Targeting the PDGF/PDGFR signaling pathway for cancer therapy: A review

MicroRNAs in adipose tissue fibrosis: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Adipose tissue fibrosis, characterized by abnormal extracellular matrix deposition within adipose tissue, signifies a crucial indicator of adipose tissue malfunction, potentially leading to organ tissue dysfunction. Various factors, including a high-fat diet, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and insulin resistance, coincide with adipose tissue fibrosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of small non-coding RNAs with significant influence on tissue fibrosis through diverse signaling pathways. For instance, in response to a high-fat diet, miRNAs can modulate signaling pathways such as TGF-β/Smad, PI3K/AKT, and PPAR-γ to impact adipose tissue fibrosis. Furthermore, miRNAs play roles in inhibiting fibrosis in different contexts: suppressing corneal fibrosis via the TGF-β/Smad pathway, mitigating cardiac fibrosis through the VEGF signaling pathway, reducing wound fibrosis via regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway, and diminishing fibrosis post-fat transplantation via involvement in the PDGFR-β signaling pathway. Notably, the secretome released by miRNA-transfected adipose-derived stem cells facilitates targeted delivery of miRNAs to evade host immune rejection, enhancing their anti-fibrotic efficacy. Hence, this study endeavors to elucidate the role and mechanism of miRNAs in adipose tissue fibrosis and explore the mechanisms and advantages of the secretome released by miRNA-transfected adipose-derived stem cells in combating fibrotic diseases.

Cancer associated fibroblasts in cancer development and therapy

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key players in cancer development and therapy, and they exhibit multifaceted roles in the tumor microenvironment (TME). From their diverse cellular origins, CAFs undergo phenotypic and functional transformation upon interacting with tumor cells and their presence can adversely influence treatment outcomes and the severity of the cancer. Emerging evidence from single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies have highlighted the heterogeneity and plasticity of CAFs, with subtypes identifiable through distinct gene expression profiles and functional properties. CAFs influence cancer development through multiple mechanisms, including regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, direct promotion of tumor growth through provision of metabolic support, promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to enhance cancer invasiveness and growth, as well as stimulating cancer stem cell properties within the tumor. Moreover, CAFs can induce an immunosuppressive TME and contribute to therapeutic resistance. In this review, we summarize the fundamental knowledge and recent advances regarding CAFs, focusing on their sophisticated roles in cancer development and potential as therapeutic targets. We discuss various strategies to target CAFs, including ECM modulation, direct elimination, interruption of CAF-TME crosstalk, and CAF normalization, as approaches to developing more effective treatments. An improved understanding of the complex interplay between CAFs and TME is crucial for developing new and effective targeted therapies for cancer.

Understanding Neovascularization in Glioblastoma: Insights from the Current Literature

Glioblastomas (GBMs), among the most aggressive and resilient brain tumors, characteristically exhibit high angiogenic potential, leading to the formation of a dense yet aberrant vasculature, both morphologically and functionally. With these premises, numerous expectations were initially placed on anti-angiogenic therapies, soon dashed by their limited efficacy in concretely improving patient outcomes. Neovascularization in GBM soon emerged as a complex, dynamic, and heterogeneous process, hard to manage with the classical standard of care. Growing evidence has revealed the existence of numerous non-canonical strategies of angiogenesis, variously exploited by GBM to meet its ever-increasing metabolic demand and differently involved in tumor progression, recurrence, and escape from treatments. In this review, we provide an accurate description of each neovascularization mode encountered in GBM tumors to date, highlighting the molecular players and signaling cascades primarily involved. We also detail the key architectural and functional aspects characteristic of the GBM vascular compartment because of an intricate crosstalk between the different angiogenic networks. Additionally, we explore the repertoire of emerging therapies against GBM that are currently under study, concluding with a question: faced with such a challenging scenario, could combined therapies, tailored to the patient's genetic signatures, represent an effective game changer?

Cd248a regulates pericyte development and viability in zebrafish

CD248 is a pericyte marker during embryonic and tumor neovascularization. Although its expression pattern and function in mammalian pericytes have been extensively studied, its role in zebrafish pericytes remains largely unexplored. In this study, we identify that among the two zebrafish orthologs of human CD248, cd248a, rather than cd248b, is predominantly expressed in pericytes during embryonic development. We generate cd248a and cd248b mutant zebrafish (cd248acc11/cc11 and cd248bcc12/cc12) and observe a significant reduction in pericyte numbers in cd248acc11/cc11 mutants, accompanied by disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Notably, treatment with AG1295, a platelet-derived growth factor receptor inhibitor, attenuates the increase in pericyte proliferation induced by cd248a overexpression. Additionally, we find that CoCl2-induced pericyte apoptosis is enhanced in cd248acc11/cc11 larvae, indicating that cd248a provides protection against hypoxia-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our findings elucidate the role and underlying mechanisms of cd248a in regulating pericyte proliferation and apoptosis in zebrafish.

Crip2 affects vascular development by fine-tuning endothelial cell aggregation and proliferation

Endothelial cell adhesion and migration are crucial to various biological processes, including vascular development. The identification of factors that modulate vascular development through these cell functions has emerged as a prominent focus in cardiovascular research. Crip2 is known to play a crucial role in cardiac development, yet its involvement in vascular development and the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we revealed that Crip2 is expressed predominantly in the vascular system, particularly in the posterior cardinal vein and caudal vein plexus intersegmental vein. Upon Crip2 loss, the posterior cardinal vein plexus and caudal vein plexus are hypoplastic, and endothelial cells exhibit aberrant aggregation. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), CRIP2 interacts with the cytoskeleton proteins KRT8 and VIM. The absence of CRIP2 negatively regulates their expression, thereby fine-tuning cytoskeleton formation, resulting in a hyperadhesive phenotype. Moreover, CRIP2 deficiency perturbs the VEGFA/CDC42 signaling pathway, which in turn diminishes the migrating capacity of HUVECs. Furthermore, the loss of CRIP2 impairs cell proliferation by affecting its interaction with SRF through PDE10A/cAMP and PDGF/JAK/STAT/SRF signaling. Collectively, our findings delineate a crucial role for CRIP2 in controlling the migration, adhesion and proliferation of endothelial cells, thereby contributing to vascular development in zebrafish. These insights may provide a deeper understanding of the etiology of cardiovascular disorders.

Complex regulation of cardiac fibrosis: insights from immune cells and signaling pathways

Cardiac fibrosis is a physiological process that involves the formation of scar tissue in the heart in response to injury or damage. This process is initially a protective measure characterized by enhanced fibroblasts, which are responsible for producing extracellular matrix proteins that provide structural support to the heart. However, when fibrosis becomes excessive, it can lead to adverse outcomes, including increasing tissue stiffness and impaired cardiac function, which can ultimately result in heart failure with a poor prognosis. While fibroblasts are the primary cells involved in cardiac fibrosis, immune cells have also been found to play a vital role in its progression. Recent research has shown that immune cells exert multifaceted effects besides regulation of inflammatory response. Advanced research techniques such as single-cell sequencing and multiomics have provided insights into the specific subsets of immune cells involved in fibrosis and the complex regulation of the process. Targeted immunotherapy against fibrosis is gaining traction as a potential treatment option, but it is still unclear how immune cells achieve this regulation and whether distinct subsets are involved in different roles. To better understand the role of immune cells in cardiac fibrosis, it is essential to examine the classical signaling pathways that are closely related to fibrosis formation. We have also focused on the unique properties of diverse immune cells in cardiac fibrosis and their specific intercommunications. Therefore, this review will delve into the plasticity and heterogeneity of immune cells and their specific roles in cardiac fibrosis, which propose insights to facilitate the development of anti-fibrosis therapeutic strategies.

A Review of FDA-Approved Multi-Target Angiogenesis Drugs for Brain Tumor Therapy

Neovascularization is an important process in brain tumor development, invasion and metastasis. Several research studies have indicated that the VEGF signaling target has potential for reducing angiogenesis in brain tumors. However, targeting VEGF signaling has not met the expected efficacy, despite initial enthusiasm. This is partly because tumors cleverly use alternative growth factor pathways, other than VEGF signaling, to restore angiogenesis. Multi-target inhibitors have been developed to inhibit several receptor kinases that play a role in the development of angiogenesis. By simultaneously affecting various receptor kinases, these treatments can potentially obstruct various angiogenic pathways that are involved in brain cancer advancement, often offering a more holistic strategy than treatments focusing on just one kinase. Since 2009, the FDA has approved a number of multi-kinase inhibitors that target angiogenic growth factor receptors (e.g., VEGFR, PDGFR, FGFR, RET, c-KIT, MET, AXL and others) for treatment of malignant diseases, including brain cancer. Here, we present some recent results from the literature regarding the preclinical and clinical effects of these inhibitors on brain tumors.

Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 1,4-naphthoquinone- 1,2,3-triazole hybrids as new anticancer agents with multi-kinase inhibitory activity

Targeting important oncogenic kinases that contribute to hallmarks of cancer has revolutionized cancer therapy. Ten 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives linked to 1,2,3-triazole (4a-4j) were designed and synthesized as kinase inhibitors especially aimed at blocking CDK2, a validated and important cancer target. Assessment of the antiproliferative activity of the synthesized compounds against lung (EBC-1), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC, AsPC-1 and Mia-Paca-2), colorectal (HT-29), and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells revealed that most of the derivatives possess considerable antiproliferative potential, with IC50 values as low as 0.3 µM. In contrast, the compounds relatively spared NIH3T3 non-cancer cell line. The kinase inhibitory effect of the best compounds was examined against a panel of 30 important oncogenic kinases. Derivatives 4a (bearing a benzyl ring) and 4i (bearing a p-methyl benzyl ring) inhibited CDK2, FLT4 (VEGFR3) and PDGFRA kinases with IC50 values in the range of 0.55-1.67 and 0.22-11.32 µM, respectively. These compounds also caused S phase arrest and induced characteristic features of apoptosis in PDAC cells. Molecular modeling simulation validated the binding interactions between the synthesized derivatives and the active sites of the 3 target kinases. Finally, the compounds also possessed drug-like features as examined by in silico studies. The results of this study indicate that 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives could have promising anticancer potential as multi-kinase inhibitors.

The role and application of bioinformatics techniques and tools in drug discovery

The process of drug discovery and development is both lengthy and intricate, demanding a substantial investment of time and financial resources. Bioinformatics techniques and tools can not only accelerate the identification of drug targets and the screening and refinement of drug candidates, but also facilitate the characterization of side effects and the prediction of drug resistance. High-throughput data from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics make significant contributions to mechanics-based drug discovery and drug reuse. This paper summarizes bioinformatics technologies and tools in drug research and development and their roles and applications in drug research and development, aiming to provide references for the development of new drugs and the realization of precision medicine.

Vascular endothelial growth factor A: friend or foe in the pathogenesis of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infections?

This review article discusses the role of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV infection, both conditions being renowned for their impact on the vascular endothelium. The processes involved in vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis are reviewed briefly before exploring the interplay between hypoxia, VEGF-A, neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), and inflammatory pathways. We then focus on SARS-CoV-2 infection and show how the binding of the viral pathogen to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, as well as to NRP-1, leads to elevated levels of VEGF-A and consequences such as coagulation, vascular dysfunction, and inflammation. HIV infection augments angiogenesis via several mechanisms, most prominently, by the trans-activator of transcription (tat) protein mimicking VEGF-A by binding to its receptor, VEGFR-2, as well as upregulation of NRP-1, which enhances the interaction between VEGF-A and VEGFR-2. We propose that the elevated levels of VEGF-A observed during HIV/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection originate predominantly from activated immune cells due to the upregulation of HIF-1α by damaged endothelial cells. In this context, a few clinical trials have described a diminished requirement for oxygen therapy during anti-VEGF treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The currently available anti-VEGF therapy strategies target the binding of VEGF-A to both VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. The blocking of both receptors could, however, lead to a negative outcome, inhibiting not only pathological, but also physiological angiogenesis. Based on the examination of published studies, this review suggests that treatment targeting selective inhibition of VEGFR-1 may be beneficial in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Tendomodulin in pan-cancer analysis: exploring its impact on immune modulation and uncovering functional insights in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Tendomodulin (TNMD) is pivotal in various malignancies, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, its comprehensive impact across cancers, particularly its immunomodulatory function in CRC, remains underexplored. This study explored the role of TNMD in CRC by focusing on its immunomodulatory functions through comprehensive molecular and clinical analyses.

METHODS

Multiple bioinformatics databases and analytical tools were utilized for the TNMD in pan-cancer analysis. To validate the role of TNMD in CRC, we performed experiments, including immunofluorescence (IF), immunohistochemistry (IHC), real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qPCR), western blotting, and cell migration assays.

RESULTS

TNMD expression and gene mutation vary across cancers and offer high diagnostic value. Survival analysis found that TNMD is associated with prognosis in multiple cancers. Notably, in patients with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) CRC, TNMD expression correlated positively with various immune cells, particularly natural killer (NK) cells, whereas it was inversely correlated with regulatory T cells (Tregs). Crucially, in patients with microsatellite stability (MSS) CRC, high TNMD expression was associated with better immunotherapy outcomes, indicating its potential as a biomarker for patient stratification and tailored treatment approaches. Furthermore, single-cell sequencing data revealed stronger interactions between TNMD-positive tumor cells and fibroblasts or macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Finally, TNMD was overexpressed in CRC tumor tissues and cell lines, thereby promoting invasion and metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings reveal a critical immunomodulatory role of TNMD in CRC, particularly in influencing tumor-immune interactions. Beyond its potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, TNMD promotes CRC metastasis and invasion, thus emerging as a promising therapeutic target. These findings highlight TNMD's significance in CRC and potentially other malignancies.

AXL signaling in cancer: from molecular insights to targeted therapies

AXL, a member of the TAM receptor family, has emerged as a potential target for advanced-stage human malignancies. It is frequently overexpressed in different cancers and plays a significant role in various tumor-promoting pathways, including cancer cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, stemness, DNA damage response, acquired therapeutic resistance, immunosuppression, and inflammatory responses. Beyond oncology, AXL also facilitates viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2 and Zika highlighting its importance in both cancer and virology. In preclinical models, small-molecule kinase inhibitors targeting AXL have shown promising anti-tumorigenic potential. This review primarily focuses on the induction, regulation and biological functions of AXL in mediating these tumor-promoting pathways. We discuss a range of therapeutic strategies, including recently developed small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), monoclonal antibodies, and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), anti-AXL-CAR, and combination therapies. These interventions are being examined in both preclinical and clinical studies, offering the potential for improved drug sensitivity and therapeutic efficacy. We further discuss the mechanisms of acquired therapeutic resistance, particularly the crosstalk between AXL and other critical receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) such as c-MET, EGFR, HER2/HER3, VEGFR, PDGFR, and FLT3. Finally, we highlight key research areas that require further exploration to enhance AXL-mediated therapeutic approaches for improved clinical outcomes.

Signaling pathways and targeted therapies in Ewing sarcoma

Ewing sarcoma, the second most prevalent malignant bone tumor with potential occurrence in soft tissues, exhibits a high level of aggressiveness, primarily afflicting children and adolescents. It is characterized by fusion proteins arising from chromosomal translocations. The fusion proteins induce aberrations in multiple signaling pathways and molecules, constituting a key event in oncogenic transformation. While diagnostic and therapeutic modalities have advanced in recent decades and multimodal treatments, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, have significantly improved survival of patients with localized tumors, patients with metastatic tumors continue to face poor prognoses. There persists a pressing need for novel alternative treatments, yet the translation of our understanding of Ewing sarcoma pathogenesis into improved clinical outcomes remains a critical challenge. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of Ewing sarcoma, including fusion proteins, various signaling pathways, pivotal pathogenetic molecules implicated in its development, and associated targeted therapies and immunotherapies. We summarize past endeavors, current advancements, and deliberate on limitations and future research directions. It is envisaged that this review will furnish novel insights into prospective treatment avenues for Ewing sarcoma.

Decoding oral cancer: insights from miRNA expression profiles and their regulatory targets

Oral cancer (OC) is a prevalent malignancy with high mortality rates, largely attributed to late diagnosis and limited therapeutic advancements. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as critical regulators of gene expression, have emerged as key players in modulating plethora of cellular mechanisms. This study analyzed miRNA and gene expression profiles in OC using publicly available datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to explore their roles in tumorigenesis. A total of 23 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) and 1,233 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Functional annotation and pathway enrichment analyses highlighted significant involvement of DEmiRs and their target genes in cell cycle-related processes, including enrichment in the nucleus, transcription factor activity, regulation of nucleosides, nucleotide and nucleic acids, cell growth and/or maintenance, mitotic cell cycle, mitotic M-M/G1 phases an DNA replication. Furthermore, different signaling cascades such as IGF signaling, PDGF signaling and LKB1 signaling and PLK1 signaling pathways were also found associated with DEmiR-related regulation of OC progression. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified key molecular hubs associated with DEmiR and DEGs in OC. Notably, most of these hub genes such as NEK2, NDC80, NUF2, PLK1, SMAD2, TP53, TPX2, TTK, UBE2C, WDHD1, WTAP, YWHAZ are directly or indirectly associated with cell cycle progression, underscoring the role of DEmiRs in driving tumor proliferation and survival in OC via dysregulating cell cycle. This study offers insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying OC and highlights miRNAs as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets to disrupt the cancerous cell cycle and improve treatment outcomes.

Inhibition of myotube formation by platelet-derived growth factor subunit B in QM7 cells

OBJECTIVE

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the role and regulatory mechanisms of platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGFB) in muscle differentiation.

METHODS

In this study, a vector for PDGFB was designed and transfected into quail muscle cells to investigate its role and regulatory mechanism during muscle formation. To investigate the inhibitory mechanisms of PDGFB on myogenic differentiation, the mRNA expression levels of various genes and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2), both known to regulate muscle development and differentiation were compared.

RESULTS

PDGFB-overexpressed (OE) cells formed morphologically shorter and thinner myotubes and demonstrated a smaller total myotube area than did the control cells. This result was also confirmed at the molecular level by a reduced amount of myosin heavy chain protein in the PDGFB-OE cells. Therefore, PDGFB inhibits the differentiation of muscle cells. Additionally, the expression of myogenin (MYOG) significantly decreased in the PDGFBOE cells on days 2 and 4 compared with that in the control cells. The phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, an upstream protein that inhibits MYOG expression, increased in the PDGFB-OE cells on day 4 compared with that in the control cells. The decreased expression of MYOG in the PDGFB-OE cells increased by inhibition ERK 1/2 phosphorylation.

CONCLUSION

PDGFB may suppress myogenesis by reducing MYOG expression through ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. These findings can help understand muscle differentiation and potentially improve poultry meat production.

Angiogenesis and EMT regulators in the tumor microenvironment in lung cancer and immunotherapy

Lung cancer remains the primary cause of cancer-related mortality, with factors such as postoperative tumor recurrence, metastasis, and therapeutic drug resistance exacerbating patient outcomes. Immunotherapy has emerged as a transformative approach, challenging conventional treatment paradigms for lung cancer. Consequently, advancing research in lung cancer immunotherapy is imperative. Recent studies indicate that numerous regulators within the tumor microenvironment (TME) drive tumor angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); these processes are interdependent, reciprocal, and collectively contribute to tumor progression. Tumor angiogenesis not only supplies adequate oxygen and nutrients for cellular proliferation but also establishes pathways facilitating tumor metastasis and creating hypoxic regions that foster drug resistance. Concurrently, EMT enhances metastatic potential and reinforces drug-resistance genes within tumor cells, creating a reciprocal relationship with angiogenesis. This interplay ultimately results in tumor invasion, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. This paper reviews key regulators of angiogenesis and EMT, examining their impact on lung cancer immunotherapy and progression, and investigates whether newly identified regulators could influence lung cancer treatment, thus offering valuable insights for developing future therapeutic strategies.

Crosstalk between 1,25(OH)2-Vitamin D3 and the growth factors EGF and PDGF-BB: Impact on CYP24A1 expression and cell proliferation

This study explored the signaling interplay between the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB promotes cell proliferation in normal and cancer cells. At the same time, the active form of vitamin D (1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3) inhibits proliferation in some cells. Although EGF receptors (EGFR) and PDGF receptors (PDGFR) activate similar downstream pathways, we found that they interact with VDR signaling in distinct ways. We confirmed that 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 induces CYP24A1 gene expression in U2OS, T98G, and U251 cells. We found this to be potentiated when combined with EGF. In contrast, PDGF-BB did not impact 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3-induced CYP24A1 expression in U2OS cells. The increase in CYP24A1 expression due to the combined action of EGF and 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 was dependent on AKT and ERK1/2 activation. Another VDR-responsive gene, CYP27B1, was unaffected by the addition of EGF, suggesting that EGF may have gene-specific effects on VDR signaling. While PDGF-BB did not influence CYP24A1 expression, 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 significantly influenced PDGF-BB-induced receptor phosphorylation and cell proliferation. In summary, we found that EGF, but not PDGF-BB, influenced the expression of the VDR-dependent gene CYP24A1, while 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 had an inhibitory effect on PDGFR signaling and proliferation. These findings highlight unique crosstalk between 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 signaling and EGF or PDGF-BB.

Causal relationship between inflammatory factors and gynecological cancer: a Bayesian Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

Cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and endometrial cancer are the three most common cancers in gynecology. Understanding their respective pathology is currently incomplete. Inflammatory factors play an important role in the pathophysiology of these three cancers, but the causal relationship between inflammatory factors and these three cancers is unclear.

METHODS

Based on publicly available genetic databases, relevant instrumental variables were extracted according to predefined thresholds, and causal analyses of CRP, 41 circulating inflammatory factors, and three gynecological cancers were performed, mainly using the inverse variance weighted method, while bayesian analysis was performed to improve the accuracy of the results. Finally, heterogeneity, horizontal pleiotropy test, and MR Steiger test were carried out to evaluate the reliability of the findings and the causal inference strength.

RESULTS

One inflammatory factor (PDGF-BB) and four inflammatory factors (CXCL9, IL-6, CXCL1, and G-CSF) were identified as significantly associated with the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers, respectively. In comparison, cervical cancer was found to have a negative causal association with one inflammatory factor (G-CSF) and endometrial cancer with two inflammatory factors (CXCL10 and CCL11).

CONCLUSIONS

Our MR study suggests potential causal relationships between circulating inflammatory regulators and three gynecological cancers from a genetic perspective, which contributes to further understanding of the pathomechanisms of cervical, ovarian and endometrial cancers and highlights the potential of targeting inflammatory factors as therapeutic interventions and predictors.

Activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptors regulate connective tissue growth factor protein levels via the AKT pathway in malignant mesothelioma cells

The incidence of malignant mesothelioma (MM), a disease linked to refractory asbestos exposure, continues to increase globally and remains largely resistant to various treatments. Our previous studies have identified a strong correlation between connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) protein expression and MM malignancy, underscoring the importance of understanding CTGF regulation in MM cells. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) ligand, PDGF-BB, increases CTGF protein expression levels without affecting CTGF mRNA levels. Inhibition of PDGFR resulted in a reduction of CTGF protein expression, indicating that PDGFR activation is essential in regulating CTGF protein expression in MM cells. PDGF-BB also activated the protein kinase B (AKT) pathway, and inhibition of AKT phosphorylation abolished the PDGFR-induced CTGF protein expression, suggesting that PDGFR acts upstream of CTGF via the AKT pathway. This reinforces the role of CTGF protein as a key regulator of MM malignancy. Additionally, PDGFR activation led to the phosphorylation of mTOR and 4E-BP1, critical regulators of protein synthesis downstream of AKT, suggesting that PDGFR controls CTGF protein expression through the regulation of CTGF mRNA translation.

Biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic attributes to drive nanoformulations of small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Buoyed by the discovery of small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (smTKIs), significant impact has been made in cancer chemotherapeutics. However, some of these agents still encounter off-target toxicities and suboptimal efficacies due to their inferior biopharmaceutical and/or pharmacokinetic properties. Almost all of these molecules exhibit significant inter- and intra-patient variations in plasma concentration-time profiles. Thus, therapeutic drug monitoring, dose adjustments and precision medicine are being contemplated by clinicians. Complex formulations or nanoformulation-based drug delivery systems offer promising approaches to provide drug encapsulation or spatiotemporal control over the release, overcoming the biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic limitations and improving the therapeutic outcomes. In this context, the present review comprehensively tabulates and critically analyzes all the relevant properties (T1/2, solubility, pKa, therapeutic index, IC50, metabolism etc.) of the approved smTKIs. A detailed appraisal is conducted on the advancements made in complex formulations of smTKIs, with a focus on strategies to enhance their pharmacokinetic profile, tumor targeting ability, and therapeutic efficacy. Various nanocarrier platforms, have been discussed, highlighting their unique features and potential applications in cancer therapy. Nanoformulations have been shown to improve area under the curve and peak plasma concentration, and reduce dosing frequency for several smTKIs in animal models. It is inferred that extensive efforts will be made in developing complex formulations of smTKIs in near future. There, the review concludes with key recommendations for the developing of smTKIs to facilitate early clinical translation.

Unveiling the molecular Hallmarks of Peyronie's disease: a comprehensive narrative review

Peyronie's disease, a fibroinflammatory disorder, detrimentally impacts the sexual well-being of men and their partners. The manifestation of fibrotic plaques within penile tissue, attributed to dysregulated fibrogenesis, is pathognomonic for this condition. The onset of fibrosis hinges on the perturbation of the equilibrium between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), crucial enzymes governing the extracellular matrix, and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). In the context of Peyronie's disease, there is an elevation in TIMP levels coupled with a decline in MMP levels, culminating in fibrogenesis. Despite the scant molecular insights into fibrotic pathologies, particularly in the context of Peyronie's disease, a comprehensive literature search spanning 1995 to 2023, utilizing PubMed Library, was conducted to elucidate these mechanisms. The findings underscore the involvement of growth factors such as FGF and PDGF, and cytokines like IL-1 and IL-6, alongside PAI-1, PTX-3, HIF, and IgG4 in the fibrotic cascade. Given the tissue-specific modulation of fibrosis, comprehending the molecular underpinnings of penile fibrosis becomes imperative for the innovation of novel and efficacious therapies targeting Peyronie's disease. This review stands as a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians engaged in investigating the molecular basis of fibrotic diseases, offering guidance for advancements in understanding Peyronie's disease.

Regulatory Effect of PDGF/PDGFR on Hematopoiesis

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a critical cytokine with substantial regulatory effects on hematopoiesis. Recent research highlights the essential role of PDGF in the modulation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), megakaryocytes/platelets, and thrombopoietin (TPO) synthesis within the bone marrow microenvironment. PDGF directly stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of HSPCs while also inhibiting apoptosis. In addition, PDGF indirectly enhances the production of other growth factors, including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors. Further, PDGF regulates TPO production and influences the bone marrow milieu, thus impacting hematopoiesis and platelet formation. Mechanistically, PDGF binds to its receptor, PDGF receptor (PDGFR), thus activating the PDGF/PDGFR signaling pathway. This pathway subsequently activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, leading to the activation of downstream cytokines, including c-Fos and NF-E2, while inhibiting caspase-3 activation. Collectively, these actions have prodifferentiation and antiapoptotic effects on megakaryocytes, thereby regulating platelet production. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory role of the PDGF/PDGFR axis in hematopoiesis, with a particular focus on platelet production, by summarizing all studies on PDGF/PDGFR from our group and globally.

ACL injury management: a comprehensive review of novel biotherapeutics

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is integral to the stability of the knee joint, serving to limit anterior tibial translation and regulate rotational movements. ACL injuries are among the most common and debilitating forms of knee trauma, often resulting in joint effusion, muscular atrophy, and diminished athletic capabilities. Despite the established efficacy of ACL reconstruction as the standard treatment, it is not uniformly successful. Consequently, there is a growing interest in novel biotherapeutic interventions as potential alternatives. This comprehensive review examines the latest advancements in ACL biotherapy, encompassing the application of hyaluronic acid, self-assembled short peptides, growth factors, stem cell therapy, gene therapy, platelet-rich plasma therapy, bone marrow aspirate concentrate cells, extracorporeal shock wave, electrical stimulation and cross bracing protocol. The collective aim of these innovative treatments is to facilitate the restoration of the ACL's native biological and biomechanical integrity, with the ultimate goal of enhancing clinical outcomes and the functional recovery of affected individuals.

Progress on angiogenic and antiangiogenic agents in the tumor microenvironment

The development of tumors and their metastasis relies heavily on the process of angiogenesis. When the volume of a tumor expands, the resulting internal hypoxic conditions trigger the body to enhance the production of various angiogenic factors. These include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), all of which work together to stimulate the activation of endothelial cells and catalyze angiogenesis. Antiangiogenic therapy (AAT) aims to normalize tumor blood vessels by inhibiting these angiogenic signals. In this review, we will explore the molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis within the tumor microenvironment, discuss traditional antiangiogenic drugs along with their limitations, examine new antiangiogenic drugs and the advantages of combination therapy, and consider future research directions in the field of antiangiogenic drugs. This comprehensive overview aims to provide insights that may aid in the development of more effective anti-tumor treatments.

Targeting PDGF-CC as a promising therapeutic strategy to inhibit cholangiocarcinoma progression

BACKGROUND

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Platelet-Derived Growth Factor CC (PDGF-CC) has been implicated in the progression of various tumors, but its specific role in CCA is not well understood. This study aims to investigate the expression and function of PDGF-CC in CCA and evaluate its potential as a therapeutic target.

METHODS

We conducted gene expression analysis using the GEPIA database to compare PDGF-CC mRNA levels in CCA tissues and normal tissues. Serum samples from CCA patients were analyzed for PDGF-CC protein levels, and immunohistochemistry was used to assess PDGF-CC expression in tissue samples. The impact of PDGF-CC on CCA cell behavior was examined by knocking out PDGF-CC in HuCCT1 and QBC939 cell lines, followed by assessments of cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation in vitro. Additionally, the effects of PDGF-CC knockout were evaluated in xenograft models. The therapeutic potential of PDGF-CC inhibition was further explored using pharmacological inhibitors and antibodies.

RESULTS

PDGF-CC mRNA and protein levels were significantly elevated in CCA tissues and patient sera compared to normal controls. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed increased PDGF-CC expression in CCA tissues. High PDGF-CC expression correlated with poor overall survival in CCA patients, as shown by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Functional assays revealed that PDGF-CC knockout significantly reduced proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation in HuCCT1 and QBC939 cells, the lines with the highest PDGF-CC levels. In vivo, PDGF-CC knockout markedly decreased tumor growth in xenograft models. Pharmacological inhibition of PDGF-CC mirrored the effects of genetic knockout, suggesting it as a viable therapeutic strategy.

CONCLUSIONS

This study underscores the critical role of PDGF-CC in CCA progression and supports the potential of PDGF-CC inhibitors as a therapeutic approach. Given the association between high PDGF-CC expression and poor prognosis, targeting PDGF-CC may improve outcomes for CCA patients. Further clinical investigations are warranted to develop PDGF-CC-targeted therapies for CCA.

Targeting PDGF/PDGFR Signaling Pathway by microRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA for Therapy of Vascular Diseases: A Narrow Review

Despite the significant progress in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, vascular diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and respiratory diseases, still cannot be successfully eliminated. Vascular cells play a key role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. Notably, a variety of cells produce and secrete platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs), which promote mitosis and induce the division, proliferation, and migration of vascular cells including vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), aortic SMCs, endothelial cells, and airway SMCs. Therefore, PDGF/PDGR receptor signaling pathways play vital roles in regulating the homeostasis of blood vessels and the onset and development of CVDs, such as atherosclerosis, and respiratory diseases including asthma and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that microRNA, long-chain non-coding RNA, and circular RNA are involved in the regulation of PDGF/PDGFR signaling pathways through competitive interactions with target mRNAs, contributing to the occurrence and development of the above-mentioned diseases. These novel findings are useful for laboratory research and clinical studies. The aim of this article is to conclude the recent progresses in this field, particular the mechanisms of action of these non-coding RNAs in regulating vascular remodeling, providing potential strategies for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of vascular-dysfunction-related diseases, particularly CVDs and respiratory diseases.

The culture and application of circulating tumor cell-derived organoids

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which have the heterogeneity and histological properties of the primary tumor and metastases, are shed from the primary tumor and/or metastatic lesions into the vasculature and initiate metastases at remote sites. In the clinic, CTCs are used extensively in liquid biopsies for early screening, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Current research focuses on using CTC-derived models to study tumor heterogeneity and metastasis, with 3D organoids emerging as a promising tool in cancer research and precision oncology. However, isolating and enriching CTCs from blood remains challenging due to their scarcity, exacerbated by the lack of an optimized culture medium for CTC-derived organoids (CTCDOs). In this review, we summarize the origin, isolation, enrichment, culture, validation, and clinical application of CTCs and CTCDOs.

Physiological and tumor-associated angiogenesis: Key factors and therapy targeting VEGF/VEGFR pathway

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide and poses a significant challenge to effective treatment due to its complexity. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is one of the cancer hallmarks and is a critical process in tumor growth and metastasis. The pivotal role of angiogenesis in cancer development has made antiangiogenic treatment a promising strategy for cancer therapy. To develop an effective therapy, it is essential to understand the basics of the physiological and tumor angiogenesis process. This review presents the primary factors related to physiological and tumor angiogenesis and the mechanisms of angiogenesis in tumors. We summarize potential molecular targets for cancer treatment by focusing on the vasculature, with the VEGF/VEGFR pathway being one of the most important and well-studied. Additionally, we present the advantages and limitations of currently used clinical protocols for cancer treatment targeting the VEGF/VEGFR pathway.

In Silico Analysis of Non-Conventional Oxidative Stress-Related Enzymes and Their Potential Relationship with Carcinogenesis

Carcinogenesis is driven by complex molecular events, often involving key enzymes that regulate oxidative stress (OS). While classical enzymes such as SOD, catalase, and GPx have been extensively studied, other, non-classical oxidative stress-related enzymes (OSRE) may play critical roles in cancer progression. We aimed to explore the role of OSRE involved in an OS scenario and to assess their potential contribution to carcinogenesis in some of the most prevalent cancer types. Through data mining and bioinformatic analysis of gene and protein expression and mutation data, we identified OSRE with altered expression and mutations across cancer types. Functional pathways involving EGFR, MT-ND, GST, PLCG2, PRDX6, SRC, and JAK2 were investigated. Our findings reveal that enzymes traditionally considered peripheral to OS play significant roles in tumor progression. Those OSRE may contribute to cancer initiation and progression, as well as be involved with cancer hallmarks, such as EMT and invasion, proliferation, and ROS production. In addition, enzymes like SRC and JAK2 were found to have dual roles in both promoting ROS generation and being modulated by OS. OSRE also interact with key oncogenic signaling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin and JAK2/STAT3, linking them to cancer aggressiveness and therapeutic resistance. Future research should focus on translating these findings into clinical applications, including the development of novel inhibitors or drugs targeting these non-classical enzymes.

Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Regulatory Mechanisms, Functions, and Therapeutic Implications

Treatment options for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), a highly malignant tumor with poor prognosis, are limited. Recent developments in immunotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have offered new hope for treating iCCA. However, several issues remain, including the identification of reliable biomarkers of response to ICIs and immune-based combinations. Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of these hepatobiliary tumors has been evaluated and is under assessment in this setting in order to boost the efficacy of ICIs and to convert these immunologically "cold" tumors to "hot" tumors. Herein, the review TIME of ICCA and its critical function in immunotherapy. Moreover, this paper also discusses potential avenues for future research, including novel targets for immunotherapy and emerging treatment plans aimed to increase the effectiveness of immunotherapy and survival rates for iCCA patients.

Deletion of platelet-derived growth factor receptor β suppresses tumorigenesis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) mice with diabetes

The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family contributes to the progression of steatohepatitis; however, changes in and the characteristics of isoform-specific expression remain unclear. Since diabetes is a major driver of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), we characterized the mouse model of diabetic MASH (dMASH) by focusing on PDGF signaling. Pdgfa-d expression was markedly higher in hepatic stellate cells among flow-sorted cells in control mice and also increased in dMASH. In contrast, a reanalysis of human single-cell RNA-Seq data showed the distinct distribution of each PDGF isoform with disease progression. Furthermore, inflammation and fibrosis in the liver were less severe in diabetic MASH using tamoxifen-induced PDGF receptor β (PDGFRβ)-deficient mice (KO) than in control dMASH using floxed mice (FL) at 12 weeks old. Despite the absence of tumors, the expression of tumor-related genes was lower in KO than in FL. Tumorigenesis was significantly lower in 20-week-old KO. An Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of differentially expressed miRNA between FL and KO identified functional networks associated with hepatotoxicity and cancer. Therefore, PDGFRβ signals play important roles in the progression of steatohepatitis and tumorigenesis in MASH, with the modulation of miRNA expression posited as a potential underlying mechanism.

The axis of tumor-associated macrophages, extracellular matrix proteins, and cancer-associated fibroblasts in oncogenesis

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex, dynamic network of multiple macromolecules that serve as a crucial structural and physical scaffold for neighboring cells. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), ECM proteins play a significant role in mediating cellular communication between cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Revealing the ECM modification of the TME necessitates the intricate signaling cascades that transpire among diverse cell populations and ECM proteins. The advent of single-cell sequencing has enabled the identification and refinement of specific cellular subpopulations, which has substantially enhanced our comprehension of the intricate milieu and given us a high-resolution perspective on the diversity of ECM proteins. However, it is essential to integrate single-cell data and establish a coherent framework. In this regard, we present a comprehensive review of the relationships among ECM, TAMs, and CAFs. This encompasses insights into the ECM proteins released by TAMs and CAFs, signaling integration in the TAM-ECM-CAF axis, and the potential applications and limitations of targeted therapies for CAFs. This review serves as a reliable resource for focused therapeutic strategies while highlighting the crucial role of ECM proteins as intermediates in the TME.

Autoimmune complications of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy: Clinical insights, mechanisms, and future perspectives

The tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have emerged as a promising class of novel anticancer drugs, achieving significant success in clinical applications. However, the risk of autoimmune diseases associated with these drugs has raised widespread concerns. In this review, TKI-induced autoimmune diseases are reviewed in order to understand this complex phenomenon through clinical research and molecular mechanism exploration. Despite the relatively low incidence of autoimmune diseases, their potential severity demands heightened attention. The potential mechanisms underlying TKI-induced autoimmune diseases may involve immune system dysregulation, alterations in immune cell function, activation of inflammatory responses, and attacks on self-antigens. Various preventive strategies, including clinical monitoring, personalized treatment, optimization of therapeutic approaches, and patient education and communication, can be employed to effectively address these potential risks. Future research directions should delve into the molecular mechanisms of TKI-induced autoimmune diseases, integrate studies on genetics and immunogenetics, advance the development of novel TKIs, explore the possibilities of combining immunotherapy with TKI treatment, and propel large-scale clinical trials.

Targeting exercise-related genes and placental growth factor for therapeutic development in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Background

Human cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), are complex and heterogeneous diseases driven by uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins play a crucial role in cancer progression, making them a promising target for pharmacological intervention. This study aims to identify key exercise-related genes with prognostic value in HNSCC through comprehensive bioinformatics analysis, with a particular focus on the therapeutic potential of placental growth factor (PIGF).

Methods

Transcriptome data for HNSCC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and analyzed for their prognostic significance. Exercise-related gene sets were retrieved from the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) database. Functional enrichment analyses, including Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and GSEA, were conducted. The biological functions and clinical implications of key genes were further explored through single-gene expression analysis, immune infiltration analysis, and in vitro cellular experiments.

Results

The study identified exercise-related genes associated with survival prognosis in HNSCC. GO and KEGG pathway analyses highlighted the biological functions of these genes, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves confirmed their prognostic value. PIGF expression analysis using TCGA data showed its diagnostic potential, with higher expression linked to advanced tumor stages. Single-cell sequencing revealed PIGF's role in the tumor microenvironment. In vitro experiments demonstrated that PIGF plays a pivotal role in enhancing cell proliferation and colony formation in HNSCC, with PIGF knockdown significantly impairing these functions, highlighting its importance in tumor growth regulation. Additionally, PIGF's predictive performance in drug sensitivity across cancer datasets suggests its potential as a pharmacological target, offering opportunities to modulate the immune microenvironment and improve therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment.

Conclusion

This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying HNSCC and identifies exercise-related genes, particularly PIGF, as promising biomarkers for clinical treatment and personalized medicine. By focusing on PTMs and their role in cancer progression, our findings suggest that targeting PIGF may offer innovative therapeutic strategies.

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor C Facilitates Malignant Behavior of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Regulating SREBP1 Mediated Lipid Metabolism

Lipid metabolism reprogramming stands as a fundamental hallmark of cancer cells. Unraveling the core regulators of lipid biosynthesis holds the potential to find promising therapeutic targets in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here, it is demonstrated that platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGFC) orchestrated lipid metabolism, thereby facilitated the malignant progression of PDAC. Expression of PDGFC is upregulated in PDAC cohorts and is corelated with a poor prognosis. Aberrantly high expression of PDGFC promoted proliferation and metastasis of PDAC both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, PDGFC accelerated the malignant progression of PDAC by upregulating fatty acid accumulation through sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), a key transcription factor in lipid metabolism. Remarkably, Betulin, an inhibitor of SREBP1, demonstrated the capability to inhibit proliferation and metastasis of PDAC cell lines, along with attenuating the process of liver metastasis in vivo. Overall, the study underscores the pivotal role of PDGFC-mediated lipid metabolism in PDAC progression, suggesting PDGFC as a potential biomarker for PDAC metastasis. Targeting PDGFC-induced lipid metabolism emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy for metastatic PDAC, with the potential to improve clinical outcomes.

Recent advancements in the small-molecule drugs for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): Structure-activity relationships, pharmacological activities, and the clinical trials

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world and the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and it is urgent to find safe and effective drugs for treatment. As an important therapeutic method, small-molecule drugs are continually being updated to achieve improved therapeutic effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural effects of various FDA-listed small-molecule drugs sorafenib, cabozantinib, lenvatinib, and regorafenib on the corresponding HCC targets and possible structural optimization methods, and to explore the mechanism for identifying potential therapeutic drugs that offer better efficacy and fewer side effects.

METHODS

The structure-activity relationship, pharmacological actions, and clinical applications of small-molecule drugs were reviewed by referencing MEDLINE, Web of Science, CNKI, and other databases, summarizing and integrating the relevant content.

RESULTS

The results showed that small-molecule drugs can inhibit HCC primarily by forming hydrogen bonds with Glu885, Asp1046, and Cys919 on the HCC target. HCC can be targeted by inhibiting the activation of multiple pathways, blocking the conduction of downstream signaling, and reducing the formation of tumor blood vessels. In general, small-molecule drugs primarily target four key receptors in HCC: VEGFR, PDGFR, EGFR, and FGFR, to achieve effective treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

By revealing their structure-activity relationships, pharmacological actions, and clinical trials, small-molecule drugs can offer broad prospects for the development of new medications.

A rising star involved in tumour immunity: Lactylation

In recent years, continuous exploration worldwide has revealed that some metabolites produced during cellular and tissue metabolism can act as signalling molecules to exert different effects on the human body. These metabolites may act as cofactors for proteases or as post-translational modifications linked to proteins. Lactate, a traditional metabolite, is found at high levels in the tumour microenvironment (TME). Many studies have shown that lactate influences tumorigenesis and development via different mechanisms, not only through the metabolic reprogramming of tumours but also through its significant impact on tumour immunity. Previously, tumour cells were reported to use glucose and glutamine to fuel lactate metabolism; however, lactate serves not only as an energy source for tumour cells but also as a precursor substance needed for the post-translational modification of proteins. Recent studies identified a novel form of epigenetic modification, lactate-mediated histone lysine lactylation (Kla) and demonstrated that histone lactylation directly stimulates chromatin after gene transcription; consequently, lactylation has become a popular research topic in recent years. This article focuses on the research progress and application prospects of lactylation in the context of tumour immunity.

Diversified applications of hepatocellular carcinoma medications: molecular-targeted, immunotherapeutic, and combined approaches

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the primary forms of liver cancer and is currently the sixth most prevalent malignancy worldwide. In addition to surgical interventions, effective drug treatment is essential for treating HCC. With an increasing number of therapeutic drugs for liver cancer undergoing clinical studies, the therapeutic strategies for advanced HCC are more diverse than ever, leading to improved prospects for HCC patients. Molecular targeted drugs and immunotherapies have become crucial treatment options for HCC. Treatment programs include single-agent molecular-targeted drugs, immunotherapies, combinations of immunotherapies with molecular-targeted drugs, and dual immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, further exploration is necessary to determine the optimal pharmacological treatment regimens, and the development of new effective drugs is urgently needed. This review provides an overview of the current globally approved drugs for liver cancer, as well as the latest advances in ongoing clinical research and drug therapies. Additionally, the review offers an outlook and discussion on the prospects for the development of drug therapy approaches for HCC.

Decellularized extracellular matrix-based bioengineered 3D breast cancer scaffolds for personalized therapy and drug screening

Breast cancer (BC) is the second deadliest cancer after lung cancer. Similar to all cancers, it is also driven by a 3D microenvironment. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential component of the 3D tumor micro-environment, wherein it functions as a scaffold for cells and provides metabolic support. BC is characterized by alterations in the ECM. Various studies have attempted to mimic BC-specific ECMs using artificial materials, such as Matrigel. Nevertheless, research has proven that naturally derived decellularized extracellular matrices (dECMs) are superior in providing the essential in vivo-like cues needed to mimic a cancer-like environment. Developing in vitro 3-D BC models is not straightforward and requires extensive analysis of the data established by researchers. For the benefit of researchers, in this review, we have tried to highlight all developmental studies that have been conducted by various scientists so far. The analysis of the conclusions drawn from these studies is also discussed. The advantages and drawbacks of the decellularization methods employed for generating BC scaffolds will be covered, and the review will shed light on how dECM scaffolds help develop a BC environment. The later stages of the article will also focus on immunogenicity issues arising from decellularization and the origin of the tissue. Finally, this review will also discuss the biofabrication of matrices, which is the core part of the bioengineering process.

Silencing the long noncoding RNA MALAT1 inhibits vitreous-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in RPE cells by regulating the PDGFRs/AKT axis

PURPOSE

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial pathological process that contributes to proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), and research indicates that factors present in the vitreous that target cells play pivotal roles in regulating EMT. Experimental studies have confirmed that rabbit vitreous (RV) promotes EMT in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) MALAT1 has been implicated in EMT in various diseases. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the involvement of lncRNA MALAT1 in vitreous-induced EMT in RPE cells.

METHODS

MALAT1 was knocked down in ARPE-19 cells by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transfection. Reverse transcription PCR (RT‒PCR) was used to evaluate MALAT1 expression, and Western blotting analysis was used to measure the expression of EMT-related proteins. Wound-healing, Transwell, and cell contraction assays were conducted to assess cell migration, invasion, and contraction, respectively. Additionally, cell proliferation was assessed using the CCK-8 assay, and cytoskeletal changes were examined by immunofluorescence.

RESULTS

MALAT1 expression was significantly increased in ARPE-19 cells cultured with RV. Silencing MALAT1 effectively suppressed EMT and downregulated the associated factors snail1 and E-cadherin. Furthermore, silencing MALAT1 inhibited the RV-induced migration, invasion, proliferation, and contraction of ARPE-19 cells. Silencing MALAT1 also decreased RV-induced AKT and P53 phosphorylation.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, lncRNA MALAT1 participates in regulating vitreous-induced EMT in human RPE cells; these results provide new insight into the pathogenesis of PVR and offer a potential direction for the development of antiproliferative drugs.

The relationships of platelet-derived growth factor, microvascular proliferation, and tumor cell proliferation in canine high-grade oligodendrogliomas: Immunohistochemistry of 45 tumors and an AFOB-01 xenograft mouse model

High-grade oligodendroglioma (HGOG) is the most common type of glioma in dogs and expresses platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFR-α). Microvascular proliferation is often observed in HGOG. Therefore, the present study investigated the functional relationships between PDGFR-α, microvascular proliferation, and tumor cell proliferation in canine HGOG. The expression of PDGFR-α and PDGF-subunit A (PDGF-A) in tumor cells, as well as endothelial cells and pericytes of tumor-associated microvascular proliferations, in 45 canine HGOGs were examined immunohistochemically. Microvascular proliferation was observed in 24/45 cases (53%). PDGFR-α expression in tumor cells and microvascular proliferations was observed in 45/45 (100%) and 2/24 cases (8%), respectively. Furthermore, PDGF-A expression in tumor cells and microvascular proliferations was detected in 13/45 (29%) and 24/24 cases (100%), respectively. In vitro, stimulation of the canine HGOG cell line AOFB-01 with PDGF-A showed that the doubling time of AOFB-01 cells was significantly shorter with PDGF-A than without PDGF-A. Crenolanib (a PDGFR inhibitor) inhibited AOFB-01 cell proliferation. In vivo, the AOFB-01 xenograft mouse model was treated with crenolanib. Tumor xenografts were smaller in crenolanib-treated mice than in untreated control mice. PDGFR-α expression in tumor cells and PDGF-A expression in microvascular proliferations and tumor cells suggest autocrine and paracrine effects of PDGF-A in canine HGOG. The results of in vitro assays indicate that canine HGOG expresses functional PDGFR-α, which responds to PDGF-A. Therefore, PDGF-A produced by microvascular proliferations and tumor cells may promote the proliferation of PDGFR-α-expressing tumor cells in canine HGOG. PDGFR-α signaling has potential as a therapeutic target.

The potential of lenvatinib in breast cancer therapy

Breast cancer, as a highly prevalent cancer among women, is one of the main causes of female mortality due to cancer. There is a need for more treatment options to improve the survival time of breast cancer patients. Metastasis to distant organs is a standard indicator of advanced breast cancer and a primary cause of breast cancer mortality, making the control of breast cancer metastasis crucial. Targeted therapy, with its advantages of precision, high effectiveness, and minimal side effects, has garnered significant attention as a hot research topic in breast cancer treatment. Among these therapies, anti-angiogenic therapy aim to inhibit tumor angiogenesis, control tumor growth, and reduce metastasis. Additionally, anti-angiogenic therapy can restructure the tumor vasculature, enhancing the effectiveness of other anti-cancer drugs. Lenvatinib, an orally available small molecule multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, exerts its anti-tumor effects mainly by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. It has been approved for the treatment of thyroid cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to its multi-targeted nature, lenvatinib not only has direct anti-tumor effects but also possesses immunomodulatory activity, which can enhance the tumor immune response. This makes it a promising candidate for a broad range of cancers. Recent studies have explored the role of lenvatinib in breast cancer, including its various mechanisms of action and its use as a monotherapy or in combination to control breast cancer progression. This review will summarize the molecular mechanisms and research progress of lenvatinib in breast cancer treatment, discussing its potential applications and therapeutic prospects in managing breast cancer.

Primary cilia-associated signalling in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck region

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck originates from the mucosal lining of the upper aerodigestive tract, including the lip, tongue, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx and hypopharynx. In this review, we summarise what is currently known about the potential function of primary cilia in the pathogenesis of this disease. As primary cilia represent a key cellular structure for signal transduction and are related to cell proliferation, an understanding of their role in carcinogenesis is necessary for the design of new treatment approaches. Here, we introduce cilia-related signalling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and its possible association with HNSCC tumorigenesis. From this point of view, PDGF, EGF, Wnt and Hh signalling are discussed as all these pathways were found to be dysregulated in HNSCC. Moreover, we review the clinical potential of small molecules affecting primary cilia signalling to target squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck area.

High expression levels of S1PR3 and PDGFRB indicates unfavorable clinical outcomes in colon adenocarcinoma

Background

Studies verified that sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1)/sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs) and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) play important roles in tumor occurrence and progression. However, the expression and clinical value of SPHK1/S1PRs and PDGFRs in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the expression of SPHK1/S1PRs and PDGFRs in COAD and further investigate their roles in predicting the prognosis of patients with COAD.

Methods

SPHK1/S1PRs and PDGFRs expression in tissues from patient with COAD were analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to evaluate the prognostic roles of SPHK1/S1PRs and PDGFRs in patients with COAD. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationship between SPHK1/S1PRs and PDGFRs in COAD. Then, χ2 test was performed to analyze the correlation between SPHK1/S1PR3/PDGFRB and clinicopathological characteristics of the patients. Additionally, possible signaling pathways co-regulated by S1PR3 and PDGFRB were predicted using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analyses. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to identify hub genes that co-regulated S1PR3 and PDGFRB expression. A prognostic model based on hub genes was constructed for patients with COPD. Finally, the relationship between the hub genes and tumor immune cell infiltration was investigated.

Results

The expression levels of SPHK1 and PDGFRB were significantly upregulated in COAD patient tissues (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with COAD with high expression levels of SPHK1 and S1PR3 had shorter overall survival (OS) than those with low expression levels (P = 0.013 and P = 0.005, respectively). Spearman's correlation analysis verified a strong positive correlation (P < 0.001, r = 0.790) between the expression of S1PR3 and PDGFRB. In addition, we found that high SPHK1 and PDGGRB expression levels were associated with perineural invasion (P < 0.001 and P = 0.011, respectively). High expression of S1PR3 and PDGGRB was prominently associated with N stage (P = 0.002 and P = 0.021, respectively). High levels of SPHK1, S1PR3, and PDGFRB were associated with lymph node invasion. (P = 0.018, P = 0.004, and P = 0.001, respectively). GO and KEGG results revealed that S1PR3 and PDGFRB may participate in COAD cell extracellular matrix organization and cellular signal transduction. Five hub genes, SFRP2, GPRC5B, RSPO3, FGF14, and TCF7L1, were identified using LASSO regression. Survival analysis showed that the OS in the high-risk group was remarkably shorter than that in the low-risk group. The results indicated that tumor immune cells were significantly increased in the high-risk group compared to those in the low-risk group.

Conclusions

S1PR3 and PDGFRB may be important markers for predicting lymphatic metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with COAD. The underlying mechanisms may involve immune cell infiltration.

An Oxidative Stress-Related Prognostic Signature Predicts Treatment Response and Outcomes for Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Transarterial Chemoembolization

Purpose

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in promoting tumor resistance to hypoxia and chemotherapeutic drugs. However, the prognostic role of oxidative stress-related genes (OSRGs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has not been fully explored.

Methods

We used transcriptome data from the GSE104580 cohort containing patients marked as responders or nonresponders to TACE therapy to identify differentially expressed OSRGs associated with TACE response (TR-OSRGs). We created a TR-OSRG prognostic signature based on TR-OSRGs using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox and stepwise Cox regression analyses in a training cohort of patients with HCC (TCGA-LIHC). We verified this prognostic signature in two external cohorts of patients who received TACE for HCC (GSE14520-TACE and ZS-TACE-37). Finally, we constructed a prognostic nomogram model for predicting survival probability of patients with HCC based on Cox regression analysis.

Results

The TR-OSRG prognostic signature was created and shown to be a robust independent prognostic factor for treatment response and outcomes for HCC after TACE therapy. Risk scores based on this signature correlated with tumor stage and grade. Tumor samples from patients with higher risk scores exhibited more infiltration of immune cells and significantly increased expression of immune checkpoint genes. We also developed a nomogram for patients with HCC based on the TR-OSRG prognostic signature and clinical parameters; this nomogram was a useful quantitative analysis tool for predicting patient survival.

Conclusion

The TR-OSRGs signature exhibited good performance in predicting treatment response and outcomes in patients with HCC treated with TACE.

CCL28 promotes progression of hepatocellular carcinoma through PDGFD-regulated MMP9 and VEGFA pathways

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major global health concern with limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis. Chemokines have emerged as critical regulators in the progression and metastasis of HCC. This study aims to investigate the mechanisms involved in CCL28-promoted progression of HCC and provide novel therapeutic targets for HCC treatment. Relationship between CCL28 expression and HCC progression were investigated by bioinformatic analysis and immunohistochemical staining assays. CCK-8, Transwell, and colony formation assay were conducted to explore the impact of CCL28 on the growth, migration and invasion of HCC cells. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting assays were performed to learn potential molecular mechanisms underlying the transformation of HCC driven by CCL28. The results showed that there was a direct link between increased CCL28 levels and the advancement of HCC, leading to a worse outcome. CCL28 significantly augmented malignant transformation of HCC cells, containing proliferation, migration, invasion, and clonogenicity, via activation of PDGFD-regulated MMP9 and VEGFA pathways. CCL28 emerges as a pivotal contributor to HCC tumorigenesis, propelling HCC development through the PDGFD signaling pathway. Our findings unveil potential therapeutic targets for HCC treatment.

Targeting cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways for cancer therapy

Cytokines are critical in regulating immune responses and cellular behavior, playing dual roles in both normal physiology and the pathology of diseases such as cancer. These molecules, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, chemokines, and growth factors like TGF-β, VEGF, and EGF, can promote or inhibit tumor growth, influence the tumor microenvironment, and impact the efficacy of cancer treatments. Recent advances in targeting these pathways have shown promising therapeutic potential, offering new strategies to modulate the immune system, inhibit tumor progression, and overcome resistance to conventional therapies. In this review, we summarized the current understanding and therapeutic implications of targeting cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways in cancer. By exploring the roles of these molecules in tumor biology and the immune response, we highlighted the development of novel therapeutic agents aimed at modulating these pathways to combat cancer. The review elaborated on the dual nature of cytokines as both promoters and suppressors of tumorigenesis, depending on the context, and discussed the challenges and opportunities this presents for therapeutic intervention. We also examined the latest advancements in targeted therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, receptor inhibitors, fusion proteins, engineered cytokine variants, and their impact on tumor growth, metastasis, and the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, we evaluated the potential of combining these targeted therapies with other treatment modalities to overcome resistance and improve patient outcomes. Besides, we also focused on the ongoing research and clinical trials that are pivotal in advancing our understanding and application of cytokine- and chemokine-targeted therapies for cancer patients.

IRF5 suppresses metastasis through the regulation of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles and pre-metastatic niche formation

Metastasis is driven by extensive cooperation between a tumor and its microenvironment, resulting in the adaptation of molecular mechanisms that evade the immune system and enable pre-metastatic niche (PMN) formation. Little is known of the tumor-intrinsic factors that regulate these mechanisms. Here we show that expression of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) in osteosarcoma (OS) and breast carcinoma (BC) clinically correlates with prolonged survival and decreased secretion of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (t-dEVs). Conversely, loss of intra-tumoral IRF5 establishes a PMN that supports metastasis. Mechanistically, IRF5-positive tumor cells retain IRF5 transcripts within t-dEVs that contribute to altered composition, secretion, and trafficking of t-dEVs to sites of metastasis. Upon whole-body pre-conditioning with t-dEVs from IRF5-high or -low OS and BC cells, we found increased lung metastatic colonization that replicated findings from orthotopically implanted cancer cells. Collectively, our findings uncover a new role for IRF5 in cancer metastasis through its regulation of t-dEV programming of the PMN.

Current status of drugs targeting PDGF/PDGFR

As an important proangiogenic factor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptor PDGFR are highly expressed in a variety of tumors, fibrosis, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting the PDGF/PDGFR pathway is therefore a promising therapeutic strategy. At present, a variety of PDGF/PDGFR targeted drugs with potential therapeutic effects have been developed, mainly including PDGF agonists, inhibitors targeting PDGFR and proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTACs). This review clarifies the structure, biological function and disease correlation of PDGF and PDGFR, and it discusses the current status of PDGFR-targeted drugs, so as to provide a reference for subsequent research.