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Yang Y, Xie S, He F, Xu Y, Wang Z, Ihsan A, Wang X. Recent development and fighting strategies for lincosamide antibiotic resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0016123. [PMID: 38634634 PMCID: PMC11237733 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00161-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYLincosamides constitute an important class of antibiotics used against a wide range of pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. However, due to the misuse of lincosamide and co-selection pressure, the resistance to lincosamide has become a serious concern. It is urgently needed to carefully understand the phenomenon and mechanism of lincosamide resistance to effectively prevent and control lincosamide resistance. To date, six mobile lincosamide resistance classes, including lnu, cfr, erm, vga, lsa, and sal, have been identified. These lincosamide resistance genes are frequently found on mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as plasmids, transposons, integrative and conjugative elements, genomic islands, and prophages. Additionally, MGEs harbor the genes that confer resistance not only to antimicrobial agents of other classes but also to metals and biocides. The ultimate purpose of discovering and summarizing bacterial resistance is to prevent, control, and combat resistance effectively. This review highlights four promising strategies, including chemical modification of antibiotics, the development of antimicrobial peptides, the initiation of bacterial self-destruct program, and antimicrobial stewardship, to fight against resistance and safeguard global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shiyu Xie
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fangjing He
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yindi Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhifang Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Awais Ihsan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Simón C, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Within-Host Diversity of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Resistome from Healthy Pigs and Pig Farmers, with the Detection of cfr-Carrying Strains and MDR- S. borealis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1505. [PMID: 37887206 PMCID: PMC10604674 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ecology and diversity of resistome in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) from healthy pigs and pig farmers are rarely available as most studies focused on the livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus. This study aims to characterize the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mechanisms, intra-host species diversity (more than one species in a host), and intra-species AMR diversity (same species with more than one AMR profile) in CoNS recovered from the nasal cavities of healthy pigs and pig farmers. One-hundred-and-one CoNS strains previously recovered from 40 pigs and 10 pig farmers from four Spanish pig farms were tested to determine their AMR profiles. Non-repetitive strains were selected (n = 75) and their AMR genes, SCCmec types, and genetic lineages were analyzed by PCR/sequencing. Of the non-repetitive strains, 92% showed a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, and 52% were mecA-positive, which were associated with SCCmec types V (46.2%), IVb (20.5%), and IVc (5.1%). A total of 28% of the pigs and pig farmers had intra-host species diversity, while 26% had intra-species AMR diversity. High repertoires of AMR genes were detected, including unusual ones such as tetO, ermT, erm43, and cfr. Most important was the detection of cfr (in S. saprophyticus and S. epidermidis-ST16) in pigs and pig farmers; whereas MDR-S. borealis strains were identified in pig farmers. Pig-to-pig transmission of CoNS with similar AMR genes and SCCmec types was detected in 42.5% of pigs. The high level of multidrug, within-host, and intra-species resistome diversity in the nasal CoNS highlights their ability to be AMR gene reservoirs in healthy pigs and pig farmers. The detection of MDR-S. borealis and linezolid-resistant strains underscore the need for comprehensive and continuous surveillance of MDR-CoNS at the pig farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (C.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Carmen Lozano
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (C.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Carmen Simón
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50001 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (C.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (I.N.A.); (C.L.); (M.Z.)
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Ousalem F, Singh S, Bailey NA, Wong KH, Zhu L, Neky MJ, Sibindi C, Fei J, Gonzalez RL, Boël G, Hunt JF. Comparative genetic, biochemical, and biophysical analyses of the four E. coli ABCF paralogs support distinct functions related to mRNA translation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.11.543863. [PMID: 37398404 PMCID: PMC10312648 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.11.543863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple paralogous ABCF ATPases are encoded in most genomes, but the physiological functions remain unknown for most of them. We herein compare the four Escherichia coli K12 ABCFs - EttA, Uup, YbiT, and YheS - using assays previously employed to demonstrate EttA gates the first step of polypeptide elongation on the ribosome dependent on ATP/ADP ratio. A Δ uup knockout, like Δ ettA , exhibits strongly reduced fitness when growth is restarted from long-term stationary phase, but neither Δ ybiT nor Δ yheS exhibits this phenotype. All four proteins nonetheless functionally interact with ribosomes based on in vitro translation and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments employing variants harboring glutamate-to-glutamine active-site mutations (EQ 2 ) that trap them in the ATP-bound conformation. These variants all strongly stabilize the same global conformational state of a ribosomal elongation complex harboring deacylated tRNA Val in the P site. However, EQ 2 -Uup uniquely exchanges on/off the ribosome on a second timescale, while EQ 2 -YheS-bound ribosomes uniquely sample alternative global conformations. At sub-micromolar concentrations, EQ 2 -EttA and EQ 2 -YbiT fully inhibit in vitro translation of an mRNA encoding luciferase, while EQ 2 -Uup and EQ 2 -YheS only partially inhibit it at ~10-fold higher concentrations. Moreover, tripeptide synthesis reactions are not inhibited by EQ 2 -Uup or EQ 2 -YheS, while EQ 2 -YbiT inhibits synthesis of both peptide bonds and EQ 2 -EttA specifically traps ribosomes after synthesis of the first peptide bond. These results support the four E. coli ABCF paralogs all having different activities on translating ribosomes, and they suggest that there remains a substantial amount of functionally uncharacterized "dark matter" involved in mRNA translation.
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Deshamukhya C, Bhowmik D, Dhar (Chanda) D, Bhattacharjee A. Tn5406, a staphylococcal transposon associated with macrolide-lincosamide-streptograminb resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Indian J Med Microbiol 2023; 42:30-33. [PMID: 36967212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we aimed to investigate the occurrence of MLSb resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus with respect to their association with transposons. METHODS The present study was performed with clinical isolates of S. aureus. The MLSb resistant phenotypes in the obtained isolates were determined by D zone test or double disc diffusion test as per CLSI 2020 guidelines. MLSb resistance encoding genes were detected by PCR. The genes tested were ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, mphC, vga, vgb and lnuB. The MLSb resistant Staphylococcal isolates were selected to analyze the association of the genes with mobile genetic elements Tn554, Tn5406, Tn917, Tn6133, Tn551 by PCR based method. Primer pairs were designed using sequences from transposons and the resistance genes, respectively. RESULTS During this study, 268 isolates of S. aureus were obtained of which 233 (86.94%) isolates exhibited different MLSb resistant phenotypes. The predominant gene among the MLSb resistant isolates was msrA followed by vgaA and mphC genes. PCR assay was employed to determine whether the genes msrA, mphC and vgaA were carried by Tn554, Tn5406, Tn917, Tn6133, Tn551 transposons. PCR amplification with the designed primer pairs revealed vgaA gene being part of Tn5406. CONCLUSION The presence of Tn5406 in all the vgaA harboring isolates highlights its potential of spread across isolates. Moreover, the co-existence of different MLSb resistance encoding genes observed in the study shows that the combination of genes involved in different mechanism mediated the nature of MLSb resistance.
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Li G, Walker MJ, De Oliveira DMP. Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010024. [PMID: 36677316 PMCID: PMC9866002 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus are both common commensals and major opportunistic human pathogens. In recent decades, these bacteria have acquired broad resistance to several major classes of antibiotics, including commonly employed glycopeptides. Exemplified by resistance to vancomycin, glycopeptide resistance is mediated through intrinsic gene mutations, and/or transferrable van resistance gene cassette-carrying mobile genetic elements. Here, this review will discuss the epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus and S. aureus in healthcare, community, and agricultural settings, explore vancomycin resistance in the context of van and non-van mediated resistance development and provide insights into alternative therapeutic approaches aimed at treating drug-resistant Enterococcus and S. aureus infections.
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Khusro A, Aarti C. Metabolic heterogeneity and techno-functional attributes of fermented foods-associated coagulase-negative staphylococci. Food Microbiol 2022; 105:104028. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Silva V, Caniça M, Manageiro V, Verbisck N, Tejedor-Junco MT, González-Martin M, Corbera JA, Poeta P, Igrejas G. Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Nostrils and Buccal Mucosa of Healthy Camels Used for Recreational Purposes. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101255. [PMID: 35625101 PMCID: PMC9138023 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several different species of animals host staphylococci as normal microbiota. These animals can be a source of staphylococci zoonotic infections. People with routine or occupational exposure to infected/colonized animals are at risk of a potential transmission. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the presence of S. aureus and other staphylococci in camels used for recreational purposes as well as their antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors and genetic lineages. A total of 172 samples were collected from 86 healthy camels (nose and mouth) from different farms located in the Canary Islands, Spain. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed against 14 antimicrobial agents. The presence of virulence genes was studied by PCR. Multilocus sequence typing, spa typing and agr typing were performed in all S. aureus isolates. From the 86 camels tested, 42 staphylococci were isolated, of which there were 11 S. aureus, 13 S. lentus, 12 S. sciuri, 3 S. xylosus, S. epidermidis, S. hominis and S. chromogenes. Staphylococci isolates were resistant to penicillin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin and fusidic acid. All S. aureus isolates harbored the hla, hlb and hld virulence genes. S. aureus isolates were ascribed to three sequence types (STs) and three spa types. All S. aureus isolates belonged to agr type III. Camels from Gran Canaria used in recreational purposes have a moderate prevalence of S. aureus and other coagulase-negative staphylococci. Nevertheless, S. aureus isolates are susceptible to almost all antibiotics tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.C.); (V.M.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Vera Manageiro
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.C.); (V.M.)
- Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | | | - María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (M.T.T.-J.); (M.G.-M.)
| | - Margarita González-Martin
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (M.T.T.-J.); (M.G.-M.)
| | - Juan Alberto Corbera
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (M.T.T.-J.); (M.G.-M.)
- Correspondence: (J.A.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.A.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisboa, Portugal
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Silva V, Correia S, Rocha J, Manaia CM, Silva A, García-Díez J, Pereira JE, Semedo-Lemsaddek T, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Antimicrobial Resistance and Clonal Lineages of Staphylococcus aureus from Cattle, Their Handlers, and Their Surroundings: A Cross-Sectional Study from the One Health Perspective. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050941. [PMID: 35630384 PMCID: PMC9144820 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus have been progressively identified in farm animals and in humans with direct contact with these animals showing that S. aureus may be a major zoonotic pathogen. Therefore, we aimed to isolate S. aureus from cows, their handlers, and their immediate surroundings, and to investigate the antimicrobial resistance and genetic lineages of the isolates. Mouth and nose swabs of 244 healthy cows (195 Maronesa, 11 Holstein-Friesians, and 28 crossbreeds), 82 farm workers, 53 water and 63 soil samples were collected. Identification of species was carried out by MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors was assessed based on gene search by PCR. All isolates were typed by multilocus sequence typing and spa-typing. From 442 samples, 33 (13.9%), 24 (29.3%), 1 (2%), and 1 (2%) S. aureus were recovered from cows, farm workers, water, and soil samples, respectively. Most of the isolates showed resistance only to penicillin. S. aureus isolates were ascribed to 17 sequence types (STs) and 26 spa-types. Some clonal lineages were common to both cows and farm workers such as ST30-t9413, ST72-t148, and ST45-t350. Through a One Health approach, this study revealed that there is a great diversity of clonal lineages of S. aureus in cows and their handlers. Furthermore, some S. aureus lineages are common to cows and handlers, which may suggest a possible transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Correia
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Jaqueline Rocha
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (J.R.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Célia M. Manaia
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (J.R.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Adriana Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Juan García-Díez
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.G.-D.); (J.E.P.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Eduardo Pereira
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.G.-D.); (J.E.P.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Teresa Semedo-Lemsaddek
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (T.S.-L.); (P.P.)
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (V.S.); (S.C.); (A.S.)
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (J.G.-D.); (J.E.P.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: (T.S.-L.); (P.P.)
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Multidrug-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Healthy Poultry Slaughtered for Human Consumption. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030365. [PMID: 35326828 PMCID: PMC8944763 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci are commensals that are known to be prevalent in most environments, and they are also an important reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant genes. Staphylococcal infections in animal husbandry are a high economic burden. Thus, we aimed to determine the prevalence and species diversity of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) in poultry slaughtered for human consumption and to study the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Swab samples were recovered from 220 commercial chickens, homebred chickens and quails. Species identification was performed using MALDI-TOF. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disc diffusion method against 14 antimicrobials. The presence of antimicrobial-resistant genes was investigated by polymerase chain reaction. Totals of 11 (19.6%), 13 (20.3%), and 51 (51%) MRCoNS were isolated from commercial chickens, homebred chickens and quails, respectively. S. lentus was isolated from all homebred chickens, whereas 11 S. lentus and 2 S. urealyticus were isolated from commercial chickens. As for quails, the most prevalent MRCoNS were S. urealyticus. Almost all isolates had a multidrug-resistant profile and carried the mecA gene. Most isolates showed resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and fusidic acid and harbored the ermA, ermB, ermC, mphC tetK, tetL, tetM and tetO genes. This study showed a frequent occurrence of multidrug resistance in MRCoNS isolated from healthy poultry in Portugal.
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Abstract
Plasmids have largely contributed to the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes among Staphylococcus strains. Knowledge about the fitness cost that plasmids confer on clinical staphylococcal isolates and the coevolutionary dynamics that drive plasmid maintenance is still scarce. In this study, we aimed to analyze the initial fitness cost of plasmids in the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and the plasmid-host adaptations that occur over time. For that, we first designed a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats)-based tool that enables the removal of native S. aureus plasmids and then transferred three different plasmids isolated from clinical S. aureus strains to the same-background clinical cured strain. One of the plasmids, pUR2940, obtained from a livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (LA-MRSA) ST398 strain, imposed a significant fitness cost on both its native and the new host. Experimental evolution in a nonselective medium resulted in a high rate pUR2940 loss and selected for clones with an alleviated fitness cost in which compensatory adaptation occurred via deletion of a 12.8-kb plasmid fragment, contained between two ISSau10 insertion sequences and harboring several antimicrobial resistance genes. Overall, our results describe the relevance of plasmid-borne insertion sequences in plasmid rearrangement and maintenance and suggest the potential benefits of reducing the use of antibiotics both in animal and clinical settings for the loss of clinical multidrug resistance plasmids.
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Fostier CR, Monlezun L, Ousalem F, Singh S, Hunt JF, Boël G. ABC-F translation factors: from antibiotic resistance to immune response. FEBS Lett 2020; 595:675-706. [PMID: 33135152 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Energy-dependent translational throttle A (EttA) from Escherichia coli is a paradigmatic ABC-F protein that controls the first step in polypeptide elongation on the ribosome according to the cellular energy status. Biochemical and structural studies have established that ABC-F proteins generally function as translation factors that modulate the conformation of the peptidyl transferase center upon binding to the ribosomal tRNA exit site. These factors, present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but not in archaea, use related molecular mechanisms to modulate protein synthesis for heterogenous purposes, ranging from antibiotic resistance and rescue of stalled ribosomes to modulation of the mammalian immune response. Here, we review the canonical studies characterizing the phylogeny, regulation, ribosome interactions, and mechanisms of action of the bacterial ABC-F proteins, and discuss the implications of these studies for the molecular function of eukaryotic ABC-F proteins, including the three human family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin R Fostier
- UMR 8261, CNRS, Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - Laura Monlezun
- UMR 8261, CNRS, Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - Farès Ousalem
- UMR 8261, CNRS, Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
| | - Shikha Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, 702A Sherman Fairchild Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John F Hunt
- Department of Biological Sciences, 702A Sherman Fairchild Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grégory Boël
- UMR 8261, CNRS, Université de Paris, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
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Ribosome-Mediated Attenuation of vga(A) Expression Is Shaped by the Antibiotic Resistance Specificity of Vga(A) Protein Variants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00666-20. [PMID: 32816732 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00666-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vga(A) protein variants confer different levels of resistance to lincosamides, streptogramin A, and pleuromutilins (LSAP) by displacing antibiotics from the ribosome. Here, we show that expression of vga(A) variants from Staphylococcus haemolyticus is regulated by cis-regulatory RNA in response to the LSAP antibiotics by the mechanism of ribosome-mediated attenuation. The specificity of induction depends on Vga(A)-mediated resistance rather than on the sequence of the riboregulator. Fine tuning between Vga(A) activity and its expression in response to the antibiotics may contribute to the selection of more potent Vga(A) variants because newly acquired mutation can be immediately phenotypically manifested.
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13
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Assessment of the Antibiotic Resistance Profile, Genetic Heterogeneity and Biofilm Production of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from The Italian Swine Production Chain. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091141. [PMID: 32825203 PMCID: PMC7555242 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the level of antibiotic resistance, prevalence and virulence features of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from heavy swine at abattoir level and farming environments in Lombardy (Northern Italy). With this scope, 88 different heavy swine farms were surveyed, obtaining a total of n = 440 animal swabs and n = 150 environmental swabs. A total of n = 87 MRSA isolates were obtained, with an overall MRSA incidence of 17.50% (n = 77) among animal samples and a 6.67% (n = 10) among environmental. Molecular characterisation using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) plus spa-typing showed that sequence type ST398/t899 and ST398/t011 were the most commonly isolated genotypes, although other relevant sequence types such as ST1 or ST97 were also found. A lack of susceptibility to penicillins, tetracycline and ceftiofur was detected in >91.95, 85.05 and 48.28% of the isolates, respectively. Resistance to doxycycline (32.18%), enrofloxacin (27.59%) and gentamicin (25.29%) was also observed. Additionally, a remarkable level of antibiotic multiresistance (AMR) was observed representing a 77.01% (n = 67) of the obtained isolates. Genetic analysis revealed that 97.70% and 77.01% of the isolates harboured at least one antibiotic resistance or enterotoxin gene, respectively, pointing out a high isolate virulence potential. Lastly, 55.17% (n = 48) were able to produce measurable amounts of biofilm after 24 h. In spite of the current programmes for antibiotic reduction in intensively farming, a still on-going high level of AMR and virulence potential in MRSA was demonstrated, making this pathogen a serious risk in swine production chain, highlighting once more the need to develop efficient, pathogen-specific control strategies.
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14
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Ruiz-Ripa L, Alcalá L, Simón C, Gómez P, Mama OM, Rezusta A, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus clones in wild mammals in Aragon, Spain, with detection of MRSA ST130-mecC in wild rabbits. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:284-291. [PMID: 31063623 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the Staphylococcus aureus carriage rate in wild mammals in Aragon, northern Spain, to analyse their antimicrobial resistance phenotype/genotype and to characterize the recovered isolates. METHODS AND RESULTS Nasal and rectal swabs of 103 mammals were collected in Aragón during the period 2012-2015. Antimicrobial susceptibility, the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors were investigated. Molecular characterization was carried out by spa, MLST, agr and SCCmec. Staphylococcus aureus were recovered from 23 animals (22%). Four of the 23 S. aureus were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Three MRSA were mecC-positive and were isolated from European rabbits and were typed as t843 (ascribed to CC130). The remaining MRSA was a mecA-carrying isolate from European hedgehog, typed as ST1-t386-SCCmecIVa-agrIII and it harboured the blaZ, erm(C), ant(6)-Ia and aph(3´)-IIIa resistance genes. A high diversity of spa-types was detected among the 19 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus isolates, which showed high susceptibility to the antimicrobials tested. The tst gene and different combinations of staphylococcal enterotoxins were found. CONCLUSIONS Staphylococcus aureus were detected in nasal and rectal samples of wild mammals. Wild rabbits could be a reservoir of mecC-MRSA. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work provides information on the presence and characteristics of S. aureus from mammals in a defined geographic region in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ruiz-Ripa
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - L Alcalá
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - C Simón
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - P Gómez
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - O M Mama
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - A Rezusta
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Zarazaga
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - C Torres
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
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15
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Murina V, Kasari M, Hauryliuk V, Atkinson GC. Antibiotic resistance ABCF proteins reset the peptidyl transferase centre of the ribosome to counter translational arrest. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:3753-3763. [PMID: 29415157 PMCID: PMC5909423 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several ATPases in the ATP-binding cassette F (ABCF) family confer resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (MLS) antibiotics. MLS are structurally distinct classes, but inhibit a common target: the peptidyl transferase (PTC) active site of the ribosome. Antibiotic resistance (ARE) ABCFs have recently been shown to operate through direct ribosomal protection, but the mechanistic details of this resistance mechanism are lacking. Using a reconstituted translational system, we dissect the molecular mechanism of Staphylococcus haemolyticus VgaALC and Enterococcus faecalis LsaA on the ribosome. We demonstrate that VgaALC is an NTPase that operates as a molecular machine strictly requiring NTP hydrolysis (not just NTP binding) for antibiotic protection. Moreover, when bound to the ribosome in the NTP-bound form, hydrolytically inactive EQ2 ABCF ARE mutants inhibit peptidyl transferase activity, suggesting a direct interaction between the ABCF ARE and the PTC. The likely structural candidate responsible for antibiotic displacement by wild type ABCF AREs, and PTC inhibition by the EQ2 mutant, is the extended inter-ABC domain linker region. Deletion of the linker region renders wild type VgaALC inactive in antibiotic protection and the EQ2 mutant inactive in PTC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoriia Murina
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marje Kasari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vasili Hauryliuk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.,University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gemma C Atkinson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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16
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Feßler A, Kadlec K, Wang Y, Zhang WJ, Wu C, Shen J, Schwarz S. Small Antimicrobial Resistance Plasmids in Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2063. [PMID: 30283407 PMCID: PMC6157413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) isolates of the clonal complex 398 are often resistant to a number of antimicrobial agents. Studies on the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance in these bacteria identified SCCmec cassettes, various transposons and plasmids of different sizes that harbor antimicrobial resistance genes. While large plasmids that carry multiple antimicrobial resistance genes – occasionally together with heavy metal resistance genes and/or virulence genes – are frequently seen in LA-MRSA ST398, certain resistance genes are also associated with small plasmids of up to 15 kb in size. These small resistance plasmids usually carry only one, but in rare cases also two or three antimicrobial resistance genes. In the current review, we focus on small plasmids that carry the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance genes erm(C) or erm(T), the lincosamide resistance gene lnu(A), the pleuromutilin-lincosamide-streptogramin A resistance genes vga(A) or vga(C), the spectinomycin resistance gene spd, the apramycin resistance gene apmA, or the trimethoprim resistance gene dfrK. The detailed analysis of the structure of these plasmids allows comparisons with similar plasmids found in other staphylococci and underlines in many cases an exchange of such plasmids between LA-MRSA ST398 and other staphylococci including also coagulase-negative staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Kadlec
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Jiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Congming Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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17
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Achek R, Hotzel H, Cantekin Z, Nabi I, Hamdi TM, Neubauer H, El-Adawy H. Emerging of antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci isolated from clinical and food samples in Algeria. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:663. [PMID: 30208952 PMCID: PMC6134775 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci rose worldwide. In total, 96 Staphylococcus isolates from food and clinical samples were collected from two provinces in Algeria. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and resistance-associated genes were detected. Results Fifty-one strains were isolated from food samples and differentiated into 33 Staphylococcus aureus and 18 coagulase-negative staphylococci. Forty-five staphylococci were collected from hospital and community-acquired infection cases. All S. aureus isolated from food were resistant to penicillin and 45.5% were resistant to tetracycline. The resistance rates of 45 clinical Staphylococcus isolates were 86.7%, 48.9%, 37.8% and 20.0% to penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin and kanamycin, respectively. Nine isolates were confirmed as MRSA from food and clinical isolates. One S. aureus originated from food was confirmed as vancomycin-resistant. Multidrug-resistance was observed among 25.5% and 53.3% of food and clinical staphylococci, respectively. The tetM/K, blaZ, aacA-aphD, ermC and mecA genes were detected in food and clinical isolates. ermA gene was not found. This study provided insight into the status of antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from food and clinical samples in Algeria. Further investigations and surveillance programmes are mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Achek
- Faculty of Sciences, Yahia Farès University, Urban Pole, Médéa, Algeria. .,High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Avenue, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Helmut Hotzel
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Zafer Cantekin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Tayfur Sokmen Campus, 31000, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Nabi
- Faculty of Sciences, Yahia Farès University, Urban Pole, Médéa, Algeria
| | - Taha Mossadak Hamdi
- High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Avenue, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany. .,Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 35516, Egypt.
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18
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Feßler AT, Wang Y, Wu C, Schwarz S. Mobile lincosamide resistance genes in staphylococci. Plasmid 2018; 99:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial resistance among staphylococci of animal origin is based on a wide variety of resistance genes. These genes mediate resistance to many classes of antimicrobial agents approved for use in animals, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, phenicols, aminoglycosides, aminocyclitols, pleuromutilins, and diaminopyrimidines. In addition, numerous mutations have been identified that confer resistance to specific antimicrobial agents, such as ansamycins and fluoroquinolones. The gene products of some of these resistance genes confer resistance to only specific members of a class of antimicrobial agents, whereas others confer resistance to the entire class or even to members of different classes of antimicrobial agents, including agents approved solely for human use. The resistance genes code for all three major resistance mechanisms: enzymatic inactivation, active efflux, and protection/modification/replacement of the cellular target sites of the antimicrobial agents. Mobile genetic elements, in particular plasmids and transposons, play a major role as carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes in animal staphylococci. They facilitate not only the exchange of resistance genes among members of the same and/or different staphylococcal species, but also between staphylococci and other Gram-positive bacteria. The observation that plasmids of staphylococci often harbor more than one resistance gene points toward coselection and persistence of resistance genes even without direct selective pressure by a specific antimicrobial agent. This chapter provides an overview of the resistance genes and resistance-mediating mutations known to occur in staphylococci of animal origin.
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20
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Stavropoulou DA, De Vuyst L, Leroy F. Nonconventional starter cultures of coagulase-negative staphylococci to produce animal-derived fermented foods, a SWOT analysis. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1570-1586. [PMID: 30053335 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are ubiquitous micro-organisms that are commonly present on animal skin and animal-derived foods. They are members of the beneficial microbial consortia of several fermented food products where they contribute to quality. Currently, only a few CNS species are included in commercial starter cultures, although many other ones with promising properties have been isolated from diverse food ecosystems. In the present study, a Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis of the potential use of unconventional CNS starter cultures for the fermentation of animal-derived foods is carried out. An overview of both their desirable and worrisome metabolic traits is given. In general, the application of innovative CNS-based starter cultures offers opportunities to modulate flavour, improve the safety and health aspects and develop novel colour development strategies for clean label products. Yet, their implementation is often not straightforward as nontrivial obstacles or threats are encountered, which relate to technological, food safety and legal concerns. As most of the desirable and undesirable characteristics of CNS species are strain dependent, a case-by-case evaluation is needed when evaluating specific strains for their potential use as novel starter cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Stavropoulou
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - L De Vuyst
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Leroy
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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21
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MALDI-TOF-MS based identification and molecular characterization of food associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11414. [PMID: 28900246 PMCID: PMC5595867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11597-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-borne methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is involved in two-fold higher mortality rate compared to methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Eventhough Mysuru recognized as cleanest city in the world, prevalence of food contamination is not detailed. The aim is to screen food samples from Mysuru area and to characterize MRSA strain, employing MALDI-Biotyper, multiplex PCR to distinguish between MRSA and MSSA by PCR-coupled single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). Of all the food-borne pathogens, S. aureus contamination accounts for 94.37 ± 0.02% (P < 0.01), strains characterized by means of nuc genes, followed by species specific identification by Coa, Eap and SpA genes and multiplex PCR to confirm the presence of three methicillin resistant staphylococcal species simultaneously using nuc and phoP genes. Amplification of mecA gene in 159 isolates confirmed that all strains are methicillin resistant, except UOM160 (MSSA) and multi-drug resistant (MDR) in 159 isolates confirmed by 22 sets of β-lactam antibiotics. MSSA and MDR-MRSA were discriminated by PCR-SSCP using nuc gene for the first time. From the present studies, compared to conventional methods MALDI-Biotyper emerged as an effective, sensitive (>99%), robust (<2 min), and alternative tool for pathogen identification, and we developed a PCR-SSCP technique for rapid detection of MSSA and MRSA strains.
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Ben Said M, Abbassi MS, Gómez P, Ruiz-Ripa L, Sghaier S, Ibrahim C, Torres C, Hassen A. Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wastewater treatment plants in Tunisia: occurrence of human and animal associated lineages. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2017; 15:638-643. [PMID: 28771160 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to characterize Staphylococcus aureus isolated from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in Tunis City (Tunisia), during the period 2014-2015. Genetic lineages, antibiotic resistance mechanisms and virulence factors were determined for the recovered isolates. S. aureus isolates were recovered from 12 of the 62 wastewater samples tested (19.35%), and one isolate/sample was characterized, all of them being methicillin-susceptible (MSSA). Six spa types (t587, t674, t224, t127, t701 and t1534) were found among the 12 isolates, and the spa-t587, associated with the new sequence type ST3245, was the most predominant one (7 isolates). The remaining isolates were assigned to five clonal complexes (CC5, CC97, CC1, CC6 and CC522) according to the sequence-type determined and/or the spa-type detected. S. aureus isolates were ascribed to agrI (n = 3), agrII (n = 7) and agrIII (n = 1); however, one isolate was non-typeable. S. aureus showed resistance to (number of isolates): penicillin (12), erythromycin (7), tetracycline (one) and clindamycin (one). Among the virulence factors investigated, only one isolate harboured the tst gene, encoding the TSST-1 (toxic shock syndrome toxin 1). Despite the low number of studied isolates, the present study reports the occurrence of both human- and animal-associated S. aureus clonal complexes in WWTPs in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriam Ben Said
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 20 rue Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Usées, Centre de Recherche et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Technopoles Borj-Cédria, BP 273, 8020 Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Salah Abbassi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 20 rue Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Laboratoire de résistance aux antibiotiques LR99ES09, Tunisie
| | - Paula Gómez
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain E-mail:
| | - Laura Ruiz-Ripa
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain E-mail:
| | - Senda Sghaier
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 20 rue Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Usées, Centre de Recherche et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Technopoles Borj-Cédria, BP 273, 8020 Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Chourouk Ibrahim
- Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Usées, Centre de Recherche et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Technopoles Borj-Cédria, BP 273, 8020 Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain E-mail:
| | - Abdennaceur Hassen
- Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Usées, Centre de Recherche et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Technopoles Borj-Cédria, BP 273, 8020 Soliman, Tunisia
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23
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Ben Said M, Abbassi MS, Gómez P, Ruiz-Ripa L, Sghaier S, El Fekih O, Hassen A, Torres C. Genetic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from nasal samples of healthy ewes in Tunisia. High prevalence of CC130 and CC522 lineages. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 51:37-40. [PMID: 28504093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile bacterium, which can infect or colonize a variety of host species. The objective of this study was to characterize S. aureus isolates recovered from nasal swabs of 167 healthy ewes sampled from 12 farms in different areas of Tunisia during the period of 2014-2015. Genetic lineages, virulence factors and antibiotic resistance mechanisms were determined for recovered isolates. S. aureus was detected in 45 out of 167 tested samples (26.9%). All isolates were methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and the majority of them were susceptible to tested antibiotics with few exceptions (% of resistance): penicillin (8.8), ciprofloxacin (4.4), and tobramycin or tetracycline (2.2, each). Twelve different spa types were detected (t15098, t15099, t1773, t3576, t1534, t5428, t3750, t5970 t254, t2883, t127 and t933), two of them were new (t15098 and t15099). S. aureus isolates were ascribed to agrI (n=23), agrII (n=1) and agrIII (n=20), and one was non-typeable. According to the sequence-type (ST) determined and/or the spa-type detected, the 45S. aureus isolates were assigned to six clonal complexes, with CC522 (44.4%) and CC130 (37.7%) being the most common lineages. Twenty-one (46.6%) and two (4.2%) isolates harbored the tst and eta genes encoding TSST-1 and ETA, respectively. In conclusion, nares of healthy ewes could be a reservoir of MSSA CC522 and CC130, lineages associated with TSST-1 and ETA that might represent a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriam Ben Said
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 20 rue Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Usées, Centre de Recherche et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Technopole Borj-Cédria, BP 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Salah Abbassi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 20 rue Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Laboratoire de résistance aux antibiotiques LR99ES09, Tunisia
| | - Paula Gómez
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Laura Ruiz-Ripa
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Senda Sghaier
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 20 rue Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Usées, Centre de Recherche et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Technopole Borj-Cédria, BP 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Oussama El Fekih
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 20 rue Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Abdennaceur Hassen
- Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Usées, Centre de Recherche et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Technopole Borj-Cédria, BP 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain.
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Deng F, Wang H, Liao Y, Li J, Feßler AT, Michael GB, Schwarz S, Wang Y. Detection and Genetic Environment of Pleuromutilin-Lincosamide-Streptogramin A Resistance Genes in Staphylococci Isolated from Pets. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:234. [PMID: 28261187 PMCID: PMC5306371 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing emergence of staphylococci resistant to pleuromutilins, lincosamides, and streptogramin A (PLSA) and isolated from humans and pets is a growing public health concern worldwide. Currently, there was only one published study regarding one of the PLSA genes, vga(A) detected in staphylococci isolated from cat. In this study, eleven pleuromutilin-resistant staphylococci from pets and two from their owners were isolated and further characterized for their antimicrobial susceptibilities, plasmid profiles, genotypes, and genetic context of the PLSA resistance genes. The gene sal(A) identified in 11 staphylococcal isolates was found for the first time in Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus xylosus. Moreover, these 11 isolates shared the identical regions flanking the sal(A) gene located in the chromosomal DNA. Two S. haemolyticus isolates from a cat and its owner carried similar vga(A)LC plasmids and displayed indistinguishable PFGE patterns. A novel chromosomal multidrug resistance genomic island (MDRGI) containing 13 resistance genes, including lsa(E), was firstly identified in S. epidermidis. In addition, vga(A)LC, sal(A), and lsa(E) were for the first time identified in staphylococcal isolates originating from pet animals. The plasmids, chromosomal DNA region, and MDRGI associated with the PLSA resistance genes vga(A), vga(A)LC, sal(A), and lsa(E) are present in staphylococci isolated from pets and humans and present significant challenges for the clinical management of infections by limiting therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengru Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Huiwen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Liao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Geovana B Michael
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China; Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
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Paukner S, Riedl R. Pleuromutilins: Potent Drugs for Resistant Bugs-Mode of Action and Resistance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:a027110. [PMID: 27742734 PMCID: PMC5204327 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pleuromutilins are antibiotics that selectively inhibit bacterial translation and are semisynthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring tricyclic diterpenoid pleuromutilin, which received its name from the pleuromutilin-producing fungus Pleurotus mutilus Tiamulin and valnemulin are two established derivatives in veterinary medicine for oral and intramuscular administration. As these early pleuromutilin drugs were developed at a time when companies focused on major antibacterial classes, such as the β-lactams, and resistance was not regarded as an issue, interest in antibiotic research including pleuromutilins was limited. Over the last decade or so, there has been a resurgence in interest to develop this class for human use. This has resulted in a topical derivative, retapamulin, and additional derivatives in clinical development. The most advanced compound is lefamulin, which is in late-stage development for the intravenous and oral treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin infections. Overall, pleuromutilins and, in particular, lefamulin are characterized by potent activity against Gram-positive and fastidious Gram-negative pathogens as well as against mycoplasmas and intracellular organisms, such as Chlamydia spp. and Legionella pneumophila Pleuromutilins are unaffected by resistance to other major antibiotic classes, such as macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, β-lactam antibiotics, and others. Furthermore, pleuromutilins display very low spontaneous mutation frequencies and slow, stepwise resistance development at sub-MIC in vitro. The potential for resistance development in clinic is predicted to be slow as confirmed by extremely low resistance rates to this class despite the use of pleuromutilins in veterinary medicine for >30 years. Although rare, resistant strains have been identified in human- and livestock-associated environments and as with any antibiotic class, require close monitoring as well as prudent use in veterinary medicine. This review focuses on the structural characteristics, mode of action, antibacterial activity, and resistance development of this potent and novel antibacterial class for systemic use in humans.
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Reynaga E, Navarro M, Vilamala A, Roure P, Quintana M, Garcia-Nuñez M, Figueras R, Torres C, Lucchetti G, Sabrià M. Prevalence of colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in pigs and pig farm workers in an area of Catalonia, Spain. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:716. [PMID: 27894267 PMCID: PMC5127002 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A livestock-associated clonal lineage (ST398) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been identified causing colonization or infection in farm workers. The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of MRSA-ST398 colonization in pigs and in pig farmers in an area with a high pig population (Osona, Barcelona province, Catalonia, Spain). Methods We performed a cross-sectional prevalence study in Osona (Catalonia, Spain), from June 2014 to June 2015. All pig farm workers from 83 farms were studied. Twenty of these farms were randomly selected for the study of both pigs and farmers: 9 fattening and 11 farrow-to-finish farms. All workers over the age of 18 who agreed to participate were included. Samples were analyzed to identify MRSA-ST398 and their spa type. Results Eighty-one of the 140 pig farm workers analyzed (57.9% (95% IC: 50.0–66.4%)) were MRSA-positive, all of them ST398. The mean number of years worked on farms was 17.5 ± 12.6 (range:1–50), without significant differences between positive and negative MRSA results (p = 0.763). Over 75% of MRSA-ST398 carriers worked on farms with more than 1250 pigs (p < 0.001). At least one worker tested positive for MRSA-ST398 on all 20 selected pig farms. Ninety-two (46.0% (95% IC: 39.0–53.0%)) of the nasal swabs from 200 pigs from these 20 farms were MRSA-positive, with 50.5% of sows and 41.4% of fattening pigs (p = 0.198) giving MRSA-positive results. All the isolates were tetracycline-resistant, and were identified as MRSA-ST398. The spa type identified most frequently was t011 (62%). Similar spa types and phenotypes of antibiotic resistance were identified in pigs and farmers of 19/20 tested farms. Conclusions The prevalence of MRSA-ST398 among pig farm workers and pigs on farms in the studied region is very high, and the size of the farm seems to correlate with the frequency of colonization of farmers. The similar spa-types and phenotypes of resistance detected in pigs and workers in most of the farms studied suggest animal-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Reynaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Vic, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marian Navarro
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari de Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Vilamala
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitari de Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Roure
- Epidemiology Department, Hospital Universitari de Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Quintana
- Epidemiology Department Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marian Garcia-Nuñez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Health Sciences Research Institute of the Germans Trias i Pujol Foundation, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raül Figueras
- Veterinary, Associació Tecnicosanitària del Porcí (ASSAPORC), Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Gianni Lucchetti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Sabrià
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Health Sciences Research Institute of the Germans Trias i Pujol Foundation, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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The Plasmidome of Firmicutes: Impact on the Emergence and the Spread of Resistance to Antimicrobials. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 3:PLAS-0039-2014. [PMID: 26104702 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.plas-0039-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The phylum Firmicutes is one of the most abundant groups of prokaryotes in the microbiota of humans and animals and includes genera of outstanding relevance in biomedicine, health care, and industry. Antimicrobial drug resistance is now considered a global health security challenge of the 21st century, and this heterogeneous group of microorganisms represents a significant part of this public health issue.The presence of the same resistant genes in unrelated bacterial genera indicates a complex history of genetic interactions. Plasmids have largely contributed to the spread of resistance genes among Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus species, also influencing the selection and ecological variation of specific populations. However, this information is fragmented and often omits species outside these genera. To date, the antimicrobial resistance problem has been analyzed under a "single centric" perspective ("gene tracking" or "vehicle centric" in "single host-single pathogen" systems) that has greatly delayed the understanding of gene and plasmid dynamics and their role in the evolution of bacterial communities.This work analyzes the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance genes using gene exchange networks; the role of plasmids in the emergence, dissemination, and maintenance of genes encoding resistance to antimicrobials (antibiotics, heavy metals, and biocides); and their influence on the genomic diversity of the main Gram-positive opportunistic pathogens under the light of evolutionary ecology. A revision of the approaches to categorize plasmids in this group of microorganisms is given using the 1,326 fully sequenced plasmids of Gram-positive bacteria available in the GenBank database at the time the article was written.
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Abstract
In staphylococci and other Firmicutes, resistance to numerous classes of antimicrobial agents, which are commonly used in human and veterinary medicine, is mediated by genes that are associated with mobile genetic elements. The gene products of some of these antimicrobial resistance genes confer resistance to only specific members of a certain class of antimicrobial agents, whereas others confer resistance to the entire class or even to members of different classes of antimicrobial agents. The resistance mechanisms specified by the resistance genes fall into any of three major categories: active efflux, enzymatic inactivation, and modification/replacement/protection of the target sites of the antimicrobial agents. Among the mobile genetic elements that carry such resistance genes, plasmids play an important role as carriers of primarily plasmid-borne resistance genes, but also as vectors for nonconjugative and conjugative transposons that harbor resistance genes. Plasmids can be exchanged by horizontal gene transfer between members of the same species but also between bacteria belonging to different species and genera. Plasmids are highly flexible elements, and various mechanisms exist by which plasmids can recombine, form cointegrates, or become integrated in part or in toto into the chromosomal DNA or into other plasmids. As such, plasmids play a key role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes within the gene pool to which staphylococci and other Firmicutes have access. This chapter is intended to provide an overview of the current knowledge of plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci and other Firmicutes.
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Wendlandt S, Kadlec K, Feßler AT, Schwarz S. Identification of ABC transporter genes conferring combined pleuromutilin-lincosamide-streptogramin A resistance in bovine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:353-8. [PMID: 25891423 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic basis of combined pleuromutilin-lincosamide-streptogramin A resistance in 26 unrelated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) from dairy cows suffering from mastitis. The 26 pleuromutilin-resistant staphylococcal isolates were screened for the presence of the genes vga(A), vga(B), vga(C), vga(E), vga(E) variant, sal(A), vmlR, cfr, lsa(A), lsa(B), lsa(C), and lsa(E) by PCR. None of the 26 isolates carried the genes vga(B), vga(C), vga(E), vga(E) variant, vmlR, cfr, lsa(A), lsa(B), or lsa(C). Two Staphylococcus haemolyticus and single Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus lentus, and Staphylococcus hominis were vga(A)-positive. Twelve S. aureus, two Staphylococcus warneri, as well as single S. lentus and S. xylosus carried the lsa(E) gene. Moreover, single S. aureus, S. haemolyticus, S. xylosus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were positive for both genes, vga(A) and lsa(E). The sal(A) gene was found in a single Staphylococcus sciuri. All ABC transporter genes were located in the chromosomal DNA, except for a plasmid-borne vga(A) gene in the S. epidermidis isolate. The genetic environment of the lsa(E)-positive isolates was analyzed using previously described PCR assays. Except for the S. warneri and S. xylosus, all lsa(E)-positive isolates harbored a part of the previously described enterococcal multiresistance gene cluster. This is the first report of the novel lsa(E) gene in the aforementioned bovine CoNS species. This is also the first identification of the sal(A) gene in a S. sciuri from a case of bovine mastitis. Moreover, the sal(A) gene was shown to also confer pleuromutilin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wendlandt
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Kristina Kadlec
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany.
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Lenart J, Vimberg V, Vesela L, Janata J, Balikova Novotna G. Detailed mutational analysis of Vga(A) interdomain linker: implication for antibiotic resistance specificity and mechanism. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:1360-4. [PMID: 25512423 PMCID: PMC4335903 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04468-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed mutational analysis examines the roles of individual residues of the Vga(A) linker in determining the antibiotic resistance phenotype. It defines a narrowed region of residues 212 to 220 whose composition determines the resistance specificity to lincosamides, pleuromutilins, and/or streptogramins A. From the analogy with the recently described function of the homologous ABC-F protein EttA as a translational factor, we infer that the Vga(A) linker interacts with the ribosome and directly or indirectly affects the binding of the respective antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Lenart
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Vimberg
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Vesela
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Janata
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Wendlandt S, Shen J, Kadlec K, Wang Y, Li B, Zhang WJ, Feßler AT, Wu C, Schwarz S. Multidrug resistance genes in staphylococci from animals that confer resistance to critically and highly important antimicrobial agents in human medicine. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Zadernowska A, Nalepa B, Sierpińska M, Łaniewska-Trokenheim Ł. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from ready-to-eat food of animal origin--phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance. Food Microbiol 2014; 46:222-226. [PMID: 25475289 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the pheno- and genotypical antimicrobial resistance profile of coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from 146 ready-to-eat food of animal origin (cheeses, cured meats, sausages, smoked fishes). 58 strains were isolated, they were classified as Staphylococcus xylosus (n = 29), Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 16); Staphylococcus lentus (n = 7); Staphylococcus saprophyticus (n = 4); Staphylococcus hyicus (n = 1) and Staphylococcus simulans (n = 1) by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Isolates were tested for resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, cefoxitin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, tigecycline, rifampicin, nitrofurantoin, linezolid, trimetoprim, sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, quinupristin/dalfopristin by the disk diffusion method. PCR was used for the detection of antibiotic resistance genes encoding: methicillin resistance--mecA; macrolide resistance--erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), mrs(A/B); efflux proteins tet(K) and tet(L) and ribosomal protection proteins tet(M). For all the tet(M)-positive isolates the presence of conjugative transposons of the Tn916-Tn1545 family was determined. Most of the isolates were resistant to cefoxitin (41.3%) followed by clindamycin (36.2%), tigecycline (24.1%), rifampicin (17.2%) and erythromycin (13.8%). 32.2% staphylococcal isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). All methicillin resistant staphylococci harboured mecA gene. Isolates, phenotypic resistant to tetracycline, harboured at least one tetracycline resistance determinant on which tet(M) was most frequent. All of the isolates positive for tet(M) genes were positive for the Tn916-Tn1545 -like integrase family gene. In the erythromycin-resistant isolates, the macrolide resistance genes erm(C) or msr(A/B) were present. Although coagulase-negative staphylococci are not classical food poisoning bacteria, its presence in food could be of public health significance due to the possible spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Chajęcka-Wierzchowska
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Anna Zadernowska
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Beata Nalepa
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magda Sierpińska
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łucja Łaniewska-Trokenheim
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
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Li J, Li B, Wendlandt S, Schwarz S, Wang Y, Wu C, Ma Z, Shen J. Identification of a novel vga(E) gene variant that confers resistance to pleuromutilins, lincosamides and streptogramin A antibiotics in staphylococci of porcine origin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:919-23. [PMID: 24324222 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the genetic basis of pleuromutilin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci of porcine origin that do not carry known pleuromutilin resistance genes and to determine the localization and genetic environment of the identified resistance gene. METHODS Plasmid DNA of two pleuromutilin-resistant Staphylococcus cohnii and Staphylococcus simulans isolates was transformed into Staphylococcus aureus RN4220. The identified resistance plasmids were sequenced completely. The candidate gene for pleuromutilin resistance was cloned into shuttle vector pAM401. S. aureus RN4220 transformants carrying this recombinant shuttle vector were tested for their MICs. RESULTS S. cohnii isolate SA-7 and S. simulans isolate SSI1 carried the same plasmid of 5584 bp, designated pSA-7. A variant of the vga(E) gene was detected, which encodes a 524 amino acid ATP-binding cassette protein. The variant gene shared 85.7% nucleotide sequence identity and the variant protein 85.3% amino acid sequence identity with the original vga(E) gene and Vga(E) protein, respectively. The Vga(E) variant conferred cross-resistance to pleuromutilins, lincosamides and streptogramin A antibiotics. Plasmid pSA-7 showed an organization similar to that of the apmA-carrying plasmid pKKS49 from methicillin-resistant S. aureus and the dfrK-carrying plasmid pKKS966 from Staphylococcus hyicus. Sequence comparisons suggested that recombination events may have played a role in the acquisition of this vga(E) variant. CONCLUSIONS A novel vga(E) gene variant was identified, which was located on a small plasmid and was not associated with the transposon Tn6133 [in contrast to the original vga(E) gene]. The plasmid location may enable its further dissemination to other staphylococci and possibly also to other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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Characterization of sal(A), a novel gene responsible for lincosamide and streptogramin A resistance in Staphylococcus sciuri. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3335-41. [PMID: 24687494 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02797-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural resistance to lincosamides and streptogramins A (LSA), which is a species characteristic of Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis, has never been documented in the Staphylococcus genus. We investigate here the molecular basis of the LSA phenotype exhibited by seven reference strains of Staphylococcus sciuri, including the type strains of the three described subspecies. By whole-genome sequencing of strain ATCC 29059, we identified a candidate gene that encodes an ATP-binding cassette protein similar to the Lsa and VmlR resistance determinants. Isolation and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) expression studies confirmed that Sal(A) can confer a moderate resistance to lincosamides (8 times the MIC of lincomycin) and a high-level resistance to streptogramins A (64 times the MIC of pristinamycin II). The chromosomal location of sal(A) between two housekeeping genes of the staphylococcal core genome supports the gene's ancient origins and thus innate resistance to these antimicrobials within S. sciuri subspecies.
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Decreased susceptibilities to Retapamulin, Mupirocin, and Chlorhexidine among Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing skin and soft tissue infections in otherwise healthy children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:2878-83. [PMID: 24614375 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02707-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical antimicrobial and antiseptic agents are commonly used in the management of minor skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). Resistance to mupirocin has been documented in Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing SSTIs. Data are limited, however, on the prevalence of retapamulin resistance or tolerance to antiseptics. We sought to determine the prevalence of decreased susceptibility to retapamulin and mupirocin as well as the potential for decreased chlorhexidine susceptibility of S. aureus isolates from SSTIs in children. Two hundred isolates from patients with a single SSTI and 200 isolates from patients with ≥3 previous episodes from the years 2010 to 2012 were selected from an S. aureus surveillance study. Screening for retapamulin resistance was performed by the broth macrodilution method; mupirocin MICs were determined by Etest. PCR was performed for the presence of the smr gene associated with elevated MICs/minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) to chlorhexidine. Among the isolates screened, 38 isolates (9.5%) exhibited retapamulin resistance, of which 22 (57.9%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Two isolates (0.5%) displayed cross-resistance to retapamulin and linezolid. Thirty-nine isolates (9.8%) were found to have mupirocin resistance. smr-positive S. aureus accounted for 14% of isolates. The proportion of smr-positive organisms increased during the study (P = 0.005). The prevalence of in vitro resistance to topical antimicrobials among S. aureus isolates causing SSTI in healthy children in our community is almost 10%. Retapamulin resistance was associated with cross-resistance to linezolid in 0.5% of isolates. In addition, there was an increase in the proportion of smr-positive isolates. Further research including clinical correlations with these findings is warranted.
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Li L, Sun J, Liu B, Zhao D, Ma J, Deng H, Li X, Hu F, Liao X, Liu Y. Quantification of lincomycin resistance genes associated with lincomycin residues in waters and soils adjacent to representative swine farms in China. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:364. [PMID: 24348472 PMCID: PMC3847549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lincomycin is commonly used on swine farms for growth promotion as well as disease treatment and control. Consequently, lincomycin may accumulate in the environment adjacent to the swine farms in many ways, thereby influencing antibiotic resistance in the environment. Levels of lincomycin-resistance genes and lincomycin residues in water and soil samples collected from multiple sites near wastewater discharge areas were investigated in this study. Sixteen lincomycin-resistance and 16S rRNA genes were detected using real-time PCR. Three genes, lnu(F), erm(A), and erm(B), were detected in all water and soil samples except control samples. Lincomycin residues were determined by rapid resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, with concentrations detected as high as 9.29 ng/mL in water and 0.97 ng/g in soil. A gradual reduction in the levels of lincomycin-resistance genes and lincomycin residues in the waters and soils were detected from multiple sites along the path of wastewater discharging to the surrounding environment from the swine farms. Significant correlations were found between levels of lincomycin-resistance genes in paired water and soil samples (r = 0.885, p = 0.019), and between lincomycin-resistance genes and lincomycin residues (r = 0.975, p < 0.01). This study emphasized the potential risk of dissemination of lincomycin-resistance genes such as lnu(F), erm(A), and erm(B), associated with lincomycin residues in surrounding environments adjacent to swine farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Baotao Liu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Donghao Zhao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Deng
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengyang Hu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Liao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
| | - Yahong Liu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drugs Residues, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou, China
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Weiss S, Kadlec K, Fessler AT, Schwarz S. Complete sequence of a multiresistance plasmid from a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis ST5 isolated in a small animal clinic. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:847-59. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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38
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Wendlandt S, Feßler AT, Monecke S, Ehricht R, Schwarz S, Kadlec K. The diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes among staphylococci of animal origin. Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 303:338-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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39
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Resistance Genes Underlying the LS A Phenotype of Staphylococcal Isolates from France. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4543-4546. [PMID: 23796922 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00259-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There exist numerous genes disseminated by mobile elements that can confer cross-resistance to lincosamides and streptogramin A compounds in staphylococci. This study investigated the nature and means of dissemination of genes responsible for LSA resistance among 24 French clinical isolates screened for reduced susceptibility to lincomycin. The vga(A)v gene was found to be the most prevalent determinant of LSA resistance, while Tn5406 appeared to be its exclusive gene support.
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40
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Crombé F, Argudín MA, Vanderhaeghen W, Hermans K, Haesebrouck F, Butaye P. Transmission Dynamics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Pigs. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:57. [PMID: 23518663 PMCID: PMC3602589 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
From the mid-2000s on, numerous studies have shown that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), renowned as human pathogen, has a reservoir in pigs and other livestock. In Europe and North America, clonal complex (CC) 398 appears to be the predominant lineage involved. Especially worrisome is its capacity to contaminate humans in close contact with affected animals. Indeed, the typical multi-resistant phenotype of MRSA CC398 and its observed ability of easily acquiring genetic material suggests that MRSA CC398 strains with an increased virulence potential may emerge, for which few therapeutic options would remain. This questions the need to implement interventions to control the presence and spread of MRSA CC398 among pigs. MRSA CC398 shows a high but not fully understood transmission potential in the pig population and is able to persist within that population. Although direct contact is probably the main route for MRSA transmission between pigs, also environmental contamination, the presence of other livestock, the herd size, and farm management are factors that may be involved in the dissemination of MRSA CC398. The current review aims at summarizing the research that has so far been done on the transmission dynamics and risk factors for introduction and persistence of MRSA CC398 in farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Crombé
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research CentreBrussels, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - M. Angeles Argudín
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research CentreBrussels, Belgium
| | - Wannes Vanderhaeghen
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research CentreBrussels, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Katleen Hermans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research CentreBrussels, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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