cardiac diseases. We aimed to review the recent literature on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the morphogenesis of the cardiac inflow tract, together with comparative and evolutionary details, thus providing a basis for a better understanding of these mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carmona
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Málaga (Spain), Spain
| | - Laura Ariza
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Málaga (Spain), Spain
| | - Ana Cañete
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Málaga (Spain), Spain
| | - Ramón Muñoz-Chápuli
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Málaga (Spain), Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pai VP, Willocq V, Pitcairn EJ, Lemire JM, Paré JF, Shi NQ, McLaughlin KA, Levin M. HCN4 ion channel function is required for early events that regulate anatomical left-right patterning in a nodal and lefty asymmetric gene expression-independent manner. Biol Open 2017; 6:1445-1457. [PMID: 28818840 PMCID: PMC5665463 DOI: 10.1242/bio.025957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laterality is a basic characteristic of all life forms, from single cell organisms to complex plants and animals. For many metazoans, consistent left-right asymmetric patterning is essential for the correct anatomy of internal organs, such as the heart, gut, and brain; disruption of left-right asymmetry patterning leads to an important class of birth defects in human patients. Laterality functions across multiple scales, where early embryonic, subcellular and chiral cytoskeletal events are coupled with asymmetric amplification mechanisms and gene regulatory networks leading to asymmetric physical forces that ultimately result in distinct left and right anatomical organ patterning. Recent studies have suggested the existence of multiple parallel pathways regulating organ asymmetry. Here, we show that an isoform of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) family of ion channels (hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4, HCN4) is important for correct left-right patterning. HCN4 channels are present very early in Xenopus embryos. Blocking HCN channels (Ih currents) with pharmacological inhibitors leads to errors in organ situs. This effect is only seen when HCN4 channels are blocked early (pre-stage 10) and not by a later block (post-stage 10). Injections of HCN4-DN (dominant-negative) mRNA induce left-right defects only when injected in both blastomeres no later than the 2-cell stage. Analysis of key asymmetric genes' expression showed that the sidedness of Nodal, Lefty, and Pitx2 expression is largely unchanged by HCN4 blockade, despite the randomization of subsequent organ situs, although the area of Pitx2 expression was significantly reduced. Together these data identify a novel, developmental role for HCN4 channels and reveal a new Nodal-Lefty-Pitx2 asymmetric gene expression-independent mechanism upstream of organ positioning during embryonic left-right patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav P Pai
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Valerie Willocq
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Emily J Pitcairn
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Joan M Lemire
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Jean-François Paré
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Nian-Qing Shi
- Department of Medicine at University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Kelly A McLaughlin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pitcairn E, Harris H, Epiney J, Pai VP, Lemire JM, Ye B, Shi NQ, Levin M, McLaughlin KA. Coordinating heart morphogenesis: A novel role for hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels during cardiogenesis in Xenopus laevis. Commun Integr Biol 2017; 10:e1309488. [PMID: 28702127 PMCID: PMC5501196 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1309488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide gated channel (HCN) proteins are important regulators of both neuronal and cardiac excitability. Among the 4 HCN isoforms, HCN4 is known as a pacemaker channel, because it helps control the periodicity of contractions in vertebrate hearts. Although the physiological role of HCN4 channel has been studied in adult mammalian hearts, an earlier role during embryogenesis has not been clearly established. Here, we probe the embryonic roles of HCN4 channels, providing the first characterization of the expression profile of any of the HCN isoforms during Xenopus laevis development and investigate the consequences of altering HCN4 function on embryonic pattern formation. We demonstrate that both overexpression of HCN4 and injection of dominant-negative HCN4 mRNA during early embryogenesis results in improper expression of key patterning genes and severely malformed hearts. Our results suggest that HCN4 serves to coordinate morphogenetic control factors that provide positional information during heart morphogenesis in Xenopus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Pitcairn
- Department of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Hannah Harris
- Department of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Justine Epiney
- Department of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Vaibhav P Pai
- Department of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Joan M Lemire
- Department of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Bin Ye
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nian-Qing Shi
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Kelly A McLaughlin
- Department of Biology and Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yechikov S, Copaciu R, Gluck JM, Deng W, Chiamvimonvat N, Chan JW, Lieu DK. Same-Single-Cell Analysis of Pacemaker-Specific Markers in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Subtypes Classified by Electrophysiology. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2670-2680. [PMID: 27434649 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Insights into the expression of pacemaker-specific markers in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocyte subtypes can facilitate the enrichment and track differentiation and maturation of hiPSC-derived pacemaker-like cardiomyocytes. To date, no study has directly assessed gene expression in each pacemaker-, atria-, and ventricular-like cardiomyocyte subtype derived from hiPSCs since currently the subtypes of these immature cardiomyocytes can only be identified by action potential profiles. Traditional acquisition of action potentials using patch-clamp recordings renders the cells unviable for subsequent analysis. We circumvented these issues by acquiring the action potential profile of a single cell optically followed by assessment of protein expression through immunostaining in that same cell. Our same-single-cell analysis for the first time revealed expression of proposed pacemaker-specific markers-hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-modulated (HCN)4 channel and Islet (Isl)1-at the protein level in all three hiPSC-derived cardiomyocyte subtypes. HCN4 expression was found to be higher in pacemaker-like hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes than atrial- and ventricular-like subtypes but its downregulation over time in all subtypes diminished the differences. Isl1 expression in pacemaker-like hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes was initially not statistically different than the contractile subtypes but did become statistically higher than ventricular-like cells with time. Our observations suggest that although HCN4 and Isl1 are differentially expressed in hiPSC-derived pacemaker-like relative to ventricular-like cardiomyocytes, these markers alone are insufficient in identifying hiPSC-derived pacemaker-like cardiomyocytes. Stem Cells 2016;34:2670-2680.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yechikov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Raul Copaciu
- Bridges to Stem Cell Research Program, California State University, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jessica M Gluck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Wenbin Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Mather, California, USA
| | - James W Chan
- Center for Biophotonics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Deborah K Lieu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
van Weerd JH, Christoffels VM. The formation and function of the cardiac conduction system. Development 2016; 143:197-210. [PMID: 26786210 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac conduction system (CCS) consists of distinctive components that initiate and conduct the electrical impulse required for the coordinated contraction of the cardiac chambers. CCS development involves complex regulatory networks that act in stage-, tissue- and dose-dependent manners, and recent findings indicate that the activity of these networks is sensitive to common genetic variants associated with cardiac arrhythmias. Here, we review how these findings have provided novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms and transcriptional networks underlying CCS formation and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hendrik van Weerd
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kelder TP, Vicente-Steijn R, Poelmann RE, Mummery CL, DeRuiter MC, Jongbloed MRM. The avian embryo to study development of the cardiac conduction system. Differentiation 2016; 91:90-103. [PMID: 26856662 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The avian embryo has long been a popular model system in developmental biology. The easy accessibility of the embryo makes it particularly suitable for in ovo microsurgery and manipulation. Re-incubation of the embryo allows long-term follow-up of these procedures. The current review focuses on the variety of techniques available to study development of the cardiac conduction system in avian embryos. Based on the large amount of relevant data arising from experiments in avian embryos, we conclude that the avian embryo has and will continue to be a powerful model system to study development in general and the developing cardiac conduction system in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim P Kelder
- Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Vicente-Steijn
- Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; ICIN Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert E Poelmann
- Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Integrative Zoology, Institute Biology, University Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marco C DeRuiter
- Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Weisbrod D, Khun SH, Bueno H, Peretz A, Attali B. Mechanisms underlying the cardiac pacemaker: the role of SK4 calcium-activated potassium channels. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:82-97. [PMID: 26725737 PMCID: PMC4722971 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper expression and function of the cardiac pacemaker is a critical feature of heart physiology. The sinoatrial node (SAN) in human right atrium generates an electrical stimulation approximately 70 times per minute, which propagates from a conductive network to the myocardium leading to chamber contractions during the systoles. Although the SAN and other nodal conductive structures were identified more than a century ago, the mechanisms involved in the generation of cardiac automaticity remain highly debated. In this short review, we survey the current data related to the development of the human cardiac conduction system and the various mechanisms that have been proposed to underlie the pacemaker activity. We also present the human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte system, which is used as a model for studying the pacemaker. Finally, we describe our latest characterization of the previously unrecognized role of the SK4 Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel conductance in pacemaker cells. By exquisitely balancing the inward currents during the diastolic depolarization, the SK4 channels appear to play a crucial role in human cardiac automaticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Weisbrod
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shiraz Haron Khun
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Hanna Bueno
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Asher Peretz
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Bernard Attali
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Den Hartogh SC, Passier R. Concise Review: Fluorescent Reporters in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: Contributions to Cardiac Differentiation and Their Applications in Cardiac Disease and Toxicity. Stem Cells 2015; 34:13-26. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine C. Den Hartogh
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Leiden University Medical Centre; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology; Leiden University Medical Centre; Leiden The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Stem cell Technologies. MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine; University of Twente, P.O.Box 217; Enschede The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kelder TP, Vicente-Steijn R, Harryvan TJ, Kosmidis G, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Poelmann RE, Schalij MJ, DeRuiter MC, Jongbloed MRM. The sinus venosus myocardium contributes to the atrioventricular canal: potential role during atrioventricular node development? J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1375-89. [PMID: 25752780 PMCID: PMC4459851 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of distinct electrophysiological pathways within the atrioventricular node (AVN) is a prerequisite for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia to occur. In this study, the different cell contributions that may account for the anatomical and functional heterogeneity of the AVN were investigated. To study the temporal development of the AVN, the expression pattern of ISL1, expressed in cardiac progenitor cells, was studied in sequential stages performing co-staining with myocardial markers (TNNI2 and NKX2-5) and HCN4 (cardiac conduction system marker). An ISL1+/TNNI2+/HCN4+ continuity between the myocardium of the sinus venosus and atrioventricular canal was identified in the region of the putative AVN, which showed a pacemaker-like phenotype based on single cell patch-clamp experiments. Furthermore, qPCR analysis showed that even during early development, different cell populations can be identified in the region of the putative AVN. Fate mapping was performed by in ovo vital dye microinjection. Embryos were harvested and analysed 24 and 48 hrs post-injection. These experiments showed incorporation of sinus venosus myocardium in the posterior region of the atrioventricular canal. The myocardium of the sinus venosus contributes to the atrioventricular canal. It is postulated that the myocardium of the sinus venosus contributes to nodal extensions or transitional cells of the AVN since these cells are located in the posterior region of the AVN. This finding may help to understand the origin of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim P Kelder
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Vicente-Steijn
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J Harryvan
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Georgios Kosmidis
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana C Gittenberger-de Groot
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob E Poelmann
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J Schalij
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C DeRuiter
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kelder TP, Vicente-Steijn R, DeRuiter MC, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Jongbloed MR. Does the Dorsal Mesenchymal Protrusion Act as a Temporary Pacemaker during Heart Development? J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8013-4. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.l115.642207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
23
|
Lin T, Conti S, Cipolletta L, Marino V, Zucchetti M, Russo E, Pizzamiglio F, AlMohani G, Pala S, Catto V, Biase LD, Natale A, Tondo C, Carbucicchio C. Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Arrhythmias: Benign Or Early Stage Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia? J Atr Fibrillation 2014; 7:1161. [PMID: 27957137 DOI: 10.4022/jafib.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) arising from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) are a common and heterogeneous entity. Idiopathic right ventricular arrhythmias (IdioVAs) are generally benign, with excellent ablation outcomes and long-term arrhythmia-free survival, and must be distinguished from other conditions associated with VAs arising from the right ventricle: the differential diagnosis with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) is therefore crucial because VAs are one of the most important causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals even with early stage of the disease. Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is a current option for the treatment of VAs but important differences must be considered in terms of indication, purposes and procedural strategies in the treatment of the two conditions. In this review, we comprehensively discuss clinical and electrophysiological features, diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in a compared analysis of these two entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Lin
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Conti
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Cipolletta
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittoria Marino
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Zucchetti
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Russo
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ghaliah AlMohani
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pala
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Catto
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Biase
- Texas Cardiac Arrhytmia Institute at St David's Medical Centre, Austin , TX, USA; Texas Cardiac Arrhytmia Institute at St David's Medical Centre, Austin , TX, USA; Texas Cardiac Arrhytmia Institute at St David's Medical Centre, Austin , TX, USA; Texas Cardiac Arrhytmia Institute at St David's Medical Centre, Austin , TX, USA
| | - Andrea Natale
- Texas Cardiac Arrhytmia Institute at St David's Medical Centre, Austin , TX, USA; Texas Cardiac Arrhytmia Institute at St David's Medical Centre, Austin , TX, USA; Texas Cardiac Arrhytmia Institute at St David's Medical Centre, Austin , TX, USA; Texas Cardiac Arrhytmia Institute at St David's Medical Centre, Austin , TX, USA; Texas Cardiac Arrhytmia Institute at St David's Medical Centre, Austin , TX, USA
| | - Claudio Tondo
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Corrado Carbucicchio
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Centre, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Purkinje fibers were the first discovered component of the cardiac conduction system. Originally described in sheep in 1839 as pale subendocardial cells, they were found to be present, although with different morphology, in all mammalian and avian hearts. Here we review differences in their appearance and extent in different species, summarize the current state of knowledge of their function, and provide an update on markers for these cells. Special emphasis is given to popular model species and human anatomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Sedmera
- Department of Cardiovascular Morphogenesis, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Später D, Abramczuk MK, Buac K, Zangi L, Stachel MW, Clarke J, Sahara M, Ludwig A, Chien KR. A HCN4+ cardiomyogenic progenitor derived from the first heart field and human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:1098-106. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
27
|
Hashem SI, Claycomb WC. Genetic isolation of stem cell-derived pacemaker-nodal cardiac myocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 383:161-71. [PMID: 23877224 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the cardiac pacemaker tissues due to genetic defects, acquired diseases, or aging results in arrhythmias. When arrhythmias occur, artificial pacemaker implants are used for treatment. However, the numerous limitations of electronic implants have prompted studies of biological pacemakers that can integrate into the myocardium providing a permanent cure. Embryonic stem (ES) cells cultured as three-dimensional (3D) spheroid aggregates termed embryoid bodies possess the ability to generate all cardiac myocyte subtypes. Here, we report the use of a SHOX2 promoter and a Cx30.2 enhancer to genetically identify and isolate ES cell-derived sinoatrial node (SAN) and atrioventricular node (AVN) cells, respectively. The ES cell-derived Shox2 and Cx30.2 cardiac myocytes exhibit a spider cell morphology and high intracellular calcium loading characteristic of pacemaker-nodal myocytes. These cells express abundant levels of pacemaker genes such as endogenous HCN4, Cx45, Cx30.2, Tbx2, and Tbx3. These cells were passaged, frozen, and thawed multiple times while maintaining their pacemaker-nodal phenotype. When cultured as 3D aggregates in an attempt to create a critical mass that simulates in vivo architecture, these cell lines exhibited an increase in the expression level of key regulators of cardiovascular development, such as GATA4 and GATA6 transcription factors. In addition, the aggregate culture system resulted in an increase in the expression level of several ion channels that play a major role in the spontaneous diastolic depolarization characteristic of pacemaker cells. We have isolated pure populations of SAN and AVN cells that will be useful tools for generating biological pacemakers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherin I Hashem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Calvo N, Jongbloed M, Zeppenfeld K. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract arrhythmias. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J 2013; 13:14-33. [PMID: 23329871 PMCID: PMC3540113 DOI: 10.1016/s0972-6292(16)30585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VA) consist of various subtypes of VA that occur in the absence of clinically apparent structural heart disease. Affected patients account for approximately 10% of all patients referred for evaluation of ventricular tachycardia (VT). Arrhythmias arising from the outflow tract (OT) are the most common subtype of idiopathic VA and more than 70-80% of idiopathic VTs or premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) originate from the right ventricular (RV) OT. Idiopathic OT arrhythmias are thought to be caused by adenosine-sensitive, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) mediated triggered activity and, in general, manifest at a relatively early age. Usually they present as salvos of paroxysmal ventricular ectopic beats and are rarely life-threatening. When highly symptomatic and refractory to antiarrhythmic therapy or causative for ventricular dysfunction, ablation is a recommended treatment with a high success rate and a low risk of complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Calvo
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vedantham V, Evangelista M, Huang Y, Srivastava D. Spatiotemporal regulation of an Hcn4 enhancer defines a role for Mef2c and HDACs in cardiac electrical patterning. Dev Biol 2012; 373:149-62. [PMID: 23085412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Regional differences in cardiomyocyte automaticity permit the sinoatrial node (SAN) to function as the leading cardiac pacemaker and the atrioventricular (AV) junction as a subsidiary pacemaker. The regulatory mechanisms controlling the distribution of automaticity within the heart are not understood. To understand regional variation in cardiac automaticity, we carried out an in vivo analysis of cis-regulatory elements that control expression of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide gated ion channel 4 (Hcn4). Using transgenic mice, we found that spatial and temporal patterning of Hcn4 expression in the AV conduction system required cis-regulatory elements with multiple conserved fragments. One highly conserved region, which contained a myocyte enhancer factor 2C (Mef2C) binding site previously described in vitro, induced reporter expression specifically in the embryonic non-chamber myocardium and the postnatal AV bundle in a Mef2c-dependent manner in vivo. Inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in cultured transgenic embryos showed expansion of reporter activity to working myocardium. In adult animals, hypertrophy induced by transverse aortic constriction, which causes translocation of HDACs out of the nucleus, resulted in ectopic activation of the Hcn4 enhancer in working myocardium, recapitulating pathological electrical remodeling. These findings reveal mechanisms that control the distribution of automaticity among cardiomyocytes during development and in response to stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasanth Vedantham
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Evolution and development of the building plan of the vertebrate heart. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:783-94. [PMID: 23063530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Early cardiac development involves the formation of a heart tube, looping of the tube and formation of chambers. These processes are highly similar among all vertebrates, which suggest the existence of evolutionary conservation of the building plan of the heart. From the jawless lampreys to man, T-box transcription factors like Tbx5 and Tbx20 are fundamental for heart formation, whereas Tbx2 and Tbx3 repress chamber formation on the sinu-atrial and atrioventricular borders. Also, electrocardiograms from different vertebrates are alike, even though the fish heart only has two chambers whereas the mammalian heart has four chambers divided by septa and in addition has much higher heart rates. We conclude that most features of the high-performance hearts of mammals and birds can be traced back to less developed traits in the hearts of ectothermic vertebrates. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte biology: Cardiac pathways of differentiation, metabolism and contraction.
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Bucchi A, Barbuti A, Difrancesco D, Baruscotti M. Funny Current and Cardiac Rhythm: Insights from HCN Knockout and Transgenic Mouse Models. Front Physiol 2012; 3:240. [PMID: 22783204 PMCID: PMC3387723 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult animal the sinoatrial node (SAN) rhythmically generates a depolarizing wave that propagates to the rest of the heart. However, the SAN is more than a simple clock; it is a clock that adjusts its pace according to the metabolic requirements of the organism. The Hyperpolarization-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-gated channels (HCN1–4) are the structural component of the funny (If) channels; in the SAN the If current is the main driving electrical force of the diastolic depolarization and the HCN4 is the most abundant isoform. The generation of HCN KO and transgenic mouse models has advanced the understanding of the role of these channels in cardiac excitability. The HCN4 KO models that were first developed allowed either global or cardiac-specific constitutive ablation of HCN4 channels, and resulted in embryonic lethality. A further progress was made with the development of three separate inducible HCN4 KO models; in one model KO was induced globally in the entire organism, in a second, ablation occurred only in HCN4-expressing cells, and finally in a third model KO was confined to cardiac cells. Unexpectedly, the three models yielded different results; similarities and differences among these models will be presented and discussed. The functional effects of HCN2 and HCN3 knockout models and transgenic HCN4 mouse models will also be discussed. In conclusion, HCN KO/transgenic models have allowed to evaluate the functional role of the If currents in intact animals as well as in single SAN cells isolated from the same animals. This opportunity is therefore unique since it allows (1) to verify the contribution of specific HCN isoforms to cardiac activity in intact animals, and (2) to compare these results to those obtained in single cell experiments. These combined studies were not possible prior to the development of KO models. Finally, these models represent critical tools to improve our understanding of the molecular basis of some inheritable arrhythmic human pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bucchi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Normal and abnormal development of the cardiac conduction system; implications for conduction and rhythm disorders in the child and adult. Differentiation 2012; 84:131-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
34
|
Jongbloed MRM, Vicente-Steijn R, Douglas YL, Wisse LJ, Mori K, Yokota Y, Bartelings MM, Schalij MJ, Mahtab EA, Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-De Groot AC. Expression of Id2 in the second heart field and cardiac defects in Id2 knock-out mice. Dev Dyn 2012; 240:2561-77. [PMID: 22012595 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitor of differentiation Id2 is expressed in mesoderm of the second heart field, which contributes myocardial and mesenchymal cells to the primary heart tube. The role of Id2 in cardiac development is insufficiently known. Heart development was studied in sequential developmental stages in Id2 wildtype and knockout mouse embryos. Expression patterns of Id2, MLC-2a, Nkx2.5, HCN4, and WT-1 were analyzed. Id2 is expressed in myocardial progenitor cells at the inflow and outflow tract, in the endocardial and epicardial lineage, and in neural crest cells. Id2 knockout embryos show severe cardiac defects including abnormal orientation of systemic and pulmonary drainage, abnormal myocardialization of systemic and pulmonary veins, hypoplasia of the sinoatrial node, large interatrial communications, ventricular septal defects, double outlet right ventricle, and myocardial hypoplasia. Our results indicate a role for Id2 in the second heart field contribution at both the arterial and the venous poles of the heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R M Jongbloed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Deciphering the pecking order of HCN4 expression in the developing heart: lessons from chicken. Heart Rhythm 2011; 8:1264-5. [PMID: 21699848 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|