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Al-Huqail AA, Aref NMA, Khan F, Sobhy SE, Hafez EE, Khalifa AM, Saad-Allah KM. Azolla filiculoides extract improved salt tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is associated with prompting osmostasis, antioxidant potential and stress-interrelated genes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11100. [PMID: 38750032 PMCID: PMC11096334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The growth and productivity of crop plants are negatively affected by salinity-induced ionic and oxidative stresses. This study aimed to provide insight into the interaction of NaCl-induced salinity with Azolla aqueous extract (AAE) regarding growth, antioxidant balance, and stress-responsive genes expression in wheat seedlings. In a pot experiment, wheat kernels were primed for 21 h with either deionized water or 0.1% AAE. Water-primed seedlings received either tap water, 250 mM NaCl, AAE spray, or AAE spray + NaCl. The AAE-primed seedlings received either tap water or 250 mM NaCl. Salinity lowered growth rate, chlorophyll level, and protein and amino acids pool. However, carotenoids, stress indicators (EL, MDA, and H2O2), osmomodulators (sugars, and proline), antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, APX, and PPO), and the expression of some stress-responsive genes (POD, PPO and PAL, PCS, and TLP) were significantly increased. However, administering AAE contributed to increased growth, balanced leaf pigments and assimilation efficacy, diminished stress indicators, rebalanced osmomodulators and antioxidant enzymes, and down-regulation of stress-induced genes in NaCl-stressed plants, with priming surpassing spray in most cases. In conclusion, AAE can be used as a green approach for sustaining regular growth and metabolism and remodelling the physio-chemical status of wheat seedlings thriving in salt-affected soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma A Al-Huqail
- Chair of Climate Change, Environmental Development, and Vegetation Cover, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagwa M A Aref
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Hadayek Shubra 11241, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Faheema Khan
- Chair of Climate Change, Environmental Development, and Vegetation Cover, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherien E Sobhy
- Plant Protection and Bimolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El‑Arab, 21934, Egypt
| | - Elsayed E Hafez
- Plant Protection and Bimolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El‑Arab, 21934, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Khalifa
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University (Girls Branch), Cairo, 71524, Egypt
| | - Khalil M Saad-Allah
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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Lu X, Zheng D, Feng N, Zhou G, Khan A, Zhao H, Deng P, Zhou H, Lin F, Chen Z. Metabolic Adaptations in Rapeseed: Hemin-Induced Resilience to NaCl Stress by Enhancing Growth, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Defense Ability. Metabolites 2024; 14:57. [PMID: 38248860 PMCID: PMC10818378 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether presoaking with hemin (5 μmol·L-1) could alleviate NaCl stress during rapeseed seedlings' growth and its role in the regulation of photosynthesis. In this experiment, 'HUAYOUZA 62 (HYZ 62)' and 'HUAYOUZA 158R (158R)' were used as materials for pot experiments to study the morphology, photosynthetic characteristics, antioxidant activity, and osmoregulatory factors of seedlings under different salt concentrations, as well as the regulatory effects of hemin-presoaked seeds. Our findings revealed that, compared the control, NaCl stress inhibited the growth of two rapeseed varieties, decreased the seedling emergence rate, and increased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), the electrolyte leakage rate (EL) and antioxidant enzyme activity. Hemin soaking alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress and increased plant height, root elongation and dry matter accumulation. Compared with all NaCl treatments, hemin significantly enhanced photosynthetic indexes, including a percent increase of 12.99-24.36% and 5.39-16.52% in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), 17.86-48.08% and 8.6-23.44% in stomatal conductivity (Gs), and 15.42-37.94% and 11.09-19.08% in transpiration rate (Tr) for HYZ62 and 158R, respectively. Moreover, hemin soaking also increased antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), reducing the malondialdehyde, and thus resulting in the alleviation of oxidative damage caused by NaCl stress. Furthermore, hemin stimulated the formation of soluble protein, which effectively regulated the osmo-protective qualities. The current findings strongly elucidate that hemin soaking could effectively alleviate the negative impacts of NaCl stress by regulating the morphological, photosynthetic, and antioxidant traits. This study provides a new idea regarding the effect of Hemin on the salt tolerance of rapeseed, and provides a basis for the practical application of Hemin in saline-alkali soil to improve the salt tolerance of cultivated rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xutong Lu
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Dianfeng Zheng
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Naijie Feng
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Aaqil Khan
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Peng Deng
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Feng Lin
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ziming Chen
- College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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Raja B, Vidya R. Application of seaweed extracts to mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:641-661. [PMID: 37363418 PMCID: PMC10284787 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture sector is facing a lot of constraints such as climate change, increasing population and the use of chemicals, and fertilizers which have significant influence on sustainability. The excessive usage of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has created a significant risk to humans, animals, plants, and the environment. To reduce the dependency on chemical fertilizers and pesticides a biological-based alternative is required. Seaweeds are essential marine resources that contain bioactive compounds and they have several uses in agriculture. The use of seaweed extracts in agriculture can mitigate stress, enhance nutrient efficiency, and boost plant growth. The use of seaweed extracts and their components activate several signaling pathways and defense-related genes/enzymes. In this review, an attempt has been made to explain how seaweed extracts and their bioactive components induce tolerance and promote growth under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Raja
- VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning (VAIAL), School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014 India
- VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning (VAIAL), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014 India
| | - Radhakrishnan Vidya
- VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning (VAIAL), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014 India
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4
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Huang X, Zheng D, Feng N, Huang A, Zhang R, Meng F, Jie Y, Mu B, Mu D, Zhou H. Effects of prohexadione calcium spraying during the booting stage on panicle traits, yield, and related physiological characteristics of rice under salt stress. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14673. [PMID: 36710858 PMCID: PMC9879151 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prohexadione calcium (Pro-Ca), as a growth retardant, can effectively alleviate the damage of salt stress to plants. In order to explore the effects of NaCl stress on the physiological characteristics and panicle traits of rice plants as well as the alleviating effect of Pro-Ca at the booting stage, we performed pot experiments on two rice cultivars: conventional rice 'Huanghuazhan' and hybrid rice 'Xiangliangyou900'. Rice plants were treated with 0.3% NaCl 48 hours after Pro-Ca (100 mg L-1) treatment to study the effects of Pro-Ca on the physiological characteristics of the leaves and panicles, as well as the panicle and yield traits of rice under salt stress. Our analysis indicated that NaCl treatment inhibited the morphological growth parameters and photosynthetic efficiency, destroyed the antioxidant defense systems of leaves and panicles, increased soluble protein and proline in both rice cultivars. Foliar application of Pro-Ca significantly increased the leaf area, uppermost internode length, panicle length, panicle weight, number of primary branches, number of grains per panicle, seed setting rate and yield under salt stress. Pro-Ca application significantly affected chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and apparent mesophyll conductance (AMC) in NaCl-treated rice cultivars compared with NaCl treatment alone. Moreover, Pro-Ca also increased ascorbic acid (AsA) content, enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, and further increased the accumulation of soluble protein and proline in leaves and panicles. These results illustrated that foliar application of Pro-Ca at the booting stage could alleviate the damage caused by NaCl stress by regulating the physiological and metabolic processes of rice plants, thereby enhancing the stress resistance of the plants, increasing total rice yield in salt stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiXin Huang
- Guangdong Ocean University, College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Dianfeng Zheng
- Guangdong Ocean University, College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China,South China Center of National Saline-tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Center, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China,Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Naijie Feng
- Guangdong Ocean University, College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China,South China Center of National Saline-tolerant Rice Technology Innovation Center, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China,Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Anqi Huang
- Guangdong Ocean University, College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongjun Zhang
- Guangdong Ocean University, College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Fengyan Meng
- Guangdong Ocean University, College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yin Jie
- Guangdong Ocean University, College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Baomin Mu
- Guangdong Ocean University, College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Dewei Mu
- Guangdong Ocean University, College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Guangdong Ocean University, College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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5
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Deolu-Ajayi AO, van der Meer IM, van der Werf A, Karlova R. The power of seaweeds as plant biostimulants to boost crop production under abiotic stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2537-2553. [PMID: 35815342 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses like drought and salinity are major factors resulting in crop yield losses and soil degradation worldwide. To meet increasing food demands, we must improve crop productivity, especially under increasing abiotic stresses due to climate change. Recent studies suggest that seaweed-based biostimulants could be a solution to this problem. Here, we summarize the current findings of using these biostimulants and highlight current knowledge gaps. Seaweed extracts were shown to enhance nutrient uptake and improve growth performance in crops under stressed and normal conditions. Seaweed extracts contain several active compounds, for example, polysaccharides, polyphenols and phytohormones. Although some of these compounds have growth-promoting properties on plants, the molecular mechanisms that underly seaweed extract action remain understudied. In this paper, we review the role of these extracts and their bioactive compounds as plant biostimulants. The targeted application of seaweed extract to improve crop performance and protein accumulation is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji O Deolu-Ajayi
- Agrosystems Research, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M van der Meer
- Bioscience, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adrie van der Werf
- Agrosystems Research, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rumyana Karlova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Root and Leaf Transcript Profiles Reveals the Coordinated Mechanisms in Response to Salinity Stress in Common Vetch. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158477. [PMID: 35955619 PMCID: PMC9369433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to its strong environmental suitability to adverse abiotic stress conditions, common vetch (Vicia sativa) is grown worldwide for both forage and green manure purposes and is an important protein source for human consumption and livestock feed. The germination of common vetch seeds and growth of seedlings are severely affected by salinity stress, and the response of common vetch to salinity stress at the molecular level is still poorly understood. In this study, we report the first comparative transcriptomic analysis of the leaves and roots of common vetch under salinity stress. A total of 6361 differentially expressed genes were identified in leaves and roots. In the roots, the stress response was dominated by genes involved in peroxidase activity. However, the genes in leaves focused mainly on Ca2+ transport. Overexpression of six salinity-inducible transcription factors in yeast further confirmed their biological functions in the salinity stress response. Our study provides the most comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of common vetch leaf and root responses to salinity stress. Our findings broaden the knowledge of the common and distinct intrinsic molecular mechanisms within the leaves and roots of common vetch and could help to develop common vetch cultivars with high salinity tolerance.
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7
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Song C, Zhang Y, Chen R, Zhu F, Wei P, Pan H, Chen C, Dai J. Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Unravel the Impacts of Salt Stress on Dendrobium huoshanense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:874579. [PMID: 35646023 PMCID: PMC9134114 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.874579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is a constraint on crop growth and productivity. When exposed to high salt stress, metabolic abnormalities that disrupt reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis result in massive oxygen radical deposition. Dendrobium huoshanense is a perennial orchid herb that thrives in semi-shade conditions. Although lots of studies have been undertaken on abiotic stresses (high temperature, chilling, drought, etc.) of model plants, few studies were reported on the mechanism of salt stress in D. huoshanense. Using a label-free protein quantification method, a total of 2,002 differential expressed proteins were identified in D. huoshanense. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment indicated that proteins involved in vitamin B6 metabolism, photosynthesis, spliceosome, arginine biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and MAPK signaling were considerably enriched. Remarkably, six malate dehydrogenases (MDHs) were identified from deferentially expressed proteins. (NAD+)-dependent MDH may directly participate in the biosynthesis of malate in the nocturnal crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathway. Additionally, peroxidases such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), as well as antioxidant enzymes involved in glutathione biosynthesis and some vitamins biosynthesis were also identified. Taken together, these results provide a solid foundation for the investigation of the mechanism of salt stress in Dendrobium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Song
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Lu’an, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Fucheng Zhu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Lu’an, China
| | - Peipei Wei
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Lu’an, China
| | - Haoyu Pan
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Cunwu Chen
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Lu’an, China
| | - Jun Dai
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Lu’an, China
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8
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Bu W, Dai WW, Liu HM, Bu HM, Ju XY, Li RP, Yuan B. Structural characterization of a polysaccharide from Dioscorea opposita and assessment of its hepatoprotective activity. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Zhang H, Chen X, Song L, Liu S, Li P. The mechanism by which Enteromorpha Linza polysaccharide promotes Bacillus subtilis growth and nitrate removal. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:840-849. [PMID: 35439475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we discussed the relationship between Entermorpha linza polysaccharide (EP) and Bacillus subtilis, which can transform nitrate. A sole carbon source experiment showed that Bacillus subtilis could utilize EP, and the bacterial density was maximally increased by 54.43% in the EP groups. The results of reducing sugar determination proved the secretion of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the EP groups had fewer spores and shrunken bacteria, indicating that EP could improve the growth environment and maintain bacterial integrity. Additionally, the ratios of periplasmic nitrate reductase (NAP), nitrite reductase (NIR), and dissimilatory nitrate reductase (D-NRase) in the EP groups were maximally increased by 107.22%, 84.70% and 36.10%, respectively. Transcriptome analysis further confirmed the above mentioned results. For example, the high expression of quorum sensing genes indicated that EP groups had higher bacterial density. Moreover, the high expression of antioxidant genes in the EP groups may be related to morphological integrity. Our study provides a basis for further discussion of the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Lin Song
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Song Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Mitigation of Commercial Food Waste-Related Salinity Stress Using Halotolerant Rhizobacteria in Chinese Cabbage Plants. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of commercial food waste in the Korean agricultural industry is increasing due to its capacity to act as an ecofriendly fertilizer. However, the high salt content of food waste can be detrimental to plant health and increase salinity levels in agricultural fields. In the current study, we introduced halotolerant rhizobacteria to neutralize the negative impact of food waste-related salt stress on crop productivity. We isolated halotolerant rhizobacteria from plants at Pohang beach, and screened bacterial isolates for their plant growth-promoting traits and salt stress-mitigating capacity; consequently, the bacterial isolate Bacillus pumilus MAK9 was selected for further investigation. This isolate showed higher salt stress tolerance and produced indole-3-acetic acid along with other organic acids. Furthermore, the inoculation of B. pumilus MAK9 into Chinese cabbage plants alleviated the effects of salt stress and enhanced plant growth parameters, i.e., it increased shoot length (32%), root length (41%), fresh weight (18%), dry weight (35%), and chlorophyll content (13%) compared with such measurements in plants treated with food waste only (control). Moreover, relative to control plants, inoculated plants showed significantly decreased abscisic acid content (2-fold) and increased salicylic acid content (11.70%). Bacillus pumilus MAK9-inoculated Chinese cabbage plants also showed a significant decrease in glutathione (11%), polyphenol oxidase (17%), and superoxide anions (18%), but an increase in catalase (14%), peroxidase (19%), and total protein content (26%) in comparison to the levels in control plants. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis showed that B. pumilus MAK9-inoculated plants had higher calcium (3%), potassium (22%), and phosphorus (15%) levels, whereas sodium content (7%) declined compared with that in control plants. Similarly, increases in glucose (17%), fructose (11%), and sucrose (14%) contents were recorded in B. pumilus MAK9-inoculated plants relative to in control plants. The bacterial isolate MAK9 was confirmed as B. pumilus using 16S rRNA and phylogenetic analysis. In conclusion, the use of commercially powered food waste could be a climate-friendly agricultural practice when rhizobacteria that enhance tolerance to salinity stress are also added to plants.
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Zou P, Yang X, Yuan Y, Jing C, Cao J, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhang C, Li Y. Purification and characterization of a fucoidan from the brown algae Macrocystis pyrifera and the activity of enhancing salt-stress tolerance of wheat seedlings. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:547-558. [PMID: 33741372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A fuciodan (Mw = 11.1 kDa) was obtained and purified from Macrocystis pyrifera (MPF). MPF was an acid heteropolysaccharide including fucose, mannose, xylose, galactose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, and glucose in a molar ratio of 3.1:1.0:0.86:0.63:0.25:0.33:0.11. Sulfate content in MPF was 28.6%, and the molar ratio of fucose to sulfate (Fuc:SO42-) was 1.0:0.58. The structure of MPF was mainly consist of repeating →3)-β-L-Fucp (2SO3-)-(1→ and →4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→3)-β-L-Fucp(2SO3-)-(1→ and with α-L-Fucp-(1→ and →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→ in branches. Moreover, the effects of different MPF concentrations on plant salt tolerance were investigated. The results indicated that MPF could improve the salt tolerance of wheat seedlings. Among the five concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/ml), 0.5 and 1 mg/ml MPF were optimal for effective plant salt-resistance activity. These results suggested that MPF extracted from brown seaweed show potential as plant stimulators that may be used to improve salt resistance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zou
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Changliang Jing
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jianmin Cao
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Seaweed Fertilizers, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Seaweed Fertilizers, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yiqiang Li
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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12
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El Boukhari MEM, Barakate M, Choumani N, Bouhia Y, Lyamlouli K. Ulva lactuca Extract and Fractions as Seed Priming Agents Mitigate Salinity Stress in Tomato Seedlings. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10061104. [PMID: 34070914 PMCID: PMC8230233 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the effect of Ulva lactuca extract as seed-priming agent for tomato plants under optimal and salinity stress conditions. The aims of this experiment were to assess the effect of seed priming using Ulva lactuca extract in alleviating the salinity stress tomato plants were subjected to, and to find out the possible mechanism of actions behind such a positive effect via means of fractionation of the crude extract and characterization. Salinity application decreased the plant biomass and altered different physiological traits of tomato. However, the application of Ulva lactuca methanol extract (ME) and its fractions (residual fraction (RF), chloroform fraction (CF), butanol fraction (BF), and hexane fraction (HF)) at 1 mg·mL-1 as seed priming substances attenuated the negative effects of salinity on tomato seedlings. Under salinity stress conditions, RF application increased the tomato fresh weight; while ME, RF, and HF treatments significantly decreased the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration and antioxidant activity in tomato plants. The biochemical analyses of Ulva lactuca extract and fractions showed that the RF recorded the highest concentration of glycine betaine, while the ME was the part with the highest concentrations of total phenols and soluble sugars. This suggests that these compounds might play a key role in the mechanism by which seaweed extracts mitigate salinity stress on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed El Mehdi El Boukhari
- Biodiversity and Plant Sciences Program, Mohammed 6 Polytechnic University (UM6P), AgroBioScience, Benguerir 43150, Morocco; (M.E.M.E.B.); (M.B.); (Y.B.)
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, AgroSciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Barakate
- Biodiversity and Plant Sciences Program, Mohammed 6 Polytechnic University (UM6P), AgroBioScience, Benguerir 43150, Morocco; (M.E.M.E.B.); (M.B.); (Y.B.)
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, AgroSciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
| | - Nadia Choumani
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences-Green Process Engineering (CBS-GPE), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir 43150, Morocco;
| | - Youness Bouhia
- Biodiversity and Plant Sciences Program, Mohammed 6 Polytechnic University (UM6P), AgroBioScience, Benguerir 43150, Morocco; (M.E.M.E.B.); (M.B.); (Y.B.)
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, AgroSciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
| | - Karim Lyamlouli
- Biodiversity and Plant Sciences Program, Mohammed 6 Polytechnic University (UM6P), AgroBioScience, Benguerir 43150, Morocco; (M.E.M.E.B.); (M.B.); (Y.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Hassan FAS, Ali E, Gaber A, Fetouh MI, Mazrou R. Chitosan nanoparticles effectively combat salinity stress by enhancing antioxidant activity and alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:291-300. [PMID: 33714144 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) are non-toxic and biodegradable stimulants of growth and secondary metabolite production, which offer new routes to combat plant stress. Salinity is a common and significant abiotic stress that adversely affects plant growth and development. The possible benefits of CSNPs in salt stress mitigation have not yet been reported in Catharanthus roseus, an important source of anticancer alkaloids. Plants were exposed to 150 mM NaCl as a salt stress treatment, while CSNPs were applied as a foliar spray at 1% concentration. Plant growth was considerably impaired under salt stress conditions; however, CSNPs treatment significantly reversed this effect. Specifically, CSNPs retarded chlorophyll reduction and induced activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Thus, CSNPs alleviated the oxidative stress, indicated by lower levels of malondialdehyde and H2O2, thereby enabling membrane function retention and enhancing salt tolerance. Higher alkaloid accumulation was observed in salt-stressed plants following CSNP spraying than in controls. Interestingly, the expression levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK3), geissoschizine synthase (GS), and octadecanoid-derivative responsive AP2-domain (ORCA3) genes were significantly elevated in salt-stressed plants sprayed with CSNPs. Overall, CSNP treatment overcame the deleterious effects of salinity in C. roseus by activating the antioxidant defense system, which helps to scavenge reactive oxygen species, and inducing expression of MAPK3, GS, and ORCA3 genes, thus, leading to higher alkaloid accumulation and better protection against salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A S Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O.Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - E Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O.Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Gaber
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O.Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - M I Fetouh
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - R Mazrou
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia Univ., Egypt
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Zuo S, Li F, Gu X, Wei Z, Qiao L, Du C, Chi Y, Liu R, Wang P. Effects of low molecular weight polysaccharides from Ulva prolifera on the tolerance of Triticum aestivum to osmotic stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:12-22. [PMID: 33892040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides derived from seaweeds can be used as biostimulants to enhance plant resistance to different stressors. In this study, we investigated the effects of applying low molecular weight polysaccharides (LPU) derived from Ulva prolifera with 14.2 kDa on the responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to osmotic stress. The results showed that osmotic stress simulated using polyethylene glycol inhibited seedling growth, whereas we observed increases in the fresh weights and shoot lengths of seedlings treated with polysaccharide for 120 h. Furthermore, we observed enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes, and significant reductions in malondialdehyde content of 23.13%, 19.82%, and 20.04% in response treatment for 120 h with 0.01%, 0.03%, and 0.05% LPU, respectively, relative to those in the group treated with polyethylene glycol alone. In all treatments, expression of the P5CS gene was upregulated to promote proline accumulation. Moreover, after 120 h, exogenously applied LPU induced the expression of stress-related genes, including SnRK2, Wabi5, Wrab18, and Wdhn13. Collectively, these findings indicate that LPU might have the effect of regulating the abscisic acid-dependent pathway in wheat, thereby increasing seedling antioxidant capacity and growth. Application of LPU may accordingly represent an effective approach for enhancing the resistance to osmotic stress in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zuo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Feiyu Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiu Gu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengpeng Wei
- Rongcheng Taixiang Food Co., Ltd., Rongcheng, Shandong, China
| | - Leke Qiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunying Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongzhou Chi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruizhi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment Beijing, Beijing, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
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Chen J, Wang L, Liang H, Jin X, Wan J, Liu F, Zhao K, Huang J, Tian M. Overexpression of DoUGP Enhanced Biomass and Stress Tolerance by Promoting Polysaccharide Accumulation in Dendrobium officinale. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:533767. [PMID: 33312181 PMCID: PMC7703667 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.533767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, UGPase), as one of the key enzymes in polysaccharide synthesis, plays important roles in the growth and development of plants. In this study, the DoUGP gene of Dendrobium officinale was overexpressed. The expression of DoUGP and genes playing roles in the same and other saccharide synthesis pathways was determined, and the total soluble polysaccharide was also tested in wild-type and transgenic seedlings. We also performed freezing and osmotic stress treatments to determine whether overexpression of DoUGP could influence stress resistance in transgenic seedlings. Results showed that mRNA expression levels of DoUGP and its metabolic upstream and downstream genes in the transgenic seedlings were increased compared to the expression of these genes in wild-type seedlings. Additionally, most CSLA genes involved in the biosynthesis of mannan polysaccharides were significantly upregulated. The total polysaccharide and mannose content of transgenic seedlings were increased compared to the content of wild type, and enhanced stress tolerance was found in the overexpressed seedlings compared to the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Chen
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wang
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Liang
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaowan Jin
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Huang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengliang Tian
- Institute for New Rural Development, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
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Enhancing Sustainability by Improving Plant Salt Tolerance through Macro- and Micro-Algal Biostimulants. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090253. [PMID: 32872247 PMCID: PMC7564450 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Algal biomass, extracts, or derivatives have long been considered a valuable material to bring benefits to humans and cultivated plants. In the last decades, it became evident that algal formulations can induce multiple effects on crops (including an increase in biomass, yield, and quality), and that algal extracts contain a series of bioactive compounds and signaling molecules, in addition to mineral and organic nutrients. The need to reduce the non-renewable chemical input in agriculture has recently prompted an increase in the use of algal extracts as a plant biostimulant, also because of their ability to promote plant growth in suboptimal conditions such as saline environments is beneficial. In this article, we discuss some research areas that are critical for the implementation in agriculture of macro- and microalgae extracts as plant biostimulants. Specifically, we provide an overview of current knowledge and achievements about extraction methods, compositions, and action mechanisms of algal extracts, focusing on salt-stress tolerance. We also outline current limitations and possible research avenues. We conclude that the comparison and the integration of knowledge on the molecular and physiological response of plants to salt and to algal extracts should also guide the extraction procedures and application methods. The effects of algal biostimulants have been mainly investigated from an applied perspective, and the exploitation of different scientific disciplines is still much needed for the development of new sustainable strategies to increase crop tolerance to salt stress.
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Trends in Seaweed Extract Based Biostimulants: Manufacturing Process and Beneficial Effect on Soil-Plant Systems. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030359. [PMID: 32178418 PMCID: PMC7154814 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The time when plant biostimulants were considered as "snake oil" is erstwhile and the skepticism regarding their agricultural benefits has significantly faded, as solid scientific evidences of their positive effects are continuously provided. Currently plant biostimulants are considered as a full-fledged class of agri-inputs and highly attractive business opportunity for major actors of the agroindustry. As the dominant category of the biostimulant segment, seaweed extracts were key in this growing renown. They are widely known as substances with the function of mitigating abiotic stress and enhancing plant productivity. Seaweed extracts are derived from the extraction of several macroalgae species, which depending on the extraction methodology lead to the production of complex mixtures of biologically active compounds. Consequently, plant responses are often inconsistent, and precisely deciphering the involved mechanism of action remains highly intricate. Recently, scientists all over the world have been interested to exploring hidden mechanism of action of these resources through the employment of multidisciplinary and high-throughput approaches, combining plant physiology, molecular biology, agronomy, and multi-omics techniques. The aim of this review is to provide fresh insights into the concept of seaweed extract (SE), through addressing the subject in newfangled standpoints based on current scientific knowledge, and taking into consideration both academic and industrial claims in concomitance with market's requirements. The crucial extraction process as well as the effect of such products on nutrient uptake and their role in abiotic and biotic stress tolerance are scrutinized with emphasizing the involved mechanisms at the metabolic and genetic level. Additionally, some often overlooked and indirect effects of seaweed extracts, such as their influence on plant microbiome are discussed. Finally, the plausible impact of the recently approved plant biostimulant regulation on seaweed extract industry is addressed.
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Fu P, Bi Y, Cao B, Yang Y, Yue C, Wang Y. Preparation, characteristics, and antioxidant activity of the selenium nanoparticles stabilized by polysaccharides isolated from Grateloupia filicina. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_405_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Effects of Exogenous Trehalose on the Metabolism of Sugar and Abscisic Acid in Tomato Seedlings Under Salt Stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12209-019-00214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Waqas MA, Kaya C, Riaz A, Farooq M, Nawaz I, Wilkes A, Li Y. Potential Mechanisms of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants Induced by Thiourea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1336. [PMID: 31736993 PMCID: PMC6828995 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses, such as temperature extremes, drought, salinity, and heavy metals are major factors limiting crop productivity and sustainability worldwide. Abiotic stresses disturb plant growth and yield formation. Several chemical compounds, known as plant growth regulators (PGRs), modulate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses at the cellular, tissue, and organ levels. Thiourea (TU) is an important synthetic PGR containing nitrogen (36%) and sulfur (42%) that has gained wide attention for its role in plant stress tolerance. Tolerance against abiotic stresses is a complex phenomenon involving an array of mechanisms, and TU may modulate several of these. An understanding of TU-induced tolerance mechanisms may help improve crop yield under stress conditions. However, the potential mechanisms involved in TU-induced plant stress tolerance are still elusive. In this review, we discuss the essential role of TU-induced tolerance in improving performance of plants growing under abiotic stresses and potential mechanisms underlying TU-induced stress tolerance. We also highlight exploitation of new avenues critical in TU-induced stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahmed Waqas
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Ahmed Waqas, ; Cengiz Kaya, ; Yue Li,
| | - Cengiz Kaya
- Department of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, ¸Sanlıurfa, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Ahmed Waqas, ; Cengiz Kaya, ; Yue Li,
| | - Adeel Riaz
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Oman
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Agriculture & Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Iqra Nawaz
- Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, China
| | - Andreas Wilkes
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Ahmed Waqas, ; Cengiz Kaya, ; Yue Li,
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