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Bovay B, Descombes P, Chittaro Y, Glauser G, Nomoto H, Rasmann S. Adapting to change: Exploring the consequences of climate-induced host plant shifts in two specialist Lepidoptera species. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11596. [PMID: 38932969 PMCID: PMC11199125 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Asynchronous migration of insect herbivores and their host plants towards higher elevations following climate warming is expected to generate novel plant-insect interactions. While the disassociation of specialised interactions can challenge species' persistence, consequences for specialised low-elevation insect herbivores encountering novel high-elevation plants under climate change remain largely unknown. To explore the ability of two low-elevation Lepidoptera species, Melitaea celadussa and Zygaena filipendulae, to undergo shifts from low- to high-elevation host plants, we combined a translocation experiment performed at two elevations in the Swiss Alps with experiments conducted under controlled conditions. Specifically, we exposed M. celadussa and Z. filipendulae to current low- and congeneric high-elevation host plants, to test how shifts in host plant use impact oviposition probability, number of eggs clutches laid, caterpillar feeding preference and growth, pupation rate and wing size. While our study shows that both M. celadussa and Z. filipendulae can oviposit and feed on novel high-elevation host plants, we reveal strong preferences towards ovipositing and feeding on current low-elevation host plants. In addition, shifts from current low- to novel high-elevation host plants reduced pupation rates as well as wing size for M. celadussa, while caterpillar growth was unaffected by host plant identity for both species. Our study suggests that populations of M. celadussa and Z. filipendulae have the ability to undergo host plant shifts under climate change. However, these shifts may impact the ability of populations to respond to rapid climate change by altering developmental processes and morphology. Our study highlights the importance of considering altered biotic interactions when predicting consequences for natural populations facing novel abiotic and biotic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Bovay
- Faculty of Science, Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchatelSwitzerland
| | - Patrice Descombes
- Département de BotaniqueMuséum cantonal des sciences naturellesLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Faculty of Science, Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical ChemistryUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchatelSwitzerland
| | - Hanna Nomoto
- Faculty of Science, Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchatelSwitzerland
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Faculty of Science, Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchatelSwitzerland
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2
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Arnaiz A, Vallejo-García LJ, Vallejos S, Diaz I. Isolation and Quantification of Mandelonitrile from Arabidopsis thaliana Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4700. [PMID: 37397798 PMCID: PMC10308191 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mandelonitrile is a nitrogen-containing compound, considered an essential secondary metabolite. Chemically, it is a cyanohydrin derivative of benzaldehyde, with relevant functions in different physiological processes including defense against phytophagous arthropods. So far, procedures for detecting mandelonitrile have been effectively applied in cyanogenic plant species such as Prunus spp. Nevertheless, its presence in Arabidopsis thaliana , considered a non-cyanogenic species, has never been determined. Here, we report the development of an accurate protocol for mandelonitrile quantification in A. thaliana within the context of A. thaliana -spider mite interaction. First, mandelonitrile was isolated from Arabidopsis rosettes using methanol; then, it was derivatized by silylation to enhance detection and, finally, it was quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The selectivity and sensitivity of this method make it possible to detect low levels of mandelonitrile (LOD 3 ppm) in a plant species considered non-cyanogenic that, therefore, will have little to no cyanogenic compounds, using a small quantity of starting material (≥100 mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Arnaiz
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Saúl Vallejos
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de BiotecnologíaBiología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Wang Y, Li J, Chai X, Hu X, Li X, Kong W, Ma R. Development and Fecundity of Oriental Fruit Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Reared on Various Concentrations of Amygdalin. INSECTS 2022; 13:974. [PMID: 36354798 PMCID: PMC9694010 DOI: 10.3390/insects13110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Oriental fruit moth (OFM), attacks fruits and shoots of the economically important trees in Rosaceae. Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glucoside of rosaceous plants that may be related to the seasonal patterns of infestation in many pests. The amygdalin concentration of fruits and shoots of peach, pear, and apple varies over the growing season. However, the relationship between the amygdalin concentration and G. molesta performance has not been reported. Here, we measured the performance (feeding, growth, development, and fecundity) of G. molesta larvae (as subsequent adults) reared on artificial diets with six amygdalin concentrations (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 mg/g), and we then calculated the population parameters. We found that these different concentrations of amygdalin affected the developmental time and fecundity, except for the proportion of larvae feeding on the diet and the survival rates of larvae and pupae. When compared with the control diet without amygdalin, diets with 3 or 6 mg/g (low and moderate concentrations) of amygdalin shortened developmental times and increased the number of eggs laid by females; however, a diet with 12 mg/g (moderate concentration) of amygdalin only increased the number of eggs laid by females and did not affect the larval and pupal developmental rate. A diet with 48 mg/g (high concentration) of amygdalin prolonged developmental times and reduced the number of eggs laid by females when compared with the control diet without amygdalin. Furthermore, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) for insects reared on diets with 3 or 6 mg/g (low and moderate concentrations) of amygdalin versus the control diet without amygdalin showed a slightly improved population growth. However, this increase in the rm value did not persist over ten successive generations of rearing on the same diet. We concluded that the diet with 6 mg of amygdalin per g of diet can enhance the performance and population growth of G. molesta, but the effects of amygdalin are concentration-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xiaohan Chai
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xuefeng Hu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xianwei Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Weina Kong
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Ruiyan Ma
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
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Jeckel AM, Beran F, Züst T, Younkin G, Petschenka G, Pokharel P, Dreisbach D, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Robert CAM. Metabolization and sequestration of plant specialized metabolites in insect herbivores: Current and emerging approaches. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1001032. [PMID: 36237530 PMCID: PMC9552321 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous insects encounter diverse plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) in their diet, that have deterrent, anti-nutritional, or toxic properties. Understanding how they cope with PSMs is crucial to understand their biology, population dynamics, and evolution. This review summarizes current and emerging cutting-edge methods that can be used to characterize the metabolic fate of PSMs, from ingestion to excretion or sequestration. It further emphasizes a workflow that enables not only to study PSM metabolism at different scales, but also to tackle and validate the genetic and biochemical mechanisms involved in PSM resistance by herbivores. This review thus aims at facilitating research on PSM-mediated plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Moriguchi Jeckel
- Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Beran
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Züst
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gordon Younkin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Prayan Pokharel
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Domenic Dreisbach
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Christine Ganal-Vonarburg
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Dixit S, Widemann E, Bensoussan N, Salehipourshirazi G, Bruinsma K, Milojevic M, Shukla A, Romero LC, Zhurov V, Bernards MA, Chruszcz M, Grbić M, Grbić V. β-Cyanoalanine synthase protects mites against Arabidopsis defenses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1961-1975. [PMID: 35348790 PMCID: PMC9342966 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are antiherbivory chemical defense compounds in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Specialist herbivores that feed on brassicaceous plants have evolved various mechanisms aimed at preventing the formation of toxic isothiocyanates. In contrast, generalist herbivores typically detoxify isothiocyanates through glutathione conjugation upon exposure. Here, we examined the response of an extreme generalist herbivore, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch), to indole glucosinolates. Tetranychus urticae is a composite generalist whose individual populations have a restricted host range but have an ability to rapidly adapt to initially unfavorable plant hosts. Through comparative transcriptomic analysis of mite populations that have differential susceptibilities to Arabidopsis defenses, we identified β-cyanoalanine synthase of T. urticae (TuCAS), which encodes an enzyme with dual cysteine and β-cyanoalanine synthase activities. We combined Arabidopsis genetics, chemical complementation and mite reverse genetics to show that TuCAS is required for mite adaptation to Arabidopsis through its β-cyanoalanine synthase activity. Consistent with the β-cyanoalanine synthase role in detoxification of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), we discovered that upon mite herbivory, Arabidopsis plants release HCN. We further demonstrated that indole glucosinolates are sufficient for cyanide formation. Overall, our study uncovered Arabidopsis defenses that rely on indole glucosinolate-dependent cyanide for protection against mite herbivory. In response, Arabidopsis-adapted mites utilize the β-cyanoalanine synthase activity of TuCAS to counter cyanide toxicity, highlighting the mite's ability to activate resistant traits that enable this extreme polyphagous herbivore to exploit cyanogenic host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicolas Bensoussan
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | | | - Kristie Bruinsma
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Maja Milojevic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Akanchha Shukla
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Luis C Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, E-41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Mark A Bernards
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Miodrag Grbić
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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Beran F, Petschenka G. Sequestration of Plant Defense Compounds by Insects: From Mechanisms to Insect-Plant Coevolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 67:163-180. [PMID: 34995091 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-062821-062319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense compounds play a key role in the evolution of insect-plant associations by selecting for behavioral, morphological, and physiological insect adaptations. Sequestration, the ability of herbivorous insects to accumulate plant defense compounds to gain a fitness advantage, represents a complex syndrome of adaptations that has evolved in all major lineages of herbivorous insects and involves various classes of plant defense compounds. In this article, we review progress in understanding how insects selectively accumulate plant defense metabolites and how the evolution of specific resistance mechanisms to these defense compounds enables sequestration. These mechanistic considerations are further integrated into the concept of insect-plant coevolution. Comparative genome and transcriptome analyses, combined with approaches based on analytical chemistry that are centered in phylogenetic frameworks, will help to reveal adaptations underlying the sequestration syndrome, which is essential to understanding the influence of sequestration on insect-plant coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany;
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Department of Applied Entomology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart 70599, Germany;
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7
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Pinheiro de Castro ÉC, Demirtas R, Orteu A, Olsen CE, Motawie MS, Zikan Cardoso M, Zagrobelny M, Bak S. The dynamics of cyanide defences in the life cycle of an aposematic butterfly: Biosynthesis versus sequestration. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 116:103259. [PMID: 31698083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heliconius butterflies are highly specialized in Passiflora plants, laying eggs and feeding as larvae only on them. Interestingly, both Heliconius butterflies and Passiflora plants contain cyanogenic glucosides (CNglcs). While feeding on specific Passiflora species, Heliconius melpomene larvae are able to sequester simple cyclopentenyl CNglcs, the most common CNglcs in this plant genus. Yet, aromatic, aliphatic, and modified CNglcs have been reported in Passiflora species and they were never tested for sequestration by heliconiine larvae. As other cyanogenic lepidopterans, H. melpomene also biosynthesize the aliphatic CNglcs linamarin and lotaustralin, and their toxicity does not rely exclusively on sequestration. Although the genes encoding the enzymes in the CNglc biosynthesis have not yet been biochemically characterized in butterflies, the cytochromes P450 CYP405A4, CYP405A5, CYP405A6 and CYP332A1 have been hypothesized to be involved in this pathway in H. melpomene. In this study, we determine how the CNglc composition and expression of the putative P450s involved in the biosynthesis of these compounds vary at different developmental stages of Heliconius butterflies. We also establish which kind of CNglcs H. melpomene larvae can sequester from Passiflora. By analysing the chemical composition of the haemolymph from larvae fed with different Passiflora diets, we show that H. melpomene is able to sequestered prunasin, an aromatic CNglcs, from P. platyloba. They are also able to sequester amygdalin, gynocardin, [C13/C14]linamarin and [C13/C14]lotaustralin painted on the plant leaves. The CNglc tetraphyllin B-sulphate from P. caerulea is not detected in the larval haemolymph, suggesting that such modified CNglcs cannot be sequestered by Heliconius. Although pupae and virgin adults contain dihydrogynocardin resulting from larval sequestration, this compound was metabolized during adulthood, and not used as nuptial gift or transferred to the offspring. Thus, we speculate that dihydrogynocardin is catabolized to recycle nitrogen and glucose, and/or to produce fitness signals during courtship. Mature adults have a higher concentration of CNglcs than any other developmental stages due to increased de novo biosynthesis of linamarin and lotaustralin. Accordingly, all CYP405As are expressed in adults, whereas larvae mostly express CYP405A4. Our results shed light on the importance of CNglcs for Heliconius biology and their coevolution with Passiflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érika C Pinheiro de Castro
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Zoology, Cambridge University. Downing Street, CB3 3EJ, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rojan Demirtas
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anna Orteu
- Department of Zoology, Cambridge University. Downing Street, CB3 3EJ, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawie
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Márcio Zikan Cardoso
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Mika Zagrobelny
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Ehlert M, Jagd LM, Braumann I, Dockter C, Crocoll C, Motawia MS, Møller BL, Lyngkjær MF. Deletion of biosynthetic genes, specific SNP patterns and differences in transcript accumulation cause variation in hydroxynitrile glucoside content in barley cultivars. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5730. [PMID: 30952890 PMCID: PMC6450869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) produces five leucine-derived hydroxynitrile glucosides, potentially involved in alleviating pathogen and environmental stresses. These compounds include the cyanogenic glucoside epiheterodendrin. The biosynthetic genes are clustered. Total hydroxynitrile glucoside contents were previously shown to vary from zero to more than 10,000 nmoles g-1 in different barley lines. To elucidate the cause of this variation, the biosynthetic genes from the high-level producer cv. Mentor, the medium-level producer cv. Pallas, and the zero-level producer cv. Emir were investigated. In cv. Emir, a major deletion in the genome spanning most of the hydroxynitrile glucoside biosynthetic gene cluster was identified and explains the complete absence of hydroxynitrile glucosides in this cultivar. The transcript levels of the biosynthetic genes were significantly higher in the high-level producer cv. Mentor compared to the medium-level producer cv. Pallas, indicating transcriptional regulation as a contributor to the variation in hydroxynitrile glucoside levels. A correlation between distinct single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) patterns in the biosynthetic gene cluster and the hydroxynitrile glucoside levels in 227 barley lines was identified. It is remarkable that in spite of the demonstrated presence of a multitude of SNPs and differences in transcript levels, the ratio between the five hydroxynitrile glucosides is maintained across all the analysed barley lines. This implies the involvement of a stably assembled multienzyme complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ehlert
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lea Møller Jagd
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Ilka Braumann
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Christoph Dockter
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawia
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Michael Foged Lyngkjær
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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9
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Zagrobelny M, Dalsten L, Hille A. Colonization of Northern Europe by Zygaena filipendulae (Lepidoptera). Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4796-4804. [PMID: 31031945 PMCID: PMC6476778 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern and mountainous ice sheets have expanded and contracted many times due to ice ages. Consequently, temperate species have been confined to refugia during the glacial periods wherefrom they have recolonized warming northern habitats between ice ages. In this study, we compare the gene CYP405A2 between different populations of the common burnet moth Zygaena filipendulae from across the Western Palearctic region to illuminate the colonization history of this species. These data show two major clusters of Z. filipendulae populations possibly reflecting two different refugial populations during the last ice age. The two types of Z. filipendulae only co-occur in Denmark, Sweden, and Scotland indicating that Northern Europe comprise the hybridization zone where individuals from two different refugia met after the last ice age. Bayesian phylogeographic and ecological clustering analyses show that one cluster probably derives from an Alpe Maritime refugium in Southern France with ancestral expansive tendencies to the British Isles in the west, touching Northern Europe up to Denmark and Sweden, and extending throughout Central Europe into the Balkans, the Peleponnes, and South East Europe. The second cluster encompasses East Anatolia as the source area, from where multiple independent dispersal events to Armenia, to the Alborz mountains in north-western Iran, and to the Zagros mountains in western Iran are suggested. Consequently, the classical theory of refugia for European temperate species in the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas does not fit with the data from Z. filipendulae populations, which instead support more Northerly, mountainous refugia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Zagrobelny
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science CentreUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Lene Dalsten
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science CentreUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Axel Hille
- Institute of Applied Statistics Dr Jörg SchnitkerGermany
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10
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Yu C, Ai D, Lin R, Cheng S. Effects of toxic β-glucosides on carbohydrate metabolism in cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 100:e21526. [PMID: 30653757 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three toxic β-glucosides, phlorizin, santonin, and amygdalin, on carbohydrate metabolism in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), when diets mixed with β-glucosides were fed to third-instar larvae. The growth of the larvae was significantly inhibited by exposure to santonin after 96 hr but not obviously affected by phlorizin and amygdalin. The midgut trehalase activities were only 51.7%, 32%, and 42.5% of that of the control after treatment with phlorizin, santonin and amygdalin at 2 mg/ml, respectively. In the hemolymph and fat body, the amount of trehalose decreased in all cases. However, the effects of santonin on the alteration of the glycogen and glucose levels as well as the activities of glycogen phosphorylase, were different than those of the other two β-glucosides. It appears that the three β-glucosides have different influences on the carbohydrate metabolism of cotton bollworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Yu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Ai
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ronghua Lin
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Shenhang Cheng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China
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Kunz D, Oliveira GB, Brascher TC, Samuels RI, Macedo MLR, de Souza LF, Dafré AL, Silva CP. Phaseolin ingestion affects vesicular traffic causing oxidative stress in the midgut of Callosobruchus maculatus larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 228:34-40. [PMID: 30445225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that phaseolin, the major storage globulin of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), is toxic to Callosobruchus maculatus larvae, an Old World bruchid beetle that is not capable of infesting this New World edible bean. It has also been demonstrated that vicilin, the major storage globulin found in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds, is absorbed through receptor-mediated endocytosis in the insect midgut. A putative vicilin receptor has been purified and showed high homology to α-tocopherol transfer protein. However, the ingestion of a variant vicilin purified from C. maculatus resistant seeds inhibits transcytosis, resulting in the accumulation of vicilins in the midgut cells and ultimately antibiosis. In the present work, we studied the cellular up-take of phaseolin in C. maculatus larvae with the aim of discovering if this protein is also capable of inhibiting endocytic traffic in the enterocytes. FITC-labelled vicilin and FITC-labelled phaseolin were incorporated into the diet of the larvae at a physiological concentration of 0.5% w/w. The fate of labelled and non-labelled globulins was monitored by confocal microscopy. Here we demonstrated that phaseolin is also endocytosed by enterocytes causing an accumulation of endocytic vesicles in the midgut when compared to the ingestion of vicilin obtained from a susceptible V. unguiculata cultivar. From the results obtained for HNE, MDA and TBARS, a pro-oxidative scenario was established in the intestinal epithelial cells of the larvae, which may explain the deleterious effect observed in larvae developing inside P. vulgaris seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Kunz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel B Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Theo C Brascher
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Richard I Samuels
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Maria Lígia R Macedo
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, C.P. 549, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz F de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Alcir L Dafré
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, C.P. 476, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil.
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12
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Briolat ES, Zagrobelny M, Olsen CE, Blount JD, Stevens M. Sex differences but no evidence of quantitative honesty in the warning signals of six-spot burnet moths (Zygaena filipendulae L.). Evolution 2018; 72:1460-1474. [PMID: 29767461 PMCID: PMC6099377 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The distinctive black and red wing pattern of six-spot burnet moths (Zygaena filipendulae, L.) is a classic example of aposematism, advertising their potent cyanide-based defences. While such warning signals provide a qualitatively honest signal of unprofitability, the evidence for quantitative honesty, whereby variation in visual traits could provide accurate estimates of individual toxicity, is more equivocal. Combining measures of cyanogenic glucoside content and wing color from the perspective of avian predators, we investigate the relationship between coloration and defences in Z. filipendulae, to test signal honesty both within and across populations. There were no significant relationships between mean cyanogenic glucoside concentration and metrics of wing coloration across populations in males, yet in females higher cyanogenic glucoside levels were associated with smaller and lighter red forewing markings. Trends within populations were similarly inconsistent with quantitative honesty, and persistent differences between the sexes were apparent: larger females, carrying a greater total cyanogenic glucoside load, displayed larger but less conspicuous markings than smaller males, according to several color metrics. The overall high aversiveness of cyanogenic glucosides and fluctuations in color and toxin levels during an individual's lifetime may contribute to these results, highlighting generally important reasons why signal honesty should not always be expected in aposematic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Sophie Briolat
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwall TR10 9FEUnited Kingdom
| | - Mika Zagrobelny
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and Copenhagen Plant Science CentreDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK‐1871 Frederiksberg CCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and Copenhagen Plant Science CentreDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK‐1871 Frederiksberg CCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jonathan D. Blount
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwall TR10 9FEUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin Stevens
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwall TR10 9FEUnited Kingdom
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13
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Zagrobelny M, de Castro ÉCP, Møller BL, Bak S. Cyanogenesis in Arthropods: From Chemical Warfare to Nuptial Gifts. INSECTS 2018; 9:E51. [PMID: 29751568 PMCID: PMC6023451 DOI: 10.3390/insects9020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemical defences are key components in insect⁻plant interactions, as insects continuously learn to overcome plant defence systems by, e.g., detoxification, excretion or sequestration. Cyanogenic glucosides are natural products widespread in the plant kingdom, and also known to be present in arthropods. They are stabilised by a glucoside linkage, which is hydrolysed by the action of β-glucosidase enzymes, resulting in the release of toxic hydrogen cyanide and deterrent aldehydes or ketones. Such a binary system of components that are chemically inert when spatially separated provides an immediate defence against predators that cause tissue damage. Further roles in nitrogen metabolism and inter- and intraspecific communication has also been suggested for cyanogenic glucosides. In arthropods, cyanogenic glucosides are found in millipedes, centipedes, mites, beetles and bugs, and particularly within butterflies and moths. Cyanogenic glucosides may be even more widespread since many arthropod taxa have not yet been analysed for the presence of this class of natural products. In many instances, arthropods sequester cyanogenic glucosides or their precursors from food plants, thereby avoiding the demand for de novo biosynthesis and minimising the energy spent for defence. Nevertheless, several species of butterflies, moths and millipedes have been shown to biosynthesise cyanogenic glucosides de novo, and even more species have been hypothesised to do so. As for higher plant species, the specific steps in the pathway is catalysed by three enzymes, two cytochromes P450, a glycosyl transferase, and a general P450 oxidoreductase providing electrons to the P450s. The pathway for biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in arthropods has most likely been assembled by recruitment of enzymes, which could most easily be adapted to acquire the required catalytic properties for manufacturing these compounds. The scattered phylogenetic distribution of cyanogenic glucosides in arthropods indicates that the ability to biosynthesise this class of natural products has evolved independently several times. This is corroborated by the characterised enzymes from the pathway in moths and millipedes. Since the biosynthetic pathway is hypothesised to have evolved convergently in plants as well, this would suggest that there is only one universal series of unique intermediates by which amino acids are efficiently converted into CNglcs in different Kingdoms of Life. For arthropods to handle ingestion of cyanogenic glucosides, an effective detoxification system is required. In butterflies and moths, hydrogen cyanide released from hydrolysis of cyanogenic glucosides is mainly detoxified by β-cyanoalanine synthase, while other arthropods use the enzyme rhodanese. The storage of cyanogenic glucosides and spatially separated hydrolytic enzymes (β-glucosidases and α-hydroxynitrile lyases) are important for an effective hydrogen cyanide release for defensive purposes. Accordingly, such hydrolytic enzymes are also present in many cyanogenic arthropods, and spatial separation has been shown in a few species. Although much knowledge regarding presence, biosynthesis, hydrolysis and detoxification of cyanogenic glucosides in arthropods has emerged in recent years, many exciting unanswered questions remain regarding the distribution, roles apart from defence, and convergent evolution of the metabolic pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Zagrobelny
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | | | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
- VILLUM Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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14
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Azmat R, Moin S, Saleem A. The insects as an assessment tool of ecotoxicology associated with metal toxic plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:703-708. [PMID: 29407834 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the assessment of lethal effects of Copper (Cu) on Luffa acutangula and Spinacia oleracea plants investigated in relation to the presence of insect species Oxycarenus hyalinipennis. The analysis of Cu-treated plants displays the information of rapid growth of Oxycarenus hyalinipennis species in triplicate. However, results showed that the impact of metal toxicity appeared as the reduced growth rate of plants, and dense growth of the insect species Oxycarenus halinipennis followed by the chewing/degradation of the toxic plant. The insect's inductees into polluted plants were justified by morphological and primary molecular level using plant stress hypothesis through analysis of the primary chemistry of leaves and roots. That includes various sugar contents which substantiated that these compounds act as the best feeding stimulant from oviposition to adult stage of the insects and accountable for the enactment of insects in the toxic plants. The relationship of these insects to the toxic plants linked with the higher contents of glucose, carbohydrates, and cellulose. The higher carbohydrate and cellulose content in both plants species under Cu accumulation exhibited more signs of insect mutilation over control plants and the lack of chemical resistances allowed the adult insects to spread, survive, reproduce and live long. The presence of insects developed relationships that assimilate all developmental, biological, and the interactive toxicity of Cu in both plant species which indicate the risk associated with these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafia Azmat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Sumeira Moin
- Department of Botany, University of Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ailyan Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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15
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Receptor mediated endocytosis of vicilin in Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) larval midgut epithelial cells. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Pentzold S, Jensen MK, Matthes A, Olsen CE, Petersen BL, Clausen H, Møller BL, Bak S, Zagrobelny M. Spatial separation of the cyanogenic β-glucosidase ZfBGD2 and cyanogenic glucosides in the haemolymph of Zygaena larvae facilitates cyanide release. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170262. [PMID: 28680679 PMCID: PMC5493921 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight compounds are typically used by insects and plants for defence against predators. They are often stored as inactive β-glucosides and kept separate from activating β-glucosidases. When the two components are mixed, the β-glucosides are hydrolysed releasing toxic aglucones. Cyanogenic plants contain cyanogenic glucosides and release hydrogen cyanide due to such a well-characterized two-component system. Some arthropods are also cyanogenic, but comparatively little is known about their system. Here, we identify a specific β-glucosidase (ZfBGD2) involved in cyanogenesis from larvae of Zygaena filipendulae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae), and analyse the spatial organization of cyanide release in this specialized insect. High levels of ZfBGD2 mRNA and protein were found in haemocytes by transcriptomic and proteomic profiling. Heterologous expression in insect cells showed that ZfBGD2 hydrolyses linamarin and lotaustralin, the two cyanogenic glucosides present in Z. filipendulae. Linamarin and lotaustralin as well as cyanide release were found exclusively in the haemoplasma. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that ZfBGD2 clusters with other insect β-glucosidases, and correspondingly, the ability to hydrolyse cyanogenic glucosides catalysed by a specific β-glucosidase evolved convergently in insects and plants. The spatial separation of the β-glucosidase ZfBGD2 and its cyanogenic substrates within the haemolymph provides the basis for cyanide release in Z. filipendulae. This spatial separation is similar to the compartmentalization of the two components found in cyanogenic plant species, and illustrates one similarity in cyanide-based defence in these two kingdoms of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pentzold
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mikael Kryger Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Annemarie Matthes
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bent Larsen Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mika Zagrobelny
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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17
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Knoch E, Motawie MS, Olsen CE, Møller BL, Lyngkjaer MF. Biosynthesis of the leucine derived α-, β- and γ-hydroxynitrile glucosides in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:247-256. [PMID: 27337134 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) produces five leucine-derived hydroxynitrile glucosides (HNGs), of which only epiheterodendrin is a cyanogenic glucoside. The four non-cyanogenic HNGs are the β-HNG epidermin and the γ-HNGs osmaronin, dihydroosmaronin and sutherlandin. By analyzing 247 spring barley lines including landraces and old and modern cultivars, we demonstrated that the HNG level varies notably between lines whereas the overall ratio between the compounds is constant. Based on sequence similarity to the sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genes involved in dhurrin biosynthesis, we identified a gene cluster on barley chromosome 1 putatively harboring genes that encode enzymes in HNG biosynthesis. Candidate genes were functionally characterized by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Five multifunctional P450s, including two CYP79 family enzymes and three CYP71 family enzymes, and a single UDP-glucosyltransferase were found to catalyze the reactions required for biosynthesis of all five barley HNGs. Two of the CYP71 enzymes needed to be co-expressed for the last hydroxylation step in sutherlandin synthesis to proceed. This observation, together with the constant ratio between the different HNGs, suggested that HNG synthesis in barley is organized within a single multi-enzyme complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Knoch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawie
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, Copenhagen V, 1799, Denmark
| | - Michael Foged Lyngkjaer
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Salgado AL, Suchan T, Pellissier L, Rasmann S, Ducrest AL, Alvarez N. Differential phenotypic and genetic expression of defence compounds in a plant-herbivore interaction along elevation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160226. [PMID: 27703688 PMCID: PMC5043307 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevation gradients impose large differences in abiotic and biotic conditions over short distances, in turn, likely driving differences in gene expression more than would genetic variation per se, as natural selection and drift are less likely to fix alleles at such a narrow spatial scale. As elevation increases, the pressure exerted on plants by herbivores and on arthropod herbivores by predators decreases, and organisms spanning the elevation gradient are thus expected to show lower levels of defence at high elevation. The alternative hypothesis, based on the optimal defence theory, is that defence allocation should be higher in low-resource habitats such as those at high elevation, due to higher costs associated with tissue replacement. In this study, we analyse variation with elevation in (i) defence compound content in the plant Lotus corniculatus and (ii) gene expression associated with defence against predators in the specific phytophagous moth, Zygaena filipendulae. Both species produce cyanogenic glycosides (CNglcs) such as lotaustralin and linamarin as defence mechanisms, with the moth, in addition, being able to sequester CNglcs from its host plant. Specifically, we tested the assumption that the defence-associated phenotype in plants and the gene expression in the insect herbivore should covary between low- and high-elevation environments. We found that L. corniculatus accumulated more CNglcs at high elevation, a result in agreement with the optimal defence theory. By contrast, we found that the levels of expression in the defence genes of Z. filipendulae larvae were not related to the CNglc content of their host plant. Overall, expression levels were not correlated with elevation either, with the exception of the UGT33A1 gene, which showed a marginally significant trend towards higher expression at high elevation when using a simple statistical framework. These results suggest that the defence phenotype of plants against herbivores, and subsequent herbivore sequestration machineries and de novo production, are based on a complex network of interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Salgado
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore building, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomasz Suchan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore building, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Unit of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Lyse Ducrest
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore building, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadir Alvarez
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore building, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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19
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Møller BL, Olsen CE, Motawia MS. General and Stereocontrolled Approach to the Chemical Synthesis of Naturally Occurring Cyanogenic Glucosides. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:1198-202. [PMID: 26959700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
An effective method for the chemical synthesis of cyanogenic glucosides has been developed as demonstrated by the synthesis of dhurrin, taxiphyllin, prunasin, sambunigrin, heterodendrin, and epiheterodendrin. O-Trimethylsilylated cyanohydrins were prepared and subjected directly to glucosylation using a fully acetylated glucopyranosyl fluoride donor with boron trifluoride-diethyl etherate as promoter to afford a chromatographically separable epimeric mixture of the corresponding acetylated cyanogenic glucosides. The isolated epimers were deprotected using a triflic acid/MeOH/ion-exchange resin system without any epimerization of the cyanohydrin function. The method is stereocontrolled and provides an efficient approach to chemical synthesis of other naturally occurring cyanogenic glucosides including those with a more complex aglycone structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birger L Møller
- Carlsberg Laboratory , 10 Gamle Carlsberg Vej, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
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20
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Petschenka G, Agrawal AA. How herbivores coopt plant defenses: natural selection, specialization, and sequestration. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 14:17-24. [PMID: 27436642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We review progress in understanding sequestration by herbivorous insects, the use of plant chemical defenses for their own defense. We incorporate sequestration into the framework of plant-insect coevolution by integrating three hierarchical issues: (1) the relationship between dietary specialization and sequestration of plant defenses, (2) the physiological mechanisms involved in sequestration, and (3) how sequestration evolves via interactions between trophic levels. Sequestration is often associated with specialization, but even specialized sequestration is not an evolutionary dead-end. Despite considerable progress in understanding physiological mechanisms, detailed knowledge of how plant toxins cross the insect gut epithelium is still largely lacking. Sequestration is likely a major vehicle for coevolutionary escalation in speciose plant-insect-predator interactions, suggesting that a strictly bitrophic view is untenable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Petschenka
- Institut für Insektenbiotechnologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, E425 Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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21
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Erb M, Robert CA. Sequestration of plant secondary metabolites by insect herbivores: molecular mechanisms and ecological consequences. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 14:8-11. [PMID: 27436640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous insect herbivores can take up and store plant toxins as self-defense against their own natural enemies. Plant toxin sequestration is tightly linked with tolerance strategies that keep the toxins functional. Specific transporters have been identified that likely allow the herbivore to control the spatiotemporal dynamics of toxin accumulation. Certain herbivores furthermore possess specific enzymes to boost the bioactivity of the sequestered toxins. Ecologists have studied plant toxin sequestration for decades. The recently uncovered molecular mechanisms in combination with transient, non-transgenic systems to manipulate insect gene expression will help to understand the importance of toxin sequestration for food-web dynamics in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Am Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland.
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22
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Pentzold S, Zagrobelny M, Khakimov B, Engelsen SB, Clausen H, Petersen BL, Borch J, Møller BL, Bak S. Lepidopteran defence droplets - a composite physical and chemical weapon against potential predators. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22407. [PMID: 26940001 PMCID: PMC4778013 DOI: 10.1038/srep22407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects often release noxious substances for their defence. Larvae of Zygaena filipendulae (Lepidoptera) secrete viscous and cyanogenic glucoside-containing droplets, whose effectiveness was associated with their physical and chemical properties. The droplets glued mandibles and legs of potential predators together and immobilised them. Droplets were characterised by a matrix of an aqueous solution of glycine-rich peptides (H-WG11-NH2) with significant amounts of proteins and glucose. Among the proteins, defensive proteins such as protease inhibitors, proteases and oxidases were abundant. The neurotoxin β-cyanoalanine was also found in the droplets. Despite the presence of cyanogenic glucosides, which release toxic hydrogen cyanide after hydrolysis by a specific β-glucosidase, the only β-glucosidase identified in the droplets (ZfBGD1) was inactive against cyanogenic glucosides. Accordingly, droplets did not release hydrogen cyanide, unless they were mixed with specific β-glucosidases present in the Zygaena haemolymph. Droplets secreted onto the cuticle hardened and formed sharp crystalline-like precipitates that may act as mandible abrasives to chewing predators. Hardening followed water evaporation and formation of antiparallel β-sheets of the peptide oligomers. Consequently, after mild irritation, Zygaena larvae deter predators by viscous and hardening droplets that contain defence proteins and β-cyanoalanine. After severe injury, droplets may mix with exuding haemolymph to release hydrogen cyanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pentzold
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and Villum Research Center ‘Plant Plasticity’, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mika Zagrobelny
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and Villum Research Center ‘Plant Plasticity’, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Spectroscopy and Chemometrics, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Balling Engelsen
- Spectroscopy and Chemometrics, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bent Larsen Petersen
- Plant Glycobiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Borch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and Villum Research Center ‘Plant Plasticity’, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and Villum Research Center ‘Plant Plasticity’, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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Pentzold S, Zagrobelny M, Bjarnholt N, Kroymann J, Vogel H, Olsen CE, Møller BL, Bak S. Metabolism, excretion and avoidance of cyanogenic glucosides in insects with different feeding specialisations. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 66:119-28. [PMID: 26483288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanogenic glucosides (CNglcs) are widespread plant defence compounds releasing toxic hydrogen cyanide when hydrolysed by specific β-glucosidases after plant tissue damage. In contrast to specialist herbivores that have mechanisms to avoid toxicity from CNglcs, it is generally assumed that non-adapted herbivores are negatively affected by CNglcs. Recent evidence, however, implies that the defence potential of CNglcs towards herbivores may not be as effective as previously anticipated. Here, performance, metabolism and excretion products of insects not adapted to CNglcs were analysed, including species with different degrees of dietary specialisation (generalists, specialists) and different feeding modes (leaf-snipping lepidopterans, piercing-sucking aphids). Insects were reared either on cyanogenic or acyanogenic plants or on an artificial cyanogenic diet. Lepidopteran generalists (Spodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera exigua, Mamestra brassicae) were compared to lepidopteran glucosinolate-specialists (Pieris rapae, Pieris brassicae, Plutella xylostella), and a generalist aphid (Myzus persicae) was compared to an aphid glucosinolate-specialist (Lipaphis erysimi). All insects were tolerant to cyanogenic plants; in lepidopterans tolerance was mainly due to excretion of intact CNglcs. The two Pieris species furthermore metabolized aromatic CNglcs to amino acid conjugates (Cys, Gly, Ser) and derivatives of these, which is similar to the metabolism of benzylglucosinolates in these species. Aphid species avoided uptake of CNglcs during feeding. Our results imply that non-adapted insects tolerate plant CNglcs either by keeping them intact for excretion, metabolizing them, or avoiding uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pentzold
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mika Zagrobelny
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Nanna Bjarnholt
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Juergen Kroymann
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud/AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France.
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark.
| | - Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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24
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Heidel-Fischer HM, Vogel H. Molecular mechanisms of insect adaptation to plant secondary compounds. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 8:8-14. [PMID: 32846688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
During feeding, herbivorous insects are exposed to an array of plant defensive compounds. In this review, we examine molecular mechanisms of insect adaptation to these toxic metabolites. We discuss both the importance of evolutionary variation of existing detoxification gene families, as well as the evolution of novel mechanisms through gene recruitment, neofunctionalization and horizontal gene transfer. The ability of insects to cope with the chemical diversity of their host plants and the different mechanisms that insects use to resist these toxins open new avenues for understanding fundamental aspects of insect-plant coevolutionary adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Heidel-Fischer
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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25
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Glucosinolate-related glucosides in Alliaria petiolata: sources of variation in the plant and different metabolism in an adapted specialist herbivore, Pieris rapae. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:1063-79. [PMID: 25308480 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Specialized metabolites in plants influence their interactions with other species, including herbivorous insects, which may adapt to tolerate defensive phytochemicals. The chemical arsenal of Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard, Brassicaceae) includes the glucosinolate sinigrin and alliarinoside, a hydroxynitrile glucoside with defensive properties to glucosinolate-adapted specialists. To further our understanding of the chemical ecology of A. petiolata, which is spreading invasively in North America, we investigated the metabolite profile and here report a novel natural product, petiolatamide, which is structurally related to sinigrin. In an extensive study of North American populations of A. petiolata, we demonstrate that genetic population differences as well as developmental regulation contribute to variation in the leaf content of petiolatamide, alliarinoside, sinigrin, and a related glycoside. We furthermore demonstrate widely different metabolic fates of these metabolites after ingestion in the glucosinolate-adapted herbivore Pieris rapae, ranging from simple passage over metabolic conversion to sequestration. The differences in metabolic fate were influenced by plant β-glucosidases, insect-mediated degradation, and the specificity of the larval gut transport system mediating sequestration.
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26
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Fürstenberg-Hägg J, Zagrobelny M, Jørgensen K, Vogel H, Møller BL, Bak S. Chemical defense balanced by sequestration and de novo biosynthesis in a lepidopteran specialist. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108745. [PMID: 25299618 PMCID: PMC4191964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of sequestration (uptake and accumulation) relative to de novo biosynthesis of chemical defense compounds is poorly understood, as is the interplay between these two strategies. The Burnet moth Zygaena filipendulae (Lepidoptera) and its food-plant Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae) poses an exemplary case study of these questions, as Z. filipendulae belongs to the only insect family known to both de novo biosynthesize and sequester the same defense compounds directly from its food-plant. Z. filipendulae and L. corniculatus both contain the two cyanogenic glucosides linamarin and lotaustralin, which are defense compounds that can be hydrolyzed to liberate toxic hydrogen cyanide. The overall amounts and ratios of linamarin and lotaustralin in Z. filipendulae are tightly regulated, and only to a low extent reflect the ratio in the ingested food-plant. We demonstrate that Z. filipendulae adjusts the de novo biosynthesis of CNglcs by regulation at both the transcriptional and protein level depending on food plant composition. Ultimately this ensures that the larva saves energy and nitrogen while maintaining an effective defense system to fend off predators. By using in situ PCR and immunolocalization, the biosynthetic pathway was resolved to the larval fat body and integument, which infers rapid replenishment of defense compounds following an encounter with a predator. Our study supports the hypothesis that de novo biosynthesis of CNglcs in Z. filipendulae preceded the ability to sequester, and facilitated a food-plant switch to cyanogenic plants, after which sequestration could evolve. Preservation of de novo biosynthesis allows fine-tuning of the amount and composition of CNglcs in Z. filipendulae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Fürstenberg-Hägg
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity”, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mika Zagrobelny
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity”, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Jørgensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity”, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity”, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity”, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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27
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Fürstenberg-Hägg J, Zagrobelny M, Olsen CE, Jørgensen K, Møller BL, Bak S. Transcriptional regulation of de novo biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides throughout the life-cycle of the burnet moth Zygaena filipendulae (Lepidoptera). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 49:80-89. [PMID: 24727026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The six-spotted burnet moth Zygaena filipendulae (Lepidoptera) utilize the two cyanogenic glucosides (CNglcs) linamarin and lotaustralin as deterrents against predators throughout the entire life cycle. CNglcs can be hydrolyzed and bioactivated by β-glucosidases, resulting in the release of toxic hydrogen cyanide. CNglcs are retained through metamorphosis, probably involved in mating communication, and transferred during mating from the male to the female as a nuptial gift. CNglcs can be biosynthesized de novo by Z. filipendulae larvae, but may also be sequestered from their food plant Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae). These two strategies are tightly linked and adjusted according to the CNglc content and composition of the food plant in order to balance CNglc homeostasis in the larva. In this study, the amounts of CNglcs and transcript levels of the biosynthetic genes were monitored in all life-stages and tissues of Z. filipendulae. During pupation, transcription of the biosynthetic genes is turned off and the CNglc content slowly declines. In females but not males, transcription of the biosynthetic genes is re-activated at the end of pupation. Eggs and embryos do not biosynthesize CNglcs de novo, but are endowed with CNglcs following eclosion of the female. Similarly to larvae, de novo biosynthesis in female adults takes place in the integument from which CNglcs are then transported to other organs. This study demonstrates that Z. filipendulae has evolved the ability to adjust the production of CNglcs throughout its life-cycle for optimal utilization in defense and possibly other metabolic functions, while at the same time avoiding intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Fürstenberg-Hägg
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mika Zagrobelny
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Jørgensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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28
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Pentzold S, Zagrobelny M, Roelsgaard PS, Møller BL, Bak S. The multiple strategies of an insect herbivore to overcome plant cyanogenic glucoside defence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91337. [PMID: 24625698 PMCID: PMC3953384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanogenic glucosides (CNglcs) are widespread plant defence compounds that release toxic hydrogen cyanide by plant β-glucosidase activity after tissue damage. Specialised insect herbivores have evolved counter strategies and some sequester CNglcs, but the underlying mechanisms to keep CNglcs intact during feeding and digestion are unknown. We show that CNglc-sequestering Zygaena filipendulae larvae combine behavioural, morphological, physiological and biochemical strategies at different time points during feeding and digestion to avoid toxic hydrolysis of the CNglcs present in their Lotus food plant, i.e. cyanogenesis. We found that a high feeding rate limits the time for plant β-glucosidases to hydrolyse CNglcs. Larvae performed leaf-snipping, a minimal disruptive feeding mode that prevents mixing of plant β-glucosidases and CNglcs. Saliva extracts did not inhibit plant cyanogenesis. However, a highly alkaline midgut lumen inhibited the activity of ingested plant β-glucosidases significantly. Moreover, insect β-glucosidases from the saliva and gut tissue did not hydrolyse the CNglcs present in Lotus. The strategies disclosed may also be used by other insect species to overcome CNglc-based plant defence and to sequester these compounds intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pentzold
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and Villum research center ‘Plant Plasticity’, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mika Zagrobelny
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and Villum research center ‘Plant Plasticity’, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Sølvhøj Roelsgaard
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and Villum research center ‘Plant Plasticity’, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and Villum research center ‘Plant Plasticity’, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and Villum research center ‘Plant Plasticity’, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Gleadow RM, Møller BL. Cyanogenic glycosides: synthesis, physiology, and phenotypic plasticity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 65:155-85. [PMID: 24579992 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyanogenic glycosides (CNglcs) are bioactive plant products derived from amino acids. Structurally, these specialized plant compounds are characterized as α-hydroxynitriles (cyanohydrins) that are stabilized by glucosylation. In recent years, improved tools within analytical chemistry have greatly increased the number of known CNglcs by enabling the discovery of less abundant CNglcs formed by additional hydroxylation, glycosylation, and acylation reactions. Cyanogenesis--the release of toxic hydrogen cyanide from endogenous CNglcs--is an effective defense against generalist herbivores but less effective against fungal pathogens. In the course of evolution, CNglcs have acquired additional roles to improve plant plasticity, i.e., establishment, robustness, and viability in response to environmental challenges. CNglc concentration is usually higher in young plants, when nitrogen is in ready supply, or when growth is constrained by nonoptimal growth conditions. Efforts are under way to engineer CNglcs into some crops as a pest control measure, whereas in other crops efforts are directed toward their removal to improve food safety. Given that many food crops are cyanogenic, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms regulating cyanogenesis so that the impact of future environmental challenges can be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn M Gleadow
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 3800 Victoria, Australia;
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