A novel biocompatible core-shell magnetic nanocomposite based on cross-linked chitosan hydrogels for in vitro hyperthermia of cancer therapy

Unveiling the synergy: Biocompatible alginate-cellulose hydrogel loaded with silk fibroin and zinc ferrite nanoparticles for enhanced cell adhesion, and anti-biofilm activity

Combining a biocompatible hydrogel scaffold with the cell-supportive properties of silk fibroin (SF) and the unique functionalities of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles creates a promising platform for advanced nanobiomaterials. The research is centered on synthesizing a natural hydrogel using cellulose (Cellul) and sodium alginate (SA) combined with SF and zinc ferrite nanoparticles. A range of analytical and biological assays were conducted to determine the biological and physicochemical properties of the nanobiocomposite. The hemolysis and 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays indicated that the SA-Cellul hydrogel/SF/ZnFe2O4 nanobiocomposite was a biocompatible against human dermal fibroblasts (Hu02) and red blood cells (RBC). In addition, aside from demonstrating outstanding anti-biofilm activity, the nanobiocomposite also promotes the Hu02 cells adhesion, showcasing the synergistic effect of incorporating SF and ZnFe2O4 nanoparticle. These promising results show that this nanobiocomposite has potential applications in various biomedical fields.

Alginate-Chitosan Biodegradable and Biocompatible Based Hydrogel for Breast Cancer Immunotherapy and Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Review

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in females. There are many side effects due to chemotherapy and traditional surgery, like fatigue, loss of appetite, skin irritation, and drug resistance to cancer cells. Immunotherapy has become a hopeful approach toward cancer treatment, generating long-lasting immune responses in malignant tumor patients. Recently, hydrogel has received more attention toward cancer therapy due to its specific characteristics, such as decreased toxicity, fewer side effects, and better biocompatibility drug delivery to the particular tumor location. Researchers globally reported various investigations on hydrogel research for tumor diagnosis. The hydrogel-based multilayer platform with controlled nanostructure has received more attention for its antitumor effect. Chitosan and alginate play a leading role in the formation of the cross-link in a hydrogel. Also, they help in the stability of the hydrogel. This review discusses the properties, preparation, biocompatibility, and bioavailability of various research and clinical approaches of the multipolymer hydrogel made of alginate and chitosan for breast cancer treatment. With a focus on cases of breast cancer and the recovery rate, there is a need to find out the role of hydrogel in drug delivery for breast cancer treatment.

Effect of montmorillonite (MMT) on the properties of soybean meal protein isolate-based nanocomposite film loaded with debittered kinnow peel powder

The synthetic, non-renewable nature and harmful effects of plastic packaging have led to the synthesis of eco-friendly renewable bio-nanocomposite film. The present work was aimed at the formulation and characterization of bio-nanocomposite film using soybean meal protein, montmorillonite (MMT), and debittered kinnow peel powder. The composition of film includes protein isolate (5% w/v), glycerol (50% w/w), peel powder (20% w/w), and MMT (0.5-2.5% w/w). Incorporation of MMT in soybean meal protein-based film loaded with kinnow peel powder showed lesser solubility (16.76-26.32%), and swelling ability (142.77-184.21%) than the film prepared without MMT (29.41%, & 229.41%, respectively). The mechanical properties like tensile strength of nanocomposite film improved from 9.41 to 38.69% with the increasing concentration of MMT. The water vapor transmission rate of the nanocomposite film was decreased by 3.45-17.85% when the MMT concentration increased. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis showed no considerable change in the structural properties of the film after the addition of MMT. Differential scanning colorimeter analysis revealed the increment in melting temperature (85.33-92.67 °C) of the film with a higher concentration of MMT. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated an increased distributed area of MMT throughout the film at higher concentrations. The antimicrobial activity of the film was remarkably increased by 4.96-17.18% with the addition of MMT. The results obtained in the current work confirmed that MMT incorporation in soybean meal protein-based film can augment its properties and can be utilized for enhancing the storage period of food products.

Agar-tragacanth/silk fibroin hydrogel containing Zn-based MOF as a novel nanobiocomposite with biological activity

In this study, a novel nanobiocomposite consisting of agar (Ag), tragacanth gum (TG), silk fibroin (SF), and MOF-5 was synthesized and extensively investigated by various analytical techniques and basic biological assays for potential biomedical applications. The performed Trypan blue dye exclusion assay indicated that the proliferation percentage of HEK293T cells was 71.19%, while the proliferation of cancer cells (K-562 and MCF-7) was significantly lower, at 10.74% and 3.33%. Furthermore, the Ag-TG hydrogel/SF/MOF-5 nanobiocomposite exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus strains, with growth inhibition rates of 76.08% and 69.19% respectively. Additionally, the hemolytic index of fabricated nanobiocomposite was found approximately 19%. These findings suggest that the nanobiocomposite exhibits significant potential for application in cancer therapy and wound healing.

Regulatory insights into nanomedicine and gene vaccine innovation: Safety assessment, challenges, and regulatory perspectives

This analysis explores the principal regulatory concerns linked to nanomedicines and gene vaccines, including the complexities involved and the perspectives on how to navigate them. In the realm of nanomedicines, ensuring the safety of nanomaterials is paramount due to their unique characteristics and potential interactions with biological systems. Regulatory bodies are actively formulating guidelines and standards to assess the safety and risks associated with nanomedicine products, emphasizing the need for standardized characterization techniques to accurately gauge their safety and effectiveness. Regarding gene vaccines, regulatory frameworks must be tailored to address the distinct challenges posed by genetic interventions, necessitating special considerations in safety and efficacy evaluations, particularly concerning vector design, target specificity, and long-term patient monitoring. Ethical concerns such as patient autonomy, informed consent, and privacy also demand careful attention, alongside the intricate matter of intellectual property rights, which must be balanced against the imperative of ensuring widespread access to these life-saving treatments. Collaborative efforts among regulatory bodies, researchers, patent offices, and the private sector are essential to tackle these challenges effectively, with international cooperation being especially crucial given the global scope of nanomedicine and genetic vaccine development. Striking the right balance between safeguarding intellectual properties and promoting public health is vital for fostering innovation and ensuring equitable access to these ground-breaking technologies, underscoring the significance of addressing these regulatory hurdles to fully harness the potential benefits of nanomedicine and gene vaccines for enhancing healthcare outcomes on a global scale. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Several biomaterials are being proposed for the development of nanovaccines, from polymeric micelles, PLGA-/PEI-/PLL-nanoparticles, solid lipid nananoparticles, cationic lipoplexes, liposomes, hybrid materials, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, hydrogels, to quantum dots. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have gained tremendous attention since the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of Pfizer and Moderna's COVID-19 vaccines, raising public awareness to the regulatory challenges associated with nanomedicines and genetic vaccines. This review provides insights into the current perspectives and potential strategies for addressing these issues, including clinical trials. By navigating these regulatory landscapes effectively, we can unlock the full potential of nanomedicine and genetic vaccines using a range of promising biomaterials towards improving healthcare outcomes worldwide.

Fabrication and characterization of a novel magnetic nanostructure based on pectin-cellulose hydrogel for in vitro hyperthermia during cancer therapy

Herein, a new magnetic nanobiocomposite based on a synthesized cross-linked pectin-cellulose hydrogel (cross-linked Pec-Cel hydrogel) substrate was designed and synthesized. The formation of the cross-linked Pec-Cel hydrogel with a calcium chloride agent and its magnetization process caused a new and efficient magnetic nanobiocomposite. Several spectral and analytical techniques, including FTIR, SEM, VSM, TGA, XRD, and EDX analyses, were performed to confirm and characterize the structural features of the magnetic cross-linked pectin-cellulose hydrogel nanobiocomposite (magnetic cross-linked Pec-Cel hydrogel nanobiocomposite). Based on SEM images, prepared Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were uniformly dispersed in the Pec-Cel hydrogel context, representing an average particle size between 50.0 and 60.0 nm. The XRD pattern also confirms the crystallinity of the magnetic nanobiocomposite. All constituent elements and their distribution have been depicted in the EDX analysis of the magnetic nanobiocomposite. VSM curves confirmed the superparamagnetic behavior of Fe3O4 MNPs and the magnetic nanobiocomposite with a saturation magnetization of 77.31 emu g-1 and 48.80 emu g-1, respectively. The thermal stability of the nanobiocomposite was authenticated to ca. 800 °C based on the TGA thermogram. Apart from analyzing the structural properties of the magnetic cross-linked Pec-Cel hydrogel nanobiocomposite, different concentrations (0.5 mg mL-1, 1.0 mg mL-1, 2.0 mg mL-1, 5.0 mg mL-1, and 10.0 mg mL-1) of this new magnetic nanostructure were exposed to an alternating magnetic field (AMF) at different frequencies (100.0 MHz, 200.0 MHz, 300.0 MHz, and 400.0 MHz) to evaluate its capacity for an in vitro hyperthermia process; in addition, the highest specific absorption rate (126.0 W g-1) was obtained by the least magnetic nanobiocomposite concentration (0.5 mg mL-1).

Biomedical applications of stimuli-responsive "smart" interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels

In recent years, owing to the ongoing advancements in polymer materials, hydrogels have found increasing applications in the biomedical domain, notably in the realm of stimuli-responsive "smart" hydrogels. Nonetheless, conventional single-network stimuli-responsive "smart" hydrogels frequently exhibit deficiencies, including low mechanical strength, limited biocompatibility, and extended response times. In response, researchers have addressed these challenges by introducing a second network to create stimuli-responsive "smart" Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) hydrogels. The mechanical strength of the material can be significantly improved due to the topological entanglement and physical interactions within the interpenetrating structure. Simultaneously, combining different network structures enhances the biocompatibility and stimulus responsiveness of the gel, endowing it with unique properties such as cell adhesion, conductivity, hemostasis/antioxidation, and color-changing capabilities. This article primarily aims to elucidate the stimulus-inducing factors in stimuli-responsive "smart" IPN hydrogels, the impact of the gels on cell behaviors and their biomedical application range. Additionally, we also offer an in-depth exposition of their categorization, mechanisms, performance characteristics, and related aspects. This review furnishes a comprehensive assessment and outlook for the advancement of stimuli-responsive "smart" IPN hydrogels within the biomedical arena. We believe that, as the biomedical field increasingly demands novel materials featuring improved mechanical properties, robust biocompatibility, and heightened stimulus responsiveness, stimuli-responsive "smart" IPN hydrogels will hold substantial promise for wide-ranging applications in this domain.

Investigation of background, novelty and recent advance of iron (II,III) oxide- loaded on 3D polymer based scaffolds as regenerative implant for bone tissue engineering: A review

Bone tissue engineering had crucial role in the bone defects regeneration, particularly when allograft and autograft procedures have limitations. In this regard, different types of scaffolds are used in tissue regeneration as fundamental tools. In recent years, magnetic scaffolds show promising applications in different biomedical applications (in vitro and in vivo). As superparamagnetic materials are widely considered to be among the most attractive biomaterials in tissue engineering, due to long-range stability and superior bioactivity, therefore, magnetic implants shows angiogenesis, osteoconduction, and osteoinduction features when they are combined with biomaterials. Furthermore, these scaffolds can be coupled with a magnetic field to enhance their regenerative potential. In addition, magnetic scaffolds can be composed of various combinations of magnetic biomaterials and polymers using different methods to improve the magnetic, biocompatibility, thermal, and mechanical properties of the scaffolds. This review article aims to explain the use of magnetic biomaterials such as iron (II,III) oxide (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) in detail. So it will cover the research background of magnetic scaffolds, the novelty of using these magnetic implants in tissue engineering, and provides a future perspective on regenerative implants.

Effects of mechanical properties of carbon-based nanocomposites on scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: a comprehensive review

Mechanical properties, such as elasticity modulus, tensile strength, elongation, hardness, density, creep, toughness, brittleness, durability, stiffness, creep rupture, corrosion and wear, a low coefficient of thermal expansion, and fatigue limit, are some of the most important features of a biomaterial in tissue engineering applications. Furthermore, the scaffolds used in tissue engineering must exhibit mechanical and biological behaviour close to the target tissue. Thus, a variety of materials has been studied for enhancing the mechanical performance of composites. Carbon-based nanostructures, such as graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fibrous carbon nanostructures, and nanodiamonds (NDs), have shown great potential for this purpose. This is owing to their biocompatibility, high chemical and physical stability, ease of functionalization, and numerous surface functional groups with the capability to form covalent bonds and electrostatic interactions with other components in the composite, thus significantly enhancing their mechanical properties. Considering the outstanding capabilities of carbon nanostructures in enhancing the mechanical properties of biocomposites and increasing their applicability in tissue engineering and the lack of comprehensive studies on their biosafety and role in increasing the mechanical behaviour of scaffolds, a comprehensive review on carbon nanostructures is provided in this study.

Nanocomposite Hydrogels-A Promising Approach towards Enhanced Bioavailability and Controlled Drug Delivery

Nanotechnology has emerged as the eminent focus of today's research to overcome challenges related to conventional drug delivery systems. A wide spectrum of novel delivery systems has been investigated to improve the therapeutic outcomes of drugs. The polymer-based nanocomposite hydrogels (NCHs) that have evolved as efficient carriers for controlled drug delivery are of particular interest in this regard. Nanocomposites amalgamate the properties of both nanoparticles (NPs) as well as hydrogels, exhibiting superior functionalities over conventional hydrogels. This multiple functionality is based upon advanced mechanical, electrical, optical as well as magnetic properties. Here is a brief overview of the various types of nanocomposites, such as NCHs based on Carbon-bearing nanomaterials, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and metal and metal-oxide NPs. Accordingly, this article will review numerous ways of preparing these NCHs with particular emphasis on the vast biomedical applications displayed by them in numerous fields such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, bioprinting, biosensing, imaging and gene silencing, cancer therapy, antibacterial therapy, etc. Moreover, various features can be tuned, based on the final application, by controlling the chemical composition of hydrogel network, which may also influence the released conduct. Subsequently, the recent work and future prospects of this newly emerging class of drug delivery system have been enlisted.

Synthesis of curcuma longa doped cellulose grafted hydrogel for catalysis, bactericidial and insilico molecular docking analysis

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), the primary curcuminoid in turmeric rhizome, has been acknowledged as a bioactive compound for numerous pharmacological activities. Nonetheless, the hydrophobic nature, rapid metabolism, and physicochemical and biological instability of this phenolic compound correspond to its poor bioavailability. So, recent scientific advances have found many components and strategies for enhancing the bioavailability of curcumin with the inclusion of biotechnology and nanotechnology to address its existing limitations. Therefore, In this study, copolymerized aqua-gel was synthesized by graft polymerization of poly-acrylic acid (P-AA) on cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), after that Curcuma longa (Cur) was incorporated as dopant (5, 10, 15, and 25 mg) in hydrogel (Cur/C-P) as a stabilizing agent for evaluation of bacterial potential and sewage treatment. The antioxidant tendency of 25 mg Cur/C-P was much higher (72.21 %) than other samples and displayed a catalytic activity of up to 93.89 % in acidic conditions and optimized bactericidal inclinations toward gram-positive bacterial strains. Furthermore, ligand binding was conducted against targeted protein enoyl-[acylcarrier-protein] reductase (FabI) enzyme to comprehend the putative mechanism of microbicidal action of CNC-PAA (CP), Cur/C-P, and curcumin. Our outcomes suggest that 25 mg Cur/C-P hydrogels are plausible sources for hybrid, multifunctional biological activity.

Magnetic xanthan gum-silk fibroin hydrogel: A nanocomposite for biological and hyperthermia applications

A magnetic xanthan hydrogel/silk fibroin nanobiocomposite (XG hydrogel/SF/Fe3O4) was designed, fabricated, and characterized using analyzing methods such as FT-IR, EDX, FE-SEM, XRD, TGA, and VSM to evaluate the exact structure of product nanobiocomposite. The FE-SEM images reveal the presence of spherical shapes exhibiting a narrow size range and homogeneous distribution, measuring between 30 and 35 nm in diameter. The VSM analysis demonstrates the superparamagnetic properties of the XG hydrogel/SF/Fe3O4 nanobiocomposite, exhibiting a magnetic saturation of 54 emu/g at room temperature. The biological response of the nanobiocomposite scaffolds was assessed through cell viability and red blood cell hemolytic assays. MCF10A cells were exposed to a concentration of 1.75 mg/mL of the nanobiocomposite, and after 2 and 3 days, the cell viability was found to be 96.95 % and 97.02 %, respectively. The hemolytic effect was nearly 0 % even at higher concentrations (2 mg/mL). Furthermore, the magnetic nanobiocomposite showed excellent potential for hyperthermia applications, with a maximum specific absorption rate of 7 W/g for 1 mg/mL of the sample under a magnetic field in different frequencies (100, 200, 300, and 400 MHz) and 5 to 20 min time intervals.

Effect of biocomposite production factors on the development of an eco-friendly chitosan/alginate-based adsorbent with enhanced copper removal efficiency

Nowadays, wastewater treatment is a critical concern, particularly regarding the removal of heavy metals through adsorption methods. Extensive research has been conducted on obtaining high-yield and environmentally friendly adsorbents. Natural polymer adsorbents especially have shown promise in ion and organic molecule adsorption. To enhance the practical applicability of adsorbents, the combination of biopolymers to form biocomposites is a promising alternative. In this study, adsorbents based on a 1:1 wt./wt. of chitosan (CS) and alginate (SA) were prepared. The influence of the regeneration route and drying conditions on the copper adsorption capacity was investigated, along with reaction parameters such as contact time, adsorbent particle size, and pH. The highest adsorption capacity was observed in the composite material obtained through a one-pot regeneration process and freeze-dried. The CSAR3L sample exhibited a remarkable adsorption capacity of 288 mg Cu(II)/g after 360 min at 25 °C. The synergistic effect between the CS and SA precursors was confirmed by analyzing the individual precursors and their mechanical mixture. The initial adsorption rates at pH 6 followed the order: CSAR3-L > Bk-CSR3L > Bk-SAR3L + Bk-CSR3L > Bk-SAR3L. The physicochemical and morphological properties of the materials were studied by FTIR, XRD, DLS, XPS, optical microscopy, EDS-SEM, elemental chemical analysis, and TGA-DTG. The utilization of different drying methods resulted in the formation of calcium carbonate crystalline phases in the as-prepared materials, thus creating substantial adsorption active sites. After the adsorption process, hydroxylated copper sulfate phases and a significant decrease in calcium concentration were observed, indicating that an ion exchange adsorption mechanism occurred. The analysis of adsorption kinetics and the shape of the adsorption isotherms, in agreement with the characterization results, suggested the presence of multiple active sites and the formation of a chemisorption monolayer.

Preparation of imidazole acids grafted chitosan with enhanced antioxidant, antibacterial and antitumor activities

Herein, imidazole acids grafted chitosan derivatives were synthesized, including HACC, HACC derivatives, TMC, TMC derivatives, amidated chitosan and amidated chitosan bearing imidazolium salts. The prepared chitosan derivatives were characterized by FT-IR and ¹H NMR. The tests evaluated the biological antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of chitosan derivatives. The antioxidant capacity (DPPH radical, superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical) of chitosan derivatives was 2.4-8.3 times higher than that of chitosan. The antibacterial capacity against E. coli and S. aureus of cationic derivatives (HACC derivatives, TMC derivatives, and amidated chitosan bearing imidazolium salts) was more active than only imidazole-chitosan (amidated chitosan). In particular, the inhibition effect of HACC derivatives on E. coli was 15.625 μg/mL. Moreover, the series of chitosan derivatives bearing imidazole acids showed certain activity against MCF-7 and A549 cells. The present results suggest that the chitosan derivatives in this paper seem to be promising carrier materials for use in drug delivery systems.

Multicomponent Assembly of Bicyclic Aza-peroxides Catalyzed by Samarium Complexes and Their Cytotoxic Activity

An original strategy toward bridged tetraoxazaspirobicycloalkanes was developed. The synthesis is based on a three-component condensation-cyclization reaction of primary arylamines with 1,1'-peroxybis (1-hydroperoxycycloalkanes) and pentane-1,5-dial catalyzed by Sm(NO3)3·6H2O. The structures and conformations of the products were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. High cytotoxic activity and biological potential toward ferroptosis induction were found for the synthesized bicyclic aza-peroxides.

Recent advances on hyperthermia therapy applications of carbon-based nanocomposites

Generally, hyperthermia is referred to the composites capability to increase local temperature in such a way that the generated heat would lead to cancerous or bacteria cells destruction, with minimum damage to normal tissue cells. Many different materials have been utilized for hyperthermia application via different heat generating methods. Carbon-based nanomaterials consisting of graphene oxide (GO), carbon nanotube (CNT), carbon dot (CD) and carbon quantum dot (CQD), nanodiamond (ND), fullerene and carbon fiber (CF), have been studied significantly for different applications including hyperthermia due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, chemical and physical stability, thermal and electrical conductivity and in some cases photothermal conversion. Therefore, in this comprehensive review, a structure-based view on carbon nanomaterials application in hyperthermia therapy of cancer and bacteria via various methods such as optical, magnetic, ultrasonic and radiofrequency-induced hyperthermia is presented.

Fluorescent Probes with Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Function for Monitoring the Gelation and Formation of Nanoparticles Based on Chitosan Copolymers

Nanogel-forming polymers such as chitosan and alginic acid have a number of practical applications in the fields of drug delivery, food technology and agrotechnology as biocompatible, biodegradable polymers. Unlike bulk macrogel formation, which is followed by visually or easily detectable changes and physical parameters, such as viscosity or turbidity, the formation of nanogels is not followed by such changes and is therefore very difficult to track. The counterflow extrusion method (or analogues) enables gel nanoparticle formation for certain polymers, including chitosan and its derivatives. DLS or TEM, which are typically used for their characterization, only allow for the study of the already-formed nanoparticles. Alternatively, one might introduce a fluorescent dye into the gel-forming polymer, with the purpose of monitoring the effect of its microenvironment on the fluorescence spectra. But apparently, this approach does not provide a sufficiently specific signal, as the microenvironment may be affected by a big number of various factors (such as pH changes) including but not limited to gel formation per se. Here, we propose a new approach, based on the FRET effect, which we believe is much more specific and enables the elucidation of nanogel formation process in real time. Tryptophan-Pyrene is suggested as one of the donor-acceptor pairs, yielding the FRET effect when the two compounds are in close proximity to one another. We covalently attached Pyrene (the acceptor) to the chitosan (or PEG-chitosan) polymeric chain. The amount of introduced Pyrene was low enough to produce no significant effect on the properties of the resulting gel nanoparticles, but high enough to detect the FRET effect upon its interaction with Trp. When the Pyr-modified chitosan and Trp are both present in the solution, no FRET effect is observed. But as soon as the gel formation is initiated using the counterflow extrusion method, the FRET effect is easily detectable, manifested in a sharp increase in the fluorescence intensity of the pyrene acceptor and reflecting the gel formation process in real time. Apparently, the gel formation promotes the Trp-Pyr stacking interaction, which is deemed necessary for the FRET effect, and which does not occur in the solution. Further, we observed a similar FRET effect when the chitosan gel formation is a result of the covalent crosslinking of chitosan chains with genipin. Interestingly, using ovalbumin, having numerous Trp exposed on the protein surface instead of individual Trp yields a FRET effect similar to Trp. In all cases, we were able to detect the pH-, concentration- and temperature-dependent behaviors of the polymers as well as the kinetics of the gel formation for both nanogels and macrogels. These findings indicate a broad applicability of FRET-based analysis in biomedical practice, ranging from the optimization of gel formation to the encapsulation of therapeutic agents to food and biomedical technologies.

Physical dual-network photothermal antibacterial multifunctional hydrogel adhesive for wound healing of drug-resistant bacterial infections synthesized from natural polysaccharides

Wound-healing of drug-resistant bacterial infections has always been a clinical challenge. The design and development of effective and economically safe wound dressings with antimicrobial activity and healing-promoting properties is highly desirable, especially in the context of wound-infections. Herein, we designed a physical dual-network multifunctional hydrogel adhesive based on polysaccharide material for the treatment of full-thickness skin defects infected with multidrug-resistant bacteria. The hydrogel utilized ureido-pyrimidinone (UPy)-modified Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) as the first physical interpenetrating network for providing some brittleness and rigidity; and then branched macromolecules formed after cross-linking Fe³⁺ with dopamine-conjugated di-aldehyde-hyaluronic acid as the second physical interpenetrating network for providing some flexibility and elasticity. In this system, BSP and hyaluronic acid (HA) are used as synthetic matrix materials to provide strong biocompatibility and wound-healing ability. In addition, ligand cross-linking of catechol-Fe³⁺ and quadrupole hydrogen-bonding cross-linking of UPy-dimer can form a highly dynamic physical dual-network structure, which imparts good rapid self-healing, injectability, shape-adaptation, NIR/pH responsiveness, high tissue-adhesion and mechanical properties of this hydrogel. Meanwhile, bioactivity experiments demonstrated that the hydrogel also possesses powerful antioxidant, hemostatic, photothermal-antibacterial and wound-healing effects. In conclusion, this functionalized hydrogel is a promising candidate for clinical treatment of full-thickness bacteria-stained wound dressing materials.

Synthesis of Novel Magnetic Quercetin-Neuropeptide Nanocomposite as a Smart Nano-Drug Shuttle System: Investigation of Its Effect on Behavior, Histopathological Characteristics, and Expression of MAPT and APP Genes in Alzheimer's Disease Rats

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. The drugs introduced for this disease have many side effects and limitations in use, so the production of a suitable herbal medicine to cure AD patients is essential.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this research is to make a magnetic neuropeptide nano shuttle as a targeted carrier for the transfer of quercetin to the brains of AD model rats.

METHODS

In this work, a magnetic quercetin-neuropeptide nanocomposite (MQNPN) was fabricated and administered to the rat's brain by the shuttle drug of the Margatoxin scorpion venom neuropeptide, and will be a prospect for targeted drug delivery in AD. The MQNPN has been characterized by FTIR, spectroscopy, FE-SEM, XRD, and VSM. Investigations into the efficacy of MQNPN, MTT, and real Time PCR for MAPT and APP genes expression were performed. After 7 days treatment with Fe3O4 (Ctr) and MQNPN treatment in AD rat, superoxide dismutase activity and quercetin in blood serum and brain was detected. Hematoxylin-Eosin staining was applied for histopathological analysis.

RESULTS

Analysis of data showed that MQNPN increased the activity of superoxide dismutase. The histopathology results of the hippocampal region of AD rats also confirmed their improvement after treatment with MQNPN. MQNPN treatment caused a significant decrease in the relative expression of MAPT and APP genes.

CONCLUSION

MQNPN is a suitable carrier for the transfer of quercetin to the rat hippocampus, and has a significant effect in reducing AD symptoms in terms of histopathology, behavioral testing, and changing the expression of AD-related genes.

Fabrication and biological investigation of a novel star polymer based on magnetic cyclic aromatic polyimide chains

Herein, a novel nanostructure based on cyclic aromatic polyimide with statistical star polymer structure was synthesized via the functionalization of the CuFe₂O₄ MNPs surface. The polymerization process on the functionalized surface of CuFe₂O₄ MNPs was performed with pyromellitic dianhydride and phenylenediamine derivatives. All analytical methods such as Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) were performed to characterize the structure of CuFe₂O₄@SiO₂-polymer nanomagnetic. The cytotoxicity of CuFe₂O₄@SiO₂-Polymer was investigated for biomedical application by MTT test. The results proved that this nanocmposite was biocompatible with HEK293T healthy cells. Also, the evaluation antibacterial property of CuFe₂O₄@SiO₂-Polymer showed that its MIC in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were 500-1000 µg/mL, so it had antibacterial activity.

Development of chitosan-based hydrogels for healthcare: A review

Chitosan-based hydrogels (CSH) are promising materials for healthcare. Based on the relationship among structure, property and application, researches reported within last decade are chosen to elucidate the developing approaches and potential applications of target CSH. The applications of CSH are classified into the conventional biomedical fields, such as drug controlled release, tissue repair and monitoring, and the essential ones including food safety, water purification and air cleaning. The approaches focused on in this article are the reversible chemical and physical ones. Apart from describing the current status of the development, suggestions are presented as well.

Magnetized chitosan hydrogel and silk fibroin, reinforced with PVA: a novel nanobiocomposite for biomedical and hyperthermia applications

Herein, a multifunctional nanobiocomposite was designed for biological application, amongst which hyperthermia cancer therapy application was specifically investigated. This nanobiocomposite was fabricated based on chitosan hydrogel (CS), silk fibroin (SF), water-soluble polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MNPs). CS and SF as natural compounds were used to improve the biocompatibility, biodegradability, adhesion and cell growth properties of the nanobiocomposite that can prepare this nanocomposite for the other biological applications such as wound healing and tissue engineering. Since the mechanical properties are very important in biological applications, PVA polymer was used to increase the mechanical properties of the prepared nanobiocomposite. All components of this nanobiocomposite have good dispersion in water due to the presence of hydrophilic groups such as NH2, OH, and COOH, which is one of the effective factors in increasing the efficiency of hyperthermia cancer therapy. The structural analyzes of the hybrid nanobiocomposite were determined by FT-IR, XRD, EDX, FE-SEM, TGA and VSM. Biological studies such as MTT and hemolysis testing proved that it is hemocompatible and non-toxic for healthy cells. Furthermore, it can cause the death of cancer cells to some extent (20.23%). The ability of the nanobiocomposites in hyperthermia cancer therapy was evaluated. Also, the results showed that it can be introduced as an excellent candidate for hyperthermia cancer therapy.

Reduced graphene oxide-enriched chitosan hydrogel/cellulose acetate-based nanofibers application in mild hyperthermia and skin regeneration

Asymmetric wound dressings have captured researchers' attention due to their ability to reproduce the structural and functional properties of the skin layers. Furthermore, recent studies also report the benefits of using near-infrared (NIR) radiation-activated photothermal therapies in treating infections and chronic wounds. Herein, a chitosan (CS) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) hydrogel (CS_rGO) was combined with a polycaprolactone (PCL) and cellulose acetate (CA) electrospun membrane (PCL_CA) to create a new NIR-responsive asymmetric wound dressing. The rGO incorporation in the hydrogel increased the NIR absorption capacity and allowed a mild hyperthermy effect, a temperature increase of 12.4 °C when irradiated with a NIR laser. Moreover, the PCL_CA membrane presented a low porosity and hydrophobic nature, whereas the CS_rGO hydrogel showed the ability to provide a moist environment, prevent exudate accumulation and allow gaseous exchanges. Furthermore, the in vitro data demonstrate the capacity of the asymmetric structure to act as a barrier against bacteria penetration as well as mediating a NIR-triggered antibacterial effect. Additionally, human fibroblasts were able to adhere and proliferate in the CS_rGO hydrogel, even under NIR laser irradiation, presenting cellular viabilities superior to 90 %. Altogether, our data support the application of the NIR-responsive asymmetric wound dressings for skin regeneration.

Design and experimental study on closed-loop process of preparing chitosan from crab shells

The purpose of this article is to design a green and comprehensive utilization process for preparing chitosan from crab shells. Glutamate acid was used as a decalcifying agent for crab shells, and the mixed solution of potassium hydroxide/isopropanol was used for deproteinization and deacetylation to prepare chitosan. Glutamic acid and isopropanol could be recovered for recycling. At the same time, calcium carbonate and protein in crab shells were converted into calcium hydrogen phosphate and compound fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, respectively. The prepared chitosan was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and its deacetylation degree and viscosity average molecular weight were 88.7% ± 0.68% and 792.1 ± 10.82 kDa, respectively. The recoveries of glutamic acid and isopropanol were 95.56% ± 1.39% and 88.14% ± 1.13%, respectively. The prepared chitosan has large molecular weight and deacetylation degree, controllable production cost, comprehensive utilization of crab shell components, and greatly reduced waste emissions.

Magnetic nanoparticles: multifunctional tool for cancer therapy

INTRODUCTION

Cancer has one of the highest mortality rates globally. The traditional therapies used to treat cancer have harmful adverse effects. Considering these facts, researchers have explored new therapeutic possibilities with enhanced benefits. Nanoparticle development for cancer detection, in addition to therapy, has shown substantial progress over the past few years.

AREA COVERED

Herein, the latest research regarding cancer treatment employing magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in chemo-, immuno-, gene-, and radiotherapy along with hyperthermia is summarized, in addition to their physio-chemical features, advantages, and limitations for clinical translation have also been discussed.

EXPERT OPINION

MNPs are being extensively investigated and developed into effective modules for cancer therapy. They are highly functional tools aimed at cancer therapy owing to their excellent superparamagnetic, chemical, biocompatible, physical, and biodegradable properties.

Chitosan loaded RNA polymerase inhibitor nanoparticles increased attenuation in toxin release from Streptococcus pneumonia

Background

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections have become an emerging health concern around the world. Antibiotics resistance among S. pneumoniae strains increased recently contributing to increase in incidence of pneumococcal infection. This necessitates the discovery of novel antipnemococcal such as compound C3-005 which target the interaction between RNA polymerase and σ factors. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) exhibited antibacterial activity including S. pneumonia. Therefore, the aims of the current investigation were to formulate CNPs loaded with C3-005 and characteristic their antimicrobial properties against S. pneumonia.

Methods

The CNPs and C3-005 loaded CNPs were produced utilizing ionic gelation method, and their physicochemical characteristics including particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), encapsulation efficiency (EE%), and in vitro release profile were studied. Both differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used for chemical characterization. The synthesized NPs' minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using killing assay and broth dilution method, and their impact on bacteria induced hemolysis were also studied.

Results

The NPs encapsulating C3-005 were successfully prepared with particle size of 343.5 nm ± 1.3, zeta potential of 29.8 ± 0.37, and PDI of 0.20 ± 0.03. 70 % of C3-005 were encapsulated in CNPs and sustained release pattern of C3-005 from CNPs was revealed by an in vitro release study. CNPs containing C3-005 exhibited higher antipnomcoccal activity with MIC₅₀ of 30 µg/ml when compared with C3-005 and empty CNPs alone. The prepared C3-CNPs showed a reduction of bacterial hemolysis in a concentration-related (dependent) manner and was higher than C3-005 alone.

Conclusions

The findings of this study showed the potential for using C3-005 loaded CNPs to treat pneumococcal infection.

Water-soluble chitosan-g-PMAm (PMAA)-Bodipy probes prepared by RAFT methods for the detection of Fe3+ ion

It is a challenge to achieve the fully water-soluble chitosan. In this work, water-soluble chitosan-based probes were obtained by the following steps: boron-dipyrrolemethene (BODIPY)-OH was synthesized, and then BODIPY-OH was halogenated to BODIPY-Br. Afterwards, BODIPY-Br reacted with carbon disulfide and mercaptopropionic acid to obtain BODIPY-disulfide. BODIPY-disulfide was introduced to chitosan via amidation reaction to obtain fluorescent chitosan-thioester (CS-CTA); it is employed as the macro-initiator. Methacrylamide (MAm) was grafted onto chitosan fluorescent thioester through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization method. Thus, a water-soluble macromolecular probe (CS-g-PMAm) with chitosan as the main chain and PMAm as long-branched chains was obtained. It greatly improved the solubility in pure water. The thermal stability was reduced slightly, and the stickiness was greatly reduced and the samples displayed the characteristics of liquid. CS-g-PMAm could detect Fe³⁺ in pure water. By the same method, CS-g-PMAA (CS-g-Polymethylacrylic acid) was synthesized and investigated as well.

Fabrication of Superparamagnetic Bimetallic Magnesium Nanoferrite Using Green Polyol: Characterization and Anticancer Analysis in Vitro on Lung Cancer Cell Line A549

Magnetic bimetallic nanoparticles find many industrial and clinical applications in the field of water treatment, antibacterial and anticancer activities. Therefore, the current article reports green synthesis using oleo-polyol as a surface modifier and synthesis agent for bimetallic magnetic magnesium ferrite nanoparticles. The role of hydroxyl functionality of castor oil (a natural polyol) on the enhancement of structural, morphological, magnetic, and particle size properties has also been discussed. These properties were characterized using FTIR, XRD spectroscopy, SEM, AFM, and TEM microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques. The effect of calcination temperatures (600-900 °C) on particle size (23-40 nm to 500-600 nm), crystallite sizes (73.15-292.67 nm), and saturation magnetization (20.87, 23.07, 32.39, and 33.13 emu g^-1) was analyzed. The influence of calcined temperatures on the anticancer activity of these nanoparticles has also been investigated in vitro using lung cancer cells (A549). Their biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, flow cytometry, and statistical analysis against lung cancer cells (A549) have been discussed. The green synthesis of magnesium nanoferrite particles using natural polyol and their application as anticancer agents against lung cancer cells (A549) have not been reported previously. They have exhibited far superior IC₅₀ values and anticancer activity as compared to other reported metal oxides and magnesium oxide nanoparticles.

Magnetic-responsive polysaccharide hydrogels as smart biomaterials: Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications

This review reports recent advances in polysaccharide-based magnetic hydrogels as smart platforms for different biomedical applications. These hydrogels have proved to be excellent, viable, eco-friendly alternative materials for the biomedical field due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and possibility of controlling delivery processes via modulation of the remote magnetic field. We first present their main synthesis methods and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Next, the synergic properties of hydrogels prepared with polysaccharides and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are discussed. Finally, we describe the main contributions of polysaccharide-based magnetic hydrogels in the targeted drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and hyperthermia therapy fields. Overall, this review aims to motivate the synthesis of novel composite biomaterials, based on the combination of magnetic nanoparticles and natural polysaccharides, to overcome challenges that still exist in the treatment of several diseases.

Fabrication of a magnetic alginate-silk fibroin hydrogel, containing halloysite nanotubes as a novel nanocomposite for biological and hyperthermia applications

In this study, the main focus was on designing and synthesizing a novel magnetic nanobiocomposite and its application in hyperthermia cancer treatment. Regarding this aim, sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel with CaCl₂ cross-linker formed and modified by silk fibroin (SF) natural polymer and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), followed by in situ Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles preparation. No important differences were detected in red blood cells (RBCs) hemolysis, confirming the high blood compatibility of the treated erythrocytes with this nanobiocomposite. Moreover, the synthesized SA hydrogel/SF/HNTs/Fe₃O₄ nanobiocomposite does not demonstrate toxicity toward HEK293T normal cell line after 48 and 72 h. The anticancer property of SA hydrogel/SF/HNTs/Fe₃O₄ nanobiocomposites against breast cancer cell lines was corroborated. The magnetic saturation of the mentioned magnetic nanobiocomposite was 15.96 emu g⁻¹. The specific absorption rate (SAR) was measured to be 22.3 W g⁻¹ by applying an alternating magnetic field (AMF). This novel nanobiocomposite could perform efficiently in the magnetic fluid hyperthermia process, according to the obtained results.

Fe3O4@SiO2-PMA-Cu magnetic nanoparticles as a novel catalyst for green synthesis of β-thiol-1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles

The magnetic nanoparticles of Fe₃O₄ were synthesized through a solid-state reaction of hydrated iron (III) chloride, hydrated iron (II) chloride and NaOH, and then purified by calcination at high temperature. In order to protect ferrite nanoparticles from oxidation and agglomeration, and to manufacture a novel catalytic system of anchored copper on the magnetic substrate, the Fe₃O₄ was core-shelled by adding tetraethyl orthosilicate. Next, the prepared Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ was supported by phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) as the second layer of nanocomposite at 80 °C in 30 h. Eventually, the new nanocomposite of Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-PMA-Cu was successfully synthesized by adding copper (II) chloride solution and solid potassium borohydride. The structure of magnetic nanocatalyst was acknowledged through different techniques such as EDS, VSM, XRD, TEM, FT-IR, XPS, TGA, BET and FESEM. The synthesis of β-thiolo/benzyl-1,2,3-triazoles from various thiiranes, terminal alkynes and sodium azide was catalyzed by Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-PMA-Cu nanocomposite in aqueous medium. In order to obtain the optimum condition, the effects of reaction time, temperature, catalyst amount and solvent were gauged. The recycled catalyst was used for several consecutive runs without any loss of activity.

Functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles by creatine as a novel and efficient catalyst for the green synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromene derivatives

By employing the naturally-originated molecule of creatine, Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-creatine as an environmentally benign magnetic organometallic nanobiocatalyst was successfully prepared via a convenient and green route. Then to acquire an inclusive comprehension of different properties of the catalyst, it was studied by various characterization techniques such as FT‐IR, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, and VSM analyses. It was found that the size distribution of nanoparticles was an average diameter size of 70 nm. To examine the catalytic activity, it was applied in sequential knoevenagel condensation-Michael addition room temperature reaction of dimedone, malononitrile, and different substituted aromatic aldehydes to produce a variety of 2-amino-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile derivatives in a single step. Among the multiple outstanding advantages that can be mentioned for this work, some of the most noticeable ones include: affording the products in short reaction times with high yields, operating the reaction at ambient conditions and ease of catalyst separation.

A novel, bioactive and antibacterial scaffold based on functionalized graphene oxide with lignin, silk fibroin and ZnO nanoparticles

In this study, a novel nanobiocomposite was synthesized using graphene oxide, lignin, silk fibroin and ZnO and used in biological fields. To synthesize this structure, after preparing graphene oxide by the Hummer method, lignin, silk fibroin, and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were added to it, respectively. Also, ZnO NPs with a particle size of about 18 nm to 33 nm was synthesized via Camellia sinensis extract by green methodology. The synthesized structure was examined as anti-biofilm agent and it was observed that the Graphene oxide-lignin/silk fibroin/ZnO nanobiocomposite has a significant ability to prevent the formation of P. aeruginosa biofilm. In addition, due to the importance of the possibility of using this structure in biological environments, its toxicity and blood compatibility were also evaluated. According to the obtained results from MTT assay, the viability percentages of Hu02 cells treated with Graphene oxide-lignin/silk fibroin/ZnO nanobiocomposite after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation were 89.96%, 89.32%, and 91.28%. On the other hand, the hemolysis percentage of the synthesized structure after 24 h and 72 h of extraction was 9.5% and 11.76% respectively. As a result, the synthesized structure has a hemolysis percentage below 12% and its toxicity effect on Hu02 cells is below 9%.

Synthesis of smart carriers based on tryptophan-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and its application in 5- Fluorouracil delivery

Multifunctional nanocarriers, specifically for tumor targeting and traceable features, have been increasingly considered in cancer therapies. Herein, a novel targeting agent (TA), tryptophan(TRP), was proposed for the synthesis of functionalized APTES-iron oxide nanoparticles using two methods, creating a smart drug delivery system (DDS). In one method, two-step, glutaraldehyde (GA) as a linker, bonded TRP and amino-functionalized magnetite (AMFM), and in the second method, one step, TRP binding was carried out by (3-dimethyl aminopropyl)-N'-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)/ N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS). The synthesis yield of the second method was 7% higher than the first method. After synthesizing DDS, 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) was loaded on nanocarriers and was observed that TRP functionalized nanoparticles by GA have better loading efficiency, which was 50% greater than the product from the one-step method. A pH-sensitive release profile was also studied for 5-FU/DDS with the release of almost 75% and 50% at pH 5.5 and 7.4, respectively. To analyze the biological aspects of nanocarriers, human breast cancer, MCF-7, and embryonic kidney, HEK293, cell lines were used for cellular uptake and MTT assays. In-vitro studies confirmed that TRP can act as a TA as its cellular uptake through cancerous cells was 40% greater than normal cells, and the MTT assay confirmed that using DDS can increase and decrease the cell viability of normal cells and cancerous cells, respectively, compared to free drug. Therefore, it was concluded that advanced nano-assembly is a great candidate for breast cancer cell-targeted delivery.

Ag NPs supported chitosan-agarose modified Fe3O4 nanocomposite catalyzed synthesis of indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazines and anticancer studies against liver and lung cancer cells

In this article we report a novel Ag NPs fabricated chitosan-agarose composite functionalized core-shell type Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle (Ag/CS-Agar@Fe₃O₄). The biogenic material was analyzed over a number of physicochemical methods like, FT-IR, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, VSM and ICP-OES. In catalytic exploration we aimed the synthesis of diverse 2H-indazolo0-b]phthalazine-trione derivatives via one-pot three component coupling of phathalalhydrazide, dimedone and different aldehydes. It afforded good to excellent yields under solvent-less conditions. Robustness of the catalyst was justified by catalyst recyclability for consecutive 10 times, hot filtration and leaching tests. Again, biological activity of the material was evaluated by studying the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties over lung and liver cancer cell lines. Antioxidant potential of Ag/CS-Agar@Fe₃O₄ was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging studies and the corresponding IC50 was found to be 96.57 μg/mL. Liver and lung cancer studies over Ag/CS-Agar@Fe₃O₄ was carried out by MTT assay against HepG2 and A549 cell lines. The corresponding IC50 values were found as 192.35 and 365.28 μg/mL respectively. % Cell viability of the nanomaterial decreased dose dependently over both the cell lines without any cytotoxicity on normal cell line. The results demonstrates Ag/CS-Agar@Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite to be an efficient chemotherapeutic drug against the lung and hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Recent Advances in Nanozymes for Bacteria-Infected Wound Therapy

Bacterial-infected wounds are a serious threat to public health. Bacterial invasion can easily delay the wound healing process and even cause more serious damage. Therefore, effective new methods or drugs are needed to treat wounds. Nanozyme is an artificial enzyme that mimics the activity of a natural enzyme, and a substitute for natural enzymes by mimicking the coordination environment of the catalytic site. Due to the numerous excellent properties of nanozymes, the generation of drug-resistant bacteria can be avoided while treating bacterial infection wounds by catalyzing the sterilization mechanism of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Notably, there are still some defects in the nanozyme antibacterial agents, and the design direction is to realize the multifunctionalization and intelligence of a single system. In this review, we first discuss the pathophysiology of bacteria infected wound healing, the formation of bacterial infection wounds, and the strategies for treating bacterially infected wounds. In addition, the antibacterial advantages and mechanism of nanozymes for bacteria-infected wounds are also described. Importantly, a series of nanomaterials based on nanozyme synthesis for the treatment of infected wounds are emphasized. Finally, the challenges and prospects of nanozymes for treating bacterial infection wounds are proposed for future research in this field.

Magnetic graphene oxide–lignin nanobiocomposite: a novel, eco-friendly and stable nanostructure suitable for hyperthermia in cancer therapy

A novel nanobiocomposite was designed and synthesized under mild conditions to evaluate its potential in hyperthermia therapy.