1
|
Wang G, Zhang H, Gao J, Ma Z, Du Y, Liu Q, Liu Y, Xing D, Guo X, Zhao T, Jiang Y, Li C, Zhao T. Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in border areas of Yunnan Province. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2905-2919. [PMID: 38288900 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is a main vector of arboviral diseases, principally dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Insecticides remain the most effective vector control method. Pyrethroid is the main insecticide currently used, and the long-term use of insecticides can cause mosquitoes to develop knockdown resistance. Studying the mutation sites and genotypes of Ae. aegypti can reveal the mutation characteristics and regional distribution of the kdr gene in an Ae. aegypti population. Testing for a correlation between the mutation rate in various populations and pyrethrin resistance can clarify the resistance mechanism. RESULTS The bioassay results showed that all 15 populations are resistant. In the study of the kdr gene, three non-synonymous mutations were identified in the DNA of first generation females from the wild Ae. aegypti population: S989P (TCC-CCC), V1016G (GTA-GGA), and F1534C (TTC-TGC). The mortality rate of the various populations was correlated with the mutation rate at the V1016G + F1534C locus, but not the S989P + V1016G locus. CONCLUSION Aedes aegypti populations in border regions of Yunnan Province are resistant to permethrin and beta-cyfluthrin. The insecticidal effect of beta-cyfluthrin is stronger than that of permethrin. The mutation rate at sites V1016G + F1534C is negatively correlated with the mortality of Ae. aegypti based on bioassays. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - HengDuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - YuTong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - XiaoXia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - YuTing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - ChunXiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - TongYan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leelagud P, Wang HL, Lu KH, Dai SM. Pseudomonas mosselii: a potential alternative for managing pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38634536 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is a widespread mosquito in tropical and subtropical regions that causes significant mortality and morbidity in humans by transmitting diseases, such as dengue fever and Zika virus disease. Synthetic insecticides, such as pyrethroids, have been used to control Ae. aegypti, but these insecticides can also affect nontarget organisms and contaminate soil and water. This study aimed to investigate the mosquitocidal activity of Pseudomonas mosselii isolated from pond sludge against larvae of Ae. aegypti. RESULTS Based on the initial results, similar time-course profiles were obtained for the mosquitocidal activity of the bacterial culture and its supernatant, and the pellet resuspended in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium also showed delayed toxicity. These results imply that the toxic component can be released into the medium from live bacteria. Further research indicated that the toxic component appeared in the supernatant approximately 4 h after a 3-mL stock was cultured in 200 mL of LB medium. The stabilities of the P. mosselii culture and supernatant stored at different temperatures were also evaluated, and the best culture stability was obtained at 28 °C and supernatant stability at 4 °C. The bacterial culture and supernatant were toxic to larvae and pupae of not only susceptible Ae. aegypti but also pyrethroid-resistant strains. CONCLUSION This study highlights the value of the mosquitocidal activity of P. mosselii, which has potential as an alternative insecticide to control pyrethroid-resistant Ae. aegypti in the field. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyatida Leelagud
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Liang Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hui Lu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Mei Dai
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yuan L, Zhang K, Wang Z, Xian L, Liu K, Wu S. Functional diversity of voltage-gated sodium channel in Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:592-601. [PMID: 37740934 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The larvae of Drosophila suzukii Matsumura feed directly inside the fruit, causing catastrophic damage to orchards. The misuse of pyrethroid insecticides during the control period has led to increasing resistance of D. suzukii to pyrethroids acting on the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC). RESULTS In this study, the sodium channel of D. suzukii was cloned (DsNav 5 GenBank number: OQ871532). The results of multiple-sequence alignment showed that the homology of sodium channel between D. suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster was as high as 95.3%. Analysis of transcripts from 62 variants of D. suzukii VGSC revealed a total of six alternative splicing sites (exons u, j, a, b, e, and h) and 33 RNA editing. Exons j, a, b, e, and h are conserved in D. melanogaster and other insects, whereas exon u has never been reported before. The number of A-to-I was distinctly more than that of U-to-C for RNA editing. All D. suzukii VGSC variants were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, but only one (type 5) was able to produce robust currents and nine produce weak currents. DsNav 5 with TipE of D. melanogaster co-expresses current better than its own TipE. Subsequently, tetrodotoxin was verified to be a blocker of VGSC, and the gating properties of DsNav 5 were investigated. CONCLUSION These findings proved that the VGSC of D. suzukii has not only the basic gating properties, but also the diversity of gating properties. This study also laid a foundation for the study of pyrethroid resistance mechanism of VGSC in D. suzukii. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Yuan
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, China
| | - Zhenglei Wang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, China
| | - Limin Xian
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, China
| | - Kaiyang Liu
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, China
| | - Shaoying Wu
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya, China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lin HH, Li ZT, Tzeng HY, Chang C, Dai SM. Correlation between pyrethroid knockdown resistance and mutation frequency of voltage-gated sodium channel and its application in Aedes aegypti management. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105710. [PMID: 38225068 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti, the primary vector responsible for transmitting dengue fever in southern Taiwan, has developed a relatively high resistance to synthetic pyrethroids. It has evolved four amino acid substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC), namely S996P, V1023G, F1565C, and D1794Y. To unveil the distribution and correlation of VGSC mutations and pyrethroid resistance among different field populations, Ae. aegypti collected from various districts in Kaohsiung and Tainan Cities underwent tests for resistance development against different pyrethroids and frequency of S996P, V1023G, F1565C, and D1794Y substitutions. The adult knockdown assay revealed a relatively high knockdown resistance in the Ae. aegypti populations from Kaohsiung and Tainan against permethrin, cypermethrin, and fenvalerate (averaging >50-fold). Conversely, less resistance was observed against α-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, λ-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, and etofenprox (averaging <35-fold). Using Polymerase Chain Reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, four mutant haplotypes were identified in these field populations. Notably, the SIAVFD and SIBVFD wild haplotypes were absent. Analysis utilizing IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient indicated that Haplotype C (PIAGFD), especially P allele, frequency displayed a significant positive correlation with five Type II pyrethroid resistance, while 1023G and 1023G/G exhibited a significant association with permethrin and fevalerate resistance. Conversely, Haplotype E (SIBVCD) negatively correlated with pyrethroid resistance, particularly fenvalerate resistance (-0.776). Haplotype C and E were the most prevalent and widely distributed among the investigated field populations. This prevalence of haplotype C is likely tied to the extensive and excessive use of Type II pyrethroids for dengue control over the past three decades. Given the significant positive correlation, the best-fit lines and R2 values were established to facilitate the swift prediction of knockdown resistance levels to various pyrethroids based on VGSC mutation frequency. This predictive approach aims to guide insecticide usage and the management of pyrethroid resistance in the field populations of Ae. aegypti in Taiwan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hua Lin
- Department of Entomology, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Hsingda Road, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhong-Tai Li
- Department of Entomology, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Hsingda Road, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hau-You Tzeng
- Department of Entomology, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Hsingda Road, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng Chang
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Hsingda Road, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Mei Dai
- Department of Entomology, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Hsingda Road, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Silva JJ, Fisher CR, Dressel AE, Scott JG. Fitness costs in the presence and absence of insecticide use explains abundance of two common Aedes aegypti kdr resistance alleles found in the Americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011741. [PMID: 37910567 PMCID: PMC10662748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the vector of viruses such as chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever and Zika that have a critical impact on human health. Control of adult mosquitoes is widely done using pyrethroids, but resistance has reduced the effectiveness of this class of insecticides. Resistance to pyrethroids in mosquitoes is commonly due to mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc) gene (these mutations are known as knockdown resistance, kdr). In the Americas and the Caribbean, the most common kdr alleles are 410L+1016I+1534C and 1534C. In this study, we conducted a population cage experiment to evaluate changes in the allele and genotype frequencies of the 410L+1016I+1534C allele by crossing two congenic strains; one carrying the 410L+1016I+1534C and another with the 1534C allele. Changes in allele frequencies were measured over 10 generations in the absence of insecticide exposure. We also applied one cycle of selection with deltamethrin at F9 to evaluate the changes in allele and genotype frequencies. Our findings indicate that fitness costs were higher with the 410L+1016I+1534C allele, relative to the 1534C allele, in the absence of deltamethrin exposure, but that the 410L+1016I+1534C allele provides a stronger advantage when exposed to deltamethrin relative to the 1534C allele. Changes in genotype frequencies were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and could not be explained by drift. Our results suggest the diametrically opposed fitness costs in the presence and absence of insecticides is a reason for the variations in frequencies between the 410L+1016I+1534C and 1534C alleles in field populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Silva
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Cera R. Fisher
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Anastacia E. Dressel
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey G. Scott
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Acford-Palmer H, Campos M, Bandibabone J, N'Do S, Bantuzeko C, Zawadi B, Walker T, Phelan JE, Messenger LA, Clark TG, Campino S. Detection of insecticide resistance markers in Anopheles funestus from the Democratic Republic of the Congo using a targeted amplicon sequencing panel. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17363. [PMID: 37833354 PMCID: PMC10575962 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector control strategies have been successful in reducing the number of malaria cases and deaths globally, but the spread of insecticide resistance represents a significant threat to disease control. Insecticide resistance has been reported across Anopheles (An.) vector populations, including species within the An. funestus group. These mosquitoes are responsible for intense malaria transmission across sub-Saharan Africa, including in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), a country contributing > 12% of global malaria infections and mortality events. To support the continuous efficacy of vector control strategies, it is essential to monitor insecticide resistance using molecular surveillance tools. In this study, we developed an amplicon sequencing ("Amp-seq") approach targeting An. funestus, and using multiplex PCR, dual index barcoding, and next-generation sequencing for high throughput and low-cost applications. Using our Amp-seq approach, we screened 80 An. funestus field isolates from the DRC across a panel of nine genes with mutations linked to insecticide resistance (ace-1, CYP6P4, CYP6P9a, GSTe2, vgsc, and rdl) and mosquito speciation (cox-1, mtND5, and ITS2). Amongst the 18 non-synonymous mutations detected, was N485I, in the ace-1 gene associated with carbamate resistance. Overall, our panel represents an extendable and much-needed method for the molecular surveillance of insecticide resistance in An. funestus populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Acford-Palmer
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Monica Campos
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Janvier Bandibabone
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro, Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sévérin N'Do
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) OCBA, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Chimanuka Bantuzeko
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro, Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Université Officielle de Bukavu (UOB), Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Bertin Zawadi
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro, Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Thomas Walker
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jody E Phelan
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, USA
| | - Taane G Clark
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nihad PPM, Subramanian M, Gunasekaran K, Kumar A. Response to insecticides and underlying mechanisms of resistance in the field populations of Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Puducherry, India. J Vector Borne Dis 2023; 60:393-400. [PMID: 38174517 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.374235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Mosquito-borne diseases are major threats to human health worldwide. Successful control of vector mosquitoes requires periodic updates on their response to the insecticides that are in use. Different classes of neurotoxic insecticides have been used in vector control programs. Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are the primary vectors of dengue and have developed resistance to organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroids that are used in vector control programs. Monitoring insecticide pressure and studying the underlying mechanisms of resistance in the field populations of Aedes aegypti are important to formulate resistant management strategies for their control programs. Methods Aedes aegypti were collected from study sites Lawspet and Abishegapakkam and F1 progeny was subject to biochemical assays to determine the enzyme activity. Insecticide susceptibility tests were conducted to determine vector susceptibility/resistance to malathion and deltamethrin. Adult dried mosquitoes were subjected to multiplex PCR to detect point mutation in the VGSC gene. Results Insecticide susceptibility test results revealed that Aedes aegypti is resistant to malathion and incipient resistance to deltamethrin has emerged. It was observed that β-esterase and monoxygense activity were significantly higher in Lawspet sample than the laboratory strain, whereas it was comparatively lower in Abishegapakkam sample than laboratory strain. Multiplex PCR assays showed no kdr mutation in all Ae. aegypti strains. Interpretation & conclusion Monitoring insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti would help the local health authorities to implement a rationalized approach for insecticide use in vector control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K Gunasekaran
- Unit of Vector Biology and Control, Puducherry, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Niklas B, Rydzewski J, Lapied B, Nowak W. Toward Overcoming Pyrethroid Resistance in Mosquito Control: The Role of Sodium Channel Blocker Insecticides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10334. [PMID: 37373481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases spread by mosquitoes lead to the death of 700,000 people each year. The main way to reduce transmission is vector control by biting prevention with chemicals. However, the most commonly used insecticides lose efficacy due to the growing resistance. Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), membrane proteins responsible for the depolarizing phase of an action potential, are targeted by a broad range of neurotoxins, including pyrethroids and sodium channel blocker insecticides (SCBIs). Reduced sensitivity of the target protein due to the point mutations threatened malaria control with pyrethroids. Although SCBIs-indoxacarb (a pre-insecticide bioactivated to DCJW in insects) and metaflumizone-are used in agriculture only, they emerge as promising candidates in mosquito control. Therefore, a thorough understanding of molecular mechanisms of SCBIs action is urgently needed to break the resistance and stop disease transmission. In this study, by performing an extensive combination of equilibrium and enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations (3.2 μs in total), we found the DIII-DIV fenestration to be the most probable entry route of DCJW to the central cavity of mosquito VGSC. Our study revealed that F1852 is crucial in limiting SCBI access to their binding site. Our results explain the role of the F1852T mutation found in resistant insects and the increased toxicity of DCJW compared to its bulkier parent compound, indoxacarb. We also delineated residues that contribute to both SCBIs and non-ester pyrethroid etofenprox binding and thus could be involved in the target site cross-resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Niklas
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Jakub Rydzewski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Bruno Lapied
- University Angers, INRAE, SIFCIR, SFR QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Wieslaw Nowak
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fisher CR, Dressel AE, Silva JJ, Scott JG. A Globally Distributed Insecticide Resistance Allele Confers a Fitness Cost in the Absence of Insecticide in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), the Yellow Fever Mosquito. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:494-499. [PMID: 36799337 PMCID: PMC10179442 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The cosmopolitan mosquito Aedes aegypti is a vector of harmful arboviruses. Pyrethroid insecticides are used to reduce adult populations and prevent the spread of disease. Pyrethroids target the insect voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC). Collectively, mutations in Vgsc that confer resistance are referred to as knock-down resistance or kdr. There are numerous kdr mutations found in A. aegypti Vgsc, and there is co-occurrence of some mutations. Full-length cDNA sequences have identified nine known kdr (e.g., 1534C) alleles. The 1534C allele is among the most common kdr alleles, but allele frequencies between populations vary considerably. We used the 1534C:RK strain, which has the 1534C (kdr) allele in the genetic background of the insecticide susceptible Rockefeller (ROCK) strain, and conducted population cage experiments to assess the potential intrinsic fitness cost of the 1534C allele relative to the susceptible allele (F1534) in the ROCK strain. Individuals were genotyped across generations using allele specific PCR. A fitness cost of the 1534C allele was detected across seven generations of mosquitos reared in the absence of insecticide selection pressure. The decrease in allele frequency was not due to drift. Comparison of our results to previous studies suggests that the magnitude of the fitness cost of kdr alleles in the absence of insecticide is disconnected from the level of resistance they confer, and that the fitness costs of different kdr alleles can be variable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cera R Fisher
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Anastacia E Dressel
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Juan J Silva
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Scott
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tanzila G, Rasheed SB, Khan NH, Kausar A, Jahan F, Wahid S. INSECTICIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND DETECTION OF kdr-GENE MUTATIONS IN AEDES AEGYPTI OF PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN. Acta Trop 2023; 242:106919. [PMID: 37028585 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is a common disease in Peshawar, Pakistan whose primary vector is Aedes aegypti mosquito. Due to absence of vaccines and proper drugs for dengue, vector control is a necessary tool. Insecticide resistance in vectors is a threat to the control of dengue vector. This study presents the susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti to eight insecticides in district Peshawar and screen the mutations in knock down resistant gene (kdr). Ae. aegypti were found highly resistant to DDT and Deltamethrin while highly susceptible to Cyfluthrin and Bendiocarb. DNA sequencing of two domains (II and III) of kdr-gene have detected four SNPs in domain IIS6 at positions S989P and V1016G and two mutations at position T1520I and F1534C in domain IIIS6. Results showed a low frequency i.e. 0.19 and 0.12 for S989P and V1016G, moderate for T1520I (0.42) and high frequency for F1534C (0.86). Mutational combinations showed that the predominant combination was SSVVTICC (43%) in which T1520I was heterozygous and F1534C was homozygous mutant. This study will be helpful in designing vector control strategies for the control of dengue in the studied area and will provide first knowledge about Kdr gene mutations that confer resistance in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gule Tanzila
- Jinnah College for Women, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | | | - Nazma Habib Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Kausar
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Jahan
- Department of Zoology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Wahid
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Maestre-Serrano R, Flórez-Rivadeneira Z, Castro-Camacho JM, Soto-Arenilla E, Gómez-Camargo D, Pareja-Loaiza P, Ponce-Garcia G, Juache-Villagrana AE, Flores AE. Spatial Distribution of Pyrethroid Resistance and kdr Mutations in Aedes aegypti from La Guajira, Colombia. INSECTS 2022; 14:insects14010031. [PMID: 36661959 PMCID: PMC9866231 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Dengue, chikungunya, and Zika are of great concern to the public health of Colombia. One of the main control strategies for these diseases is the application of insecticides directed at the Aedes aegypti vector. However, insecticide resistance has been increasingly recorded in the country, making control measures difficult. Here, we evaluated the resistance profiles for pyrethroids in populations of Ae. aegypti from La Guajira, Colombia. The frequency (diagnostic dose, DD) and intensity (2×, 5×, and 10× DD) of resistance to permethrin, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin were determined in 15 populations of Ae. aegypti from La Guajira, Colombia, using the bottle bioassay. The kdr mutations V1016I, F1534C, and V410L, were identified, and their allele and genotype frequencies were calculated. Finally, the mortality values for the analyzed pyrethroids were interpolated following the IDW method for predicting pyrethroid resistance. The populations of Ae. aegypti showed a high frequency of resistance to permethrin with a low to moderate intensity, which was associated with the triple-resistant haplotype LL410/II1016/CC1534. They remain susceptible to deltamethrin and, in some populations, expressed the risk of developing resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Maestre-Serrano
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Km 7 Antigua Via Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | - Zulibeth Flórez-Rivadeneira
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Km 7 Antigua Via Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
- Secretaria de Salud Departamental, Gobernacion de La Guajira, Calle 12 # 8-19, Riohacha 440001, Colombia
| | - Juan M. Castro-Camacho
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Km 7 Antigua Via Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | - Eva Soto-Arenilla
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Km 7 Antigua Via Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
| | - Doris Gómez-Camargo
- Facultad de Medicina—Sede Zaragocilla, Universidad de Cartagena, Calle 30 N° 48-152, Cartagena de Indias 130001, Colombia
| | - Paula Pareja-Loaiza
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simon Bolivar, Carrera 59 No. 59-92, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
| | - Alan E. Juache-Villagrana
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
| | - Adriana E. Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, NL 66455, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Collins EL, Phelan JE, Hubner M, Spadar A, Campos M, Ward D, Acford-Palmer H, Gomes AR, Silva K, Ferrero Gomez L, Clark TG, Campino S. A next generation targeted amplicon sequencing method to screen for insecticide resistance mutations in Aedes aegypti populations reveals a rdl mutation in mosquitoes from Cabo Verde. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010935. [PMID: 36512510 PMCID: PMC9746995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes mosquito vectors transmit many viruses of global health concern, including dengue, chikungunya and Zika. These vector-borne viral diseases have a limited number of treatment options, and vaccines vary in their effectiveness. Consequently, integrated vector management is a primary strategy for disease control. However, the increasing emergence and spread of insecticide resistance is threatening the efficacy of vector control methods. Identifying mutations associated with resistance in vector populations is important to monitor the occurrence and evolution of insecticide resistance and inform control strategies. Rapid and cost-effective genome sequencing approaches are urgently needed. Here we present an adaptable targeted amplicon approach for cost-effective implementation within next generation sequencing platforms. This approach can identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small insertions and deletions (indels) in genes involved in insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. We designed and tested eleven amplicons, which included segments of the ace-1 (carbamate target), the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel (vgsc; pyrethroids, DDT and organochlorines), and rdl (dieldrin) genes; thereby covering established knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations (e.g., S989P, I1011M/V, V1016G/I and F1534C), with the potential to identify novel ones. The amplicon assays were designed with internal barcodes, to facilitate multiplexing of large numbers of mosquitoes at low cost, and were sequenced using an Illumina platform. Our approach was evaluated on 152 Ae. aegypti mosquitoes collected in Cabo Verde, an archipelago with a history of arbovirus outbreaks. The amplicon sequence data revealed 146 SNPs, including four non-synonymous polymorphisms in the vgsc gene, one in ace-1 and the 296S rdl mutation previously associated with resistance to organochlorines. The 296S rdl mutation was identified in 98% of mosquitoes screened, consistent with the past use of an organochlorine compound (e.g., DDT). Overall, our work shows that targeted amplicon sequencing is a rapid, robust, and cost-effective tool that can be used to perform high throughput monitoring of insecticide resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Collins
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jody E. Phelan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Hubner
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anton Spadar
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Campos
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Ward
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Acford-Palmer
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Rita Gomes
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Keily Silva
- Universidade Jean Piaget (UniPiaget), Praia, Cabo Verde
| | | | - Taane G. Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Marcombe S, Shimell K, Savage R, Howlett E, Luangamath P, Nilaxay S, Vungkyly V, Baby A, King M, Clarke J, Jeffries C, Jojo J, Lacey E, Bhatty F, Mabika D, Dela Cruz A, Fisher C, Mbadu M, Despiniadis I, Brey PT, Thammavong P, Jones AK. Detection of pyrethroid resistance mutations and intron variants in the voltage-gated sodium channel of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus mosquitoes from Lao People's Democratic Republic. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 36:424-434. [PMID: 35593512 PMCID: PMC9790263 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In Lao People's Democratic Republic, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894) mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are vectors of arboviral diseases such as dengue. As the treatment for these diseases is limited, control of the vectors with the use of pyrethroid insecticides is still essential. However, mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene giving rise to pyrethroid resistance are threatening vector control programs. Here, we analysed both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, which were collected in different districts of Laos (Kaysone Phomvihane, Vangvieng, Saysettha and Xaythany), for vgsc mutations commonly found throughout Asia (S989P, V1016G and F1534C). Sequences of the vgsc gene showed that the F1534C mutation was prevalent in both Aedes species. S989P and V1016G mutations were detected in Ae. aegypti from each site and were always found together. In addition, the mutation T1520I was seen in Ae. albopictus mosquitoes from Saysettha district as well as in all Ae. aegypti samples. Thus, mutations in the vgsc gene of Ae. aegypti are prevalent in the four districts studied indicating growing insecticide resistance throughout Laos. Constant monitoring programmes and alternative strategies for controlling Aedes should be utilized in order to prolong the effectiveness of pyrethroids thereby maximizing vector control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Marcombe
- Institut Pasteur du LaosMinistry of HealthVientianeLao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Katherine Shimell
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Rachel Savage
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Edward Howlett
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | | | - Somphat Nilaxay
- Institut Pasteur du LaosMinistry of HealthVientianeLao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Vacky Vungkyly
- Institut Pasteur du LaosMinistry of HealthVientianeLao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Anne Baby
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Mathew King
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Josie Clarke
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Chloe Jeffries
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Josna Jojo
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Emily Lacey
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Farris Bhatty
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Dadirayi Mabika
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Andrea Dela Cruz
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Cerys Fisher
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Milca Mbadu
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Iasonas Despiniadis
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| | - Paul T. Brey
- Institut Pasteur du LaosMinistry of HealthVientianeLao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Phoutmany Thammavong
- Institut Pasteur du LaosMinistry of HealthVientianeLao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Andrew K. Jones
- Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes University, HeadingtonOxfordUK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mashlawi AM, Al-Nazawi AM, Noureldin EM, Alqahtani H, Mahyoub JA, Saingamsook J, Debboun M, Kaddumukasa M, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Walton C. Molecular analysis of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of Aedes aegypti populations from Saudi Arabia. PARASITES & VECTORS 2022; 15:375. [PMID: 36261845 PMCID: PMC9583590 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the primary vector for dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika viruses worldwide. The first record of Ae. aegypti in southwestern Saudi Arabia was in 1956. However, the first outbreak and cases of dengue fever were reported in 1994, and cases have increased in recent years. Vector control for Ae. aegypti mainly uses pyrethroid insecticides in outdoor and indoor space spraying. The constant use of pyrethroids has exerted intense selection pressure for developing target-site mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene in Ae. Aegypti against pyrethroids—mutations that have led to knockdown resistance (kdr). Methods Aedes aegypti field populations from five regions (Jazan, Sahil, Makkah, Jeddah and Madinah) of southwestern Saudi Arabia were genotyped for known kdr mutations in domains IIS6 and IIIS6 of the vgsc gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing. We estimated the frequency of kdr mutations and genotypes from Saudi Arabia as well as from other countries, Thailand, Myanmar (Southeast Asia) and Uganda (East Africa). We constructed haplotype networks to infer the evolutionary relationships of these gene regions. Results The three known kdr mutations, S989P, V1016G (IIS6) and F1534C (IIIS6), were detected in all five regions of Saudi Arabia. Interestingly, the triple homozygous wild genotype was reported for the first time in two individuals from the highlands of the Jazan region and one from the Al-Quoz, Sahil region. Overall, nine genotypes comprising four haplotypes were observed in southwestern Saudi Arabia. The median-joining haplotype networks of eight populations from Saudi Arabia, Southeast Asia and East Africa for both the IIS6 and IIIS6 domains revealed that haplotype diversity was highest in Uganda and in the Jazan and Sahil regions of Saudi Arabia, whereas haplotype diversity was low in the Jeddah, Makkah and Madinah regions. Median-joining haplotype networks of both domains indicated selection acting on the kdr-mutation containing haplotypes in Saudi Arabia. Conclusions The presence of wild type haplotypes without any of the three kdr mutations, i.e. that are fully susceptible, in Saudi Arabia indicates that further consideration should be given to insecticide resistance management strategies that could restore pyrethroid sensitivity to the populations of Ae. aegypti in Saudi Arabia as part of an integrative vector control strategy. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05525-y.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chung HH, Tsai CH, Teng HJ, Tsai KH. The role of voltage-gated sodium channel genotypes in pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti in Taiwan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010780. [PMID: 36137080 PMCID: PMC9531798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes aegypti is the major vector of dengue that threatens public health in tropical and subtropical regions. Pyrethroid-based control strategies effectively control this vector, but the repeated usage of the same insecticides leads to resistance and hampers control efforts. Therefore, efficient and prompt monitoring of insecticide resistance in local mosquito populations is critical for dengue control. Methodology/Principal finding We collected Ae. aegypti in southern Taiwan in March and October 2016. We analyzed the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) genotypes of parentals (G0) and G1 adults after cypermethrin insecticide bioassay. Our results showed that four VGSC mutations (S989P, V1016G, F1534C, and D1763Y) associated with resistance were commonly detected in field-collected Ae. aegypti. The frequencies of these four mutations in the local mosquito population were significantly higher in October (0.29, 0.4, 0.27 and 0.11) than in March (0.09, 0.16, 0.18 and 0.03). Specific vgsc combined genotypes composed of the one to four such mutations (SGFY/SGFY, SVCD/SVCD, SGFY/PGFD, SVCD/SGFY, PGFD/PGFD, and SVCD/PGFD) shifted towards higher frequencies in October, implying their resistance role. In addition, the cypermethrin exposure bioassay data supported the field observations. Moreover, our study observed an association between the resistance level and the proportion of resistance genotypes in the population. Conclusions/Significance This is the first study to demonstrate the role of four-locus vgsc genotypes in resistance evaluation in a local Ae. aegypti population in Taiwan. This alternative method using resistance-associated genotypes as an indicator of practically insecticide resistance monitoring is a useful tool for providing precise and real-time information for decision makers. Dengue outbreaks occur annually in Taiwan, and pyrethroid insecticides are commonly used to reduce mosquito density. Insecticide resistance of mosquitoes is commonly observed in the field and threatens vector control programs. Here, we analyzed the association between the combined vgsc genotype and resistance phenotype based on field surveillance data in March and October and a cypermethrin exposure bioassay. Resistance-attributable specific vgsc genotypes were proposed. Using the combined vgsc genotype rather than each vgsc allele is recommended for better resistance prediction to provide real-time information for control program managers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Hsuan Chung
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hui Tsai
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwa-Jen Teng
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (HJT); (KHT)
| | - Kun-Hsien Tsai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (HJT); (KHT)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhorov BS, Dong K. Pyrethroids in an AlphaFold2 Model of the Insect Sodium Channel. INSECTS 2022; 13:745. [PMID: 36005370 PMCID: PMC9409284 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides stabilize the open state of insect sodium channels. Previous mutational, electrophysiological, and computational analyses led to the development of homology models predicting two pyrethroid receptor sites, PyR1 and PyR2. Many of the naturally occurring sodium channel mutations, which confer knockdown resistance (kdr) to pyrethroids, are located within or close to these receptor sites, indicating that these mutations impair pyrethroid binding. However, the mechanism of the state-dependent action of pyrethroids and the mechanisms by which kdr mutations beyond the receptor sites confer resistance remain unclear. Recent advances in protein structure prediction using the AlphaFold2 (AF2) neural network allowed us to generate a new model of the mosquito sodium channel AaNav1-1, with the activated voltage-sensing domains (VSMs) and the presumably inactivated pore domain (PM). We further employed Monte Carlo energy minimizations to open PM and deactivate VSM-I and VSM-II to generate additional models. The docking of a Type II pyrethroid deltamethrin in the models predicted its interactions with many known pyrethroid-sensing residues in the PyR1 and PyR2 sites and revealed ligand-channel interactions that stabilized the open PM and activated VSMs. Our study confirms the predicted two pyrethroid receptor sites, explains the state-dependent action of pyrethroids, and proposes the mechanisms of the allosteric effects of various kdr mutations on pyrethroid action. The AF2-based models may assist in the structure-based design of new insecticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris S. Zhorov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology & Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Akhir MAM, Wajidi MFF, Lavoué S, Azzam G, Jaafar IS, Awang Besar NAU, Ishak IH. Knockdown resistance (kdr) gene of Aedes aegypti in Malaysia with the discovery of a novel regional specific point mutation A1007G. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:122. [PMID: 35387654 PMCID: PMC8988349 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved understanding of the molecular basis of insecticide resistance may yield new opportunities for control of relevant disease vectors. In this current study, we investigated the quantification responses for the phenotypic and genotypic resistance of Aedes aegypti populations from different states in Malaysia. METHODS We tested the insecticide susceptibility status of adult Ae. aegypti from populations of three states, Penang, Selangor and Kelantan (Peninsular Malaysia), against 0.25% permethrin and 0.25% pirimiphos-methyl using the World Health Organisation (WHO) adult bioassay method. Permethrin-resistant and -susceptible samples were then genotyped for domains II and III in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) for the presence of any diagnostic single-nucleotide mutations. To validate AS-PCR results and to identify any possible additional point mutations, these two domains were sequenced. RESULTS The bioassays revealed that populations of Ae. aegypti from these three states were highly resistant towards 0.25% permethrin and 0.25% pirimiphos-methyl. Genotyping results showed that three knockdown (kdr) mutations (S989P, V1016G and F1534C) were associated with pyrethroid resistance within these populations. The presence of a novel mutation, the A1007G mutation, was also detected. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the high resistance level of Malaysian populations of Ae. aegypti to currently used insecticides. The resistance could be due to the widespread presence of four kdr mutations in the field and this could potentially impact the vector control programmes in Malaysia and alternative solutions should be sought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mas Azlin M Akhir
- Insecticide Resistance Research Group (IRRG), School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mustafa F F Wajidi
- School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.,Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sébastien Lavoué
- Insecticide Resistance Research Group (IRRG), School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ghows Azzam
- Insecticide Resistance Research Group (IRRG), School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Izhan Shahrin Jaafar
- Kota Bharu Public Health Laboratory, Kelantan State Health Department, 16010, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Noor Aslinda Ummi Awang Besar
- Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme, Penang State Health Department, Anson Road, 10400, George Town, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Intan H Ishak
- Insecticide Resistance Research Group (IRRG), School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia. .,Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fang Y, Tambo E, Xue JB, Zhang Y, Zhou XN, Khater EIM. Molecular Analysis of Targeted Insecticide Resistance Gene Mutations in Field-Caught Mosquitos of Medical Importance From Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1839-1848. [PMID: 33864372 PMCID: PMC8285008 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene mutations on target sites can be a valuable indicator of the status of insecticide resistance. Jeddah, a global commercial and major port-of-entry city, is bearing the brunt of dengue disease burden in Saudi Arabia. In the current study, six genotypes of three codon combinations (989, 1016, and 1534) were observed on voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene in Jeddah's Aedes aegypti population, with PGF/PGC as the dominant one. Two types of introns between exon 20 and 21 on VGSC have been identified for the first time in Ae. aegypti in Saudi Arabia. Statistical and phylogenetic analyses showed that the intron type was significantly associated with the 1016 allele and may reflect the history of insecticide treatment in different continents. In addition, fixation of the L1014F allele on VGSC and G119S on acetylcholinesterase 1 gene was detected in local Culex quinquefasciatus populations, with frequencies of 95.24 and 100%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of resistant-associated mutations in field-caught Cx. quinquefasciatus in Saudi Arabia. The high prevalence of insecticide resistance gene mutations in local primary mosquito vector species highlights the urgent need to carry out comprehensive insecticide resistance surveillance in Saudi Arabia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention–Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ernest Tambo
- Public Health Pests Laboratory, Municipality of Jeddah Governorate, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention–Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention–Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Corresponding author, tel: +86 021-64665048, e-mail:
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention–Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Emad I M Khater
- Public Health Pests Laboratory, Municipality of Jeddah Governorate, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 12413, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Silva JJ, Kouam CN, Scott JG. Levels of cross-resistance to pyrethroids conferred by the Vssc knockdown resistance allele 410L+1016I+1534C in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009549. [PMID: 34252110 PMCID: PMC8274910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a primary vector of viral pathogens and is responsible for millions of human infections annually that represent critical public health and economic costs. Pyrethroids are one of the most commonly used classes of insecticides to control adult A. aegypti. The insecticidal activity of pyrethroids depends on their ability to bind and disrupt the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC). In mosquitoes, a common mechanism of resistance to pyrethroids is due to mutations in Vssc (hereafter referred as knockdown resistance, kdr). In this study, we found that a kdr (410L+V1016I+1534C) allele was the main mechanism of resistance in a pyrethroid-resistant strain of A. aegypti collected in Colombia. To characterize the level of resistance these mutations confer, we isolated a pyrethroid resistant strain (LMRKDR:RK, LKR) that was congenic to the susceptible Rockefeller (ROCK) strain. The full-length cDNA of Vssc was cloned from LKR and no additional resistance mutations were present. The levels of resistance to different pyrethroids varied from 3.9- to 56-fold. We compared the levels of resistance to pyrethroids, DCJW and DDT between LKR and what was previously reported in two other congenic strains that share the same pyrethroid-susceptible background (the ROCK strain), but carry different kdr alleles (F1534C or S989P + V1016G). The resistance conferred by kdr alleles can vary depending on the stereochemistry of the pyrethroid. The 410L+1016I+1534C kdr allele does not confer higher levels of resistance to six of ten pyrethroids, relative to the 1534C allele. The importance of these results to understand the evolution of insecticide resistance and mosquito control are discussed. Aedes aegypti is a primary vector of viral pathogens and is responsible for millions of human infections and pyrethroids are one of the most commonly used classes of insecticides to control adult A. aegypti. The insecticidal activity of pyrethroids depends on their ability to bind and disrupt the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC). A common mechanism of resistance to pyrethroids is due to mutations in Vssc (hereafter referred as knockdown resistance mutations, kdr). In this study, we found that a kdr (410L+1016I+154C) allele was the main mechanism of resistance in a pyrethroid-resistant strain of A. aegypti collected in Colombia. We determined the levels of resistance to pyrethroids, DCJW and DDT conferred by this allele. The 410L+1016I+1534C kdr allele does not confer higher levels of resistance to six out of 10 pyrethroids relative to the 1534C allele. Resistance conferred by kdr alleles can vary between pyrethroids and can vary between the stereoisomers. Knowing the levels of resistance conferred by different alleles to different insecticides provides valuable information for pest control and for understanding the evolution of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Silva
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Cedric N. Kouam
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey G. Scott
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Endersby-Harshman NM, Ali A, Alhumrani B, Alkuriji MA, Al-Fageeh MB, Al-Malik A, Alsuabeyl MS, Elfekih S, Hoffmann AA. Voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) mutations associated with pyrethroid insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti (L.) from two districts of Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: baseline information for a Wolbachia release program. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:361. [PMID: 34247634 PMCID: PMC8273952 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue suppression often relies on control of the mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, through applications of insecticides of which the pyrethroid group has played a dominant role. Insecticide resistance is prevalent in Ae. aegypti around the world, and the resulting reduction of insecticide efficacy is likely to exacerbate the impact of dengue. Dengue has been a public health problem in Saudi Arabia, particularly in Jeddah, since its discovery there in the 1990s, and insecticide use for vector control is widespread throughout the city. An alternative approach to insecticide use, based on blocking dengue transmission in mosquitoes by the endosymbiont Wolbachia, is being trialed in Jeddah following the success of this approach in Australia and Malaysia. Knowledge of insecticide resistance status of mosquito populations in Jeddah is a prerequisite for establishing a Wolbachia-based dengue control program as releases of Wolbachia mosquitoes succeed when resistance status of the release population is similar to that of the wild population. Methods WHO resistance bioassays of mosquitoes with deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT were used in conjunction with TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assays to characterize mutation profiles of Ae. aegypti. Results Screening of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc), the pyrethroid target site, revealed mutations at codons 989, 1016 and 1534 in Ae. aegypti from two districts of Jeddah. The triple mutant homozygote (1016G/1534C/989P) was confirmed from Al Safa and Al Rawabi. Bioassays with pyrethroids (Type I and II) and DDT showed that mosquitoes were resistant to each of these compounds based on WHO definitions. An association between Vssc mutations and resistance was established for the Type II pyrethroid, deltamethrin, with one genotype (989P/1016G/1534F) conferring a survival advantage over two others (989S/1016V/1534C and the triple heterozygote). An indication of synergism of Type I pyrethroid activity with piperonyl butoxide suggests that detoxification by cytochrome P450s accounts for some of the pyrethroid resistance response in Ae. aegypti populations from Jeddah. Conclusions The results provide a baseline for monitoring and management of resistance as well as knowledge of Vssc genotype frequencies required in Wolbachia release populations to ensure homogeneity with the target field population. Vssc mutation haplotypes observed show some similarity with those from Ae. aegypti in southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific, but the presence of the triple mutant haplotype in three genotypes indicates that the species in this region may have a unique population history. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04867-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Endersby-Harshman
- PEARG, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - AboElgasim Ali
- King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basim Alhumrani
- King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Abdulaziz Al-Malik
- King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Samia Elfekih
- PEARG, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,CSIRO, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- PEARG, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gan SJ, Leong YQ, Bin Barhanuddin MFH, Wong ST, Wong SF, Mak JW, Ahmad RB. Dengue fever and insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes in Southeast Asia: a review. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:315. [PMID: 34112220 PMCID: PMC8194039 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04785-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in Southeast Asia. Insecticides remain the most effective vector control approach for Aedes mosquitoes. Four main classes of insecticides are widely used for mosquito control: organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and carbamates. Here, we review the distribution of dengue fever from 2000 to 2020 and its associated mortality in Southeast Asian countries, and we gather evidence on the trend of insecticide resistance and its distribution in these countries since 2000, summarising the mechanisms involved. The prevalence of resistance to these insecticides is increasing in Southeast Asia, and the mechanisms of resistance are reported to be associated with target site mutations, metabolic detoxification, reduced penetration of insecticides via the mosquito cuticle and behavioural changes of mosquitoes. Continuous monitoring of the status of resistance and searching for alternative control measures will be critical for minimising any unpredicted outbreaks and improving public health. This review also provides improved insights into the specific use of insecticides for effective control of mosquitoes in these dengue endemic countries. ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Jian Gan
- International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yong Qi Leong
- International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Siew Tung Wong
- International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shew Fung Wong
- International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Joon Wah Mak
- International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohani Binti Ahmad
- Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sugiura M, Kimoto F, Itokawa K, Kasai S. Novel CONCOMITANT mutations L932F and I936V in the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel and Its Association With Pyrethroid Resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:798-806. [PMID: 33174593 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Highly residual pyrethroids such as permethrin have been used for controlling mosquitoes that transmit infectious diseases. However, the selective pressure from such insecticides may result in cross-resistance against other pyrethroids used for household insecticides. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus Say collected from Brazil and Myanmar to permethrin in addition to four types of household pyrethroids. Both strains exhibited high resistance against all pyrethroids tested, indicating cross-resistance. Furthermore, we detected the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations L932F+I936V in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (VGSC) in the Brazilian strain. Notably, the L932F+I936V haplotype has previously been observed in in silico data, but it should be detected not directly from living insects. In comparison, a common kdr mutation, L1014F, was detected from the Myanmar strain. Although L1014F was also detected from the Brazilian strain, the allele frequency was too low to affect resistance. Both strains harbored the resistance-associated haplotypes of the cytochrome P450 gene, CYP9M10. The Brazilian strain demonstrated comparable resistance against pyrethroids as that of the Myanmar strain even when a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide was added to the bioassay. Our results suggested that the L932F+I936V mutations confer the Brazilian strain of Cx. Quiquefasciatus with resistance at a comparable level to that conferred by the well-recognized kdr mutation L1014F in the Myanmar strain. The identification of unexplored mutations may improve the diagnosis and understanding of resistance of this medically important species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sugiura
- Research & Development Division, Fumakilla Limited, Hatsukaichi-shi, Hiroshima-ken, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kimoto
- Research & Development Division, Fumakilla Limited, Hatsukaichi-shi, Hiroshima-ken, Japan
| | - Kentaro Itokawa
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Shinji Kasai
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wuliandari JR, Hoffmann AA, Tantowijoyo W, Endersby-Harshman NM. Frequency of kdr mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (V SSC) gene in Aedes aegypti from Yogyakarta and implications for Wolbachia-infected mosquito trials. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:429. [PMID: 32831122 PMCID: PMC7444056 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the inner city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, insecticide resistance is expected in the main dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, because of the intensive local application of pyrethroid insecticides. However, detailed information about the nature of resistance in this species is required to assist the release of Wolbachia mosquitoes in a dengue control program, so that we can ensure that insecticide resistance in the strain of Ae. aegypti being released matches that of the background population. Methods High-resolution melt genotyping was used to screen for kdr mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) gene in Ae. aegypti of some areas in the inner city of Yogyakarta. Results The results show that the V1016G mutation predominated, with individuals homozygous for the 1016G allele at a frequency of 82.1% and the mutant allele G at a frequency of 92%. Two patterns of co-occurrence of mutations were detected in this study, homozygous individuals V1016G/S989P; and heterozygous individuals V1016G/F1534C/S989P. We found the simultaneous occurrence of kdr mutations V1016G and F1534C at all collection sites, but not within individual mosquitoes. Homozygous mutants at locus 1016 were homozygous wild-type at locus 1534 and vice versa, and heterozygous V1016G were also heterozygous for F1534C. The most common tri-locus genotype co-occurrences were homozygous mutant 1016GG and homozygous wild-type FF1534, combined with homozygous mutant 989PP (GG/FF/PP) at a frequency of 38.28%. Conclusions Given the relatively small differences in frequency of resistance alleles across the city area, locality variations in resistance should have minor implications for the success of Wolbachia mosquito trials being undertaken in the Yogyakarta area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Warsito Tantowijoyo
- World Mosquito Program Yogyakarta, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nancy M Endersby-Harshman
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fernando HSD, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Perera R, Black WC, De Silva BGDNK. Resistance to commonly used insecticides and underlying mechanisms of resistance in Aedes aegypti (L.) from Sri Lanka. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:407. [PMID: 32778147 PMCID: PMC7418196 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drastic increases of dengue fever (DF) over the past few years have prompted studies on the development of resistance to insecticides in the mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus). In Sri Lanka control of the vector population is essentially achieved using larvicides (temephos) and adulticides (principally pyrethroids). The present study investigates resistance to commonly used insecticides and underlying mechanisms of Ae. aegypti in selected sites in Sri Lanka. Methods In this study, susceptibility to three commonly used adulticides (malathion, permethrin and deltamethrin) and the larvicide temephos were tested for Ae. aegypti sampled from five localities in Sri Lanka using WHO dose diagnostics tests. In addition, we performed dose-response tests for permethrin to determine lethal concentrations (LCs) with CDC bottle bioassays. An assessment of the activity of metabolic detoxifying enzymes (multifunction oxidases (MFOs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and esterases) and determination of frequency of the kdr mutations (F1534C, V1016G and S989P) were also carried out to ascertain the associated resistance mechanisms. Kdr genotype frequencies were compared with samples collected from the same sites in 2015 to determine the change of allele frequencies over the years. Results The present study revealed resistance in all Ae. aegypti populations studied, with low mortality percentages for both permethrin (10–89%) and deltamethrin (40–92%). Dose response tests revealed highest resistance ratios (RR) for permethrin and temephos from Colombo district whereas Puttalum district exhibited the lowest. High frequencies of the 1534C allele (0.052–0.802) were found in the study sites in 2017. Comparison with samples collected in 2015 revealed a substantial increase in this allele. The activity of MFOs and p-nitro phenyl-acetate esterase was significantly greater in most Sri Lankan populations in comparison to that of the New Orleans (NO) susceptible strain. In contrast, the activity of α-esterase and β-esterase was similar or lower than that in the NO strain. Conclusions Aedes aegypti from Sri Lanka is resistant to pyrethroid insecticides showing rapid selection for kdr mutations and varying metabolic mechanisms. Continued monitoring of vector populations is crucial to mitigate the development of resistance to commonly used insecticides and in turn, controlling the vector population.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Sachini D Fernando
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Rushika Perera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - William C Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - B G D Nissanka Kolitha De Silva
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kushwah RBS, Kaur T, Dykes CL, Ravi Kumar H, Kapoor N, Singh OP. A new knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation, F1534L, in the voltage-gated sodium channel of Aedes aegypti, co-occurring with F1534C, S989P and V1016G. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:327. [PMID: 32600469 PMCID: PMC7325290 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is a primary vector of dengue, chikungunya and Zika infections in India. In the absence of specific drugs or safe and effective vaccines for these infections, their control relies mainly on vector control measures. The emergence of insecticide resistance in vectors, especially against pyrethroids, is a serious threat to the insecticide-based vector control programme. This study reports the presence of multiple knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations present in an Ae. aegypti population from Bengaluru (India), including a new mutation F1534L. METHODS Aedes aegypti collected from Bengaluru were subjected to insecticide susceptibility tests with DDT, deltamethrin and permethrin. The DNA sequencing of partial domain II, III and IV of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) was performed to screen kdr mutations present in the population and PCR-based assays were developed for their detection. Genotyping of kdr mutations was done using PCR-based assays, allelic frequencies were determined, and tests of genetic association of kdr mutations with the insecticide resistance phenotype were performed. RESULTS The Ae. aegypti population was resistant to DDT, deltamethrin and permethrin. The DNA sequencing of the VGSC revealed the presence of four kdr mutations, i.e. S989P and V1016G in domain II and two alternative kdr mutations F1534C and F1534L in domain III. Allele-specific PCR assays (ASPCR) were developed for the detection of kdr mutations S989P and V1016G and an existing PCR-RFLP based strategy was modified for the genotyping of all three known kdr mutations in domain III (F1534L, F1534C and T1520I). Genotyping of Ae. aegypti samples revealed a moderate frequency of S989P/V1016G (18.27%) and F1534L (17.48%), a relatively high frequency of F1534C (50.61%) and absence of T1520I in the population. Mutations S989P and V1016G were in complete linkage disequilibrium in this population while they were in linkage equilibrium with kdr mutations F1534C and F1534L. The alleles F1534C and F1534L are genetically associated with permethrin resistance. CONCLUSIONS A new kdr mutation, F1534L, was found in an Ae. aegypti population from Bengaluru (India), co-occurring with the other three mutations S989P, V1016G and F1534C. The findings of a new mutation have implications for insecticide resistance management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Taranjeet Kaur
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi, 110077 India
| | - Cherry L. Dykes
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi, 110077 India
| | - H. Ravi Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, 560056 India
| | - Neera Kapoor
- School of Life Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, Maidangarhi, Delhi, 110068 India
| | - Om P. Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi, 110077 India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fan Y, Scott JG. The F1534C voltage-sensitive sodium channel mutation confers 7- to 16-fold resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Aedes aegypti. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2251-2259. [PMID: 31981401 PMCID: PMC7968078 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent outbreaks of dengue and Zika have emphasized the importance to effectively control Aedes aegypti, which vectors the viruses causing these diseases. Pyrethroid insecticides are primarily used to control adult A. aegypti, especially during disease outbreaks. However, pyrethroid resistance in A. aegypti is an increasing problem. Mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) are a common mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. The F1534C mutation is common and distributed globally in A. aegypti populations, but previous studies disagree about the role of this mutation in conferring resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. RESULTS We isolated a congenic strain (1534C:ROCK) which was closely related to a susceptible strain Rockefeller (ROCK), but was homozygous for the 1534C Vssc allele. We determined resistance levels against eight insecticides that target the VSSC: six pyrethroids, DDT and DCJW (the bioactivated metabolite of indoxacarb). The resistance levels ranged from 7- to 16-fold, and resistance was inherited as an incompletely recessive trait. We also found a novel 367I+1520I+1534C allele, in addition to the 1534C and 1520I+1534C alleles, in mosquitoes from Thailand. The T1520I mutation did not increase pyrethroid resistance beyond what was conferred by the F1534C mutation alone. CONCLUSION The F1534C Vssc mutation is common in A. aegypti populations and confers 7- to 16-fold resistance to pyrethroids, DDT, and DCJW in Aedes aegypti. These resistance levels are considerably less than previously reported for the S989P+V1016G mutations. Our results provide useful information for resistance management, specifically the levels of resistance conferred by the most common Vssc mutation in A. aegypti. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Fan
- Department of EntomologyComstock Hall, Cornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- Department of EntomologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingP.R. China
| | - Jeffrey G Scott
- Department of EntomologyComstock Hall, Cornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen M, Du Y, Nomura Y, Zhorov BS, Dong K. Chronology of sodium channel mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 104:e21686. [PMID: 32378259 PMCID: PMC8060125 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the primary mosquito vector of dengue, yellow fever, Zika and chikungunya. Current strategies to control Ae. aegypti rely heavily on insecticide interventions. Pyrethroids are a major class of insecticides used for mosquito control because of their fast acting, highly insecticidal activities and low mammalian toxicity. However, Ae. aegypti populations around the world have begun to develop resistance to pyrethroids. So far, more than a dozen mutations in the sodium channel gene have been reported to be associated with pyrethroid resistance in Ae. aegypti. Co-occurrence of resistance-associated mutations is common in pyrethroid-resistant Ae. aegypti populations. As global use of pyrethroids in mosquito control continues, new pyrethroid-resistant mutations keep emerging. In this microreview, we compile pyrethroid resistance-associated mutations in Ae. aegypti in a chronological order, as they were reported, and summarize findings from functional evaluation of these mutations in an in vitro sodium channel expression system. We hope that the information will be useful for tracing possible evolution of pyrethroid resistance in this important human disease vector, in addition to the development of methods for global monitoring and management of pyrethroid resistance in Ae. aegypti.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of life sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhe Du
- USDA-ARS, Biological Control of Pest Research Unit, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Yoshiko Nomura
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Boris S. Zhorov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194223, Russia
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Contreras-Perera Y, Ponce-Garcia G, Villanueva-Segura K, Lopez-Monroy B, Rodríguez-Sanchez IP, Lenhart A, Manrique-Saide P, Flores AE. Impact of deltamethrin selection on kdr mutations and insecticide detoxifying enzymes in Aedes aegypti from Mexico. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:224. [PMID: 32375862 PMCID: PMC7201803 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance is a serious problem for vector control programmes worldwide. Resistance is commonly attributed to mutations at the insecticide’s target site or increased activity of detoxification enzymes. Methods We determined the knockdown concentration (KC50) and lethal concentration (LC50) of deltamethrin in six natural populations of adult Aedes aegypti from southeastern Mexico. These populations were then selected over five generations using the LC50 from the preceding generation that underwent selection, and the heritability of deltamethrin resistance was quantified. For each generation, we also determined the frequency of the kdr alleles L410, I1016 and C1534, and the levels of activity of three enzyme families (α- and β-esterases, mixed-function oxidases and glutathione S-transferases (GST)) associated with insecticide detoxification. Results There was an increase in KC50 and LC50 values in the subsequent generations of selection with deltamethrin (FS5vs FS0). According to the resistance ratios (RRs), we detected increases in LC50 ranging from 1.5 to 5.6 times the values of the parental generation and in KC50 ranging from 1.3–3.8 times the values of the parental generation. Triple homozygous mutant individuals (tri-locus, LL/II/CC) were present in the parental generations and increased in frequency after selection. The frequency of L410 increased from 1.18-fold to 2.63-fold after selection with deltamethrin (FS5vs FS0) in the populations analyzed; for I1016 an increase between 1.19-fold to 2.79-fold was observed, and C1534 was fixed in all populations after deltamethrin selection. Enzymatic activity varied significantly over the generations of selection. However, only α- esterase activity remained elevated in multiple populations after five generations of deltamethrin selection. We observed an increase in the mean activity levels of GSTs in two of the six populations analyzed. Conclusions The high levels of resistance and their association with high frequencies of kdr mutations (V410L, V1016I and F1534C) obtained through artificial selection, suggest an important role of these mutations in conferring resistance to deltamethrin. We highlight the need to implement strategies that involve the monitoring of kdr frequencies in insecticide resistance monitoring and management programmes.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yamili Contreras-Perera
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Cd, Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., CP. 66455, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Cd, Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., CP. 66455, Mexico
| | - Karina Villanueva-Segura
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Cd, Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., CP. 66455, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Lopez-Monroy
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Cd, Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., CP. 66455, Mexico
| | - Iram P Rodríguez-Sanchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Cd, Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., CP. 66455, Mexico
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomologicos, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Campus de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Cd, Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., CP. 66455, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Endersby‐Harshman NM, Schmidt TL, Chung J, Rooyen A, Weeks AR, Hoffmann AA. Heterogeneous genetic invasions of three insecticide resistance mutations in Indo‐Pacific populations of
Aedes aegypti
(L.). Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1628-1641. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M. Endersby‐Harshman
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Thomas L. Schmidt
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Jessica Chung
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
- Melbourne Bioinformatics The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | | | - Andrew R. Weeks
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
- Cesar Pty Ltd Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fan Y, O'Grady P, Yoshimizu M, Ponlawat A, Kaufman PE, Scott JG. Evidence for both sequential mutations and recombination in the evolution of kdr alleles in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008154. [PMID: 32302303 PMCID: PMC7164583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is a globally distributed vector of human diseases including dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika. Pyrethroid insecticides are the primary means of controlling adult A. aegypti populations to suppress arbovirus outbreaks, but resistance to pyrethroid insecticides has become a global problem. Mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) gene are a major mechanism of pyrethroid resistance in A. aegypti. Vssc resistance alleles in A. aegypti commonly have more than one mutation. However, our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of how alleles with multiple mutations arose is poorly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We examined the geographic distribution and association between the common Vssc mutations (V410L, S989P, V1016G/I and F1534C) in A. aegypti by analyzing the relevant Vssc fragments in 25 collections, mainly from Asia and the Americas. Our results showed all 11 Asian populations had two types of resistance alleles: 1534C and 989P+1016G. The 1534C allele was more common with frequencies ranging from 0.31 to 0.88, while the 989P+1016G frequency ranged from 0.13 to 0.50. Four distinct alleles (410L, 1534C, 410L+1534C and 410L+1016I+1534C) were detected in populations from the Americas. The most common was 410L+1016I+1534C with frequencies ranging from 0.50 to 1.00, followed by 1534C with frequencies ranging from 0.13 to 0.50. Our phylogenetic analysis of Vssc supported multiple independent origins of the F1534C mutation. Our results indicated the 410L+1534C allele may have arisen by addition of the V410L mutation to the 1534C allele, or by a crossover event. The 410L+1016I+1534C allele was the result of one or two mutational steps from a 1534C background. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data corroborated previous geographic distributions of resistance mutations and provided evidence for both recombination and sequential accumulation of mutations contributing to the molecular evolution of resistance alleles in A. aegypti.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Fan
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Patrick O'Grady
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa Yoshimizu
- Vector-Borne Disease Section, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | | | - Phillip E. Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey G. Scott
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu G, Xuan N, Rajashekar B, Arnaud P, Offmann B, Picimbon JF. Comprehensive History of CSP Genes: Evolution, Phylogenetic Distribution and Functions. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040413. [PMID: 32290210 PMCID: PMC7230875 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we present the developmental, histological, evolutionary and functional properties of insect chemosensory proteins (CSPs) in insect species. CSPs are small globular proteins folded like a prism and notoriously known for their complex and arguably obscure function(s), particularly in pheromone olfaction. Here, we focus on direct functional consequences on protein function depending on duplication, expression and RNA editing. The result of our analysis is important for understanding the significance of RNA-editing on functionality of CSP genes, particularly in the brain tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxia Liu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (G.L.); (N.X.)
| | - Ning Xuan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (G.L.); (N.X.)
| | - Balaji Rajashekar
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia;
| | - Philippe Arnaud
- Protein Engineering and Functionality Unit, University of Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France; (P.A.); (B.O.)
| | - Bernard Offmann
- Protein Engineering and Functionality Unit, University of Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France; (P.A.); (B.O.)
| | - Jean-François Picimbon
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China; (G.L.); (N.X.)
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-531-89631190
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Biduda S, Lin CH, Saleh F, Konradsen F, Hansson H, Schiøler KL, Alifrangis M. Temporal Pattern of Mutations in the Knockdown Resistance ( kdr) Gene of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Sampled from Southern Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:973-975. [PMID: 31516108 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes mosquitoes are the principal dengue vector in Taiwan, where the use of insecticides is a key element in the national control strategy. However, control efforts are constrained by the development of resistance to most insecticides, including pyrethroids. In this study, mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene resulting in knockdown resistance (kdr) were examined in Aedes aegypti. Fragments of the VGSC gene were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in samples from various settings in Southern Taiwan covering dry and wet seasons from 2013 to 2015. Three kdr mutations were identified: V1023G, D1794Y, and F1534C, with observed frequencies of 0.36, 0.55, and 0.33, respectively, in the dry season of 2013-2014. Exploring for temporal changes, the most important observation was the 1534C allele frequency increment in the following season to 0.60 (P < 0.05). This study suggests that continued insecticide pressure is driving the mutational changes, although the selection is ambiguous in the mosquito population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Biduda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chia-Hsien Lin
- Department of Public Health, Global Health Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fatma Saleh
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Health and Medical Sciences, The State University of Zanzibar, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Flemming Konradsen
- Department of Public Health, Global Health Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Hansson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin L Schiøler
- Department of Public Health, Global Health Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Alifrangis
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sun H, Du Y, Liu Z, Dong K. Distinct functional properties of sodium channel variants are associated with usage of alternative exons in Nilaparvata lugens. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 118:103292. [PMID: 31811885 PMCID: PMC7085919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) are essential for electrical signaling in the nervous system. They are also the primary targets of several classes of insecticides including pyrethroids. There is only one sodium channel gene in most insect species, whereas mammals possess at least nine sodium channel genes. Extensive alternative splicing and RNA editing of sodium channel transcripts have been documented in many insect species. However, the functional consequences of these post-transcriptional events have been evaluated only in DmNav and BgNav from Drosophila melanogaster and Blattella germanica, respectively. In this study, we isolated 41 full-length cDNA clones encoding 34 sodium channel (NlNav) variants from a major rice pest, the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål). The 34 NlNav variants represent 24 distinct splicing types based on the usage of nine alternative exons, six of which, including exon b, have been previously reported in other insect species. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, NlNav variants lacking exon b generated significantly larger sodium currents than variants possessing exon b, suggesting an inhibitory effect of exon b on sodium current expression. A similar effect has been reported for exon b from BgNav. Mutational analysis showed that three conserved amino acid residues encoded by exon b are critical for its inhibitory effect. In addition, mutually exclusive exons k/l contribute to distinct functional properties and channel sensitivity to pyrethroids. Altogether, these results show that alternative splicing generates functional diversity of sodium channels in this insect species and that the role of exon b in regulating neuronal excitability is likely conserved among insect species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huahua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Yuzhe Du
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kudom AA. Entomological surveillance to assess potential outbreak of Aedes-borne arboviruses and insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti from Cape Coast, Ghana. Acta Trop 2020; 202:105257. [PMID: 31682813 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted in Cape Coast, a major tourist destination in Ghana to assess the risk of an outbreak of Aedes-borne arboviruses based on entomological indicators and determine their susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides. A larval survey was conducted in 414 houses between April and July 2017. Larvae collected were reared to adult for WHO susceptibility bioassay against four pyrethroid insecticides (Deltamethrin 0.05%, Permethrin 0.75%, Cyfluthrin 0.15%, Etofenprox 0.5%) and three different brands of mosquito coil; Heaven® (Dimefluthrin 0.03%), Sasso® (Esbiothrin 0.25%), and Fastkit® (D-allethrin 0.25%) as well as four enzyme-activities and F1534C kdr-mutation. Some physicochemical parameters were also measured in Aedes breeding sites. Three larval indices and water quality index (WQI) were calculated. The estimated larval indices were: House index - 68%, Container index - 44%, and Breteau index - 2.4. The level of resistance of the vector to the different pyrethroid insecticides and mosquito coils varied. F1534C kdr-mutation with an allele frequency of 35% and metabolic detoxifying enzyme activities are suspected to be the cause of resistance. Ae. aegypti breeding sites were found to contain organic and other anthropogenic pollutants. Based on the larval indices estimated, the population density of Ae. aegypti in Cape Coast was found to be sufficient to promote an outbreak of arboviruses. Pyrethroid resistance in the vector population could compromise the effectiveness of pyrethroid-based control strategies as was seen with the reduced efficacy of mosquito coils. With large number of international travellers to the city, there is a need to put in place a regular Aedes surveillance program for early response to any potential outbreaks.
Collapse
|
35
|
Silva JJ, Scott JG. Conservation of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel protein within the Insecta. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 29:9-18. [PMID: 31206812 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) is essential for the generation and propagation of action potentials. VSSC kinetics can be modified by producing different splice variants. The functionality of VSSC depends on features such as the voltage sensors, the selectivity filter and the inactivation loop. Mutations in Vssc conferring resistance to pyrethroid insecticides are known as knockdown resistance (kdr). We analysed the conservation of VSSC in both a broad scope and a narrow scope by three approaches: (1) we compared conservation of sequences and of differential exon use across orders of the Insecta; (2) we determined which kdr mutations were possible with a single nucleotide mutation in nine populations of Aedes aegypti; and (3) we examined the individual VSSC variation that exists within a population of Drosophila melanogaster. There is an increasing amount of transcript diversity possible from Diplura towards Diptera. The residues of the voltage sensors, selectivity filter and inactivation loop are highly conserved. The majority of exon sequences were >88.6% similar. Strain-specific differences in codon constraints exist for kdr mutations in nine strains of A. aegypti. Three Vssc mutations were found in one population of D. melanogaster. This study shows that, overall, Vssc is highly conserved across Insecta and within a population of an insect, but that important differences do exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Silva
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Scott
- Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Villanueva-Segura OK, Ontiveros-Zapata KA, Lopez-Monroy B, Ponce-Garcia G, Gutierrez-Rodriguez SM, Davila-Barboza JA, Mora-Jasso EDJ, Flores AE. Distribution and Frequency of the kdr Mutation V410L in Natural Populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) From Eastern and Southern Mexico. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:218-223. [PMID: 31504686 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of the viruses that cause dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, for which effective vaccines and drugs are still lacking. Current strategies for suppressing arbovirus outbreaks based on insecticide use pose a challenge because of the rapid increase in resistance. The widespread and excessive use of pyrethroid-based insecticides has created a large selection pressure for a kdr-type resistance, caused by mutations in the para gene of the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc). Our objective was to evaluate the allelic frequency of natural populations of Ae. aegypti of Mexico at codon 410 of the para gene. Twenty-six Ae. aegypti populations from east and southern Mexico were genotyped for the codon 410 using allele-specific PCR. The frequencies of the L410 allele in Ae. aegypti ranged from 0.10 to 0.99; however, most of the frequencies were in the range of 0.36 to 0.64. The highest frequencies were found in three populations from the state of Veracruz, namely, Minatitlan with 0.99, Poza Rica with 0.82, and Jose Cardel with 0.97, along with populations from Cancun in Quintana Roo with 0.93, Frontera in Tabasco with 0.91, and Ciudad del Carmen in Campeche with 0.86. The frequency of the L410 allele was high in all populations of Ae. aegypti with higher values in populations of the southeast of the country. The knowledge of specific substitutions in vgsc and their interaction to confer resistance is essential to predict and develop future strategies for resistance management in Ae. aegypti in Mexico.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga K Villanueva-Segura
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas. Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
| | - Kevin A Ontiveros-Zapata
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas. Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
| | - Beatriz Lopez-Monroy
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas. Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas. Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
| | - Selene M Gutierrez-Rodriguez
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas. Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
| | - Jesus A Davila-Barboza
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas. Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
| | - Esteban de J Mora-Jasso
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas. Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas. Av. Universidad s/n Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L. Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chen M, Du Y, Wu S, Nomura Y, Zhu G, Zhorov BS, Dong K. Molecular evidence of sequential evolution of DDT- and pyrethroid-resistant sodium channel in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007432. [PMID: 31158225 PMCID: PMC6564045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel have been associated with knockdown resistance (kdr) to DDT and pyrethroid insecticides in a major human disease vector Aedes aegypti. One mutation, V1016G, confers sodium channel resistance to pyrethroids, but a different substitution in the same position V1016I alone had no effect. In pyrethroid-resistant Ae. aegypti populations, V1016I is often linked to another mutation, F1534C, which confers sodium channel resistance only to Type I pyrethroids including permethrin (PMT), but not to Type II pyrethroids including deltamethrin (DMT). Mosquitoes carrying both V1016G and F1534C exhibited a greater level of pyrethroid resistance than those carrying F1534C alone. More recently, a new mutation T1520I co-existing with F1534C was detected in India. However, whether V1016I or T1520I enhances pyrethroid resistance of sodium channels carrying F1534C remains unknown. Methodology/Principal findings V1016I, V1016G, T1520I and F1534C substitutions were introduced alone and in various combinations into AaNav1-1, a sodium channel from Aedes aegypti. The mutant channels were then expressed in Xenopus oocytes and examined for channel properties and sensitivity to pyrethroids using the two-electrode voltage clamping technique. The results showed that V1016I or T1520I alone did not alter the AaNav1-1 sensitivity to PMT or DMT. However, the double mutant T1520I+F1534C was more resistant to PMT than F1534C, but remained sensitive to DMT. In contrast, the double mutant V1016I+F1534C was resistant to DMT and more resistant to PMT than F1534C. Furthermore, V1016I/G and F1534C channels, but not T1520I, were resistant to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Cryo-EM structures of sodium channels suggest that T1520I allosterically deforms geometry of the pyrethroid receptor site PyR1 in AaNav1-1. The small deformation does not affect binding of DDT, PMT or DMT, but in combination with F1534C it increases the channel resistance to PMT and DDT. Conclusions/Significance Our data corroborated the previously proposed sequential selection of kdr mutations in Ae. aegypti. We proposed that mutation F1534C first emerged in response to DDT/pyrethroids providing a platform for subsequent selection of mutations V1016I and T1520I that confer greater and broader spectrum of pyrethroid resistance. Intensive use of pyrethroids has led to the selection of resistance in mosquitoes, and knockdown resistance (kdr) is one of the major mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance. So far, eleven kdr mutations were identified to be associated with pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti. Among the mutations, the V1016I and T1520I substitutions were found to be associated with F1534C but rarely found alone. F1534C confers sodium channel resistance to Type I pyrethroids including permethrin (PMT). However, whether V1016I or T1520I enhances the F1534C-mediated sodium channel resistance remain unknown. In this study, our electrophysiological results confirmed their involvement in kdr and corroborate the previously proposed sequential selection of kdr mutations in Ae. aegypti: F1534C likely emerged first in response to DDT and/or pyrethroids, whereas V1016I and T1520I appeared later under more intensive selection from pyrethroid use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Chen
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States of America
| | - Yuzhe Du
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States of America
| | - Shaoying Wu
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States of America
| | - Yoshiko Nomura
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States of America
| | - Guonian Zhu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boris S. Zhorov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology & Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Maestre-Serrano R, Pareja-Loaiza P, Gomez Camargo D, Ponce-García G, Flores AE. Co-occurrence of V1016I and F1534C mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel and resistance to pyrethroids in Aedes aegypti (L.) from the Colombian Caribbean region. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1681-1688. [PMID: 30520256 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knockdown resistance is conferred primarily by non-synonymous mutations that reduce pyrethroids binding to voltage-gated sodium channels. In 2014, kdr mutation V1016I in Aedes aegypti populations resistant to pyrethroids was reported for the first time in Colombiα, in 2016 another kdr mutation, F1534C, and in 2018 the mutation V419L. Nine populations of A. aegypti, previously characterized as being resistant to λ-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, cyfluthrin and permethrin, were used for this study. Genomic DNA was used to determine genotypes by allele-specific PCR for mutations V1016I and F1534C, and to determine their association with pyrethroid resistance. RESULTS All the populations analyzed showed both mutations, with allelic frequencies of 0.07-0.35 for I1016 and 0.47-0.88 for C1534. A percentage of co-occurrence of mutant homozygotes I1016/C1534 of 5.3% was detected. A significant positive correlation was found between the frequency of the genotype I1016 and the resistance to permethrin, λ-cyhalothrin and cyfluthrin, but not to deltamethrin; on the other hand, the correlation was not significant for the C1534 genotype and the four pyrethroids evaluated. No significant correlation was found between the frequencies of the mutations V1016I and F1534C. CONCLUSIONS Both mutations V1016I and F1534C are present in A. aegypti populations of the Colombian Caribbean, and although the frequency of F1534C exceeds V1016I, the latter was correlated to resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Maestre-Serrano
- Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Paula Pareja-Loaiza
- Universidad de Cartagena, Facultad de Medicina Sede Zaragocilla, Cartagena de Indias (Bolivar), Colombia
| | - Doris Gomez Camargo
- Universidad de Cartagena, Facultad de Medicina Sede Zaragocilla, Cartagena de Indias (Bolivar), Colombia
| | - Gustavo Ponce-García
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chung HH, Cheng IC, Chen YC, Lin C, Tomita T, Teng HJ. Voltage-gated sodium channel intron polymorphism and four mutations comprise six haplotypes in an Aedes aegypti population in Taiwan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007291. [PMID: 30925149 PMCID: PMC6457567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knockdown resistance (kdr) to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and pyrethroids is known to link amino acid substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) in Aedes aegypti. Dengue fever primarily transmitted by Ae. aegypti is an annual public health issue in Taiwan. Accordingly, pyrethroid insecticides have been heavily used for decades to control mosquito populations in the summer and autumn. In Taiwan, an Ae. aegypti population with two VGSC mutations, V1016G and D1763Y, was described previously. Methodology/Principal finding Aedes aegypti (G0) were collected in Tainan and Kaohsiung in southern Taiwan. The VGSC gene polymorphisms of the kdr mutations and the intron flanked by exons 20 and 21 were verified. The first generation offspring (G1) were used to measure the resistance level to cypermethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide currently used in Taiwan. In addition to V1016G and D1763Y, we describe two new mutations, S989P and F1534C, which have not been reported in Taiwan. Moreover, we also identify two types (groups A and B) of introns between exons 20 and 21. Intriguingly, the kdr mutations S989P, V1016G and D1763Y are strictly located on the haplotype harboring the group A intron, whereas F1534C links to the group B intron. When those data were taken together, we proposed the following six haplotypes for VGSC genes in Taiwan today: (i)S989-intron A-V1016-F1534-D1763, (ii)S989-intron A-V1016G-F1534-D1763, (iii)S989P-intron A-V1016G-F1534-D1763, (iv)S989-intron A-V1016G-F1534-D1763Y, (v)S989-intron B-V1016-F1534-D1763 and (vi)S989-intron B-V1016-F1534C-D1763. Triple heterozygous mutations of either S989P/V1016G/F1534C or V1016G/F1534C/D1763Y can be found in one single Ae. aegypti mosquito. The proportions of the VGSC mutations were relevant to cypermethrin resistance. Notably, the presence of S989P and V1016G in the population could be a helpful reference to predict the resistance level to cypermethrin. This is the first study to demonstrate the coexistence of four kdr mutations in a population of Ae. aegypti. Conclusions/Significance Four kdr mutations (S989P, V1016G, F1534C and D1763Y) and two intron forms (Group A and B) were commonly found in local Ae. aegypti populations in Taiwan. VGSC mutations of Aedes aegypti threaten vector control programs and have been brought to attention in dengue endemic areas. Taiwan has suffered dengue outbreaks, which usually begin from an imported case. Pyrethroid insecticides were used to kill infectious females and adults in the surrounding environment of each suspected case. In Taiwan, V1016G and F1763Y mutations of VGSC have been described previously. Here, we further describe two additional amino acid substitutions (S989P, F1534C) and two forms of the intron between exon 20 and 21. We also propose six haplotypes for VGSC genes in Taiwan today. In conclusion, four kdr mutations (S989P, V1016G, F1534C and D1763Y) and two intron forms (Group A and B) are commonly found in local Ae. aegypti populations in Taiwan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Hsuan Chung
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Cheng Cheng
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chi Chen
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Cheo Lin
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Takashi Tomita
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hwa-Jen Teng
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kandel Y, Vulcan J, Rodriguez SD, Moore E, Chung HN, Mitra S, Cordova JJ, Martinez KJL, Moon AS, Kulkarni A, Ettestad P, Melman S, Xu J, Buenemann M, Hanley KA, Hansen IA. Widespread insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti L. from New Mexico, U.S.A. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212693. [PMID: 30794644 PMCID: PMC6386485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are vectors of a variety of emerging viral pathogens, including yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus. This species has established endemic populations in all cities across southern New Mexico sampled to date. Presently, control of Aedes-borne viruses relies on deployment of insecticides to suppress mosquito populations, but the evolution of insecticide resistance threatens the success of vector control programs. While insecticide resistance is quite common in Ae. aegypti field populations across much of the U.S., the resistance status of this species in populations from New Mexico has not previously been assessed. RESULTS First, we collected information on pesticide use in cities in southern New Mexico and found that the most commonly used active ingredients were pyrethroids. The use of insecticides with the same mode-of-action over multiple years is likely to promote the evolution of resistance. To determine if there was evidence of resistance in some cities in southern New Mexico, we collected Ae. aegypti from the same cities and established laboratory strains to assess resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and, for a subset of populations, to organophosphate insecticides. F2 or F4 generation mosquitoes were assessed for insecticide resistance using bottle test bioassays. The majority of the populations from New Mexico that we analyzed were resistant to the pyrethroids permethrin and deltamethrin. A notable exception to this trend were mosquitoes from Alamogordo, a city that did not report using pyrethroid insecticides for vector control. We screened individuals from each population for known knock down resistance (kdr) mutations via PCR and found a strong association between the presences of the F1534C kdr mutation in the para gene of Ae. aegypti (homologue to F1534C in Musca domestica L.) and pyrethroid resistance. CONCLUSION High-level pyrethroid resistance is common in Ae. aegypti from New Mexico and geographic variation in such resistance is likely associated with variation in usage of pyrethroids for vector control. Resistance monitoring and management is recommended in light of the potential for arbovirus outbreaks in this state. Also, alternative approaches to mosquito control that do not involve insecticides should be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yashoda Kandel
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Julia Vulcan
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Stacy D. Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Emily Moore
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Hae-Na Chung
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Soumi Mitra
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Joel J. Cordova
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Kalli J. L. Martinez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Alex S. Moon
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Aditi Kulkarni
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Paul Ettestad
- New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, NM, United States of America
| | - Sandra Melman
- New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, NM, United States of America
| | - Jiannong Xu
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Michaela Buenemann
- Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
| | - Immo A. Hansen
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fernando SD, Hapugoda M, Perera R, Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Black WC, De Silva NK. First report of V1016G and S989P knockdown resistant (kdr) mutations in pyrethroid-resistant Sri Lankan Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:526. [PMID: 30257701 PMCID: PMC6158842 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue is a serious arboviral disease in Sri Lanka with a large number of dengue fever (DF) cases every year. Control of the primary vector Aedes aegypti depends upon larval habitat source reduction and insecticide application. However, increases in the number of reported cases suggest the inefficiency of current control strategies and the possibility of resistance to currently used insecticides. Early detection of mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene that confer knockdown resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides is important in resistance management in vector populations. Results Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides was detected in the three populations studied. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the presence of two kdr mutations F1534C and V1016G. During this process a S989P mutation was also detected in pyrethroid-resistant Ae. aegypti populations. These mutations were found to be widespread and frequent in the collections studied. Conclusions To our knowledge, this study reveals for the first time the presence of V1016G and S989P mutant alleles in the vgsc of Sri Lankan Ae. aegypti populations. The spread of the mutant alleles throughout the country poses a threat of increased resistance to pyrethroids. Long-term insecticide applications and indiscriminate use of pyrethroids has led to the evolution of resistance. More strategic and diverse strategies, including novel insecticides with new modes of action and community participation, should be engaged for Ae. aegypti control. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3113-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachini D Fernando
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Menaka Hapugoda
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Rushika Perera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - William C Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Nissanka K De Silva
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Levels of Resistance to Pyrethroid among Distinct kdr Alleles in Aedes aegypti Laboratory Lines and Frequency of kdr Alleles in 27 Natural Populations from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2410819. [PMID: 30112367 PMCID: PMC6077680 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2410819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Several mutations in voltage gated sodium channel (NaV) have been identified in Aedes aegypti populations worldwide. However, only few are related to knockdown resistance to pyrethroids, most of which with variations in the 1016 and 1534 NaV sites. In Brazil, at least two NaV alleles are known: NaVR1, with a substitution in the 1534 (1016 Val+ + 1534 Ilekdr) and NaVR2, with substitutions in both 1016 and sites (1016Ilekdr + 1534Cyskdr). There is also the duplication in the NaV gene, with one copy carrying the substitution Ile1011Met, although its effects on pyrethroid resistance remain to be clarified. Our goals in this study were (1) to determine the role of each kdr NaV allele and the duplication on pyrethroid resistance and (2) to screen the frequency of the kdr alleles in 27 several natural Ae. aegypti populations from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Methods Pyrethroid resistance was evaluated by a knockdown time (KdT) assay, an adaptation of the WHO test tubes with paper impregnated with deltamethrin. We used laboratory-selected Ae. aegypti lineages: R1R1 and R2R2 (homozygous for the kdr NaVR1 and NaVR2 alleles, respectively), Dup (with duplication in the NaV gene), Rockefeller (the susceptibility reference control), and F1 hybrids among them. Genotyping of both 1016 and 1534 NaV sites was performed in 811 Ae. aegypti sampled from 27 localities from Rio de Janeiro (17), Niterói (6) and Nova Iguaçu (4) cities, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, with a TaqMan real time PCR approach. Results The laboratory lineages R1R1, R2R2, and R1R2 were the only ones that needed more than 60 minutes to knock down all the insects exposed to the pyrethroid, being the KdT R2R2 > R1R2 > R1R1, corroborating the recessive nature of the kdr mutations. Frequency of kdr alleles NaVR1 and NaVR2 in field-caught mosquitoes varied from 0 to 52% and 43 to 86%, respectively, evidencing high levels of “resistant genotypes” (R1R1, R1R2, and R2R2), which together summed 60 to 100% in Ae. aegypti populations from Rio de Janeiro. Conclusions The NaVR1 and NaVR2 kdr alleles confer resistance to the pyrethroid deltamethrin in homozygotes and R1R2 heterozygotes, being the R2R2 most resistant genotype. The allele containing duplication in the NaV gene, with a mutation in the 1011 site, did not confer resistance under the tested conditions. The frequencies of the “resistant genotypes” are elevated in Ae. aegypti natural populations from Rio de Janeiro.
Collapse
|
43
|
Son-Un P, Choovattanapakorn N, Saingamsook J, Yanola J, Lumjuan N, Walton C, Somboon P. Effect of Relaxation of Deltamethrin Pressure on Metabolic Resistance in a Pyrethroid-Resistant Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Strain Harboring Fixed P989P and G1016G kdr Alleles. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:975-981. [PMID: 29590378 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of the voltage-gated sodium channel genes or knockdown resistance (kdr) and metabolic resistance in Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) are important resistance mechanisms against pyrethroids. The present study investigated the effect of relaxation of deltamethrin selection pressure on the level of mixed-function oxidases (MFO), when the allele frequency of S989P+V1016G mutations is fixed in a resistant Ae. aegypti strain (UPK-R) from Chiang Mai, Thailand. The mosquitoes were divided into two groups, exposure and nonexposure groups, and maintained for 12 generations in an insectary room. Adults of the exposure group (F3 to F12) were treated with 0.05% deltamethrin-impregnated papers. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of deltamethrin of larvae were determined by World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay. MFO activity was determined in F0 and F12. The results revealed that there was a decreasing trend of adult mortality rates in the exposure group over time. The larval LC50 values of the exposure group were gradually increased, whereas those of the nonexposure group were gradually decreased. The level of MFO activity in the nonexposure group (F12) was lower than the parent and exposure groups (F12) by 1.5 and 4-fold in the larvae, respectively, and 1.5 and 2.5-fold in the adult females, respectively. However, the frequency of P989+G1016 alleles in both groups was 100% up to F12 when the experiment ended. This study indicates that there was a significant but small reduction in the activity levels of MFOs when pyrethroid selection pressure is relaxed in this kdr strain of Ae. aegypti.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patchamon Son-Un
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thail
| | | | - Jassada Saingamsook
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thail
| | - Jintana Yanola
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thail
| | - Nongkran Lumjuan
- Center for Molecular and Cell Biology for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thail
| | - Catherine Walton
- Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Earth and Environment, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Pradya Somboon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thail
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Saavedra-Rodriguez K, Maloof FV, Campbell CL, Garcia-Rejon J, Lenhart A, Penilla P, Rodriguez A, Sandoval AA, Flores AE, Ponce G, Lozano S, Black WC. Parallel evolution of vgsc mutations at domains IS6, IIS6 and IIIS6 in pyrethroid resistant Aedes aegypti from Mexico. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6747. [PMID: 29712956 PMCID: PMC5928250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the primary urban mosquito vector of viruses causing dengue, Zika and chikungunya fevers –for which vaccines and effective pharmaceuticals are still lacking. Current strategies to suppress arbovirus outbreaks include removal of larval-breeding sites and insecticide treatment of larval and adult populations. Insecticidal control of Ae. aegypti is challenging, due to a recent rapid global increase in knockdown-resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides. Widespread, heavy use of pyrethroid space-sprays has created an immense selection pressure for kdr, which is primarily under the control of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (vgsc). To date, eleven replacements in vgsc have been discovered, published and shown to be associated with pyrethroid resistance to varying degrees. In Mexico, F1,534C and V1,016I have co-evolved in the last 16 years across Ae. aegypti populations. Recently, a novel replacement V410L was identified in Brazil and its effect on vgsc was confirmed by electrophysiology. Herein, we screened V410L in 25 Ae. aegypti historical collections from Mexico, the first heterozygote appeared in 2002 and frequencies have increased in the last 16 years alongside V1,016I and F1,534C. Knowledge of the specific vgsc replacements and their interaction to confer resistance is essential to predict and to develop strategies for resistance management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Farah Vera Maloof
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Corey L Campbell
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julian Garcia-Rejon
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Patricia Penilla
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Americo Rodriguez
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Arturo Acero Sandoval
- Centro Regional de Investigacion en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Adriana E Flores
- Laboratorio de Entomologia Medica, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce
- Laboratorio de Entomologia Medica, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Saul Lozano
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William C Black
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Granada Y, Mejía-Jaramillo AM, Strode C, Triana-Chavez O. A Point Mutation V419L in the Sodium Channel Gene from Natural Populations of Aedes aegypti Is Involved in Resistance to λ-Cyhalothrin in Colombia. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9010023. [PMID: 29443870 PMCID: PMC5872288 DOI: 10.3390/insects9010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to pyrethroids in mosquitoes is mainly caused by target site insensitivity known as knockdown resistance (kdr). In this work, we examined the point mutations present in portions of domains I, II, III, and IV of the sodium channel gene in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from three Colombian municipalities. A partial region coding for the sodium channel gene from resistant mosquitoes was sequenced, and a simple allele-specific PCR-based assay (AS-PCR) was used to analyze mutations at the population level. The previously reported mutations, V1016I and F1534C, were found with frequencies ranging from 0.04 to 0.41, and 0.56 to 0.71, respectively, in the three cities. Moreover, a novel mutation, at 419 codon (V419L), was found in Ae. aegypti populations from Bello, Riohacha and Villavicencio cities with allelic frequencies of 0.06, 0.36, and 0.46, respectively. Interestingly, the insecticide susceptibility assays showed that mosquitoes from Bello were susceptible to λ-cyhalothrin pyrethroid whilst those from Riohacha and Villavicencio were resistant. A positive association between V419L and V1016I mutations with λ-cyhalothrin resistance was established in Riohacha and Villavicencio. The frequency of the F1534C was high in the three populations, suggesting that this mutation could be conferring resistance to insecticides other than λ-cyhalothrin, particularly type I pyrethroids. Further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yurany Granada
- Grupo Biologia y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas-BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Ana María Mejía-Jaramillo
- Grupo Biologia y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas-BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Clare Strode
- Biology Department, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Omar Triana-Chavez
- Grupo Biologia y Control de Enfermedades Infecciosas-BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Saingamsook J, Saeung A, Yanola J, Lumjuan N, Walton C, Somboon P. A multiplex PCR for detection of knockdown resistance mutations, V1016G and F1534C, in pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:465. [PMID: 29017613 PMCID: PMC5634894 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2416-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutation of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene, or knockdown resistance (kdr) gene, is an important resistance mechanism of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti mosquitoes against pyrethroids. In many countries in Asia, a valine to glycine substitution (V1016G) and a phenylalanine to cysteine substitution (F1534C) are common in Ae. aegypti populations. The G1016 and C1534 allele frequencies have been increasing in recent years, and hence there is a need to have a simple and inexpensive tool to monitor the alleles in large scale. Methods A multiplex PCR to detect V1016G and F1534C mutations has been developed in the current study. This study utilized primers from previous studies for detecting the mutation at position 1016 and newly designed primers to detect variants at position 1534. The PCR conditions were validated and compared with DNA sequencing using known kdr mutant laboratory strains and field collected mosquitoes. The efficacy of this method was also compared with allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR). Results The results of our multiplex PCR were in complete agreement with sequencing data and better than the AS-PCR. In addition, the efficiency of two non-toxic DNA staining dyes, Ultrapower™ and RedSafe™, were evaluated by comparing with ethidium bromide (EtBr) and the results were satisfactory. Conclusions Our multiplex PCR method is highly reliable and useful for implementing vector surveillance in locations where the two alleles co-occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jassada Saingamsook
- Graduate School, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Atiporn Saeung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jintana Yanola
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nongkran Lumjuan
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Catherine Walton
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Pradya Somboon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Al Nazawi AM, Aqili J, Alzahrani M, McCall PJ, Weetman D. Combined target site (kdr) mutations play a primary role in highly pyrethroid resistant phenotypes of Aedes aegypti from Saudi Arabia. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:161. [PMID: 28347352 PMCID: PMC5368989 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyrethroid resistance is a threat to effective vector control of Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue, Zika and other arboviruses, but there are many major knowledge gaps on the mechanisms of resistance. In Jeddah and Makkah, the principal dengue-endemic areas of Saudi Arabia, pyrethroids are used widely for Ae. aegypti control but information about resistance remains sparse, and the underlying genetic basis is unknown. Findings from an ongoing study in this internationally significant area are reported here. Methods Aedes aegypti collected from each city were raised to adults and assayed for resistance to permethrin, deltamethrin (with and without the synergist piperonyl butoxide, PBO), fenitrothion, and bendiocarb. Two fragments of the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc), encompassing four previously identified mutation sites, were sequenced and subsequently genotyped to determine associations with resistance. Expression of five candidate genes (CYP9J10, CYP9J28, CYP9J32, CYP9M6, ABCB4) previously associated with pyrethroid resistance was compared between assay survivors and controls. Results Jeddah and Makkah populations exhibited resistance to multiple insecticides and a similarly high prevalence of resistance to deltamethrin compared to a resistant Cayman strain, with a significant influence of age and exposure duration on survival. PBO pre-exposure increased pyrethroid mortality significantly in the Jeddah, but not the Makkah strain. Three potentially interacting Vgsc mutations were detected: V1016G and S989P were in perfect linkage disequilibrium in each strain and strongly predicted survival, especially in the Makkah strain, but were in negative linkage disequilibrium with 1534C, though some females with the Vgsc triple mutation were detected. The candidate gene CYP9J28 was significantly over-expressed in Jeddah compared to two susceptible reference strains, but none of the candidate genes was consistently up-regulated to a significant level in the Makkah strain. Conclusions Despite their proximity, Makkah and Jeddah exhibit significant differences in pyrethroid resistance phenotypes, with some evidence to suggest a different balance of mechanisms, for example with more impact associated with CYP450s in the Jeddah strain, and the dual kdr mutations 989P and 1016G in the more resistant Makkah strain. The results overall demonstrate a major role for paired target site mutations in pyrethroid resistance and highlight their utility for diagnostic monitoring. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2096-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwaq M Al Nazawi
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK. .,Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jabir Aqili
- Saudi Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Philip J McCall
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Boullot F, Castrec J, Bidault A, Dantas N, Payton L, Perrigault M, Tran D, Amzil Z, Boudry P, Soudant P, Hégaret H, Fabioux C. Molecular Characterization of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels and Their Relations with Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Bioaccumulation in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15010021. [PMID: 28106838 PMCID: PMC5295241 DOI: 10.3390/md15010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) bind to voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) and block conduction of action potential in excitable cells. This study aimed to (i) characterize Nav sequences in Crassostrea gigas and (ii) investigate a putative relation between Nav and PST-bioaccumulation in oysters. The phylogenetic analysis highlighted two types of Nav in C. gigas: a Nav1 (CgNav1) and a Nav2 (CgNav2) with sequence properties of sodium-selective and sodium/calcium-selective channels, respectively. Three alternative splice transcripts of CgNav1 named A, B and C, were characterized. The expression of CgNav1, analyzed by in situ hybridization, is specific to nervous cells and to structures corresponding to neuromuscular junctions. Real-time PCR analyses showed a strong expression of CgNav1A in the striated muscle while CgNav1B is mainly expressed in visceral ganglia. CgNav1C expression is ubiquitous. The PST binding site (domain II) of CgNav1 variants possess an amino acid Q that could potentially confer a partial saxitoxin (STX)-resistance to the channel. The CgNav1 genotype or alternative splicing would not be the key point determining PST bioaccumulation level in oysters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Boullot
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Justine Castrec
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Adeline Bidault
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Natanael Dantas
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates, Department of Molecular Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba-Campus I, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Laura Payton
- UMR 5805 EPOC, CNRS-Équipe Écotoxicologie Aquatique, Université de Bordeaux, Station Marine d'Arcachon, 33120 Arcachon, France.
| | - Mickael Perrigault
- UMR 5805 EPOC, CNRS-Équipe Écotoxicologie Aquatique, Université de Bordeaux, Station Marine d'Arcachon, 33120 Arcachon, France.
| | - Damien Tran
- UMR 5805 EPOC, CNRS-Équipe Écotoxicologie Aquatique, Université de Bordeaux, Station Marine d'Arcachon, 33120 Arcachon, France.
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Pierre Boudry
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 LEMAR CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/Ifremer, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Jiang XZ, Pei YX, Lei W, Wang KY, Shang F, Jiang HB, Wang JJ. Characterization of an insect heterodimeric voltage-gated sodium channel with unique alternative splicing mode. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 203:149-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
50
|
Sodium Channel Mutations and Pyrethroid Resistance in Aedes aegypti. INSECTS 2016; 7:insects7040060. [PMID: 27809228 PMCID: PMC5198208 DOI: 10.3390/insects7040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used to control insect pests and human disease vectors. Voltage-gated sodium channels are the primary targets of pyrethroid insecticides. Mutations in the sodium channel have been shown to be responsible for pyrethroid resistance, known as knockdown resistance (kdr), in various insects including mosquitoes. In Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the principal urban vectors of dengue, zika, and yellow fever viruses, multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms in the sodium channel gene have been found in pyrethroid-resistant populations and some of them have been functionally confirmed to be responsible for kdr in an in vitro expression system, Xenopus oocytes. This mini-review aims to provide an update on the identification and functional characterization of pyrethroid resistance-associated sodium channel mutations from Aedes aegypti. The collection of kdr mutations not only helped us develop molecular markers for resistance monitoring, but also provided valuable information for computational molecular modeling of pyrethroid receptor sites on the sodium channel.
Collapse
|