UiO-66 metal organic framework nanoparticles loaded carboxymethyl chitosan/poly ethylene oxide/polyurethane core-shell nanofibers for controlled release of doxorubicin and folic acid

Microwave-Responsive Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Enhanced In Vitro Controlled Release of Doxorubicin

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are excellent candidates for a range of applications because of their numerous advantages, such as high surface area, porosity, and thermal and chemical stability. In this study, microwave (MW) irradiation is used as a novel stimulus in vitro controlled release of Doxorubicin (DOX) from two MOFs, namely Fe-BTC and MIL-53(Al), to enhance drug delivery in cancer therapy. DOX was encapsulated into Fe-BTC and MIL-53(Al) with drug-loading efficiencies of up to 67% for Fe-BTC and 40% for MIL-53(Al). Several characterization tests, including XRD, FTIR, TGA, BET, FE-SEM, and EDX, confirmed both MOF samples' drug-loading and -release mechanisms. Fe-BTC exhibited a substantial improvement in drug-release efficiency (54%) when exposed to microwave irradiation at pH 7.4 for 50 min, whereas 11% was achieved without the external modality. A similar result was observed at pH 5.3; however, in both cases, the release efficiencies were substantially higher with microwave exposure (40%) than without (6%). In contrast, MIL-53(Al) exhibited greater sensitivity to pH, displaying a higher release rate (66%) after 38 min at pH 5.3 compared to 55% after 50 min at pH 7.4 when subjected to microwave irradiation. These results highlight the potential of both MOFs as highly heat-responsive to thermal stimuli. The results of the MTT assay demonstrated the cell viability across different concentrations of the MOFs after two days of incubation. This suggests that MOFs hold promise as potential candidates for tumor targeting. Additionally, the fact that the cells maintained their viability at different durations of microwave exposure confirms that the latter is a safe modality for triggering drug release from MOFs.

Carboxymethyl chitosan modification of cobalt-zinc bimetallic MOF for tetracycline hydrochloride removal: Exploration of the enhancement mechanism of the process

This study synthesized a carboxymethyl chitosan-modified bimetallic Co/Zn-ZIF (CZ@CMC) with strong hydrophilicity and adsorption performance via the one-pot method. Tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) was used as the model contaminant to evaluate the adsorption and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation properties of CZ@CMC. Mechanism showed that the adsorption behavior occurred through pore filling, electrostatic attraction, surface complexation, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking. In addition, a CZ@CMC/PMS system was constructed, which had excellent catalytic performance. The hydrophilicity and selective adsorption properties of CMC conferred a greatly accelerated CZ@CMC in catalyzing the PMS process with kobs of 0.095 min-1, in which OH, 1O2, SO4-, O2-, and Co(III) were the main ROS which quenching tests, EPR, and chemical probe experiments verified. In addition, the degradation pathways of TCH were obtained utilizing DFT and HPLC-MS and analyzed to show that the system possessed a good detoxification capacity. This work is expected to provide a green, efficient, and stable strategy to enhance the adsorption properties of catalytic materials and subsequently their co-catalytic properties.

High-precision Helicobacter pylori infection diagnosis using a dual-element multimodal gas sensor array

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a globally widespread bacterial infection. Early diagnosis of this infection is vital for public and individual health. Prevalent diagnosis methods like the isotope 13C or 14C labelled urea breath test (UBT) are not convenient and may do harm to the human body. The use of cross-response gas sensor arrays (GSAs) is an alternative way for label-free detection of metabolite changes in exhaled breath (EB). However, conventional GSAs are complex to prepare, lack reliability, and fail to discriminate subtle changes in EB due to the use of numerous sensing elements and single dimensional signal. This work presents a dual-element multimodal GSA empowered with multimodal sensing signals including conductance (G), capacitance (C), and dissipation factor (DF) to improve the ability for gas recognition and H. pylori-infection diagnosis. Sensitized by poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and the metal-organic framework material NH2-UiO66, the dual-element graphene oxide (GO)-composite GSAs exhibited a high specific surface area and abundant adsorption sites, resulting in high sensitivity, repeatability, and fast response/recovery speed in all three signals. The multimodal sensing signals with rich sensing features allowed the GSA to detect various physicochemical properties of gas analytes, such as charge transfer and polarization ability, enhancing the sensing capabilities for gas discrimination. The dual-element GSA could differentiate different typical standard gases and non-dehumidified EB samples, demonstrating the advantages in EB analysis. In a case-control clinical study on 52 clinical EB samples, the diagnosis model based on the multimodal GSA achieved an accuracy of 94.1%, a sensitivity of 100%, and a specificity of 90.9% for diagnosing H. pylori infection, offering a promising strategy for developing an accurate, non-invasive and label-free method for disease diagnosis.

Preparation of UiO-66 loaded Letrozole nano-drug delivery system: enhanced anticancer and apoptosis activity

The use of drug delivery systems in targeting and achieving the targeting of drugs in treating diseases, especially cancer, has attracted the attention of researchers. Letrozole is one of the drugs for the treatment of breast cancer. In this study, the organic-metallic pharmaceutical porous nanostructure based on zirconium UiO-66 loaded letrozole was synthesized. Its cytotoxicity and effect on apoptosis and migration against breast cancer cell line were investigated. In this experimental study, the UiO-66 nanoparticle-loaded letrozole was synthesized using zirconium chloride (ZrCl4), dimethylformamide (DMF), and HCl. Its characteristics were determined by scanning electron microscopy, and its average size was determined by the DLS method. Also, the rate of letrozole drug release from the nanoparticle was investigated in 24, 48, and 72 h. In addition, its cytotoxicity effects were investigated using the MTT colorimetric method at concentrations of 3.125-100 µg/ml against the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) in the periods of 48 and 72 h. Also, the expression level of apoptotic genes Bax and Bcl2 was investigated by the Real-Time PCR method. Also, the amount of cell migration was done by the migration assay method. The results showed that UiO-66 bound to letrozole had a spherical morphology and an average size of 9.2 ± 160.1. Also, the letrozole drug was loaded by 62.21 ± 1.80% in UiO-66 nanoparticles and had a slower release pattern than free letrozole in the drug release test, so within 72 h, 99.99% of free letrozole was released in If in UiO-66 containing letrozole, 57.55% of the drug has been released. Also, the cytotoxicity results showed that UiO-66 bound to letrozole has more significant cytotoxic effects than free letrozole (p < 0.05). Also, the results of Bax and Bcl2 gene expression showed that the treatment of MCF-7 cells with UiO-66 nanoparticles attached to letrozole increased the expression of Bax and Bcl2 genes compared to the reference gene Beta-actin in MCF-7 cell line, respectively. (p < 0.05) increased by 3.71 ± 0.42 and (p < 0.01) decreased by 0.636 ± 0.034 (p < 0.05). Cell migration results showed that the concentration of 50 µg/ml of UiO-66 bound to letrozole decreased the migration of MCF-7 cells. Generally, the results of this study showed that UiO-66 loaded letrozole can be used as a suitable drug carrier for cellular purposes, as it has increased the effects of cytotoxicity and the rate of apoptosis in breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), so it can be used with more studies used nanocarriers as a drug delivery system.

Chitosan-based nanofibrous scaffolds for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications: A comprehensive review

Nowadays, there is a wide range of deficiencies in treatment of diseases. These limitations are correlated with the inefficient ability of current modalities in the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. Therefore, there is a fundamental need for the development of novel approaches to overcome the mentioned restrictions. Chitosan (CS) nanoparticles, with remarkable physicochemical and mechanical properties, are FDA-approved biomaterials with potential biomedical aspects, like serum stability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, mucoadhesivity, non-immunogenicity, anti-inflammatory, desirable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, etc. CS-based materials are mentioned as ideal bioactive materials for fabricating nanofibrous scaffolds. Sustained and controlled drug release and in situ gelation are other potential advantages of these scaffolds. This review highlights the latest advances in the fabrication of innovative CS-based nanofibrous scaffolds as potential bioactive materials in regenerative medicine and drug delivery systems, with an outlook on their future applications.

Novel Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticle for Letrozole Delivery: A New Advancement in Breast Cancer Treatment

Water-stable metal-organic frameworks based on UIO-66@NH2 were synthesized to transport Letrozole into breast cancer cells. The UIO-66@NH2 nanoparticles had a spherical shape and triangular base pyramid morphology, with a size range of 100-200 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the efficient adsorption of Letrozole on UIO-66@NH2. The drug release profile showed a gradual, pH-dependent release of Letrozole from the nanoparticles, with a significant increase in acidic environments, indicating the adaptable release potential of UIO-66@NH2@Let in the breast cancer microenvironment. The size and entrapment efficiency were more stable at 4 °C than at 25 °C. To evaluate the cytotoxic effects of UIO-66@NH2@Let, MTT assay, gene expression analysis, flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species generation, migration assay, and DAPI staining were performed. Moreover, according to IC50 results, the incorporation of Letrozole into UIO-66@NH2 significantly improved its anticancer activity. The results also showed that the developed formulations induced apoptosis through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways and inhibited cancer progression. The efficacy of the formulations in inducing apoptosis was validated by DAPI staining microscopy and flow cytometry analysis. Therefore, the Letrozole-loaded UIO-66@NH2 MOFs developed in this study can be considered as a unique and sophisticated anticancer delivery nanosystem with promising in vitro anticancer properties.

A novel synergistic enzyme-antibiotic therapy with immobilization of mycobacteriophage Lysin B enzyme onto Rif@UiO-66 nanocomposite for enhanced inhaled anti-TB therapy; Nanoenzybiotics approach

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant and phage-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) necessitates improving new therapeutic plans. The objective of the current work was to ensure the effectiveness of rifampicin and the mycobacteriophage LysB D29 (LysB)enzyme in the treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) infection, where new and safe metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles were used in combination. UiO-66 nanoparticles were synthesized under mild conditions in which the antimycobacterial agent (rifampicin) was loaded (Rif@UiO-66) and LysB D29 enzyme immobilized onto Rif@UiO-66, which were further characterized. Subsequently, the antibacterial activity of different ratios of Rif@UiO-66 and LysB/Rif@uio-66 against the nonpathogenic tuberculosis model Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis) was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests. Impressively, the MIC of LysB/Rif@uio-66 was 16-fold lower than that of pure rifampicin. In vitro and in vivo toxicity studies proved that LysB/Rif@UiO-66 is a highly biocompatible therapy for pulmonary infection. A biodistribution assay showed that LysB/Rif@UiO-66 showed a 5.31-fold higher drug concentration in the lungs than free rifampicin. A synergistic interaction between UiO-66, rifampicin and the mycobacteriophage lysB D29 enzyme was shown in the computational method (docking). Therefore, all results indicated that the LysB/Rif@UiO-66 nanocomposite exhibited promising innovative enzyme-antibiotic therapy for tuberculosis treatment.

Incorporation of doxorubicin and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles into the cellulose acetate phthalate / polyvinyl alcohol (core)/ polyurethane (shell) nanofibers against A549 human lung cancer during chemotherapy/hyperthermia combined method

Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyurethane (PU) nanofibers were synthesized by simple and coaxial electrospinning (ES) processes. Doxorubicin (DOX) and the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were loaded into the nanofibers. The performance of the prepared nanofibers was investigated for the sustained release of DOX against A541 lung cancer cells under chemotherapy/external magnetic field (EMF) and alternating magnetic field (AMF, hyperthermia treatment) combined methods in both the in vitro and in vivo conditions. The sustained release of DOX from core-shell nanofibers containing 5 wt% cobalt ferrite was obtained within 300, 600 h, at pH of 5.5 and 7.4 without AMF and 168, 360 h, under an alternating magnetic field (AMF). More than 98.3 ± 0.2 % of A549 cancer cells were killed in the presence of core-shell nanofibers containing 100 μg DOX and 5 % cobalt ferrite nanoparticles in the presence of AMF. The flowcytometric results indicated that only 19.1 and 8.85 % cancer cells remained alive under EMF and AMF, respectively. The in vivo results revealed in stopping the growth of tumor volume and decrease in the relative tumor volume up to 0.5 were obtained using magnetic core-shell nanofibers containing 100 μg DOX and 5 % cobalt ferrite nanoparticles in the presence of EMF and AMF, respectively.

Synergistic effect of hierarchical topographic structure on 3D-printed Titanium scaffold for enhanced coupling of osteogenesis and angiogenesis

The significance of the osteogenesis-angiogenesis relationship in the healing process of bone defects has been increasingly emphasized in recent academic research. Surface topography plays a crucial role in guiding cellular behaviors. Metal-organic framework (MOF) is an innovative biomaterial with nanoscale structural and topological features, enabling the modulation of scaffold physicochemical properties. This study involved the loading of varying quantities of UiO-66 nanocrystals onto alkali-heat treated 3D-printed titanium scaffolds, resulting in the formation of hierarchical micro/nano topography named UiO-66/AHTs. The physicochemical properties of these scaffolds were subsequently characterized. Furthermore, the impact of these scaffolds on the osteogenic potential of BMSCs, the angiogenic potential of HUVECs, and their intercellular communication were investigated. The findings of this study indicated that 1/2UiO-66/AHT outperformed other groups in terms of osteogenic and angiogenic induction, as well as in promoting intercellular crosstalk by enhancing paracrine effects. These results suggest a promising biomimetic hierarchical topography design that facilitates the coupling of osteogenesis and angiogenesis.

Performance of Zr-Based Metal-Organic Framework Materials as In Vitro Systems for the Oral Delivery of Captopril and Ibuprofen

Zr-based metal-organic framework materials (Zr-MOFs) with increased specific surface area and pore volume were obtained using chemical (two materials, Zr-MOF1 and Zr-MOF3) and solvothermal (Zr-MOF2) synthesis methods and investigated via FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, SANS, PXRD, and SEM methods. The difference between Zr-MOF1 and Zr-MOF3 lies in the addition of reactants during synthesis. Nitrogen porosimetry data indicated the presence of pores with average dimensions of ~4 nm; using SANS, the average size of the Zr-MOF nanocrystals was suggested to be approximately 30 nm. The patterns obtained through PXRD were characterized by similar features that point to well-crystallized phases specific for the UIO-66 type materials; SEM also revealed that the materials were composed of small and agglomerate crystals. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that both materials had approximately two linker deficiencies per Zr6 formula unit. Captopril and ibuprofen loading and release experiments in different buffered solutions were performed using the obtained Zr-based metal-organic frameworks as drug carriers envisaged for controlled drug release. The carriers demonstrated enhanced drug-loading capacity and showed relatively good results in drug delivery. The cumulative percentage of drug release in phosphate-buffered solution at pH 7.4 was higher than that in buffered solution at pH 1.2. The release rate could be controlled by changing the pH of the releasing solution. Different captopril release behaviors were observed when the experiments were performed using a permeable dialysis membrane.

Core-Shell Nanostructured Drug Delivery Platform Based on Biocompatible Metal-Organic Framework-Ligated Polyethyleneimine for Targeted Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy

Multifunctional nanosized metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs) have advanced rapidly over the past decade to develop drug delivery systems (DDSs). These material systems still lack precise and selective cellular targeting, as well as the fast release of the quantity of drugs that are simply adsorbed within and on the external surface of nanocarriers, which hinders their application in the drug delivery. Herein, we designed a biocompatible Zr-based NMOF with an engineered core and the hepatic tumor-targeting ligand, glycyrrhetinic acid grafted to polyethyleneimine (PEI) as the shell. The improved core-shell serves as a superior nanoplatform for efficient controlled and active delivery of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) against hepatic cancer cells (HepG2 cells). In addition to their high loading capacity of 23%, the developed nanostructure DOX@NMOF-PEI-GA showed an acidic pH-stimulated response and extended the drug release time to 9 days as well as enhanced the selectivity toward the tumor cells. Interestingly, the DOX-free nanostructures showed a minimal toxic effect on both normal human skin fibroblast (HSF) and hepatic cancer cell line (HepG2), but the DOX-loaded nanostructures exhibited a superior killing effect toward the hepatic tumor, thus opening the way for the active drug delivery and achieving efficient cancer therapy applications.

A review of recent developments of metal-organic frameworks as combined biomedical platforms over the past decade

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), also called porous coordination polymers, represent a class of crystalline porous materials made up of organic ligands and metal ions/metal clusters. Herein, an overview of the preparation of different metal-organic frameworks and the recent advances in MOF-based stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems (DDSs) with the drug release mechanisms including pH-, temperature-, ion-, magnetic-, pressure-, adenosine-triphosphate (ATP)-, H₂S-, redox-, responsive, and photoresponsive MOF were rarely introduced. The combination therapy containing of two or more treatments can be enhanced treatment effectiveness through overcoming limitations of monotherapy. Photothermal therapy (PTT) combined with chemotherapy (CT), chemotherapy in combination with PTT or other combinations were explained to overcome drug resistance and side effects in normal cells as well as enhancing the therapeutic response. Integrated platforms containing of photothermal/drug-delivering functions with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) properties exhibited great advantages in cancer therapy.

Facile preparation of pH-sensitive biocompatible alginate beads havening layered double hydroxide supported metal-organic framework for controlled release from doxorubicin to breast cancer cells

In the present study, a pH-sensitive controlled drug delivery system was prepared from alginate beads impregnated with AlCu layered double hydroxides (LDH) supported copper metal-organic framework (Alg-DOX-Cu MOF-LDH beads) for controlled release from doxorubicin (DOX) to breast cancer cells. The physicochemical properties of Alg-DOX-Cu MOF-LDH beads were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Zeta potential. The in vitro release studies showed that the Alg-DOX-Cu MOF-LDH beads had more controlled drug release than the DOX-Cu MOF-LDH and in vitro release of DOX from both carriers showed pH-response release behavior. The kinetic adsorption studies also confirmed that the drug release from the DOX-Cu MOF-LDH and Alg-DOX-Cu MOF-LDH beads well obey the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Meanwhile, in vitro cytotoxicity and DAPI tests on L929 (non-cancerous cells) and MCF-7 (human breast cancer cells) clearly showed that the prepared AlCu LDH and Cu MOF-LDH systems had good biocompatibility. Whereas, Alg-DOX-Cu MOF-LDH beads had higher cytotoxicity effects as a result of the controlled release of DOX to MCF-7 cells. These results suggested that the Alg-DOX-Cu MOF-LDH beads can be used as an excellent drug delivery system for cancer therapy and other biomedical applications.

Recent advances in Metal-Organic Frameworks as nanocarriers for triggered release of anticancer drugs: Brief history, biomedical applications, challenges and future perspective

Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a promising biomedical material due to its unique features such as high surface area, pore volume, variable pore size, flexible functional groups, and excellent efficiency for drug loading. In this review, we explored the use of novel and smart metal organic frameworks as drug delivery vehicles to discover a safer and more controlled mode of drug release aiming to minimize their side effects. Here, we systematically discussed the background of MOFs following a thorough review on structural and physical properties of MOFs, their synthesis techniques, and the important characteristics to establish a strong foundation for future research. Furthermore, the current status on the potential applications of MOF-based stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems, including pH-, ion-, temperature-, light-, and multiple responsive systems for the delivery of anticancer drugs has also been presented. Lastly, we discuss the prospects and challenges in implementation of MOF-based materials in the drug delivery. Therefore, this review will help researchers working in the relevant fields to enhance their understanding of MOFs for encapsulation of various drugs as well as their stimuli responsive mechanism.

Pulmonary Delivery of Recombinant Human Bleomycin Hydrolase Using Mannose-Modified Hierarchically Porous UiO-66 for Preventing Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis

Bleomycins (BLMs) are widely used in clinics as antitumor agents. However, BLM-based chemotherapies often accompany severe pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Human bleomycin hydrolase is a cysteine protease that can convert BLMs into inactive deamido-BLMs. In this study, mannose-modified hierarchically porous UiO-66 (MHP-UiO-66) nanoparticles (NPs) were used to encapsulate the recombinant human bleomycin hydrolase (rhBLMH). When rhBLMH@MHP-UiO-66 was intratracheally instilled into the lungs, the NPs were transported into the epithelial cells, and rhBLMH prevented the lungs from PF during BLM-based chemotherapies. Encapsulation of rhBLMH in the MHP-UiO-66 NPs protects the enzyme from proteolysis in physiological conditions and enhances cellular uptake. In addition, the MHP-UiO-66 NPs significantly enhance the pulmonary accumulation of intratracheally instilled rhBLMH, thus providing more efficient protection of the lungs against BLMs during the chemotherapies.

Fabrication of biocompatible magnetic maltose/MIL-88 metal-organic frameworks decorated with folic acid-chitosan for targeted and pH-responsive controlled release of doxorubicin

Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted tremendous attention as promising porous drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. In this work, for the first time, a novel magnetic maltose disaccharide molecule modified with MIL-88 metal-organic framework (Fe₃O₄@C@MIL-88) was prepared, and then this targeted system was used for the delivery of the doxorubicin (DOX) drug. Eventually, Fe₃O₄@C@MIL-88-DOX were successfully decorated with folic acid conjugated chitosan (Fe₃O₄@C@MIL-88-DOX-FC) as a new targeted and controlled release drug system for treatment of MCF-7 breast cancer. The encapsulation efficiency of the DOX in the Fe₃O₄@C@MIL-88 was obtained at ∼83.6%. The in vitro drug release profiles showed a pH-responsive controlled release of DOX in acidic pH confirming the performance of the systems in the cancerous environment. The DOX release mechanism from systems at pH 5 also showed that the kinetic data well fitted to the Korsmeyer-Peppas and Fickian diffusion. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity and DAPI staining study clearly illustrated that the synthesized Fe₃O₄@C@MIL-88 system had low cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility against MCF-7 cancer cells and MCF-10A normal cells. Whereas, Fe₃O₄@C@MIL-88-DOX and Fe₃O₄@C@MIL-88-DOX-FC exhibited good antitumor activity as a result of targeted delivery of DOX, which indicated the MCF-7 cell death with apoptotic effects. Based on these findings, the resulting carriers could be used as promising targeted drug delivery systems for cancer therapy.

Paclitaxel-loaded liposome-incorporated chitosan (core)/poly(ε-caprolactone)/chitosan (shell) nanofibers for the treatment of breast cancer

Liposomes and nanofibers have been introduced as effective drug delivery systems of anticancer drugs. The performance of chitosan (core)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/paclitaxel simple nanofibers, chitosan/paclitaxel (core)/PCL/chitosan (shell) nanofibers and paclitaxel-loaded liposome-incorporated chitosan (core)/PCL-chitosan (shell) nanofibers was investigated for the controlled release of paclitaxel and the treatment of breast cancer. The synthesized formulations were characterized using polydispersity index, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The sustained release of paclitaxel from liposome-loaded nanofibers was achieved within 30 days. The release data was best described using Korsmeyer-Peppas pharmacokinetic model. The cell viabilities of synthesized nanofibrous samples were higher than 98 % ± 1 % toward L929 normal cells after 168 h. The maximum cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells was 85 % ± 2.5 % using liposome-loaded core-shell nanofibers. The in vivo results indicated the reduction of tumor weight from 1.35 ± 0.15 g to 0.65 ± 0.05 g using liposome-loaded core-shell nanofibers and its increasing from 1.35 ± 0.15 g to 3.2 ± 0.2 g using pure core-shell nanofibers. The three-stage drug release behavior of paclitaxel-loaded liposome-incorporated core-shell nanofibers and the high in vivo tumor efficiency suggested the development of these formulations for cancer treatment in the future.

Assessment of the Anticancer Potentials of the Free and Metal-Organic Framework (UiO-66) - Delivered Phycocyanobilin

Phycocyanin (C-PC) is a constitutive chromoprotein of Arthrospira platensis, which exhibits promising efficacy against different types of cancer. In this study, we cleaved C-PC's chromophore phycocyanobilin (PCB) and demonstrated its ability as an anti-cancer drug for Colorectal cancer (CRC). PCB displayed an anti-cancer effect for CRC (HT-29) cells with IC50 of 108 µg/ml. Assessing the transcripts levels of some biomarkers revealed that the PCB caused an upregulation in the anti-metastatic gene NME1 level and downregulation of the COX-2 level. The flow cytometric results showed the effect of PCB on the arrest of the cell cycle's G1 phase. In addition, we successfully synthesized the UiO-66 (Zr-MOF). We incorporated the PCB into UiO-66 nanoparticles with a loading percentage of 46 %. Assessment of the cytotoxic effects of UiO-66@PCB showed a 2-fold improvement in the IC50 compared to the free PCB. In conclusion, we have shown that PCB displayed a promising potential as an anti-cancer agent. Yet, it is considered a safe and natural substance that can help to mitigate cancer spread and symptoms. In the meantime, UiO-66 can be used as a safe nano-delivery tool for PCB.

Electrospinning-Based Biosensors for Health Monitoring

In recent years, many different biosensors are being used to monitor physical health. Electrospun nanofiber materials have the advantages of high specific surface area, large porosity and simple operation. These properties play a vital role in biosensors. However, the mechanical properties of electrospun nanofibers are poor relative to other techniques of nanofiber production. At the same time, the organic solvents used in electrospinning are generally toxic and expensive. Meanwhile, the excellent performance of electrospun nanofibers brings about higher levels of sensitivity and detection range of biosensors. This paper summarizes the principle and application of electrospinning technology in biosensors and its comparison with other technologies.

Recent advances of the core-shell MOFs in tumour therapy

Coordination chemistry has always been vital to explore the material prominence of metal-organic systems. The metal-organic chemistry plays a fundamental role in decisive structural features, which are accountable for tuning the properties of materials. Tumour therapy has become an important research field of medical treatment in the world. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted extensive interest in medical science research due to their large effective surface area, clear pore network, and critical catalytic performance. Compared with traditional MOF materials, MOF materials with core-shell structures have a higher loading rate and better stability, which can overcome a single function. They have been successfully used in tumour medical research and have excellent prospects for diagnosing and treating various tumours. The current review article thoroughly describes the various synthetic approaches for engineering core-shell MOF materials, the structural types, and the potential functional applications. We also discussed core-shell MOF materials for the various treatment of tumours, such as tumour chemotherapy, tumour phototherapy and tumour microenvironment anti-hypoxia therapy. In this paper, the synthesized procedures of core-shell MOFs and their applications for tumour treatment have been discussed, and their future research has prospected. The current improved strategies, challenges, and prospects are also presented because of the metal-organic chemistry governing the structural modification of core-shell MOFs for tumour therapy applications. Therefore, the present review article opens a new door for medicinal chemists to tune the structural features of the core-shell MOF materials to modulate tumour therapy with simple, low-cost materials for better human lives.

Chitosan-based nanoscale systems for doxorubicin delivery: Exploring biomedical application in cancer therapy

Green chemistry has been a growing multidisciplinary field in recent years showing great promise in biomedical applications, especially for cancer therapy. Chitosan (CS) is an abundant biopolymer derived from chitin and is present in insects and fungi. This polysaccharide has favorable characteristics, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ease of modification by enzymes and chemicals. CS-based nanoparticles (CS-NPs) have shown potential in the treatment of cancer and other diseases, affording targeted delivery and overcoming drug resistance. The current review emphasizes on the application of CS-NPs for the delivery of a chemotherapeutic agent, doxorubicin (DOX), in cancer therapy as they promote internalization of DOX in cancer cells and prevent the activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) to reverse drug resistance. These nanoarchitectures can provide co-delivery of DOX with antitumor agents such as curcumin and cisplatin to induce synergistic cancer therapy. Furthermore, co-loading of DOX with siRNA, shRNA, and miRNA can suppress tumor progression and provide chemosensitivity. Various nanostructures, including lipid-, carbon-, polymeric- and metal-based nanoparticles, are modifiable with CS for DOX delivery, while functionalization of CS-NPs with ligands such as hyaluronic acid promotes selectivity toward tumor cells and prevents DOX resistance. The CS-NPs demonstrate high encapsulation efficiency and due to protonation of amine groups of CS, pH-sensitive release of DOX can occur. Furthermore, redox- and light-responsive CS-NPs have been prepared for DOX delivery in cancer treatment. Leveraging these characteristics and in view of the biocompatibility of CS-NPs, we expect to soon see significant progress towards clinical translation.

pH-responsive glycodendrimer as a new active targeting agent for doxorubicin delivery

The present study synthesized a new kind of pH-responsive active targeting glycodendrimer (ATGD) for doxorubicin delivery to cancerous cells. First, the glycodendrimer was synthesized based on the cultivation of chitosan dendrons on amine-functionalized, silica-grafted cellulose nanocrystals. Afterward, glycodendrimer was conjugated with folic acid to provide a folate receptor-targeting agent. The response surface method was employed to obtain the optimum conditions for the preparation of doxorubicin-loaded ATGD. The effect of doxorubicin/ATGD ratio, temperature, and pH on doxorubicin loading capacity was evaluated, and high loading capacity was achieved under optimized conditions. After determining doxorubicin release pattern at acidic and physiological pH, ATGD cytotoxicity was surveyed by MTT assay. Based on the results, the loading behavior of doxorubicin onto ATGD was in good agreement with monolayer-physisorption, and drug release was Fickian diffusion-controlled. ATGD could release the doxorubicin much more at acidic pH than physiological pH, corresponding to pH-responsive release behavior. Results of MTT assay confirmed the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-loaded ATGD in cancer cells, while ATGD (without drug) was biocompatible with no tangible toxicity. These results suggested that ATGD has the potential for the treatment of cancer.

Smart Multifunctional UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles with Outstanding Drug-Loading/Release Potential for the Targeted Delivery of Quercetin

Herein, UiO-66 and its two functional analogs (with -NO₂ and -NH₂ functional groups) were synthesized, and their potential ability as pH stimulus nanocarriers of quercetin (QU), an anticancer agent, was studied. UiO-66 is a low-toxicity, biocompatible metal-organic framework with a large surface area and good stability, which can be prepared through a facile and inexpensive method. Before and after drug loading, various analyses were conducted to characterize the synthesized nanocarriers. Moreover, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to investigate their structures and interactions with quercetin. The most promising drug loading potential and prolonged drug release (over 25 days) were observed in QU@UiO-66-NO₂ with 37% drug loading content, which was the best-tested sample that exhibited a higher release rate under acidic conditions (pH = 5) than that in normal cells (pH = 7.4). This behavior is known as pH-stimulus-controlled ability. The cell treatment with free QU, UiO-66-R, and QU@UiO-66-R (R = -H, -NO₂, and -NH₂) was performed, and an MTT assay was conducted on HEK-293 and MDA-MB-231 cells for the cytotoxicity study. Additionally, the kinetic modeling of drug release was investigated on the basis of the analysis of the drug release profiles.

Nanoparticles incorporated in nanofibers using electrospinning: A novel nano-in-nano delivery system

Nanofibers are cutting-edge drug delivery systems that are being utilised to treat a variety of ailments. Nanofibers are mostly woven by electrospinning techniques that are majorly used in drug delivery, wound dressing, tissue engineering, sensors, etc. They have several limitations that can be addressed by developing nano-in-nano delivery techniques. Nanoparticles are incorporated into nanofibers in these nano-in-nano systems. They offer a lot of benefits over other nanosystems, including the ability to shield drugs from physical deterioration, the ability to provide prolonged drug release, high surface area to volume ratio, increased drug loading capacity and the potential to be employed in critical conditions such as cancer. These nanoparticles can be encapsulated, entrapped, or adsorbed onto nanofibers in a variety of ways. To include nanosystems into nanofibers, a variety of materials and different kinds of nanoparticles can be used. The present review gives an insight to the applications of nano - in - nano drug delivery system for different diseases/disorders. The review also brings forward the current state of these novel delivery systems along with future perspectives.

Mission impossible for cellular internalization: When porphyrin alliance with UiO-66-NH2 MOF gives the cell lines a ride

Is it possible to accelerate cell internalization by hybridization of nanomaterials? Herein we support the realization of using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with the assistance of rigid porphyrin structure (H₂TMP) aimed at drug loading, drug release, relative cell viability, and targeted in vitro drug delivery. There are several MOFs, i.e., UiO-66-NH2 (125 ± 12.5 nm), UiO-66-NH2 @H2TMP (160 ± 14 nm), UiO-66-NH₂ @H₂TMP@DOX, and UiO-66-NH₂ @H₂TMP@DOX@RO were synthesized and characterized applying HEK-293, HT-29, MCF-7, and MCF-10A cell lines. MTT investigations proved a significantly higher relative cell viability for H₂TMP-aided leaf-extract-coated nanocarriers (above 62 % relative cell viability). Furthermore, the rigid H₂TMP structure improved drug loading capacity by 24 % through an enhanced hydrogen bond, van der Waals, and π-π interactions. The in vitro targeted drug delivery experiments were conducted on HT-29 and MCF-7 cell lines. First, nanocarriers were treated with HT-29 cells, where UiO-66-NH₂ @H₂TMP@DOX@RO appeared as the best nanocarrier. Then, the selected nanocarrier was extracted from the HT-29 cell line and treated with the MCF-7 cell line. For the first time, the DOX remained inside the UiO-66-NH₂ @H₂TMP@DOX@RO after successful delivery to the HT-29 cell lines was observed on the MCF-7 cell line, and the second targeted drug delivery was performed. The results of this survey can enlighten the future ahead of cell internalization in MOF-based hybrid nanostructures.

Metal-Organic Framework (UiO-66)-Based Temperature-Responsive Pesticide Delivery System for Controlled Release and Enhanced Insecticidal Performance against Spodoptera frugiperda

Spodoptera frugiperda is a global pest that brings about great disasters to crops. Conventional pesticide formulations often suffer from poor water solubility, low stability, burst release, weak leaf adhesion, and low efficiency. To improve the insecticidal activity of pesticides, a stimuli-responsive controlled release pesticide delivery system (PDS) has attracted extensive attention in recent years. This paper reports a temperature-responsive controlled release PDS based on poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAm)-modified indoxacarb (IDC)-loaded UiO-66-(COOH)₂ (IDC@UiO-66-(COOH)₂-PNIPAm) and studies its insecticidal activities against S. frugiperda. The UiO-66-(COOH)₂ nanocarrier has an excellent pesticide loading performance, and the loading rate for IDC is 78.69%. The as-prepared PDS has good stability, temperature-responsive controllable release performance, and enhanced leaf affinity, so it can effectively improve the utilization rate of IDC. The insecticidal experiment indicates that the PDS has an enhanced control effect against S. frugiperda. In addition, biosafety analysis further verifies that the PDS exhibits no obvious negative effects on the germination of maize seeds and the growth of maize seedlings. In view of this, we believe that this PDS will have a broad application in the field of pesticide formulation innovation, pest management, and sustainable agricultural development.

The uptake of metal-organic frameworks: a journey into the cell

The application of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in drug delivery has advanced rapidly over the past decade, showing huge progress in the development of novel systems. Although a large number of versatile MOFs that can carry and release multiple compounds have been designed and tested, one of the main limitations to their translation to the clinic is the limited biological understanding of their interaction with cells and the way they penetrate them. This is a crucial aspect of drug delivery, as MOFs need to be able not only to enter into cells but also to release their cargo in the correct intracellular location. While small molecules can enter cells by passive diffusion, nanoparticles (NPs) usually require an energy-dependent process known as endocytosis. Importantly, the fate of NPs after being taken up by cells is dependent on the endocytic pathways they enter through. However, no general guidelines for MOF particle internalization have been established due to the inherent complexity of endocytosis as a mechanism, with several factors affecting cellular uptake, namely NP size and surface chemistry. In this review, we cover recent advances regarding the understanding of the mechanisms of uptake of nano-sized MOFs (nanoMOFs)s, their journey inside the cell, and the importance of biological context in their final fate. We examine critically the impact of MOF physicochemical properties on intracellular trafficking and successful cargo delivery. Finally, we highlight key unanswered questions on the topic and discuss the future of the field and the next steps for nanoMOFs as drug delivery systems.

Enhancement of critical-sized bone defect regeneration using UiO-66 nanomaterial in rabbit femurs

Background

Repair of large-sized bone defects is a challengeable obstacle in orthopedics and evoked the demand for the development of biomaterials that could induce bone repair in such defects. Recently, UiO-66 has emerged as an attractive metal–organic framework (MOF) nanostructure that is incorporated in biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, porosity, and stability. In addition, its osteogenic properties have earned a great interest as a promising field of research. Thus, the UiO-66 was prepared in this study and assessed for its potential to stimulate and support osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo in a rabbit femoral condyle defect model. The nanomaterial was fabricated and characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Afterward, in vitro cytotoxicity and hemolysis assays were performed to investigate UiO-66 biocompatibility. Furthermore, the material in vitro capability to upregulate osteoblast marker genes was assessed using qPCR. Next, the in vivo new bone formation potential of the UiO-66 nanomaterial was evaluated after induction of bone defects in rabbit femoral condyles. These defects were left empty or filled with UiO-66 nanomaterial and monitored at weeks 4, 8, and 12 after bone defect induction using x-ray, computed tomography (CT), histological examinations, and qPCR analysis of osteocalcin (OC) and osteopontin (OP) expressions.

Results

The designed UiO-66 nanomaterial showed excellent cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility and stimulated the in vitro osteoblast functions. The in vivo osteogenesis was enhanced in the UiO-66 treated group compared to the control group, whereas evidence of healing of the treated bone defects was observed grossly and histologically. Interestingly, UiO-66 implanted defects displayed a significant osteoid tissue and collagen deposition compared to control defects. Moreover, the UiO-66 nanomaterial demonstrated the potential to upregulate OC and OP in vivo.

Conclusions

The UiO-66 nanomaterial implantation possesses a stimulatory impact on the healing process of critical-sized bone defects indicating that UiO-66 is a promising biomaterial for application in bone tissue engineering.

Combined and Single Doxorubicin/Naproxen Drug Loading and Dual-Responsive pH/Ultrasound Release from Flexible Metal-Organic Framework Nanocarriers

In this study, the flexible aluminum-based MIL-53(Al) metal-organic framework was loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and naproxen (NAP) and was examined as a promising pH/ultrasound dual-responsive drug delivery system. The two drugs were encapsulated in MIL-53(Al) individually to produce the DOX@MIL-53(Al) and NAP@MIL-53(Al) nanocarriers. They were also encapsulated as a dual-drug formulation to produce the DOX* + NAP*@MIL-53(Al) nanocarrier. The MOF nanoparticles were characterized using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) techniques. In the case of the DOX@MIL, the nanocarriers’ drug Encapsulation Efficiency (EE) and Encapsulation Capacity (EC) were 92% and 16 wt.%, respectively, whereas, in the case of NAP@MIL-53(Al), the average NAP EE and EC were around 97.7% and 8.5 wt.%, respectively. On the other hand, in the DOX* + NAP*@MIL-53(Al) nanoparticles, the average DOX* EE and EC were 38.9% and 6.22 wt.%, respectively, while for NAP*, the average EE and EC were 70.2% and 4.49 wt.%, respectively. In vitro release experiments demonstrated the good pH and Ultrasound (US) dual-responsiveness of these nanocarriers, with a maximum US-triggered DOX and NAP release, at a pH level of 7.4, of approximately 53% and 95%, respectively. In comparison, the measured release was around 90% and 36% at pH 5.3 for DOX and NAP, respectively. In the case of the dualdrug formulation, the nanocarrier displayed similar pH/US dual-responsive behavior. Finally, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) results confirmed the biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity of MIL-53(Al) at concentrations up to 1000 μg/ml.

Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers with Antimicrobial Activity

Nowadays, nanofibers with antimicrobial activity are of great importance due to the widespread antibiotic resistance of many pathogens. Electrospinning is a versatile method of producing ultrathin fibers with desired properties, and this technique can be optimized by controlling parameters such as solution/melt viscosity, feeding rate, and electric field. High viscosity and slow feeding rate cause blockage of the spinneret, while low viscosity and high feeding rate result in fiber discontinuities or droplet formation. The electric field must be properly set because high field strength shortens the solidification time of the fluid streams, while low field strength is unable to form the Taylor cone. Environmental conditions, temperature, and humidity also affect electrospinning. In recent years, significant advances have been made in the development of electrospinning methods and the engineering of electrospun nanofibers for various applications. This review discusses the current research on the use of electrospinning to fabricate composite polymer fibers with antimicrobial properties by incorporating well-defined antimicrobial nanoparticles (silver, titanium dioxide, zinc dioxide, copper oxide, etc.), encapsulating classical therapeutic agents (antibiotics), plant-based bioactive agents (crude extracts, essential oils), and pure compounds (antimicrobial peptides, photosensitizers) in polymer nanofibers with controlled release and anti-degradation protection. The analyzed works prove that the electrospinning process is an effective strategy for the formation of antimicrobial fibers for the biomedicine, pharmacy, and food industry.

Fabrication of a magnetic nanocarrier for doxorubicin delivery based on hyperbranched polyglycerol and carboxymethyl cellulose: An investigation on the effect of borax cross-linker on pH-sensitivity

A new core-shell pH-responsive nanocarrier was prepared based on magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) core. Magnetic nanoparticles were first modified with hyperbranched polyglycerol as the first shell. Then the magnetic core was decorated with doxorubicin anticancer drug (DOX) and covered with PEGylated carboxymethylcellulose as the second shell. Borax was used to partially cross-link organic shells in order to evaluate drug loading content and pH-sensitivity. The structure of nanocarrier, organic shell loadings, magnetic responsibility, morphology, size, dispersibility, and drug loading content were investigated by IR, NMR, TG, VSM, XRD, DLS, HR-TEM and UV-Vis analyses. In vitro release investigations demonstrated that the use of borax as cross-linker between organic shells make the nanocarrier highly sensitive to pH so that more that 70% of DOX is released in acidic pH. A reverse pH-sensitivity was observed for the nanocarrier without borax cross-linker. The MTT assay determined that the nanocarrier exhibited excellent biocompatibility toward normal cells (HEK-293) and high toxicity against cancerous cells (HeLa). The nanocarrier also showed high hemocompatibility. Cellular uptake revealed high ability of nanocarrier toward HeLa cells comparable with free DOX. The results also suggested that low concentration of nanocarrier has a great potential for use as contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Drug Delivery Applications of Coaxial Electrospun Nanofibres in Cancer Therapy

Cancer is one of the most serious health problems and the second leading cause of death worldwide, and with an ageing and growing population, problems related to cancer will continue. In the battle against cancer, many therapies and anticancer drugs have been developed. Chemotherapy and relevant drugs are widely used in clinical practice; however, their applications are always accompanied by severe side effects. In recent years, the drug delivery system has been improved by nanotechnology to reduce the adverse effects of the delivered drugs. Among the different candidates, core-sheath nanofibres prepared by coaxial electrospinning are outstanding due to their unique properties, including their large surface area, high encapsulation efficiency, good mechanical property, multidrug loading capacity, and ability to govern drug release kinetics. Therefore, encapsulating drugs in coaxial electrospun nanofibres is a desirable method for controlled and sustained drug release. This review summarises the drug delivery applications of coaxial electrospun nanofibres with different structures and drugs for various cancer treatments.

Doxorubicin-Loaded UiO-66/Bi2S3 Nanocomposite-Enhanced Synergistic Transarterial Chemoembolization and Photothermal Therapy against Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the first choice for patients with intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but clinical applications still face some problems, such as the difficulties in clearing all cancer cells and lack of targeting, which would damage normal liver cells. Recently, photothermal therapy (PTT) and nanodelivery systems have been used to improve the efficacy of TACE. However, most of these strategies achieve only a single function, and the synthesis process is complicated. Here, a simple one-step solvothermal method was used to develop multifunctional nanoparticles (UiO-66/Bi₂S₃@DOX), which can simultaneously achieve photothermal effects and low pH-triggered DOX release. UiO-66/Bi₂S₃ exhibited a pH-responsive release behavior and an excellent photothermal effect in a series of in vitro and in vivo studies. Biocompatibility was confirmed by cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility evaluations. The rat N1S1 liver tumor model was established to investigate the therapeutic effect and biosafety of the nanoplatforms using TACE. The results revealed that the combination of TACE and PTT resulted in remarkable tumor growth inhibition, and the histopathological assay further revealed extensive necrosis, downregulated angiogenesis, increased apoptosis, and proliferation in the tumor response. These results demonstrated that this nanosystem platform was a promising therapeutic agent for enhancing TACE therapy for HCC treatment.

Adsorption, and controlled release of doxorubicin from cellulose acetate/polyurethane/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite nanofibers

The cellulose acetate (CA)/poly (ε-caprolactone diol)/poly (tetramethylene ether) glycol-polyurethane (PCL-Diol/PTMG-PU)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composite nanofibers were prepared via two-nozzle electrospinning on both counter sides of the collector. The performance of synthesized composite nanofibers was investigated as an environmental application and anticancer delivery system for the adsorption/release of doxorubicin (DOX). The synergic effect of MWCNTs and DOX incorporated into the nanofibers was investigated against LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The status of MWCNTs and DOX in composite nanofibers was demonstrated by SEM, FTIR and UV-vis determinations. The adsorption tests using nanofibrous adsorbent toward DOX sorption was evaluated under various DOX initial concentrations (100-2000 mg l^-1), adsorption times (5-120 min), and pH values (pH:2-9). Due to the fitting of isotherm and kinetic data with Redlich-Peterson and pseudo-second order models, both chemisorption and surface adsorption of DOX molecules mechanisms have been predicted. The drug release from both nanofibers and MWCNTs-loaded nanofibers was compared. The better drug sustained release profiles verified in the presence of composite nanofibers. LNCaP prostate cancer and L929 normal cells were treated to investigate the cytotoxicity and compatibility of synthesized composite nanofibers. The apoptosis/necrosis of hybrid nanofibers and MWCNTs loaded-nanofibers was investigated. The obtained results demonstrated the synergic effects of MWCNTs and DOX loaded-nanofibers on the LNCaP prostate cancer cells death.

Single-step Synthesis and Characterization of Zr-MOF onto Wool Fabric: Preparation of Antibacterial Wound Dressing with High Absorption Capacity

Improvement of curative herbal extracts effectiveness through novel drug delivery systems is a field of study for the researches nowadays. Zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) are one of the most capable porous nanocarriers that need a biocompatible template to be used in biomedical applications. In this work, Zr-MOF was synthesized into the wool fabric through in-situ one-pot method with different molar ratios. The final fabrics were characterized thoroughly using various techniques and the effect of components on monodispersity and nucleation tendency of Zr-MOF onto the surface of wool were explained. The resultant fabric stablished absolute wash durability, increased air-permeability up to twice and reasonable hydrophilicity. Tensile strength and young modulus decreased 30 and 1244 % and strain increased 66 %. Salvia Officinalis (SO) and Calendula Officinalis (CO) extracts were loaded onto the modified fabrics with 1154 and 1842 % increased absorption capacity. The release profiles showed domination of diffusion mechanism. The wool-MOF-SO and CO displayed both 100 % antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and 60.95 and 64.64 % against Staphylococcus aureus because of diverse antibacterial components. Calendula Officinalis proved biocompatibility with human skin however Salvia Officinalis exhibited high toxicity.