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Jurenka R. Fatty Acid Origin of Insect Pheromones. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38874890 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Pheromones are utilized to a great extent in insects. Many of these pheromones are biosynthesized through a pathway involving fatty acids. This chapter will provide examples where the biosynthetic pathways of fatty acid-derived pheromones have been studied in detail. These include pheromones from Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. Many species of Lepidoptera utilize fatty acids as precursors to pheromones with a functional group that include aldehydes, alcohols, and acetate esters. In addition, the biosynthesis of hydrocarbons will be briefly examined because many insects utilize hydrocarbons or modified hydrocarbons as pheromones.
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Zhou X, Yuan H, Ye N, Rong C, Li Y, Jiang X, Cao H, Huang Y. CYP4G subfamily genes mediate larval integument development in Spodoptera frugiperda. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2024:toae115. [PMID: 38783401 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4G subfamily is closely related to the synthesis of cuticular hydrocarbons, leading to the enhanced desiccation and insecticide resistance of pests. However, functions of CYP4Gs in larval integument development remain unknown in Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is a major transboundary migratory pest and become a common pest in China. On the basis of the genome and transcriptome datasets of S. frugiperda, CYP4G74, CYP4G75, CYP4G108, and CYP4G109 were identified, which contained the conserved domains of P450s and CYP4Gs. The spatial and temporal expression analysis showed that CYP4G74 and CYP4G75 were significantly highly expressed in adults and larval integuments, while CYP4G108 and CYP4G109 had low expressions in larval integuments. After silencing CYP4G74 and CYP4G75 by RNA interference, abnormal integument development occurred in larvae, some of which became smaller and dead, indicating important roles of CYP4G74 and CYP4G75 in the synthesis and development of integuments. The results clarify the functions of CYP4Gs in S. frugiperda and provide potential targets for the control of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Biosafety (Ministry of Education), Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Biosafety (Ministry of Education), Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Nuojun Ye
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Changfeng Rong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yiyu Li
- Institute of New Rural Development, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xingchuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Biosafety (Ministry of Education), Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Haiqun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Biosafety (Ministry of Education), Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Biosafety (Ministry of Education), Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Wang T, Liu X, Luo Z, Cai X, Li Z, Bian L, Xiu C, Chen Z, Li Q, Fu N. Transcriptome-Wide Identification of Cytochrome P450s in Tea Black Tussock Moth ( Dasychira baibarana) and Candidate Genes Involved in Type-II Sex Pheromone Biosynthesis. INSECTS 2024; 15:139. [PMID: 38392558 PMCID: PMC10889520 DOI: 10.3390/insects15020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The tea black tussock moth (Dasychira baibarana), a devastating pest in Chinese tea plantations, uses a ternary Type-II pheromone blend containing (3Z,6Z)-cis-9,10-epoxyhenicosa-3,6-diene (Z3,Z6,epo9-21:H), (3Z,6Z,11E)-cis-9,10-epoxyhenicosa-3,6,11-triene (Z3,Z6,epo9,E11-21:H), and (3Z,6Z)-henicosa-3,6-dien-11-one (Z3,Z6-21:11-one) for mate communication. To elucidate the P450 candidates associated with the biosynthesis of these sex pheromone components, we sequenced the female D. baibarana pheromone gland and the abdomen excluding the pheromone gland. A total of 75 DbP450s were identified. Function annotation suggested six CYPs were orthologous genes that are linked to molting hormone metabolism, and eight antennae specifically and significantly up-regulated CYPs may play roles in odorant processing. Based on a combination of comparative RNAseq, phylogenetic, and tissue expression pattern analysis, one CYP4G with abdomen specifically predominant expression pattern was likely to be the P450 decarbonylase, while the pheromone-gland specifically and most abundant CYP341B65 was the most promising epoxidase candidate for the D. baibarana sex pheromone biosynthesis. Collectively, our research laid a valuable basis not only for further functional elucidation of the candidate P450 decarbonylase and epoxidase for the sex pheromone biosynthesis but also for understanding the physiological functions and functional diversity of the CYP gene superfamily in the D. baibarana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiekuang Wang
- Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xufei Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Zongxiu Luo
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xiaoming Cai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Zhaoqun Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Lei Bian
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Chunli Xiu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Zongmao Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Qiurong Li
- Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Nanxia Fu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
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Wang H, Xia B, Wang H, Wan B, Zhong L, Xin T. Fatty Acid Elongase Gene PcELO7 is Essential for Lipid Accumulation and Fecundity of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2100-2108. [PMID: 38240608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) has been proposed as a promising strategy for sustainable and ecofriendly pest control. The insect cuticle lipids were deposited on the body surface and functioned as a defense against chemical xenobiotics. They consisted of aliphatic compounds, including free fatty acids (FFAs). However, elongase of very long chain fatty acids (ELOs) is essential for FFA biosynthesis; the function of ELO is still unknown in many arthropods, including Panonychus citri (P. citri). In this study, three ELOs were cloned. Developmental-specific mRNA expression results revealed that three PcELOs were highly expressed in egg and adult females. Whereas PcELO7 was dominantly expressed in adult females. Under spirobudiclofen stress, ELOs mRNA expression had different changes, and PcELO7 was down-regulated. The silencing of PcELO7 resulted in a dramatic reduction of oviposition and hatchability. Significant reduction of FFA contents was also examined within PcELO7-repressed P. citri. In addition, we found that PcELO7 mRNA levels were related to fecundity and could affect triacylglycerol (TG) contents. The findings demonstrated that the introduction of dsPcELO7 via oral feeding induced the RNA interference-mediated silencing of a special target gene and could result in mortality and reproduction. In conclusion, PcELO7 is a special RNAi target for P. citri control, and its lethal mechanism might be disturbing lipids biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Bin Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhong
- Development & Service Center for Agriculture and Rural Industry of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330096, P. R. China
| | - Tianrong Xin
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
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Kefi M, Konstantinos P, Balabanidou V, Sarafoglou C, Tsakireli D, Douris V, Monastirioti M, Maréchal JD, Feyereisen R, Vontas J. Insights into unique features of Drosophila CYP4G enzymes. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 164:104041. [PMID: 38008364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzymes of the CYP4G subfamily are some of the most intriguing insect P450s in terms of structure and function. In Drosophila, CYP4G1 is highly expressed in the oenocytes and is the last enzyme in the biosynthesis of cuticular hydrocarbons, while CYP4G15 is expressed in the brain and is of unknown function. Both proteins have a CYP4G-specific and characteristic amino acid sequence insertion corresponding to a loop between the G and H helices whose function is unclear. Here we address these enigmatic structural and functional features of Drosophila CYP4Gs. First, we used reverse genetics to generate D. melanogaster strains in which all or part of the CYP4G-specific loop was removed from CYP4G1. We showed that the full loop was not needed for proper folding of the P450, but it is essential for function, and that just a short stretch of six amino acids is required for the enzyme's ability to make hydrocarbons. Second, we confirmed by immunocytochemistry that CYP4G15 is expressed in the brain and showed that it is specifically associated with the cortex glia cell subtype. We then expressed CYP4G15 ectopically in oenocytes, revealing that it can produce of a blend of hydrocarbons, albeit to quantitatively lower levels resulting in only a partial rescue of CYP4G1 knockdown flies. The CYP4G1 structural variants studied here should facilitate the biochemical characterization of CYP4G enzymes. Our results also raise the question of the putative role of hydrocarbons and their synthesis by cortex glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kefi
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Parasyris Konstantinos
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vasileia Balabanidou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Chara Sarafoglou
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitra Tsakireli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Greece; Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Douris
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece; Biomedical Research Institute (BRI), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), University Campus, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria Monastirioti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C.n., Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - René Feyereisen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Greece; Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece.
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6
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Moyano A, Croce AC, Scolari F. Pathogen-Mediated Alterations of Insect Chemical Communication: From Pheromones to Behavior. Pathogens 2023; 12:1350. [PMID: 38003813 PMCID: PMC10675518 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens can influence the physiology and behavior of both animal and plant hosts in a manner that promotes their own transmission and dispersal. Recent research focusing on insects has revealed that these manipulations can extend to the production of pheromones, which are pivotal in chemical communication. This review provides an overview of the current state of research and available data concerning the impacts of bacterial, viral, fungal, and eukaryotic pathogens on chemical communication across different insect orders. While our understanding of the influence of pathogenic bacteria on host chemical profiles is still limited, viral infections have been shown to induce behavioral changes in the host, such as altered pheromone production, olfaction, and locomotion. Entomopathogenic fungi affect host chemical communication by manipulating cuticular hydrocarbons and pheromone production, while various eukaryotic parasites have been observed to influence insect behavior by affecting the production of pheromones and other chemical cues. The effects induced by these infections are explored in the context of the evolutionary advantages they confer to the pathogen. The molecular mechanisms governing the observed pathogen-mediated behavioral changes, as well as the dynamic and mutually influential relationships between the pathogen and its host, are still poorly understood. A deeper comprehension of these mechanisms will prove invaluable in identifying novel targets in the perspective of practical applications aimed at controlling detrimental insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Moyano
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.C.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Cleta Croce
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.C.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Scolari
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.M.); (A.C.C.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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Cheng JY, Yu PH, Xia X, Zhang R, Wang LH, Fang JC, Hoffmann AA, Luo GH. Identification of a fatty acid synthase gene (FAS1) from Laodelphax striatellus planthoppers contributing to fecundity. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:599-610. [PMID: 36308064 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a multifunctional enzyme that plays an important role in the formation of fatty acids. The fatty acids take part in many processes, such as cell signaling and energy metabolism, and in insects they are important in both cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) formation and reproduction. Here we characterized the sequence structure and function of an FAS from the small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus. The full-length open reading frame (ORF) sequence of LsFAS1 was 7122 bp, encoding a predicted protein of 2373 amino acid residues. There were 7 functional domains in the LsFAS1 protein sequence. Gene expression screening by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) showed that LsFAS1 was expressed in all developmental stages. Relative expression was highest at the 4th-instar and female adult stages. Among different tissues, the expression level of LsFAS1 in the ovary was the highest. Phylogenetic analysis showed that LsFAS1 clustered in a clade with 2 FASs from Nilaparvata lugens. Furthermore, these 3 FASs are related to cockroach BgFAS and locust LmFAS. After RNA interference-mediated knock-down, most treated insects died at eclosion. In addition, the lifespan of dsFAS1-treated female adults was shorter than that of the dsGFP-injected control, and offspring production decreased. Also, the expression of vitellogenin (Vg) and vitellogenin receptor (VgR) genes decreased. Virgin females dissected at days 2 and 4 post-eclosion showed many matured oocytes in planthoppers treated with dsGFP but not with dsFAS1. These data highlight the importance of LsFAS1 in SBPH, including a role in reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yan Cheng
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei-Han Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Xia
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Hua Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji-Chao Fang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guang-Hua Luo
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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Jing TX, Yuan CY, Meng LW, Hou QL, Liu XQ, Dou W, Yuan GR, Wang JJ. CYP4G100 contributes to desiccation resistance by mediating cuticular hydrocarbon synthesis in Bactrocera dorsalis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:772-781. [PMID: 35860987 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is expanding its distribution to higher latitudes. Our goal in this study was to understand how B. dorsalis adapts to higher latitude environments that are more arid than tropical regions. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) on the surface of the epicuticle in insects act as a hydrophobic barrier against water loss. The essential decarbonylation reaction in CHC synthesis is catalysed by CYP4G, a cytochrome P450 subfamily protein. Hence, in B. dorsalis it is necessary to clarify the function of the CYP4G gene and its role in desiccation resistance. CYP4G100 was identified in the B. dorsalis genome. The complete open reading frame (ORF) encodes a CYP4 family protein (552 amino acid residues) that has the CYP4G-specific insertion. This CYP4G gene was highly expressed in adults, especially in the oenocyte-rich peripheral fat body. The gene can be induced by desiccation treatment, suggesting its role in CHC synthesis and waterproofing. Silencing of CYP4G100 resulted in a decrease of CHC levels and the accumulation of triglycerides. It also increased water loss and resulted in higher desiccation susceptibility. CYP4G100 is involved in hydrocarbon synthesis and contributes to cuticle waterproofing to help B. dorsalis resist desiccation in arid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xing Jing
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Yang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Wei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu-Li Hou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Rui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Zhang X, Shi Z, Yang CQ, Li J, Liu J, Zhang AB. Gut transcriptome analysis of P450 genes and cytochrome P450 reductase in three moth species feeding on gymnosperms or angiosperms. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.948043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s, CYPs) are a superfamily of heme–thiolate proteins involved in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substances in insects. In this study, the identification of putative P450 proteins was done and the elimination of the repeated sequences resulted in 57 proteins from Gastropacha populifolia, 63 proteins from Dendrolimus punctatus, and 53 proteins from Dendrolimus tabulaeformis. The putative P450 proteins were aligned together with seven other insect species based on five conserved domains. A total of ten co-orthologous groups were identified. Interestingly, one co-orthologous gene, CYP4g15 in CYP4 clan, was identified and its 3D structure analysis showed that the highly conserved sites of the predicted motifs were close to the active sites of P450. Furthermore, this study revealed that insect CYP4g15 and two bacteria cytochrome P450 were monophyletic. This suggests that insects CYP4g15 are not only functionally conserved but also an ancient gene originating from different bacteria species.
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10
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Qiao JW, Fan YL, Wu BJ, Bai TT, Wang YH, Zhang ZF, Wang D, Liu TX. Downregulation of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase via RNA interference increases the susceptibility of Acyrthosiphon pisum to desiccation and insecticides. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1105-1119. [PMID: 34723412 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is involved in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substances, and detoxification of insecticides. RNA interference (RNAi) of CPR in certain insects causes developmental defects and enhanced susceptibility to insecticides. However, the CPR of Acyrthosiphon pisum has not been characterized, and its function is still not understood. In this study, we investigated the biochemical functions of A. pisum CPR (ApCPR). ApCPR was found to be transcribed in all developmental stages and was abundant in the embryo stage, and in the gut, head, and abdominal cuticle. After optimizing the dose and silencing duration of RNAi for downregulating ApCPR, we found that ApCPR suppression resulted in a significant decrease in the production of cuticular and internal hydrocarbon contents, and of cuticular waxy coatings. Deficiency in cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) decreased the survival rate of A. pisum under desiccation stress and increased its susceptibility to contact insecticides. Moreover, desiccation stress induced a significant increase in ApCPR mRNA levels. We further confirmed that ApCPR participates in CHC production. These results indicate that ApCPR modulates CHC production, desiccation tolerance, and insecticide susceptibility in A. pisum, and presents a novel target for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bing-Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tian-Tian Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ying-Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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11
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Chiu CC, Bohlmann J. Mountain Pine Beetle Epidemic: An Interplay of Terpenoids in Host Defense and Insect Pheromones. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:475-494. [PMID: 35130442 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070921-103617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The mountain pine beetle epidemic has highlighted the complex interactions of bark beetles with conifer host defenses. In these interactions, oleoresin terpenoids and volatiles, produced and released by the host tree, can be both harmful and beneficial to the beetle's success in colonizing a tree and completing its life cycle. The insect spends almost its entire life, from egg to adult, within the bark and phloem of a pine host, exposed to large quantities of complex mixtures of oleoresin terpenoids. Conifer oleoresin comprises mostly monoterpenes and diterpene resin acids as well as many different sesquiterpenes. It functions as a major chemical and physical defense system. However, the insect has evolved host colonization behavior and enzymes for terpenoid metabolism and detoxification that allow it to overcome some of the terpenoid defenses and, importantly, to co-opt pine monoterpenes as cues for host search and as a precursor for its own pheromone system. The insect-associated microbiome also plays a role in the metabolism of conifer terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Chiu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;
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12
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Wang ZC, Peng LY, Cheng X, Yang RR, Li DT, Zhang CX, Bao YY. A CYP380C10 gene is required for waterproofing and water retention in the insect integument. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 138:104380. [PMID: 35304132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are important components in the integument of insects and are required for development and survival. Insect-specific CYP4G subfamily, of the P450 enzymes, catalyze the oxidative decarbonylation step in the biosynthesis of CHCs. Here, we characterized CYP380C10 gene function in a Hemiptera rice pest, Nilaparvata lugens. We used RNA interference-mediated expression silencing to reveal that NlCYP380C10 played a key role in waterproofing and water-retention in the integument of N. lugens. Knockdown of NlCYP380C10 significantly reduced body weight and caused mortality. Scanning electron microscopy showed the loss of the lipid layer on the surface of the abdominal cuticle of the dsNlCYP380C10-injected adults. Furthermore, CHC profile analysis revealed that NlCYP380C10 knockdown significantly decreased the amounts of CHCs in adult females. This suggested that NlCYP380C10 was involved in CHC biosynthesis. Reduction of CHC content caused the loss of the intact lipid layer of the cuticle, which resulted in loss of the waterproofing and water-retention functions. This led to failure of molting and eclosion. Our findings expanded the knowledge of CHC biosynthesis in the insect integument and led to a better understanding of the functional roles of CYP450 genes involved in waterproofing and water-retention in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Chao Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu-Yao Peng
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Rui Yang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Ting Li
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yan-Yuan Bao
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
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13
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Dulbecco AB, Calderón-Fernández GM, Pedrini N. Cytochrome P450 Genes of the CYP4 Clan and Pyrethroid Resistance in Chagas Disease Vectors. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.823093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatomine insects are vectors of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. Although residual pyrethroid spraying has been a successful vector control strategy for many years, a growing number of pyrethroid-resistance foci is being documented, mainly in Triatoma infestans, that led to failures in vector elimination. Insecticide resistance is a multifactorial phenomenon that often implies a combination of three different mechanisms: increased insecticide detoxification, reduced affinity of the site of action, and reduced insecticide penetration through the cuticle. All three mechanisms were reported in pyrethroid-resistant T. infestans. Cytochrome P450s are enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous chemicals. They are encoded by CYP genes and classified into different families and clans. In triatomines, the CYP4 clan is divided in two families, CYP3093 and CYP4, and both exhibit genome-wide, triatomine-specific gene expansions. Some members from each family have been reported to be involved in two of the mechanisms mentioned above, i.e., they participate in insecticide detoxification in different organs and tissues, and in the synthesis of cuticular hydrocarbons, which ultimately can contribute to a reduced insecticide penetration. The aim of this manuscript is to review the current state of knowledge of P450 genes belonging to the CYP4 clan in triatomines and to highlight their potential role in insecticide resistance.
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14
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Torres-Banda V, Obregón-Molina G, Viridiana Soto-Robles L, Albores-Medina A, Fernanda López M, Zúñiga G. Gut transcriptome of two bark beetle species stimulated with the same kairomones reveals molecular differences in detoxification pathways. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:3080-3095. [PMID: 35782727 PMCID: PMC9233182 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendroctonus bark beetles are the most destructive agents in coniferous forests. These beetles come into contact with the toxic compounds of their host's chemical defenses throughout their life cycle, some of which are also used by the insects as kairomones to select their host trees during the colonization process. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which the insects counteract the toxicity of these compounds. Here, two sibling species of bark beetles, D. valens and D. rhizophagus, were stimulated with vapors of a blend of their main kairomones (α-pinene, β-pinene and 3-carene), in order to compare the transcriptional response of their gut. A total of 48 180 unigenes were identified in D. valens and 43 704 in D. rhizophagus, in response to kairomones blend. The analysis of differential gene expression showed a transcriptional response in D. valens (739 unigenes, 0.58–10.36 Log2FC) related to digestive process and in D. rhizophagus (322 unigenes 0.87–13.08 Log2FC) related to xenobiotics metabolism. The expression profiles of detoxification genes mainly evidenced the up-regulation of COEs and GSTs in D. valens, and the up-regulation of P450s in D. rhizophagus. Results suggest that terpenes metabolism comes accompanied by an integral hormetic response, result of compensatory mechanisms, including the activation of other metabolic pathways, to ensure the supply of energy and the survival of organisms which is specific for each species, according to its life history and ecological strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Torres-Banda
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, CP 11340, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Obregón-Molina
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, CP 11340, Mexico
| | - L. Viridiana Soto-Robles
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, CP 11340, Mexico
| | - Arnulfo Albores-Medina
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City, CP 07360, Mexico
| | - María Fernanda López
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, CP 11340, Mexico
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Gerardo Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, CP 11340, Mexico
- Corresponding authors.
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15
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Xin Y, Chen N, Wang Y, Ni R, Zhao H, Yang P, Li M, Qiu X. CYP4G8 is responsible for the synthesis of methyl-branched hydrocarbons in the polyphagous caterpillar of Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 140:103701. [PMID: 34890799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) have dual functions as physical barrier and chemical signals. The last step of CHC biosynthesis is known to be catalyzed by cytochrome P450 CYP4G in a number of insects. Until recently, studies on CYP4Gs in the context of functional evolution are rare. In this study, we analyzed sequence similarity and temporal-spatial expression patterns of the five CYP4G genes in the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, an important agricultural pest and also typical representative of lepidopteran insects. Moreover, the CRISPR/Cas9-induced knockout was used to clarify the roles of the five CYP4Gs in CHC biosynthesis. Temporal-spatial expression patterns revealed that CYP4G8 was highly expressed at all developmental stages and in most tissues examined. Larvae with CYP4G8 knocked out could not produce methyl-branched CHCs and failed to pupate, while larvae with the other four CYP4G genes knocked out (4G1-type-KO) showed no significant changes in their CHC profiles, weight gain and survival. Comparative transcriptomics revealed that knocking out CYP4G8 affected the global gene expression in larvae, especially down-regulated the expression of genes in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, while no significant change in 4G1-type-KO transcriptome was observed. These findings indicate that the five members of the CYP4G subfamily have undergone functional divergence: CYP4G8 maintains the essential function in CHC biosynthesis, while the function of the other four CYP4G genes remains unclear. Intriguingly, CYP4G8 has evolved to be a P450 enzyme responsible for the synthesis of larval methyl-branched hydrocarbons. The observation that CYP4G8 knockout is lethal strongly suggest that CYP4G8 may serve as a candidate target for the development of insecticidal agents for the control of cotton bollworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruoyao Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongrui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Peiqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xinghui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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16
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Ramakrishnan R, Hradecký J, Roy A, Kalinová B, Mendezes RC, Synek J, Bláha J, Svatoš A, Jirošová A. Metabolomics and transcriptomics of pheromone biosynthesis in an aggressive forest pest Ips typographus. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 140:103680. [PMID: 34808354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Eurasian spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, is a destructive pest in spruce forests. The ability of I. typographus to colonise host trees depends on its massive aggregation behaviour mediated by aggregation pheromones, consisting of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and cis-verbenol. Other biologically active compounds such as ipsdienol and verbenone have also been detected in the beetle. Biosynthesis of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and ipsdienol de novo from mevalonate and that of cis-verbenol from α-pinene sequestrated from the host have been reported in preliminary studies. However, knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying pheromone biosynthesis in this pest is currently limited. In this study, we performed metabolomic and differential gene expression (DGE) analysis for the pheromone-producing life stages of I. typographus. The highest amounts of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (238 ng/gut) and cis-verbenol (23 ng/gut) were found in the fed male gut (colonisation stage) and the immature male gut (early stage), respectively. We also determined the amount of verbenyl oleate (the possible storage form of cis-verbenol), a monoterpenyl fatty acid ester, to be approximately 1604 ng/mg in the immature stage in the beetle body. DGE analysis revealed possible candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of the quantified pheromones and related compounds. A novel hemiterpene-synthesising candidate isoprenyl-di-phosphate synthase Ityp09271 gene proposed for 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol synthesis was found to be highly expressed only in the fed male beetle gut. Putative cytochrome P450 genes involved in cis/trans-verbenol synthesis and an esterase gene Ityp11977, which could regulate verbenyl oleate synthesis, were identified in the immature male gut. Our findings from the molecular analysis of pheromone-producing gene families are the first such results reported for I. typographus. With further characterisation of the identified genes, we can develop novel strategies to disrupt the aggregation behaviour of I. typographus and thereby prevent vegetation loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarajan Ramakrishnan
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Hradecký
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Amit Roy
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Kalinová
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rya C Mendezes
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jiri Synek
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Bláha
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Jirošová
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic.
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17
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Modulation of fatty acid elongation in cockroaches sustains sexually dimorphic hydrocarbons and female attractiveness. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001330. [PMID: 34314414 PMCID: PMC8315507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) serve as important intersexual signaling chemicals and generally show variation between the sexes, but little is known about the generation of sexually dimorphic hydrocarbons (SDHCs) in insects. In this study, we report the molecular mechanism and biological significance that underlie the generation of SDHC in the German cockroach Blattella germanica. Sexually mature females possess more C29 CHCs, especially the contact sex pheromone precursor 3,11-DimeC29. RNA interference (RNAi) screen against the fatty acid elongase family members combined with heterologous expression of the genes in yeast revealed that both BgElo12 and BgElo24 were involved in hydrocarbon (HC) production, but BgElo24 is of wide catalytic activities and is able to provide substrates for BgElo12, and only the female-enriched BgElo12 is responsible for sustaining female-specific HC profile. Repressing BgElo12 masculinized the female CHC profile, decreased contact sex pheromone level, and consequently reduced the sexual attractiveness of female cockroaches. Moreover, the asymmetric expression of BgElo12 between the sexes is modulated by sex differentiation cascade. Specifically, male-specific BgDsx represses the transcription of BgElo12 in males, while BgTra is able to remove this effect in females. Our study reveals a novel molecular mechanism responsible for the formation of SDHCs and also provide evidences on shaping of the SDHCs by sexual selection, as females use them to generate high levels of contact sex pheromone. Sexual dimorphism of body waxes is prevalent in insects; this study reveals that the sex-differentiation pathway regulates fatty acid elongation, ensuring production of the sexually dimorphic cuticular hydrocarbons needed for high levels of sex pheromone and sexual attractiveness in female cockroaches.
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18
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Dulbecco AB, Moriconi DE, Pedrini N. Knockdown of CYP4PR1, a cytochrome P450 gene highly expressed in the integument tissue of Triatoma infestans, increases susceptibility to deltamethrin in pyrethroid-resistant insects. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 173:104781. [PMID: 33771260 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic resistance to chemical insecticides implies a greater capacity to detoxify insecticides due to an increase in the expression of genes and/or in the activity of enzymes related to detoxification metabolism. The insect integument is known to participate as the cuticular penetration factor of resistance, but recently this tissue was also linked with metabolic resistance due to P450-dependent detoxification in the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans. The objectives of this study were i) to name and classify all P450s known to date in T. infestans, ii) to characterise one of them, CYP4PR1, representing the first member of a new cytochrome P450 subfamily described in insects, and iii) to investigate the potential role of CYP4PR1 in metabolic resistance to deltamethrin in T. infestans. We found that CYP4PR1 is expressed almost exclusively in the integument tissue, and its expression was not induced by deltamethrin. Knockdown of CYP4PR1 by RNA interference in pyrethroid-resistant nymphs caused a significant increment in insect mortality after topical application of two different doses of deltamethrin. These results support the role of the integument on metabolic resistance and suggest that CYP4PR1 might contribute to resistance in integument tissue of T. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Dulbecco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Débora E Moriconi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina.
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19
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Holze H, Schrader L, Buellesbach J. Advances in deciphering the genetic basis of insect cuticular hydrocarbon biosynthesis and variation. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 126:219-234. [PMID: 33139902 PMCID: PMC8027674 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-00380-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) have two fundamental functions in insects. They protect terrestrial insects against desiccation and serve as signaling molecules in a wide variety of chemical communication systems. It has been hypothesized that these pivotal dual traits for adaptation to both desiccation and signaling have contributed to the considerable evolutionary success of insects. CHCs have been extensively studied concerning their variation, behavioral impact, physiological properties, and chemical compositions. However, our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of CHC biosynthesis has remained limited and mostly biased towards one particular model organism (Drosophila). This rather narrow focus has hampered the establishment of a comprehensive view of CHC genetics across wider phylogenetic boundaries. This review attempts to integrate new insights and recent knowledge gained in the genetics of CHC biosynthesis, which is just beginning to incorporate work on more insect taxa beyond Drosophila. It is intended to provide a stepping stone towards a wider and more general understanding of the genetic mechanisms that gave rise to the astonishing diversity of CHC compounds across different insect taxa. Further research in this field is encouraged to aim at better discriminating conserved versus taxon-specific genetic elements underlying CHC variation. This will be instrumental in greatly expanding our knowledge of the origins and variation of genes governing the biosynthesis of these crucial phenotypic traits that have greatly impacted insect behavior, physiology, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta Holze
- Molecular Evolution and Sociobiology Group, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, DE-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lukas Schrader
- Molecular Evolution and Sociobiology Group, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, DE-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Buellesbach
- Molecular Evolution and Sociobiology Group, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, DE-48149, Münster, Germany.
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California-Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114, USA.
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20
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Blomquist GJ, Ginzel MD. Chemical Ecology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology of Insect Hydrocarbons. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 66:45-60. [PMID: 33417824 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-031620-071754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) consist of complex mixtures of straight-chain alkanes and alkenes, and methyl-branched hydrocarbons. In addition to restricting water loss through the cuticle and preventing desiccation, they have secondarily evolved to serve a variety of functions in chemical communication and play critical roles as signals mediating the life histories of insects. In this review, we describe the physical properties of CHCs that allow for both waterproofing and signaling functions, summarize their roles as inter- and intraspecific chemical signals, and discuss the influences of diet and environment on CHC profiles. We also present advances in our understanding of hydrocarbon biosynthesis. Hydrocarbons are biosynthesized in oenocytes and transported to the cuticle by lipophorin proteins. Recent work on the synthesis of fatty acids and their ultimate reductive decarbonylation to hydrocarbons has taken advantage of powerful new tools of molecular biology, including genomics and RNA interference knockdown of specific genes, to provide new insights into the biosynthesis of hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Blomquist
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA;
| | - Matthew D Ginzel
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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21
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Huang Y, Yin H, Zhu Z, Jiang X, Li X, Dong Y, Sheng C, Liao M, Cao H. Expression and functional analysis of cytochrome P450 genes in the integument of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:577-587. [PMID: 32816378 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mythimna separata is a devastating agricultural pest that has recently developed insecticide resistance. Integument-specific cytochrome P450s were reported to participate in cuticle formation and could be potential targets for pesticide synthesis. RESULTS The transcriptome of integuments of M. separata larvae was constructed, generating a total of 38 058 unigenes with an average length of 1243 bp. These unigenes are enriched in functional categories such as lipid transport and metabolism, and secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism. Amongst unigenes, cytochrome P450s were identified and 66 unique P450s with complete open reading frames were named. These P450s were divided into 17 families and 32 subfamilies, containing conserved motifs such as helix C, helix I, helix K, and the heme-binding region. RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR analyses showed different expression levels of P450s in integuments of M. separata larvae. Further RT-qPCR analysis of P450s among different tissues showed that five P450s, especially CYP4G199, were specifically highly expressed in integuments. Moreover, knockdown of CYP4G199 disturbed cuticle formation, leading to imperfection in larval cuticle, and prevented pupation of M. separata. CONCLUSION Transcriptome of larval integuments provided sequence and expression of genes in M. separata. CYP4G199 is specifically highly expressed in larval integuments and is important for cuticle formation in M. separata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongqin Yin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zeng Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xingchuan Jiang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiuxia Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongcheng Dong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chengwang Sheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Liao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Haiqun Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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22
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Wu L, Zhang ZF, Yu Z, Yu R, Ma E, Fan YL, Liu TX, Feyereisen R, Zhu KY, Zhang J. Both LmCYP4G genes function in decreasing cuticular penetration of insecticides in Locusta migratoria. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3541-3550. [PMID: 32419293 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) have a critical role in preventing desiccation and penetration of xenobiotics in insects. Previous studies have shown that cytochrome P450 subfamily 4G (CYP4G) enzymes are oxidative decarbonylases, essential for CHC biosynthesis. However, it is unclear whether there are functional differences between the two CYP4G genes in most insects. In Locusta migratoria, we identified two CYP4G genes (LmCYP4G62 and LmCYP4G102). LmCYP4G102 plays a critical role in the synthesis of CHCs, but the function of LmCYP4G62 is unknown. RESULTS We identified, characterized, and compared two LmCYP4G genes, based on L. migratoria transcriptomic and genomic databases. RT-qPCR showed that both were highly expressed in tissues with which oenocytes are associated, the integument and fat body. Immunostaining indicated that LmCYP4G62 and LmCYP4G102 were highly abundant in oenocytes in these tissues. However, the two enzymes had a different subcellular distribution, with LmCYP4G62 localized on the plasma membrane and LmCYP4G102 dispersed throughout the oenocyte cytoplasm, presumably on the endoplasmic reticulum. RNA interference-mediated gene silencing against each of the two genes resulted in reduced CHC contents, in all classes for LmCYP4G102, but mostly shorter chain CHCs for LmCYP4G62. Silencing of both genes resulted in increased insecticide penetration through the cuticle, and increased locust susceptibility to desiccation and insecticides. CONCLUSION Our studies suggest that both LmCYP4G62 and LmCYP4G102 contribute to hydrocarbon biosynthesis and play key roles in protecting locusts from water loss and insecticide penetration, but they are not fully redundant. Further, the two LmCYP4G genes might be used as new targets for insect pest management. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Wu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhitao Yu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Rongrong Yu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Enbo Ma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen1017, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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23
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Dulbecco AB, Moriconi DE, Lynn S, McCarthy A, Juárez MP, Girotti JR, Calderón-Fernández GM. Deciphering the role of Rhodnius prolixus CYP4G genes in straight and methyl-branched hydrocarbon formation and in desiccation tolerance. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 29:431-443. [PMID: 32484986 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insect cuticle hydrocarbons are involved primarily in waterproofing the cuticle, but also participate in chemical communication and regulate the penetration of insecticides and microorganisms. The last step in insect hydrocarbon biosynthesis is carried out by an insect-specific cytochrome P450 of the 4G subfamily (CYP4G). Two genes (CYP4G106 and CYP4G107) have been reported in the triatomines Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans. In this work, their molecular and functional characterization is carried out in R. prolixus, and their relevance to insect survival is assessed. Both genes are expressed almost exclusively in the integument and have an expression pattern dependent on the developmental stage and feeding status. CYP4G106 silencing diminished significantly the straight-chain hydrocarbon production while a significant reduction - mostly of methyl-branched chain hydrocarbons - was observed after CYP4G107 silencing. Molecular docking analyses using different aldehydes as hydrocarbon precursors predicted a better fit of straight-chain aldehydes with CYP4G106 and methyl-branched aldehydes with CYP4G107. Survival bioassays exposing the silenced insects to desiccation stress showed that CYP4G107 is determinant for the waterproofing properties of the R. prolixus cuticle. This is the first report on the in vivo specificity of two CYP4Gs to make mostly straight or methyl-branched hydrocarbons, and also on their differential contribution to insect desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Dulbecco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - D E Moriconi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - S Lynn
- Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos (UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - A McCarthy
- Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos (UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M P Juárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - J R Girotti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina
| | - G M Calderón-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, Argentina
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24
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Jing TX, Wang DF, Ma YP, Zeng LL, Meng LW, Zhang Q, Dou W, Wang JJ. Genome-wide and expression-profiling analyses of the cytochrome P450 genes in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and screening of candidate P450 genes associated with malathion resistance. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2932-2943. [PMID: 32400962 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is a notorious agricultural pest worldwide, and its resistance to insecticides is a major obstacle in successful control. Cytochrome P450s (P450s) are major metabolic enzymes associated with insecticide resistance. The genome of B. dorsalis was sequenced recently, allowing an integrated genome-wide analysis of P450 genes (P450s) and the analysis of correlations between these genes and insecticide resistance in this pest. RESULTS Totally, 101 P450s were identified in the B. dorsalis genome and classified into four clans, 25 families and 57 subfamilies. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results showed that most of these genes were highly expressed in adults (46) and in metabolic tissues, including the fatbody (63), midgut (61) and Malphagian tubules (66). In a malathion-resistant strain, 13 and 9 genes were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, compared with a susceptible strain, and these genes were screened as candidate genes associated with malathion resistance. CONCLUSION This study provides useful information for understanding the evolution and potential functions of P450s in B. dorsalis, and the results lay the foundation for further studies on the correlations between P450s and malathion resistance in B. dorsalis. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xing Jing
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di-Fei Wang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun-Peng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Li Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Wei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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25
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Wu L, Yu Z, Jia Q, Zhang X, Ma E, Li S, Zhu KY, Feyereisen R, Zhang J. Knockdown of LmCYP303A1 alters cuticular hydrocarbon profiles and increases the susceptibility to desiccation and insecticides in Locusta migratoria. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 168:104637. [PMID: 32711771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) serve many functions in insects, from the regulation of development to xenobiotic detoxification. Several conserved CYPs have been shown to play a role in insect growth and development. CYP303A1 is a highly conserved CYP with a single ortholog in most insects, but its underlying molecular characteristics and specific physiological functions remain poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster and Locusta migratoria, CYP303A1 is indispensable for eclosion to adult. Here, we report additional functions of the locust gene LmCYP303A1 in nymphal molts, cuticular lipid deposition and insecticide penetration. RT-qPCR revealed that LmCYP303A1 had a high expression level before ecdysis and was highly expressed in integument, wing pads, foregut and hindgut. Suppression of LmCYP303A1 expression by RNA interference (RNAi) caused a lethal phenotype with molting defect from nymph to nymph. In addition, LmCYP303A1 RNAi resulted in locusts being more susceptible to desiccation and to insecticide toxicity. Furthermore, knockdown of LmCYP303A1 efficiently suppressed the transcript level of key genes (ELO7, FAR15 and CYP4G102) responsible for cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) synthesis, which led to a decrease in some CHC levels. Taken together, our results suggest that one of the functions of LmCYP303A1 is to regulate the biosynthesis of CHC, which plays critical roles in protecting locusts from water loss and insecticide penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Wu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Zhitao Yu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Qiangqiang Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Development Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xueyao Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Enbo Ma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Development Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1017, Denmark; Department of Plant and Crops, Ghent University, B-9000Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
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26
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Zhao X, Yang Y, Niu N, Zhao Y, Liu W, Ma E, Moussian B, Zhang J. The fatty acid elongase gene LmELO7 is required for hydrocarbon biosynthesis and cuticle permeability in the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 123:104052. [PMID: 32259526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insect cuticular lipids are a complex cocktail of highly diverse cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), which form a hydrophobic surface coat to maintain water balance and to prevent desiccation and penetration of exogenous substances. Fatty acid elongases (ELOs) are key enzymes that participate in a common CHC synthesis pathway in insects. However, the importance of ELOs for CHC synthesis and function remains understudied. Using transcriptomic data, we have identified seven ELO genes (LmELO1-7) in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria. We determined their tissue-specific and temporal expression profiles in fifth instar nymphs. As we are interested in cuticle barrier formation, we performed RNA interference against LmELO7, which is mainly expressed in the integument. Suppression of LmELO7 significantly decreased its expression and caused lethality during or shortly after molting. CHC quantification by GC-MS analysis indicated that suppression of LmELO7 resulted in a decrease in total CHC amounts. By consequence, CHC deficiency reduced desiccation resistance and enhanced cuticle permeability in LmELO7-suppressed L. migratoria. Interestingly, LmELO7 expression is induced at low air humidity. Our results indicate that LmELO7 plays a vital role in the production of CHCs and, hence, cuticle permeability. Induction of LmELO7 expression in drought conditions suggests a key role of this gene in regulating desiccation resistance. This work is expected to help developing new strategies for insect pest management based on CHC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhao
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Niu Niu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Yiyan Zhao
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Enbo Ma
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institute of Biology Valrose, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice CEDEX 2, France
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
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27
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Biosynthesis of fatty acid-derived hydrocarbons: perspectives on enzymology and enzyme engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 62:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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28
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Moriyama D, Shimizu N. Biosynthesis of the widely distributed hydrocarbon ( Z,Z)-6,9-heptadecadiene in astigmatid mites. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1119-1122. [PMID: 32036757 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1723403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Using a crude enzyme solution prepared from astigmatid mites, the conversion reaction to (Z,Z)-6,9-heptadecadiene (6,9-C17) using linoleyl aldehyde (LAld) as a substrate was successful. The mass spectrum of the reaction product using 13C-labeled LAld as a substrate could be assigned as 13C-labeled 6,9-C17. Unlike the findings in other species, the decarbonylase derived from mites did not require a coenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Moriyama
- Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kameoka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Shimizu
- Faculty of Bioenvironmental Science, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kameoka, Japan
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29
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Feyereisen R. Origin and evolution of the CYP4G subfamily in insects, cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in cuticular hydrocarbon synthesis. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 143:106695. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Jaroensuk J, Intasian P, Wattanasuepsin W, Akeratchatapan N, Kesornpun C, Kittipanukul N, Chaiyen P. Enzymatic reactions and pathway engineering for the production of renewable hydrocarbons. J Biotechnol 2020; 309:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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31
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Chen N, Pei XJ, Li S, Fan YL, Liu TX. Involvement of integument-rich CYP4G19 in hydrocarbon biosynthesis and cuticular penetration resistance in Blattella germanica (L.). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:215-226. [PMID: 31149772 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cuticle penetration plays an important role as a mechanism of insecticide resistance, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. In Blattella germanica, the cytochrome P450 gene, CYP4G19, is overexpressed in a pyrethroid-resistant strain. Here, we investigated whether CYP4G19 is involved in the biosynthesis of hydrocarbons and further contributes to cuticular penetration resistance in B. germanica. RESULTS Compared with the susceptible strain, pyrethroid-resistant cockroaches showed lower cuticular permeability with Eosin Y staining. Removal of epicuticular lipids, mainly nonpolar hydrocarbons, with a hexane wash intensified the cuticular permeability and decreased the resistance index of the resistant strain. CYP4G19 was predominately expressed in the abdominal integument and could be upregulated by desiccation stress or short exposure to beta-cypermethrin. Overexpression of CYP4G19 in the resistant strain was positively correlated with a higher level of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). RNAi-mediated knockdown of CYP4G19 significantly decreased its expression and caused a reduction in CHCs. Meanwhile, CYP4G19 suppression resulted in a non-uniform array of the lipid layer, enhanced cuticle permeability, and compromised insecticide tolerance. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm that CYP4G19 is involved in hydrocarbon production and appears to contribute to hydrocarbon-based penetration resistance in B. germanica. This study highlights the lipid-based penetration resistance, advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying P450-mediated cuticular penetration resistance in insects. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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32
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Finet C, Slavik K, Pu J, Carroll SB, Chung H. Birth-and-Death Evolution of the Fatty Acyl-CoA Reductase (FAR) Gene Family and Diversification of Cuticular Hydrocarbon Synthesis in Drosophila. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:1541-1551. [PMID: 31076758 PMCID: PMC6546124 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The birth-and-death evolutionary model proposes that some members of a multigene family are phylogenetically stable and persist as a single copy over time, whereas other members are phylogenetically unstable and undergo frequent duplication and loss. Functional studies suggest that stable genes are likely to encode essential functions, whereas rapidly evolving genes reflect phenotypic differences in traits that diverge rapidly among species. One such class of rapidly diverging traits are insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), which play dual roles in chemical communications as short-range recognition pheromones as well as protecting the insect from desiccation. Insect CHCs diverge rapidly between related species leading to ecological adaptation and/or reproductive isolation. Because the CHC and essential fatty acid biosynthetic pathways share common genes, we hypothesized that genes involved in the synthesis of CHCs would be evolutionary unstable, whereas those involved in fatty acid-associated essential functions would be evolutionary stable. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the evolutionary history of the fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FARs) gene family that encodes enzymes in CHC synthesis. We compiled a unique data set of 200 FAR proteins across 12 Drosophila species. We uncovered a broad diversity in FAR content which is generated by gene duplications, subsequent gene losses, and alternative splicing. We also show that FARs expressed in oenocytes and presumably involved in CHC synthesis are more unstable than FARs from other tissues. Taken together, our study provides empirical evidence that a comparative approach investigating the birth-and-death evolution of gene families can identify candidate genes involved in rapidly diverging traits between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Finet
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
| | - Kailey Slavik
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.,PhD Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian Pu
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University
| | - Sean B Carroll
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Henry Chung
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University.,Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University
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Mumoki FN, Yusuf AA, Pirk CWW, Crewe RM. Hydroxylation patterns associated with pheromone synthesis and composition in two honey bee subspecies Apis mellifera scutellata and A. m. capensis laying workers. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 114:103230. [PMID: 31470083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Colony losses due to social parasitism in the form of reproductive workers of the Apis mellifera capensis clones results from the production of queen-like pheromonal signals coupled with ovarian activation in these socially parasitic honey bees. While the behavioral attributes of these social parasites have been described, their genetic attributes require more detailed exploration. Here, we investigate the production of mandibular gland pheromones in queenless workers of two sub-species of African honey bees; A. m. scutellata (low reproductive potential) and A. m. capensis clones (high reproductive potential). We used standard techniques in gas chromatography to assess the amounts of various pheromone components present, and qPCR to assess the expression of cytochrome P450 genes cyp6bd1 and cyp6as8, thought to be involved in the caste-dependent hydroxylation of acylated stearic acid in queens and workers, respectively. We found that, for both subspecies, the quality and quantity of the individual pheromone components vary with age, and that from the onset, A. m. capensis parasites make use of gene pathways typically upregulated in queens in achieving reproductive dominance. Due to the high production of 9-hydroxy-decenoic acid (9-HDA) the precursor to the queen substance 9-oxo-decenoic acid (9-ODA) in newly emerged capensis clones, we argue that clones are primed for parasitism upon emergence and develop into fully fledged parasites depending on the colony's social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona N Mumoki
- Social Insects Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Abdullahi A Yusuf
- Social Insects Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Christian W W Pirk
- Social Insects Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Robin M Crewe
- Social Insects Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Zhao H, Zhong Z, Li Z, Wang W. Research on catalytic pyrolysis of algae based on Py-GC/MS. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:191307. [PMID: 31827862 PMCID: PMC6894596 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve the quality of catalysis products of algae, composite molecular sieve catalyst was prepared by digestion and crystallization of HZSM-5 to reduce the oxygen content of the catalytic products. According to the analysis of the pyrolysis products, the best preparation conditions were chosen of tetra propylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) solution 2.0 mol l-1, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) solution 10 wt%, crystallization temperature 110°C, digestion-crystallization time: 24-24 h. The results indicate that the main function of catalysts is to promote the conversion of alcohols into hydrocarbons by reducing energy barriers. Catalysed by the composite molecular sieve, the content of alcohols in the pyrolysis products decreased from more than 30% to less than 10%, the content of hydrocarbons increased from 20% to nearly 60%, while all the adverse components remained at a low level, which indicates that the catalytic pyrolysis products are of high quality. The great deoxidation effect of composite molecular sieves is not only due to the expansion of the range of organic matter during re-pyrolysis, but also the increasing of the residence time of pyrolysis products inside the structure for the external mesoporous structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaoping Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
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35
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Wang SY, Hackney Price J, Zhang D. Hydrocarbons catalysed by TmCYP4G122 and TmCYP4G123 in Tenebrio molitor modulate the olfactory response of the parasitoid Scleroderma guani. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 28:637-648. [PMID: 30843299 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocarbons (HCs) present on the epicuticle of terrestrial insects are not only used to reduce water loss but are also used as chemical signals. The cytochrome p450 CYP4G gene is essential for HC biosynthesis in some insects. However, its function in Tenebrio molitor is unknown. Moreover, it is not yet known whether CYP4G of a host can modulate the searching behaviours of its parasitoid. Here, we explore the function of the TmCYP4G122 and CYP4G123 genes in T. molitor. The TmCYP4G122 and CYP4G123 transcripts could be detected in all developmental stages. Their expression was higher in the fat body and abdominal cuticle than in the gut. Their transcript levels in mature larvae under desiccation stress [relative humidity (RH) < 5%] was significantly higher than that in the control (RH = 70%). Injection of dsCYP4G122 and dsCYP4G123 caused a reduction in HC biosynthesis and was associated with increased susceptibility to desiccation. Individuals of the parasitoid Scleroderma guani that emerged from mealworm pupae showed host preference for normal pupae whereas S. guani that emerged from pupae lacking CYP4G122 or/and CYP4G123 lost this searching preference. The current results confirm that CYP4G122 and CYP4G123 regulate the biosynthesis of HCs and modulate the olfactory response of its parasitoid S. guani.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Wang
- College of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University at Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - J Hackney Price
- School of Mathematical & Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts & Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - D Zhang
- College of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University at Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Pei XJ, Chen N, Bai Y, Qiao JW, Li S, Fan YL, Liu TX. BgFas1: A fatty acid synthase gene required for both hydrocarbon and cuticular fatty acid biosynthesis in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 112:103203. [PMID: 31425851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), the evolutionary products of aquatic hexapod ancestors expanding to terrestrial environment, are deposited on the surface of insect integument and originally functioned primarily as waterproofing agents. CHCs are derived from the conserved fatty acid synthesis pathway in insects. However, the pivotal fatty acid synthase (FAS) involved in hydrocarbon (HC) biosynthesis remains unknown in many insect orders including the primitive Blattodea. Here, we investigated functional FAS genes that modulate cuticular lipid biogenesis in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). Based on our full-length transcriptomic data and the available genomic data, seven FAS genes (BgFas1-7) were identified from B. germanica. Tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that BgFas1, BgFas3, BgFas4 and BgFas7 were highly expressed in the integument, whereas BgFas2 was dominantly expressed in the fat body. BgFas5/6 mRNA was almost negligible in the tested tissues. Systemic RNAi screen was performed against BgFas1-7, we found that only RNAi knockdown of BgFas1 caused a dramatic reduction of methyl-branched HCs (mbHCs) and a slight decrease of straight-chain HCs (scHCs) for both internal and external HCs. Significant reduction of cuticular free fatty acids (cFFAs) was also detected within BgFas1-repressed cockroaches, while repression of CYP4G19 resulted in dramatic increase of cFFAs. Moreover, we found that BgFas1 mRNA levels were correlated with insect molting cycles, and could be induced by long-term mild dryness treatment. Furthermore, desiccation assay revealed that BgFas1 suppression accelerated water loss and led to early death of cockroaches under desiccation. Our results indicate that BgFas1 is necessary for both HC and cFFA biosynthesis in B. germanica. In addition, our study also confirms that cuticular lipids, particularly mbCHCs, are critical for desiccation resistance in B. germanica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology and Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Yu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology and Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Jian-Wen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology and Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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Kefi M, Balabanidou V, Douris V, Lycett G, Feyereisen R, Vontas J. Two functionally distinct CYP4G genes of Anopheles gambiae contribute to cuticular hydrocarbon biosynthesis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 110:52-59. [PMID: 31051237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) biosynthesis is a major pathway of insect physiology. In Drosophila melanogaster the cytochrome P450 CYP4G1 catalyses the insect-specific oxidative decarbonylation step, while in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, two CYP4G paralogues, CYP4G16 and CYP4G17 are present. Analysis of the subcellular localization of CYP4G17 and CYP4G16 in larval and pupal stages revealed that CYP4G16 preserves its PM localization across developmental stages analyzed; however CYPG17 is differentially localized in two distinct types of pupal oenocytes, presumably oenocytes of larval and adult developmental specificity. Western blot analysis showed the presence of two CYP4G17 forms, potentially associated with each oenocyte type. Both An. gambiae CYP4Gs were expressed in D. melanogaster flies in a Cyp4g1 silenced background in order to functionally characterize them in vivo. CYP4G16, CYP4G17 or their combination rescued the lethal phenotype of Cyp4g1-knock down flies, demonstrating that CYP4G17 is also a functional decarbonylase, albeit of somewhat lower efficiency than CYP4G16 in Drosophila. Flies expressing mosquito CYP4G16 and/or CYP4G17 produced similar CHC profiles to 'wild-type' flies expressing the endogenous CYP4G1, but they also produce very long-chain dimethyl-branched CHCs not detectable in wild type flies, suggesting that the specificity of the CYP4G enzymes contributes to determine the complexity of the CHC blend. In conclusion, both An. gambiae CYP4G enzymes contribute to the unique Anopheles CHC profile, which has been associated to defense, adult desiccation tolerance, insecticide penetration rate and chemical communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kefi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, VassilikaVouton, 71409, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vasileia Balabanidou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassilis Douris
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Gareth Lycett
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1017, Denmark
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece; Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece.
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38
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Li DT, Chen X, Wang XQ, Moussian B, Zhang CX. The fatty acid elongase gene family in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 108:32-43. [PMID: 30885803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) biosynthetic pathways branches off from the synthesis of fatty acids. Fatty acid elongases (ELOs) are enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids and thereby contribute to the diversification of CHCs. Based on bioinformatics analyses we identified 20 ELO genes in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. RNA interference against these genes demonstrated that 9 NlELO genes were essential for the survival of N. lugens nymphs and adults. Indeed, knockdown of NlELOs 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 18 caused lethal phenotypes with a thin and wizened body and reduced lipids in the fat body. Surface analysis by scanning electron microscopy and CHC quantification indicated that knockdown of NlELOs 2, 3, 8 and 16 additionally resulted in a smooth body surface and a decrease in CHC amounts. Therefore, we speculate that long-chain CHCs are needed for CHC attachment to the cuticle surface. CHC deficiency, in turn, resulted in increased adhesion of water droplets and secreted honeydew to the animal surface and the inability of N. lugens to survive in paddy fields with varying humidity. Our present study provides an initial comprehensive analysis of ELO gene functions in an insect, and may serve to better understand the biology of CHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin-Qiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Institute of Biology Valrose, Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Chiu CC, Keeling CI, Bohlmann J. The cytochrome P450 CYP6DE1 catalyzes the conversion of α-pinene into the mountain pine beetle aggregation pheromone trans-verbenol. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1477. [PMID: 30728428 PMCID: PMC6365528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae; MPB) has affected over 20 M hectares of pine forests in western North America. During the colonization of host trees, female MPB release the aggregation pheromone (-)-trans-verbenol. (-)-trans-Verbenol is thought to be produced from the pine defense compound (-)-α-pinene by cytochrome P450 (P450) dependent hydroxylation. MPB may also use P450s for the detoxification of other monoterpenes of the pine defense system. Here we describe the functional characterization of MPB CYP6DE1. CYP6DE1, but not the closely related CYP6DE2, used the bicyclic monoterpenes (-)-α-pinene, (+)-α-pinene, (-)-β-pinene, (+)-β-pinene and (+)-3-carene as substrates. CYP6DE1 was not active with other monoterpenes or diterpene resin acids that were tested as substrates. trans-Verbenol is the major product of CYP6DE1 activity with (-)-α-pinene or (+)-α-pinene as substrates. When tested with blends of different ratios of (-)-α-pinene and (+)-α-pinene, CYP6DE1 produced trans-verbenol with an enantiomeric profile that was similar to that produced by female MPB exposed to the α-pinene enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Chiu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christopher I Keeling
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada. .,Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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