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Patil PD, Kelkar RK, Patil NP, Pise PV, Patil SP, Patil AS, Kulkarni NS, Tiwari MS, Phirke AN, Nadar SS. Magnetic nanoflowers: a hybrid platform for enzyme immobilization. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:795-816. [PMID: 37455411 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2230518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers as a support material for enzyme immobilization has gained significant attention in recent years due to their high stability, ease of preparation, and enhanced catalytic activity. However, a major challenge in utilizing these hybrid nanoflowers for enzyme immobilization is the difficulty in handling and separating them due to their low density and high dispersion. To address this issue, magnetic nanoflowers have emerged as a promising alternative enzyme immobilization platform due to their easy separation, structural stability, and ability to enhance catalytic efficiency. This review focuses on different methods for designing magnetic nanoflowers, as well as future research directions. Additionally, it provides examples of enzymes immobilized in the form of magnetic nanoflowers and their applications in environmental remediation, biosensors, and food industries. Finally, the review discusses possible ways to improve the material for enhanced catalytic activity, structural stability, and scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin D Patil
- Department of Basic Science & Humanities, SVKM'S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Radhika K Kelkar
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, India
| | - Neha P Patil
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, India
| | - Pradnya V Pise
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Sadhana P Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Tadepalligudam, India
| | - Arundhatti S Patil
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, India
| | - Nishant S Kulkarni
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering (Autonomous), Kolhapur, India
| | - Manishkumar S Tiwari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SVKM'S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ajay N Phirke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SVKM'S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shamraja S Nadar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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Yip YS, Jaafar NR, Rahman RA, Puspaningsih NNT, Jailani N, Illias RM. Improvement of combined cross-linked enzyme aggregates of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase and maltogenic amylase by functionalization of cross-linker for maltooligosaccharides synthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133241. [PMID: 38897508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Combined cross-linked enzyme aggregates of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) and maltogenic amylase (Mag1) from Bacillus lehensis G1 (Combi-CLEAs-CM) were successfully developed to synthesis maltooligosaccharides (MOS). Yet, the poor cross-linking performance between chitosan (cross-linker) and enzymes resulting low activity recovery and catalytic efficiency. In this study, we proposed the functionalization of cross-linkers with the integration of computational analysis to study the influences of different functional group on cross-linkers in combi-CLEAs development. From in-silico analysis, O-carboxymethyl chitosan (OCMCS) with the highest binding affinity toward both enzymes was chosen and showed alignment with the experimental result, in which OCMCS was synthesized as cross-linker to develop improved activity recovery of Combi-CLEAs-CM-ocmcs (74 %). The thermal stability and deactivation energy (205.86 kJ/mol) of Combi-CLEAs-CM-ocmcs were found to be higher than Combi-CLEAs-CM (192.59 kJ/mol). The introduction of longer side chain of carboxymethyl group led to a more flexible structure of Combi-CLEAs-CM-ocmcs. This alteration significantly reduced the Km value of Combi-CLEAs-CM-ocmcs by about 3.64-fold and resulted in a greater Kcat/Km (3.63-fold higher) as compared to Combi-CLEAs-CM. Moreover, Combi-CLEAs-CM-ocmcs improved the reusability with retained >50 % of activity while Combi-CLEAs-CM only 36.18 % after five cycles. Finally, maximum MOS production (777.46 mg/g) was obtained by Combi-CLEAs-CM-ocmcs after optimization using response surface methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Seng Yip
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nardiah Rizwana Jaafar
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roshanida A Rahman
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ni Nyoman Tri Puspaningsih
- Laboratory of Proteomics, University-CoE Research Center for Bio-Molecule Engineering, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C-UNAIR, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Nashriq Jailani
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
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Lee YL, Jaafar NR, Ling JG, Huyop F, Abu Bakar FD, Rahman RA, Illias RM. Cross-linked enzyme aggregates of polyethylene terephthalate hydrolyse (PETase) from Ideonella sakaiensis for the improvement of plastic degradation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130284. [PMID: 38382786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most produced plastics globally and its accumulation in the environment causes harm to the ecosystem. Polyethylene terephthalate hydrolyse (PETase) is an enzyme that can degrade PET into its monomers. However, free PETase lacks operational stabilities and is not reusable. In this study, development of cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA) of PETase using amylopectin (Amy) as cross-linker was introduced to solve the limitations of free PETase. PETase-Amy-CLEA exhibited activity recovery of 81.9 % at its best immobilization condition. Furthermore, PETase-Amy-CLEA exhibited 1.37-, 2.75-, 2.28- and 1.36-fold higher half-lives than free PETase at 50 °C, 45 °C, 40 °C and 35 °C respectively. Moreover, PETase-Amy-CLEA showed broader pH stability from pH 5 to 10 and could be reused up to 5 cycles. PETase-Amy-CLEA retained >70 % of initial activity after 40 days of storage at 4 °C. In addition, lower Km of PETase-Amy-CLEA indicated better substrate affinity than free enzyme. PETase-Amy-CLEA corroded PET better and products yielded was 66.7 % higher than free PETase after 32 h of treatment. Hence, the enhanced operational stabilities, storage stability, reusability and plastic degradation ability are believed to make PETase-Amy-CLEA a promising biocatalyst in plastic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin Lee
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nardiah Rizwana Jaafar
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Guyang Ling
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Fahrul Huyop
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Farah Diba Abu Bakar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Roshanida A Rahman
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
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Zhou H, Fang Y, Zhang J, Xiong T, Peng F. Site-directed immobilization of enzymes on nanoparticles using self-assembly systems. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 397:130505. [PMID: 38423485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization is an effective method for improving the stability and reusability. However, linking at random sites on the enzyme results in low catalytic efficiency due to blockage of the active site or conformational changes. Therefore, controlling the orientation of enzymes on the carrier has been developed. Here, the site-specific mutation and the SpyTag/SpyCatcher systems were used to prepare a site-directed immobilized enzyme. The thermal stability of the immobilized enzyme was better than that of the free enzyme, and ≥80 % of the catalytic activity was retained after 30 days of storage. Furthermore, the Michaelis constant (Km) and the turnover number (kcat) of the immobilized enzyme were 5.23-fold lower and 6.11-fold higher than those of the free enzyme, respectively, which appeared to be related to changes in secondary structure after immobilization. These findings provide a new and effective option for enzyme-directed immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yuling Fang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China.
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Ahrari F, Mohammadi M. Combined cross-linking of Rhizomucor miehei lipase and Candida antarctica lipase B for the effective enrichment of omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129362. [PMID: 38272408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of a non-specific lipase and a sn-1,3 specific one in a single immobilized system can be a promising approach for the exploitation of both lipases. A one-step immobilization platform mediated by an isocyanide-based multi-component reaction was applied to create co-cross-linked enzymes (co-CLEs) of lipases from Rhizomucor miehei (sn-1,3 specific) and Candida antarctica (non-specific). Glutaraldehyde was found to be effective cross-linker by producing specific activity of 16.9 U/mg and immobilization yield of 99 %. High activity recovery of up to 404 % was obtained for immobilized derivatives. Leaking experiment showed covalent nature of the cross-linking processes. BSA had considerable effect on the immobilization process, providing 87-100 % immobilization yields and up to 10 times improvement in the specific activity of the immobilized derivatives. Scanning electron microscopy images showed flower-like and rod-like structures for the CLEs prepared by glutaraldehyde and undecanedicarboxylic acid, respectively. The prepared co-CLEs were examined in non-selective enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil, showing capability of releasing up to 100 % of both omega-3 fatty acids within 8 h of the reaction. The reusability of co-CLEs in five successive cycles presented retaining 63-72 % of their initial activities after the fifth reuse cycle in the hydrolysis reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Ahrari
- Bioprocess Engineering Department, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohammadi
- Bioprocess Engineering Department, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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Bouguerra OM, Wahab RA, Huyop F, Al-Fakih AM, Mahmood WMAW, Mahat NA, Sabullah MK. An Overview of Crosslinked Enzyme Aggregates: Concept of Development and Trends of Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-023-04809-y. [PMID: 38180645 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes are commonly used as biocatalysts for various biological and chemical processes in industrial applications. However, their limited operational stability, catalytic efficiency, poor reusability, and high-cost hamper further industrial usage. Thus, crosslinked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) are developed as a better enzyme immobilization tool to extend the enzymes' operational stability. This immobilization method is appealing because it is simpler due to the absence of ballast and permits the collective use of crude enzyme cocktails. CLEAs, so far, have been successfully developed using a variety of enzymes, viz., hydrolases, proteases, amidases, lipases, esterases, and oxidoreductase. Recent years have seen the emergence of novel strategies for preparing better CLEAs, which include the combi- and multi-CLEAs, magnetics CLEAs, and porous CLEAs for various industrial applications, viz., laundry detergents, organic synthesis, food industries, pharmaceutical applications, oils, and biodiesel production. To better understand the different strategies for CLEAs' development, this review explores these strategies and highlights the relevant concerns in designing innovative CLEAs. This article also details the challenges faced during CLEAs preparation and solutions for overcoming them. Finally, the trending strategies to improve the preparation of CLEAs alongside their industrial application trends are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumaima Maroua Bouguerra
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
| | - Fahrul Huyop
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Abdo Mohammed Al-Fakih
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Muhd Asyraf Wan Mahmood
- Centre of Foundation Studies, Dengkil Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, 43800, Dengkil, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Naji Arafat Mahat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Khalizan Sabullah
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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Abd Rahman NH, Rahman RA, Rahmat Z, Jaafar NR, Puspaningsih NNT, Illias RM. Innovative biocatalyst synthesis of pectinolytic enzymes by cross-linking strategy: Potentially immobilised pectinases for the production of pectic-oligosaccharides from pectin. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128260. [PMID: 38000618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Pectinases are outstanding multienzymes, which have the potential to produce new emerging pectic-oligosaccharides (POS) via enzymatic hydrolysis of pectin. However, free pectinase is unable to undergo repeated reaction for the production of POS. This study proposed a sustainable biocatalyst of pectinases known as cross-linked pectinase aggregates (CLPA). Pectinase from Aspergillus aculeatus was successfully precipitated using 2 mg/mL pectinase and 60 % acetone for 20 min at 20 °C, which remained 36.3 % of its initial activity. The prepared CLPA showed the highest activity recovery (85.0 %), under the optimised conditions (0.3 % (v/v) starch and glutaraldehyde mixture (St/Ga), 1.5: 1 of St/Ga, 25 °C, 1.5 h). Furthermore, pectin-degrading enzymes from various sources were used to produce different CLPA. The alteration of pectinase secondary structure gave high stability in acidic condition (pH 4), thermostability, deactivation energy and half-life, and improved storage stability at 4 °C for 30 days. Similarly to their free counterpart, the CLPA exhibited comparable enzymatic reaction kinetics and could be reused eight times with approximately 20 % of its initial activity. The developed CLPA does not only efficaciously produced POS from pectin as their free form, but also exhibited better operational stability and reusability, making it more suitable for POS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Hidayah Abd Rahman
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roshanida A Rahman
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Zaidah Rahmat
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nardiah Rizwana Jaafar
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ni Nyoman Tri Puspaningsih
- Laboratory of Proteomics, University-CoE Research Center for Bio-Molecule Engineering, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C-UNAIR, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
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Staar M, Schallmey A. Performance of cross-linked enzyme crystals of engineered halohydrin dehalogenase HheG in different chemical reactor systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3210-3223. [PMID: 37593803 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Halohydrin dehalogenase HheG is an industrially interesting biocatalyst for the preparation of different β-substituted alcohols starting from bulky internal epoxides. We previously demonstrated that the immobilization of different HheG variants in the form of cross-linked enzyme crystals (CLECs) yielded stable and reusable enzyme immobilizes with increased resistance regarding temperature, pH, and the presence of organic solvents. Now, to further establish their preparative applicability, HheG D114C CLECs cross-linked with bis-maleimidoethane have been successfully produced on a larger scale using a stirred crystallization approach, and their application in different chemical reactor types (stirred tank reactor, fluidized bed reactor, and packed bed reactor) was systematically studied and compared for the ring opening of cyclohexene oxide with azide. This revealed the highest obtained space-time yield of 23.9 kgproduct gCLEC -1 h-1 Lreactor volume -1 along with the highest achieved product enantiomeric excess [64%] for application in a packed-bed reactor. Additionally, lyophilization of those CLECs yielded a storage-stable HheG preparation that still retained 67% of initial activity (after lyophilization) after 6 months of storage at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Staar
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anett Schallmey
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Jailani N, Jaafar NR, Rahman RA, Illias RM. Robust cross-linked cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Bacillus lehensis G1 aggregates using an improved cross-linker and a new co-aggregant for the production of cyclodextrins. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 169:110283. [PMID: 37433237 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the potentials of carrier-free cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) immobilization is the ability to be separated and reuse. Yet, it might be impeded by the poor mechanical stability resulting low recyclability. CLEA of CGTase from Bacillus lehensis G1 (CGTase G1-CLEA) using chitosan (CS) as a cross-linker demonstrated high activity recovery however, displayed poor reusability. Therefore, the relationship between mechanical strength and reusability is studied by enhancing the CS mechanical properties and applying a new co-aggregation approach. Herein, CS was chemically cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA) and GA was introduced as a co-aggregant (coGA). CGTase G1-CLEA developed using an improved synthesized chitosan-glutaraldehyde (CSGA) cross-linker and a new coGA technique showed to increase its mechanical stability which retained 63.4% and 52.2%, respectively compared to using CS that remained 33.1% of their initial activity after stirred at 500 rpm. The addition of GA impacted the morphology and interaction consequently stabilizing the CLEAs durability in production of cyclodextrins. As a result, the reusability of CGTase G1-CLEA with CSGA and coGA increased by 56.6% and 42.8%, respectively compared to previous CLEA after 5 cycles for 2 h of reaction. This verifies that the mechanical strength of immobilized enzyme influences the improvement of its operational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashriq Jailani
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nardiah Rizwana Jaafar
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roshanida A Rahman
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
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Luo C, Hu Y, Xing S, Xie W, Li C, He L, Wang X, Zeng X. Adsorption-precipitation-cross-linking immobilization of GDSL-type esterase from Aspergillus niger GZUF36 by polydopamine-modified magnetic clarity tetroxide nanocouplings and its enzymatic characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125533. [PMID: 37355062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant INANE1 (rINANE1), a recombinant intracellular GDSL-type esterase from Aspergillus niger GZUF36, has high acetate substrate specificity. Here, rINANE1 was successfully immobilized on polydopamine (PDA)-modified magnetic ferric oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs) by adsorption-precipitation-cross-linking to obtain cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA)-rINANE1-Fe3O4@PDA. Fe3O4, Fe3O4@PDA, and CLEA-rINANE1-Fe3O4@PDA were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, vibrating-sample magnetometry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and zeta potential analysis. Upon immobilization, CLEA-rINANE1-Fe3O4@PDA, with a protein loading of 72.72 ± 1.01 mg/g, reached optimal activity recovery of 104.40 % ± 1.14 %. FTIR analysis showed that immobilization increased the relative content of β-folding in rINANE1 by 12.25 % and reduced irregular curl by 4.16 %, rendering the structure more orderly. Specifically, under an alkaline condition (pH 10), CLEA-rINANE1-Fe3O4@PDA performed over 100 % of initial activity. The optimum temperature increased by 5 °C, and over 55 % of the initial activity was observed after 12 h at 55 °C. CLEA-rINANE1-Fe3O4@PDA showed over 40 % of its relative activity, whereas free rINANE1 showed <10 % in acetonitrile. In addition, the relative activity of CLEA-rINANE1-Fe3O4@PDA was retained at about 80 % after eight cycles and maintained at 109 % after 45 days. The PDA-modified magnetic ferrite nanoparticles exhibited excellent stability and recyclability, providing a new avenue for developing industrial biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaocheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Yuedan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Shuqi Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Wei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Cuiqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Key Lab of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Laping He
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Key Lab of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Key Lab of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
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11
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Yip YS, Manas NHA, Jaafar NR, Rahman RA, Puspaningsih NNT, Illias RM. Combined cross-linked enzyme aggregates of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase and maltogenic amylase from Bacillus lehensis G1 for maltooligosaccharides synthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124675. [PMID: 37127056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Maltooligosaccharides (MOS) are functional oligosaccharides that can be synthesized through enzymatic cascade reaction between cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) and maltogenic amylase (Mag1) from Bacillus lehensis G1. To address the problems of low operational stability and non-reusability of free enzymes, both enzymes were co-immobilized as combined cross-linked enzyme aggregates (Combi-CLEAs-CM) with incorporation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Tween 80 (Combi-CLEAs-CM-add). Combi-CLEAs-CM and Combi-CLEAs-CM-add showed activity recoveries of 54.12 % and 69.44 %, respectively after optimization. Combi-CLEAs-CM-add showed higher thermal stability at higher temperatures (40 °C) with longer half-life (46.20 min) as compared to those of free enzymes (36.67 min) and Combi-CLEAs-CM (41.51 min). Both combi-CLEAs also exhibited higher pH stability over pH 5 to pH 9, and displayed excellent reusability with >50 % of initial activity retained after four cycles. The reduction in Km value of about 22.80 % and 1.76-fold increase in starch hydrolysis in comparison to Combi-CLEAs-CM attested the improvement of enzyme-substrate interaction by Tween 80 and pores formation by BSA in Combi-CLEAs-CM-add. The improved product specificity of Combi-CLEAs-CM-add also produced the highest yield of MOS (492 mg/g) after 3 h. Therefore, Combi-CLEAs-CM-add with ease of preparation, excellent reusability and high operational stability is believed to be highly efficacious biocatalyst for MOS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Seng Yip
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hasmaliana Abdul Manas
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nardiah Rizwana Jaafar
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roshanida A Rahman
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ni Nyoman Tri Puspaningsih
- Laboratory of Proteomics, University-CoE Research Center for Bio-Molecule Engineering, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C-UNAIR, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
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12
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Venkataraman S, Vaidyanathan VK. Dephytinization of wheat and rice bran by cross-linked enzyme aggregates of Mucor indicus phytase: a viable prospect for food and feed industries. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:1935-1945. [PMID: 36408806 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel feeds for improved feed intake and for enhanced nutrient bioavailability have recently attracted attention. Insoluble dietary fibers, especially rice and wheat bran, have generated much interest due to their nutritional value. Incorporating insoluble dietary fiber into diets could be a viable way to maximize the feed conversion ratio. RESULTS Cross-linked phytase aggregates (CLPA) were synthesized by precipitating enzymes followed by cross-linking with 5 mmol L-1 glutaraldehyde, yielding 88.24 (U g-1 ) of enzyme load without the assistance of a proteic feeder. The epitome of the study is the dephosphorylation of wheat bran and rice bran by varying pH, enzyme concentration, and temperature. The highest inorganic phosphorus liberation by 150 U L--1 of free phytase was 23.72 (wheat bran) and 48.08 mg g-1 (rice bran) after 12 h of incubation. Furthermore, 150 U L-1 of CLPA liberated 28.72 (wheat bran) and 52.08 mg g-1 (rice bran) of inorganic phosphorus with an incubation time of 12 h. CONCLUSION Thermostable free phytase was insolubilized to dephosphorylate the agro-residue, namely, wheat bran and rice bran, to reduce the anti-nutritional factor (the phytate content) of these insoluble dietary fibers. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swethaa Venkataraman
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Vinoth Kumar Vaidyanathan
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
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13
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Qian J, Huang A, Zhu H, Ding J, Zhang W, Chen Y. Immobilization of lipase on silica nanoparticles by adsorption followed by glutaraldehyde cross-linking. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:25-38. [PMID: 36370210 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Candida antarctica lipase B was immobilized on silica (SiO2) nanoparticles by physical adsorption, and then cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA) to prepare cross-linked immobilized lipase (CLIL). During the condition of 1.28 mg/mL lipase concentration, 25 ℃ temperature, 2 h adsorption time, 0.01% GA (V/V) 7.5 mL and 2 h cross-linking time, the highest recovery activity of CLIL reached 87.82 ± 0.07% (22.55 ± 0.025 U/mg). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) confirmed that lipase was immobilized on the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles. The changes in secondary structures of CLIL indicated that cross-linking changed the secondary structure of lipase protein, which made the structure of CLIL more stable. Compared with the free lipase, the thermal stability and storage stability of CLIL was significantly improved, and the t1/2 at 60 °C was extended. Studies had shown that it was a feasible method to obtain CLIL by cross-linking after adsorbing lipase on SiO2 nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Qian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aomei Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanxiao Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ding
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
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14
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Crystal Contact Engineering for Enhanced Cross-Linking Efficiency of HheG Crystals. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of cross-linked enzyme crystals is a very attractive method for immobilization of enzymes displaying high crystalizability. However, the commonly used cross-linker glutaraldehyde is not always compatible with enzyme activity. Therefore, we previously reported the engineering of halohydrin dehalogenase HheG from Ilumatobacter coccineus to enable thiol-specific cross-linking during CLEC generation by insertion of cysteine residues in the crystal contact. To broaden the applicability of this approach, herein crystal contact engineering of HheG has been performed to incorporate additional lysine residues as defined cross-linking sites for CLEC generation. Using the primary amine-specific cross-linker dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) (DSP), CLECs of HheG variant V46K were obtained that displayed a high gain in thermal stability compared to wild-type HheG, while using only a low cross-linker concentration. Moreover, respective V46K CLECs exhibited a 10 K higher reaction temperature optimum as well as significantly improved activity and stability at acidic pH and in the presence of organic co-solvents. Overall, our study demonstrates that lysine-specific cross-linkers can also be used as an alternative to glutaraldehyde for stable CLEC generation of halohydrin dehalogenases, and that cross-linking efficiency is significantly improved upon crystal contact engineering.
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15
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Magnetic cross-linked lipase aggregates coupled with ultrasonic pretreatment for efficient synthesis of phytosterol oleate. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Mechri S, Allala F, Bouacem K, Hasnaoui I, Gwaithan H, Chalbi TB, Saalaoui E, Asehraou A, Noiriel A, Abousalham A, Hacene H, Bouanane-Darenfed A, Le Roes-Hill M, Jaouadi B. Preparation, characterization, immobilization, and molecular docking analysis of a novel detergent-stable subtilisin-like serine protease from Streptomyces mutabilis strain TN-X30. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1326-1342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Jailani N, Jaafar NR, Suhaimi S, Mackeen MM, Bakar FDA, Illias RM. Cross-linked cyclodextrin glucanotransferase aggregates from Bacillus lehensis G1 for cyclodextrin production: Molecular modeling, developmental, physicochemical, kinetic and thermodynamic properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:516-533. [PMID: 35636531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type of cross-linking agents influence the stability and active cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA) immobilization. The information of molecular interaction between enzyme-cross linker is not well explored thus screening wide numbers of cross-linker is crucial in CLEA development. This study combined the molecular modeling and experimental optimization to investigate the influences of different cross-linking agents in developing CLEA of cyclodextrin glucanotranferase G1 (CGTase G1) for cyclodextrins (CDs) synthesis. Seven types of cross-linkers were tested and CGTase G1 cross-linked with chitosan (CS-CGTG1-CLEA) displayed the highest activity recovery (84.6 ± 0.26%), aligning with its highest binding affinity, radius of gyration and flexibility through in-silico analysis towards CGTase G1. CS-CGTG1-CLEA was characterized and showed a longer half-life (30.06 ± 1.51 min) and retained a greater thermal stability (52.73 ± 0.93%) after 30 min incubation at optimal conditions compared to free enzyme (10.30 ± 1.34 min and 5.51 ± 2.10% respectively). CS-CGTG1-CLEA improved CDs production by 33% and yielded cumulative of 52.62 g/L CDs after five cycles for 2 h of reaction. This study reveals that abundant of hydroxyl group on chitosan interacted with CGTase G1 surface amino acid residues to form strong and stable CLEA thus can be a promising biocatalyst in CDs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashriq Jailani
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nardiah Rizwana Jaafar
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Suhaily Suhaimi
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mukram Mohamed Mackeen
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Farah Diba Abu Bakar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
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18
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Sampaio CS, Angelotti JAF, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Hirata DB. Lipase immobilization via cross-linked enzyme aggregates: Problems and prospects - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:434-449. [PMID: 35752332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review we have focused on the preparation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) from lipases, as these are among the most used enzyme in bioprocesses. This immobilization method is considered very attractive due to preparation simplicity, non-use of supports and the possibility of using crude enzyme extracts. CLEAs provide lipase stabilization under extreme temperature or pH conditions or in the presence of organic solvents, in addition to preventing enzyme leaching in aqueous medium. However, it presents some problems in the preparation and limitations in their use. The problems in preparation refer mainly to the crosslinking step, and may be solved using an aminated feeder. The problems in handling have been tackled designing magnetic-CLEAs or trapping the CLEAs in particles with better mechanical properties, the substrate diffusion problems has been reduced by producing more porous-CLEAs, etc. The enzyme co-immobilization using combi-CLEAs is also a new tendency. Therefore, this review explores the CLEAs methodology aimed at lipase immobilization and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S Sampaio
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Joelise A F Angelotti
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Department of Biocatalysis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, Member of The External Scientific Advisory Board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Daniela B Hirata
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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19
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Instantaneous synthesis and full characterization of organic-inorganic laccase-cobalt phosphate hybrid nanoflowers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9297. [PMID: 35662266 PMCID: PMC9165545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13490-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel approach termed the "concentrated method" was developed for the instant fabrication of laccase@Co3(PO4)2•hybrid nanoflowers (HNFs). The constructed HNFs were obtained by optimizing the concentration of cobalt chloride and phosphate buffer to reach the highest activity recovery. The incorporation of 30 mM CoCl2 and 160 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) resulted in a fast anisotropic growth of the nanomaterials. The purposed method did not involve harsh conditions and prolonged incubation of precursors, as the most reported approaches for the synthesis of HNFs. The catalytic efficiency of the immobilized and free laccase was 460 and 400 M−1S−1, respectively. Also, the enzymatic activity of the prepared biocatalyst was 113% of the free enzyme (0.5 U mL−1). The stability of the synthesized HNFs was enhanced by 400% at pH 6.5–9.5 and the elevated temperatures. The activity of laccase@Co3(PO4)2•HNFs declined to 50% of the initial value after 10 reusability cycles, indicating successful immobilization of the enzyme. Structural studies revealed a 32% increase in the α-helix content after hybridization with cobalt phosphate, which improved the activity and stability of the immobilized laccase. Furthermore, the fabricated HNFs exhibited a considerable ability to remove moxifloxacin as an emerging pollutant. The antibiotic (10 mg L−1) was removed by 24% and 75% after 24 h through adsorption and biodegradation, respectively. This study introduces a new method for synthesizing HNFs, which could be used for the fabrication of efficient biocatalysts, biosensors, and adsorbents for industrial, biomedical, and environmental applications.
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20
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Moosavi F, Ahrari F, Ahmadian G, Mohammadi M. Sortase-mediated immobilization of Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB) on graphene oxide; comparison with chemical approach. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 34:e00733. [PMID: 35686009 PMCID: PMC9171452 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sortase A was used for the oriented immobilization of CalB on graphene oxide nanosheets Random attachment of CalB on GO nanosheets were performed by chemical immobilization The immobilized CalB were used for the enrichment of omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil The derivative obtained from oriented immobilization showed improved selectivity
In this study, Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB) was covalently immobilized on the surface of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles by sortase-mediated immobilization as well as a chemical attachment approach. Sortase is a transpeptidase that provides one-step purification and targeted immobilization of CalB from one specific site, presenting oriented attachment of the enzyme to a solid support. Chemical immobilization, on the other hand, is considered as a random immobilization, in which the protein can bind to the support from different regions of the protein surface. In this approach, amine-functionalized GO was further modified with glutaraldehyde to facilitate the covalent binding of CalB via its amine residues. The applied methods produced 60% and 100% immobilization yields and presented 0.106 U/mg and 0.085 U/mg of specific activities for the oriented and random immobilization, respectively. The stabilized enzyme with the sortase-mediated approach retained approximately 80% of its initial activity at 50°C.
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21
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Aggarwal S, Ikram S. Zinc oxide nanoparticles-impregnated chitosan surfaces for covalent immobilization of trypsin: Stability & kinetic studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:205-221. [PMID: 35259431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trypsin (Try, EC. 3.4.21.4) was effectively immobilized on the surface of glutaraldehyde(GA)-activated ZnO/Chitosan nanocomposite through covalent attachment via Schiff-base linkages. Size, structure, surface morphology, & percentage elemental composition of the prepared ZnO nanoparticles and chitosan-coated ZnO nanocomposite were studied by UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis (EDAX) techniques. Optimal immobilization conditions (incubation time (16 h), enzyme concentration (1.8 mg/ml), and pH (7.8)) were investigated to obtain the maximum expressed activity of the immobilized trypsin. Immobilized & solubilized trypsin exhibited the optimum catalytic activity at pH 8.5, 60 °C, and pH 7.8, 45 °C respectively. Kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax) of immobilized (27.12 μM, 8.82 μM/min) & free trypsin (25.76 μM, 4.16 μM/min) were determined, indicating that efficiency of trypsin improves after immobilization. Immobilized trypsin preserved 67% of initial activity at 50 °C during 2 h of incubation & sustained nearly 50% of catalytic activity until the 9th repeated cycle of utilization. Moreover, immobilized trypsin retained 50% of enzymatic activity after 90 days of storage at 4 °C. Hence, the current findings suggest that ZnO/Chitosan-GA-Trypsin would be a promising biocatalyst for large-scale biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalu Aggarwal
- Bio/Polymers Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Saiqa Ikram
- Bio/Polymers Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
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22
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Chen N, Chang B, Shi N, Yan W, Lu F, Liu F. Cross-linked enzyme aggregates immobilization: preparation, characterization, and applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:369-383. [PMID: 35430938 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2038073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are commonly used as biocatalysts for various biological and chemical processes. However, some major drawbacks of free enzymes (e.g. poor reusability and instability) significantly restrict their industrial practices. How to overcome these weaknesses remain considerable challenges. Enzyme immobilization is one of the most effective ways to improve the reusability and stability of enzymes. Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) has been known as a novel and versatile carrier-free immobilization method. CLEAs is attractive due to its simplicity and robustness, without purification. It generally shows: high catalytic specificity and selectivity, good operational and storage stabilities, and good reusability. Moreover, co-immobilization of different kinds of enzymes can be acquired. These CLEAs advantages provide opportunities for further industrial applications. Herein, the preparation parameters of CLEAs were first summarized. Next, characterization of structural and catalytic properties, stability and reusability are also proposed. Finally, some important applications of this technique in: environmental protection, industrial chemistry, food industry, and pharmaceutical synthesis and delivery are introduced. Potential challenges and future research directions, such as improving cross-linking efficiency and internal mass transfer efficiency, are also presented. This implies that CLEAs provide an efficient and feasible technique to improve the properties of enzymes for use in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Baogen Chang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Nian Shi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Wenxing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, P. R. China
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23
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Enzyme Immobilization and Co-Immobilization: Main Framework, Advances and Some Applications. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are outstanding (bio)catalysts, not solely on account of their ability to increase reaction rates by up to several orders of magnitude but also for the high degree of substrate specificity, regiospecificity and stereospecificity. The use and development of enzymes as robust biocatalysts is one of the main challenges in biotechnology. However, despite the high specificities and turnover of enzymes, there are also drawbacks. At the industrial level, these drawbacks are typically overcome by resorting to immobilized enzymes to enhance stability. Immobilization of biocatalysts allows their reuse, increases stability, facilitates process control, eases product recovery, and enhances product yield and quality. This is especially important for expensive enzymes, for those obtained in low fermentation yield and with relatively low activity. This review provides an integrated perspective on (multi)enzyme immobilization that abridges a critical evaluation of immobilization methods and carriers, biocatalyst metrics, impact of key carrier features on biocatalyst performance, trends towards miniaturization and detailed illustrative examples that are representative of biocatalytic applications promoting sustainability.
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Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of cellulase with improved catalytic activity, adaptability and reusability. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2022; 45:865-875. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Lu H, Yadav V, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. Bioprospecting microbial hosts to valorize lignocellulose biomass - Environmental perspectives and value-added bioproducts. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132574. [PMID: 34656619 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Current biorefinery approaches comprehend diverse biomass feedstocks and various conversion techniques to produce a variety of high-value biochemicals and biofuels. Lignocellulose is among the most abundant, bio-renewable, and sustainable bioresources on earth. It is regarded as a prodigious alternative raw feedstock to produce a large number of chemicals and biofuels. Producing biofuels and platform chemicals from lignocellulosic biomasses represent advantages in terms of energy and environmental perspectives. Lignocellulose is a main structural constituent of non-woody and woody plants consisting of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. Efficient exploitation of all these components is likely to play a considerable contribution to the economic viability of the processes since lignocellulosic biomass often necessitate pretreatment for liberating fermentable sugars and added value products that might serve as feedstocks for microbial strains to produce biofuels and biochemicals. Developing robust microbial culture and advancements in metabolic engineering approaches might lead to the rapid construction of cell factories for the effective biotechnological transformation of biomass feedstocks to produce biorefinery products. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the recent progress in the valorization of agro-industrial wastes as prospective microbial feedstocks to produce a spectrum of high-value products, such as microbial pigments, biopolymers, industrial biocatalysts, biofuels, biologically active compounds, bioplastics, biosurfactants, and biocontrol agents with therapeutic and industrial potentialities. Lignocellulosic biomass architecture, compositional aspects, revalorization, and pretreatment strategies are outlined for efficient conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Moreover, metabolic engineering approaches are briefly highlighted to develop cell factories to make the lignocellulose biorefinery platforms appealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedong Lu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223003, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Vivek Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223003, China.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
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Bilal M, Lam SS, Iqbal HMN. Biocatalytic remediation of pharmaceutically active micropollutants for environmental sustainability. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118582. [PMID: 34856243 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of an alarming number of recalcitrant pollutants from various industrial activities presents a serious threat to environmental sustainability and ecological integrity. Bioremediation has gained immense interest around the world due to its environmentally friendly and cost-effective nature. In contrast to physical and chemical methods, the use of microbial enzymes, particularly immobilized biocatalysts, has been demonstrated as a versatile approach for the sustainable mitigation of environmental pollution. Considerable attention is now devoted to developing novel enzyme engineering approaches and state-of-the-art bioreactor design for ameliorating the overall bio-catalysis and biodegradation performance of enzymes. This review discusses the contemporary and state of the art technical and scientific progress regarding applying oxidoreductase enzyme-based biocatalytic systems to remediate a vast number of pharmaceutically active compounds from water and wastewater bodies. A comprehensive insight into enzyme immobilization, the role of mediators, bioreactors designing, and transformation products of pharmaceuticals and their associated toxicity is provided. Additional studies are necessary to elucidate enzymatic degradation mechanisms, monitor the toxicity levels of the resulting degraded metabolites and optimize the entire bio-treatment strategy for technical and economical affordability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
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Bilal M, Barceló D, Iqbal HMN. Occurrence, environmental fate, ecological issues, and redefining of endocrine disruptive estrogens in water resources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149635. [PMID: 34426321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The growing persistence of estrogenic pollutants in water resources is a worrying concern because of their endocrine disrupting activities and potentially hazardous consequences on the environmental matrices, ecology, and human health, even at low concentration. The long-term persistence of steroidal estrogens leads to their bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms that can further reach to humans via food chain route. Considering the toxicity of steroidal estrogens, it is important to mitigate these environmentally related hazardous contaminants. So far, several treatment methods, like adsorption, oxidation, irradiation, and electrochemical techniques have been proposed to eliminate estrogens from aqueous ecosystems. Nevertheless, high operational costs, insufficient removal, generation of toxic sludge, and the necessity of skilled maintenance and operating workers are the major hindrances associated with large scale applications. Bioremediation of steroidal estrogens using enzyme-based biocatalytic system has recently emerged as a promising alternative to remove and bio-transform estrogens from aqueous systems. However, the current literature lacks a critique focusing specifically and comprehensively on steroidal estrogens. The presented review is a critical assessment of the existing literature on steroid-based endocrine disruptive estrogens. A detailed description about the occurrence and eco-fate of steroidal estrogens is given with representative examples. The later half of the review stresses on the redefining (removal) of endocrine disruptive estrogens in water resources with particular reference to enzyme-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, c/Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H(2)O, 17003 Girona, Spain; College of Environmental and Resources Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
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Abdulhamid MB, Hero JS, Zamora M, Gómez MI, Navarro MC, Romero CM. Effect of the biological functionalization of nanoparticles on magnetic CLEA preparation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:689-698. [PMID: 34547314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipase immobilization using adsorption on magnetic nanoparticles, cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEA), and a combination of both techniques was investigated. Experimental designs were used for the optimization of the immobilization observing that the pH and ionic strength play a principal role during the lipase immobilization and its activity. For adsorption on magnetic nanoparticles and CLEA synthesis the optimal condition was pH and 100 mM. Besides, during the CLEA synthesis, glutaraldehyde concentration showed to be a significant effect on the enzyme activity. A comparison between a magnetic CLEA prepared with (Lip@mCLEA) and without (mCLEA) biological functionalized magnetic nanoparticles was made observing that the use of functionalized support showed the best performance activity. All biocatalytic systems developed gives to the enzyme thermal stability between 45 and 70 °C, being Lip@mCLEA the more stable biocatalyst. Similar behavior was observed at different pH, where both Lip@mCLEA and mCLEA showed stability at a range of pH 5 to 8. The immobilized biocatalysts showed the same affinity of the subtract that the free enzyme suggested that the enzyme structure not modified the active site. The combination of both types of immobilization show evidenced the importance of the biological functionalization of the support when magnetic CLEA is produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Abdulhamid
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos- (PROIMI-CONICET), Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, T4001 MVB, Tucumán, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Ayacucho 471, T4001 MVB, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Johan Sebatian Hero
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos- (PROIMI-CONICET), Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, T4001 MVB, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Mariana Zamora
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Ayacucho 471, T4001 MVB, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Inés Gómez
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Ayacucho 471, T4001 MVB, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Navarro
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Ayacucho 471, T4001 MVB, Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Cintia Mariana Romero
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos- (PROIMI-CONICET), Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, T4001 MVB, Tucumán, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Ayacucho 471, T4001 MVB, Tucumán, Argentina.
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Abstract
The market for industrial enzymes has witnessed constant growth, which is currently around 7% a year, projected to reach $10.5 billion in 2024. Lipases are hydrolase enzymes naturally responsible for triglyceride hydrolysis. They are the most expansively used industrial biocatalysts, with wide application in a broad range of industries. However, these biocatalytic processes are usually limited by the low stability of the enzyme, the half-life time, and the processes required to solve these problems are complex and lack application feasibility at the industrial scale. Emerging technologies create new materials for enzyme carriers and sophisticate the well-known immobilization principles to produce more robust, eco-friendlier, and cheaper biocatalysts. Therefore, this review discusses the trending studies and industrial applications of the materials and protocols for lipase immobilization, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it summarizes the current challenges and potential alternatives for lipases at the industrial level.
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Ling FWM, Abdulbari HA, Chin SY. Microfluidic Chips for Formulation of Silica Nanoparticles and Enzyme Immobilization. Chem Eng Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona W. M. Ling
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid & Processes (Fluid Centre) 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak Department of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
| | - Hayder A. Abdulbari
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid & Processes (Fluid Centre) 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak Department of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
| | - Sim-Yee Chin
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak Centre for Research in Advanced Fluid & Processes (Fluid Centre) 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak Department of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
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31
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Ríos de Anda I, Coutable-Pennarun A, Brasnett C, Whitelam S, Seddon A, Russo J, Anderson JLR, Royall CP. Decorated networks of native proteins: nanomaterials with tunable mesoscopic domain size. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6873-6883. [PMID: 34231559 PMCID: PMC8294043 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02269a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural and artificial proteins with designer properties and functionalities offer unparalleled opportunity for functional nanoarchitectures formed through self-assembly. However, to exploit this potential we need to design the system such that assembly results in desired architecture forms while avoiding denaturation and therefore retaining protein functionality. Here we address this challenge with a model system of fluorescent proteins. By manipulating self-assembly using techniques inspired by soft matter where interactions between the components are controlled to yield the desired structure, we have developed a methodology to assemble networks of proteins of one species which we can decorate with another, whose coverage we can tune. Consequently, the interfaces between domains of each component can also be tuned, with potential applications for example in energy - or electron - transfer. Our model system of eGFP and mCherry with tuneable interactions reveals control over domain sizes in the resulting networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioatzin Ríos de Anda
- H.H. Wills Physics LaboratoryTyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TLUK
- School of Mathematics, University WalkBristolBS8 1TWUK
| | - Angélique Coutable-Pennarun
- BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Life Sciences BuildingTyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
- School of Biochemistry, University of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | | | - Stephen Whitelam
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCalifornia 94720USA
| | - Annela Seddon
- H.H. Wills Physics LaboratoryTyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TLUK
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of BristolBristolBS8 1TLUK
| | - John Russo
- School of Mathematics, University WalkBristolBS8 1TWUK
- Dipartimento di Fisica and CNR-ISC, Sapienza-Università di RomaPiazzale A. Moro 200185 RomaItaly
| | - J. L. Ross Anderson
- School of Biochemistry, University of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University WalkBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | - C. Patrick Royall
- H.H. Wills Physics LaboratoryTyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TLUK
- Gulliver UMR CNRS 7083, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL75005 ParisFrance
- School of Chemistry, University of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
- Centre for Nanoscience and Quantum InformationTyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1FDUK
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32
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Farhan LO, Mehdi WA, Taha EM, Farhan AM, Mehde AA, Özacar M. Various type immobilizations of Isocitrate dehydrogenases enzyme on hyaluronic acid modified magnetic nanoparticles as stable biocatalysts. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:217-227. [PMID: 33838186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were modified by hyaluronic acid (HA). After the process of functionalization, two different strategies have been used to immobilize isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) on MNPs. In the first strategy, cross-linked enzyme aggregates were prepared. For this, firstly hyaluronic acid modified magnetic nanoparticles cross-linked enzyme fine aggregates of isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH/HA/MNPs-CLEAs) were synthesized, and secondly bovine serum albumin (BSA) as co-feeder was used to synthesize the IDH/BSA/HA/MNPs-CLEAs. In the second strategy, the IDH was effectively immobilized on the HA/MNPs surface. The features of MNPs and its derivatives have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and zeta potential measurements. The activity and stability of IDH in IDH/HA/MNPs, IDH/HA/MNPs-CLEAs, and IDH/BSA/HA/MNPs-CLEAs were enhanced. Besides, the enzyme immobilized was readily separated via external magnet from the reaction medium and reused many times. The acquired findings indicate that HA/MNPs are a novel binder/support system to IDH, and IDH immobilized on this system can become a very important biocatalyst working with high accuracy and sensitivity for the determination of magnesium in drinking water and other biological solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla O Farhan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Wesen Adel Mehdi
- Sakarya University, Biomedical, Magnetic and Semiconductor Materials Application and Research Center (BIMAS-RC), 54187, Sakarya, Turkey; Sakarya University, Biomaterials, Energy, Photocatalysis, Enzyme Technology, Nano & Advanced Materials, Additive Manufacturing, Environmental Applications and Sustainability Research & Development Group (BIOEℕAMS R&D Group), 54187, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Ekhlass M Taha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ahlam M Farhan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Atheer Awad Mehde
- Sakarya University, Biomedical, Magnetic and Semiconductor Materials Application and Research Center (BIMAS-RC), 54187, Sakarya, Turkey; Sakarya University, Biomaterials, Energy, Photocatalysis, Enzyme Technology, Nano & Advanced Materials, Additive Manufacturing, Environmental Applications and Sustainability Research & Development Group (BIOEℕAMS R&D Group), 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Özacar
- Sakarya University, Biomaterials, Energy, Photocatalysis, Enzyme Technology, Nano & Advanced Materials, Additive Manufacturing, Environmental Applications and Sustainability Research & Development Group (BIOEℕAMS R&D Group), 54187, Sakarya, Turkey; Sakarya University, Science & Arts Faculty, Department of Chemistry, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
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33
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Mutagenesis and Immobilization of ChitB-Protease for Induced De-staining and Goat Skin Dehairing Potentialities. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Zhang X, Shao W, Chen B, Wang M. Cross-linking of carbonic anhydrase and formate dehydrogenase based on amino acid specific recognition: Conversion of carbon dioxide to formic acid. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 146:109763. [PMID: 33812561 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the cascades performed in vivo, the assembly of multiple enzymes in vitro has strongly moved into the focus of researchers in the field of biocatalysis. In this study, a new, mild and accurate enzyme cross-linking method is revealed. Microbial transglutaminase (MTG) acts as a "cross-linking medium" by identifying the amide group of the glutamine and the primary amine group of lysine in the artificial peptide tags specifically to form an iso-peptide bond. Here, carbonic anhydrase (CA) and formate dehydrogenase (FDH) with different peptide tags that can be recognized by MTG were linked together to obtain different proportions of cross-linked enzymes for efficient conversion of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide to formic acid. After cross-linking, we obtained "one-to-one" and "one-to-more" cross-linked enzyme aggregates. There is a minor residual loss of the two enzymes, the remaining enzyme activity of CA is more than 93%, and the remaining enzyme activity of FDH is more than 84%. In particular, the overall catalytic efficiency of the cross-linked enzyme is increased by 5.8 times compared with free enzymes and the thermal stability of FDH at different temperatures is improved. The applied strategy demonstrates the potential application of MTG in multi-enzyme assembly and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Wenxuan Shao
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Biqiang Chen
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Meng Wang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
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35
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Effect of cross-linked enzyme aggregate strategy on characterization of sn-1,3 extracellular lipase from Aspergillus niger GZUF36. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1925-1941. [PMID: 33559718 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The sn-1,3 extracellular lipase from Aspergillus niger GZUF36 (EXANL1) has important potential applications. The cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA) of purified EXANL1 (CLEA-EXANL1) achieved optimum activity recovery (148.5 ± 0.9%), immobilization yield (100 ± 0%), and recovered activity (99.7 ± 0.6%) with 80% tert-butanol as the precipitant, glutaraldehyde (GA) concentration of 30 mM, GA treatment time of 1.5 h, and centrifugal speed of 6000×g. The effect of CLEA strategy on the characterization of EXANL1 was evaluated in this work. CLEA-EXANL1 exhibited a broader optimum pH range (4-6) compared with free EXANL1 (6.5). CLEA-EXANL1 presented optimum activity at 40 °C, which was 5 °C higher than that of free EXANL1. CLEA strategy decreased the maximum reaction rate and increased the Michaelis-Menten constant of EXANL1 when olive oil emulsion was used as a substrate. Moreover, after 30 days, free EXANL1 lost more than 80.0% of its activity, whereas CLEA-EXANL1 retained more than 90.0% of its activity. CLEA strategy improved the tolerance of EXANL1 in polar organic solvents. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that the CLEA technique increased the contents of β-sheets and β-turns in EXANL1 and reduced those of α-helixes and irregular crimps. CLEA strategy caused no change in the sn-1,3 selectivity of EXANL1. Therefore, EXANL1 in the form of CLEA is a valuable catalyst in the synthesis of 1,3-diacylglycerol. KEY POINTS: • Cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA) strategy broadened the optimum pH range of sn-1,3 extracellular lipase from Aspergillus niger GZUF36 (EXANL1). • CLEA strategy improved the tolerance of EXANL1 in polar organic solvents. • CLEA strategy caused no change in the positional selectivity of EXANL1.
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36
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Mokhtar NF, Rahman RNZ, Sani F, Ali MS. Extraction and reimmobilization of used commercial lipase from industrial waste. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 176:413-423. [PMID: 33556405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In industrial application, immobilized lipase are typically not reused and served as industrial waste after a certain process is completed. The capacity on the reusability of the spent lipase is not well studied. This current study embarks on reusing the remaining lipase from the spent immobilized enzyme. Active lipases were recovered using a simple reverse micellar extraction (RME). RME is the extraction process of targeted biomolecules using an organic solvent and a surfactant. This method was the first attempt reported on the recovery of the lipase from the used immobilized lipase. RME of the spent lipase was done using the nonionic Triton X-100 surfactant and toluene. Various parameters were optimized to maximize the lipase recovery from the used immobilized lipase. The optimum forward extraction condition was 0.075 M KCl, and backward conditions were at 0.15 M Triton X-100/toluene (pH 6, 2 M KCl) with recovery of 66%. The extracted lipase was immobilized via simple adsorption into the ethanol pretreated carrier. The optimum conditions of immobilization resulted in 96% of the extracted lipase was reimmobilized. The reimmobilized lipase was incubated for 20 h in pH 6 buffer at 50 °C of water bath shaker. The reimmobilized lipase still had 27% residual activity after 18 h of incubation, which higher thermal stability compared to the free lipase. In conclusion, the free lipase was successfully extracted from the spent immobilized lipase and reimmobilized into the new support. It exhibited high thermal stability, and the reusability of the spent lipase will promote continued use of industrial lipase and reduce the cost of the manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Fathiah Mokhtar
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raja Noor Zaliha Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Sani
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shukuri Ali
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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37
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Hong J, Jung D, Park S, Oh Y, Oh KK, Lee SH. Immobilization of laccase via cross-linked enzyme aggregates prepared using genipin as a natural cross-linker. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 169:541-550. [PMID: 33358952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Genipin is a nontoxic natural cross-linker that was successfully used to prepare cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of Trametes versicolor laccase. The recovered activity of CLEAs was influenced by the co-solvent type, genipin concentration, cross-linking time, preparation pH, and bovine serum albumin (BSA; amino group feeder) concentration. The characteristics of CLEAs prepared using genipin under optimal conditions (genipin-BSA-CLEAs) were compared with those of typical CLEAs prepared using glutaraldehyde or dextran polyaldehyde. Genipin-BSA-CLEAs were nano-sized (average diameter, approximately 700 nm), had a ball-like shape, showed a narrow size distribution, and exhibited the highest substrate affinity among the prepared CLEAs. The thermal stability of genipin-BSA-CLEAs was 6.8-fold higher than that of free laccase, and their pH stability was also much higher than that of free laccase in the tested range. Additionally, genipin-BSA-CLEAs retained 85% of their initial activity after 10 cycles of reuse. Particularly, genipin-BSA-CLEAs showed higher thermal and pH stability than CLEAs that were cross-linked using glutaraldehyde. Therefore, genipin represents an alternative to toxic compounds such as glutaraldehyde during cross-linking to prepare CLEAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Hong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Dahun Jung
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Saerom Park
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Yujin Oh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Keun Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea.
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Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. Armoring bio-catalysis via structural and functional coordination between nanostructured materials and lipases for tailored applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 166:818-838. [PMID: 33144258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials represent an interesting and novel class of support matrices for the immobilization of different enzymes. Owing to the high surface area, robust mechanical stability, outstanding optical, thermal, and electrical properties, nanomaterials have been rightly perceived as desired immobilization matrices for lipases immobilization with a wide array of biotechnological applications such as dairy, food technology, fine chemical, pharmaceutical, detergent, and oleochemical industries. Lipases immobilized on nanomaterials have demonstrated superior attributes than free counterparts, such as aggrandized pH and thermal stability, robustness, long-term stability, and the possibility of reuse and recycling in several times. Here we review current and state-of-the-art literature on the use of nanomaterials as novel platforms for the immobilization of lipase enzymes. The physicochemical properties and exploitation of a large number of new nanostructured materials such as carbon nanotubes, nano-silica, graphene/graphene oxide, metal nanoparticles, magnetic nanostructures, metal-organic frameworks, and hybrid nanoflowers as a host matrix to constitute robust lipases-based nanobiocatalytic systems are discussed. Conclusive remarks, trends, and future recommendations for nanomaterial immobilized enzymes are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
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39
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Tacin MV, Costa-Silva TA, de Paula AV, Palomo JM, Santos-Ebinuma VDC. Microbial lipase: a new approach for a heterogeneous biocatalyst. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:749-760. [PMID: 33315537 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1855442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipases are enzymes employed in several industrial process and their applicability can be increased if these biocatalysts are in the immobilize form. The objective of this work was to study the immobilization of lipase produced by submerged cultivation of Aspergillus sp. by hydrophobic interaction, evaluating its stability and reuse capacity. The immobilization process on octyl-sepharose (C8) and octadecyl-sepabeads (C18) carriers was possible after the removal of oil excess presented in the fermented broth. The results showed that the enzyme was isolated and concentrated in octyl-sepharose with 22% of the initial activity. To increase the amount of enzyme adsorbed on the carrier, 4 immobilization cycles were performed in a row, on the same carrier, with a final immobilization yield of 151.32% and an increase in the specific activity of 136%. The activity test with immobilized lipase showed that the immobilized enzyme maintained 75% of the initial activity after 20 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vendrasco Tacin
- Department of Engineering Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis (ICP-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - Tales A Costa-Silva
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariela Veloso de Paula
- Department of Engineering Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Jose M Palomo
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis (ICP-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - Valéria de Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma
- Department of Engineering Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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40
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Bilal M, Ashraf SS, Ferreira LFR, Cui J, Lou WY, Franco M, Iqbal HMN. Nanostructured materials as a host matrix to develop robust peroxidases-based nanobiocatalytic systems. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1906-1923. [PMID: 32818568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials constitute an interesting and novel class of support matrices for the immobilization of peroxidase enzymes. Owing to the high surface area, robust mechanical stability, outstanding optical, thermal, and electrical properties, nanomaterials have been rightly perceived as immobilization matrices for enzyme immobilization with applications in diverse areas such as nano-biocatalysis, biosensing, drug delivery, antimicrobial activities, solar cells, and environmental protection. Many nano-scale materials have been employed as support matrices for the immobilization of different classes of enzymes. Nanobiocatalysts, enzymes immobilized on nano-size materials, are more stable, catalytically robust, and could be reused and recycled in multiple reaction cycles. In this review, we illustrate the unique structural/functional features and potentialities of nanomaterials-immobilized peroxidase enzymes in different biotechnological applications. After a comprehensive introduction to the immobilized enzymes and nanocarriers, the first section reviewed carbonaceous nanomaterials (carbon nanotube, graphene, and its derivatives) as a host matrix to constitute robust peroxidases-based nanobiocatalytic systems. The second half covers metallic nanomaterials (metals, and metal oxides) and some other novel materials as host carriers for peroxidases immobilization. The next section vetted the potential biotechnological applications of the resulted nanomaterials-immobilized robust peroxidases-based nanobiocatalytic systems. Concluding remarks, trends, and future recommendations for nanomaterial immobilized enzymes are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, 49032-490 Aracaju, SE, Brazil; Institute of Technology and Research, Av. Murilo Dantas 300 - Prédio do ITP, Farolândia, 49032-490 Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Jiandong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- Lab of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Marcelo Franco
- Department of Exact and Technological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, 45654-370 Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
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41
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Co-immobilization of multiple enzymes by self-assembly and chemical crosslinking for cofactor regeneration and robust biocatalysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:445-453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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42
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Paitaid P, H-Kittikun A. Enhancing immobilization of Aspergillus oryzae ST11 lipase on polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membrane by bovine serum albumin and its application for biodiesel production. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:536-549. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1836654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pattarapon Paitaid
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Aran H-Kittikun
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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Joseph JE, Mary PR, Haritha KV, Panwar D, Kapoor M. Soluble and Cross-Linked Aggregated Forms of α-Galactosidase from Vigna mungo Immobilized on Magnetic Nanocomposites: Improved Stability and Reusability. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:238-256. [PMID: 32894388 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
α-Galactosidases hold immense potential due to their biotechnological applications in various industrial and functional food sectors. In the present study, soluble and covalently cross-linked aggregated forms of a low molecular weight, thermo-labile α-galactosidase from Vigna mungo (VM-αGal) seeds were immobilized onto chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles for improved stability and repeated usage by magnetic separation. Parameters like precipitants (type, amount, and ratio), glutaraldehyde concentration, and enzyme load were optimized for the preparation of chitosan-coated magnetic nanocomposites of cross-linked VM-αGal (VM-αGal-MC) and VM-αGal (VM-αGal-M) resulted in 100% immobilization efficiency. Size and morphology of VM-αGal-M were studied through dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to study the chemical composition of VM-αGal-MC and VM-αGal-M. VM-αGal-MC and VM-αGal-M were found more active in a broad range of pH (3-8) and displayed optimal temperatures up to 25 °C higher than VM-αGal. Addition of non-ionic detergents (except Tween-40) improved VM-αGal-MC activity by up to 44% but negatively affected VM-αGal-M activity. Both VM-αGal-MC (15% residual activity after 21 min at 85 °C, Ed 92.42 kcal/mol) and VM-αGal-M (69.0% residual activity after 10 min at 75 °C, Ed 39.87 kcal/mol) showed remarkable thermal stability and repeatedly hydrolyzed the substrate for 10 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juby Elsa Joseph
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570 020, India
| | - Priyanka Rose Mary
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570 020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, UP, 201 002, India
| | - K V Haritha
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570 020, India
| | - Deepesh Panwar
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570 020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, UP, 201 002, India
| | - Mukesh Kapoor
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570 020, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, UP, 201 002, India.
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Abd Rahman NH, Jaafar NR, Abdul Murad AM, Abu Bakar FD, Shamsul Annuar NA, Md Illias R. Novel cross-linked enzyme aggregates of levanase from Bacillus lehensis G1 for short-chain fructooligosaccharides synthesis: Developmental, physicochemical, kinetic and thermodynamic properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:577-589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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46
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Lipase immobilization on ceramic supports: An overview on techniques and materials. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 42:107581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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47
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Rodriguez-Abetxuko A, Sánchez-deAlcázar D, Muñumer P, Beloqui A. Tunable Polymeric Scaffolds for Enzyme Immobilization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:830. [PMID: 32850710 PMCID: PMC7406678 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of methodologies for the immobilization of enzymes using polymeric supports is continuously growing due to the developments in the fields of biotechnology, polymer chemistry, and nanotechnology in the last years. Despite being excellent catalysts, enzymes are very sensitive molecules and can undergo denaturation beyond their natural environment. For overcoming this issue, polymer chemistry offers a wealth of opportunities for the successful combination of enzymes with versatile natural or synthetic polymers. The fabrication of functional, stable, and robust biocatalytic hybrid materials (nanoparticles, capsules, hydrogels, or films) has been proven advantageous for several applications such as biomedicine, organic synthesis, biosensing, and bioremediation. In this review, supported with recent examples of enzyme-protein hybrids, we provide an overview of the methods used to combine both macromolecules, as well as the future directions and the main challenges that are currently being tackled in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pablo Muñumer
- PolyZymes group, POLYMAT and Department of Applied Chemistry (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ana Beloqui
- PolyZymes group, POLYMAT and Department of Applied Chemistry (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain
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48
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The Immobilization of Lipases on Porous Support by Adsorption and Hydrophobic Interaction Method. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10070744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Four major enzymes commonly used in the market are lipases, proteases, amylases, and cellulases. For instance, in both academic and industrial levels, microbial lipases have been well studied for industrial and biotechnological applications compared to others. Immobilization is done to minimize the cost. The improvement of enzyme properties enables the reusability of enzymes and facilitates enzymes used in a continuous process. Immobilized enzymes are enzymes physically confined in a particularly defined region with retention to their catalytic activities. Immobilized enzymes can be used repeatedly compared to free enzymes, which are unable to catalyze reactions continuously in the system. Immobilization also provides a higher pH value and thermal stability for enzymes toward synthesis. The main parameter influencing the immobilization is the support used to immobilize the enzyme. The support should have a large surface area, high rigidity, suitable shape and particle size, reusability, and resistance to microbial attachment, which will enhance the stability of the enzyme. The diffusion of the substrate in the carrier is more favorable on hydrophobic supports instead of hydrophilic supports. The methods used for enzyme immobilization also play a crucial role in immobilization performance. The combination of immobilization methods will increase the binding force between enzymes and the support, thus reducing the leakage of the enzymes from the support. The adsorption of lipase on a hydrophobic support causes the interfacial activation of lipase during immobilization. The adsorption method also causes less or no change in enzyme conformation, especially on the active site of the enzyme. Thus, this method is the most used in the immobilization process for industrial applications.
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Dos Santos MMO, Gama RS, de Carvalho Tavares IM, Santos PH, Gonçalves MS, de Carvalho MS, de Barros Vilas Boas EV, de Oliveira JR, Mendes AA, Franco M. Application of lipase immobilized on a hydrophobic support for the synthesis of aromatic esters. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:538-546. [PMID: 32438471 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed at preparing three biocatalysts via physical adsorption of lipases from Candida rugosa (CRL), Mucor javanicus, and Candida sp. on a hydrophobic and mesoporous support (Diaion HP-20). These biocatalysts were later applied to the synthesis of aromatic esters of apple peel and citrus (hexyl butyrate), apple and rose (geranyl butyrate), and apricot and pineapple (propyl butyrate). Scanning electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis confirmed a selective adsorption of lipases on Diaion, thus endorsing simultaneous immobilization and purification. Gibbs free energy (∆G) evinced the spontaneity of the process (-17.9 kJ/mol ≤ ∆G ≤ -5.1 kJ/mol). Maximum immobilized protein concentration of 30 mg/g support by CRL. This biocatalyst was the most active in olive oil hydrolysis (hydrolytic activity of 126.0 ± 2.0 U/g) and in the synthesis of aromatic esters. Maximum conversion yield of 89.1% was attained after 150 Min for the synthesis of hexyl butyrate, followed by the synthesis of geranyl butyrate (87.3% after 240 Min) and propyl butyrate (80.0% after 150 Min). CRL immobilized on Diaion retained around 93% of its original activity after six consecutive cycles of 150 Min for the synthesis of hexyl butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pedro Henrique Santos
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Márcia Soares Gonçalves
- Department of Exact Sciences and Natural, State University of Southwest Bahia, Itapetinga, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcelo Franco
- Department of Exact Sciences and Technology, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
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50
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Designing and investigation of photo-active gellan gum for the efficient immobilization of catalase by entrapment. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:539-549. [PMID: 32544585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A photo-active gellan gum (Gel) derivative was developed by amide bond combination with trans-4-[p-(amino)styryl]pyridine (SP). The SP-Gel was cross-linked by UV curing via the intermolecular 2π + 2π cycloaddition of the inserted SP-CH=CH- moieties. The chemical structure of the obtained photo-crosslinkable biopolymer was investigated before and after the UV curing and the progress of the performed 2π + 2π cycloaddition-based cross-linking was detected via UV-visible light spectra. SP-Gel was evaluated as a polymeric matrix for the immobilization of catalase via entrapment technique. The synthesized biopolymer was mixed with the catalase and molded in the form of membranes that were UV cured to encapsulate the enzyme. The membranes were able to entrap 0.75 mg/cm2 with retained activity reached above 95%. The immobilized catalase displayed higher thermal stability and higher resistance toward the environmental pH disturbances compared to the free enzyme. Also, despite the observed lower catalase-H2O2 affinity upon the entrapment that was indicated from the performed kinetic studies, the reusability and storage stability experiments revealed the economic value of the entire process by preserving around 95% and 83% of the initial catalase activity after the fifth and tenth operation cycles, respectively.
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