Formation of biocompatible MgO/cellulose grafted hydrogel for efficient bactericidal and controlled release of doxorubicin

Natural polysaccharide hydrogel delivery system remodeling tumor microenvironment to promote postoperative tumor therapy

In recent years, postoperative tumor therapy with a suitable approach has been an important issue. Remodeling the tumor microenvironment and accelerating tissue repair can accelerate patients' surgical site recovery, reduce patient pain as well as prevent postoperative tumor recurrence. The shape non-adaptability, cytotoxicity, and non-degradability of some hydrogels still hinder the application of hydrogel-based drug delivery systems in postoperative recovery. Natural polysaccharides (e.g., chitosan, sodium alginate, and hyaluronic acid) are multifunctional compounds with biomimetic advantages to meet the growing demand for nontoxic, targeted therapeutic, and restorative preventive therapies. In this paper, we comprehensively and systematically investigated the synthesis methods, properties, and applications of natural polysaccharide hydrogel (NPH) delivery systems, as well as the mechanisms of remodeling the tumor microenvironment. We aim to provide insights into the design of NPH delivery systems. On this basis, future research directions for NPH delivery systems and their role in remodeling the tumor microenvironment and accelerating postoperative tumor therapy are proposed, and strategies for remodeling the tumor microenvironment using hydrogel delivery systems are discussed, as well as the latest research methods.

Doping dependency of chitosan and PAA controlled CdSe quantum dots for catalytic and bactericidal behavior by inhibiting DNA gyrase and DHFR through molecular docking

The presence of toxic dyes in industrial waste dramatically diminishes the beneficial effects of remediation efforts. To overcome the hazardous impacts of dyes on biodiversity and environment, we integrated polymers into nanoparticles to substantially enhance their functionality and performance. 2 and 4 wt% of chitosan (CS) and 3 wt% of polyacrylic acid (PAA) doped cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanostructures (NSs) were prepared by co-precipitation approach. CdSe quantum dots (QDs) exhibit a narrow band gap energy, high solubility, and tunable properties, which are appropriate for redox reactions but show less adsorption and catalytic behavior. In this work, catalytic and antibacterial activities of CdSe QDs enhanced upon the integration of PAA due to increment in surface area confirmed by BET analysis. Furthermore, the addition of CS escalates the dye degradation and microbes evolve to the interaction of CdSe surface with the functional groups of CS. Highly doped CdSe shows significant inhibitory zones (8.65 to 9.30 mm) against gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In addition, the inhibitory activity of CS/PAA-CdSe nanostructures against DNA gyrase and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) in S. aureus was elucidated using molecular docking investigations, providing a rationale for their bactericidal action.

Antibacterial activity of green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant bacteria

Using plant extracts in the green synthesis of nanoparticles has become an environmentally acceptable approach. In our study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica and Simmondsia chinensis. CuO NP formation was confirmed by the change in color and by UV‒visible spectroscopy (CuO NPs peaked at a wavelength of 344 nm). TEM images confirmed the semispherical shape of the CuO NPs, with particle sizes ranging from 30.9 to 10.7 nm. The antibacterial activity of these NPs was evaluated by using the agar diffusion method against clinical isolates, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CuO NPs ranged from 62.5 to 125 µg/ml. In contrast, the antioxidant activity and antibiofilm activity of CuO NPs ranged from 31.1 to 92.2% at 125-500 µg/ml and 62.2-95%, respectively, at 125 -62.5 µg/ml. Our results confirmed that CuO NPs had IC50s of 383.41 ± 3.4 and 402.73 ± 1.86 at 250 µg/mL against the HBF4 cell line. Molecular docking studies with CuO NPs suggested that penicillin-binding protein 4 (PBP4) and beta-lactamase proteins (OXA-48) strongly bind to S. aureus and K. pneumoniae, respectively, with CuO NPs. Our study confirms the promising use of CuO NPs in treating pathogenic bacteria and that CuO NPs could be possible alternative antibiotics. This study supports the pharmaceutical and healthcare sectors in Egypt and worldwide.

Hydrogel-based platforms for site-specific doxorubicin release in cancer therapy

Hydrogels are promising candidates for the delivery of therapeutics in the treatment of human cancers. Regarding to the biocomaptiiblity, high drug and encapsulation efficacy and adjustable physico-chemical features, the hydrogels have been widely utilized for the delivery of chemotherapy drugs. Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most common chemotherapy drugs used in cancer therapy through impairing topoisomerase II function and increasing oxidative damage. However, the tumor cells have developed resistance into DOX-mediated cytotoxic impacts, requiring the delivery systems to increase internalization and anti-cancer activity of this drug. The hydrogels can deliver DOX in a sustained manner to maximize its anti-cancer activity, improving cancer elimination and reduction in side effects and drug resistance. The natural-based hydrogels such as chitosan, alginate and gelatin hydrogels have shown favourable biocompatibility and degradability in DOX delivery for tumor suppression. The hydrogels are able to co-deliver DOX with other drugs or genes to enhance drug sensitivity and mediate polychemotherapy, synergistically suppressing cancer progression. The incorporation of nanoparticles in the structure of hydrogels can improve the sustained release of DOX and enhancing intracellular internalization, accelerating DOX's cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the stimuli-responsive hydrogels including pH-, redox- and thermo-sensitive platforms are able to improve the specific release of DOX at the tumor site. The DOX-loaded hydrogels can be further employed in the clinic for the treatment of cancer patients and improving efficacy of chemotherapy.

Dye degradation and antimicrobial efficacy of cesium-doped Y2O3 nanostructures: in silico docking study

Developing multifunctional nanomaterials is crucial to rising global concerns over environmental contamination caused by dye effluents and antibiotic resistance. This work presents cesium (Cs)-doped Y2O3 nanostructures (NSs) as viable options for catalytic dye degradation and antibacterial action. This study prepared yttrium oxide (Y2O3) and various (2, 4, and 6 wt%) concentrations of Cs-doped Y2O3 NSs via co-precipitation technique. The pure and Cs-doped Y2O3 NSs were used to degrade methylene blue (MB) at different pH levels and assess the antibacterial properties against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli (E. coli). The X-ray diffraction spectra of the pure and Cs-doped Y2O3 revealed the presence of cubic and monoclinic structures. The UV-vis absorption spectra displayed distinct peaks at 274 nm and a reduction in band gap energy (from 4.94 eV to 4.41 eV) upon incorporation of Cs. Maximum degradation efficiency of up to 99% attributed to 6% Cs-doped Y2O3. The bactericidal activity against MDR E. coli exhibited 4.15 mm inhibition zones at higher concentrations of Cs-doped Y2O3. The bactericidal mechanism of Cs-Y2O3 NSs was further investigated by molecular docking studies for β-lactamase and DNA gyrase enzymes.

Silver and carbon nitride-doped nickel selenide for effective dye decolorization and bactericidal activity: in silico docking study

In this study, nickel selenide (NiSe), Ag/C3N4-NiSe, and C3N4/Ag-NiSe nanowires (NWs) were synthesized via coprecipitation. The prepared NWs were employed for the degradation of the rhodamine B (RhB) dye in the absence of light using sodium borohydride (NaBH4), bactericidal activity against pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and in silico docking study to investigate the d-alanine ligase (DDl) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) gyrase of S. aureus. NWs demonstrate a catalytic degradation efficiency of 69.58% toward RhB in a basic medium. The percentage efficacy of the synthesized materials was evaluated as 19.12-42.62% at low and 36.61-49.72% at high concentrations against pathogenic S. aureus. Molecular docking results suggest that both C3N4/Ag-doped NiSe and Ag/C3N4-doped NiSe possess inhibitory activities toward DDl and DNA gyrase of S. aureus, which coincides with the in vitro bactericidal activity. Based on the research outcomes, the synthesized NWs show potential as an effective agent for water purification and resistance to microbial contaminants.

Nanoparticles incorporated hydrogels for delivery of antimicrobial agents: developments and trends

The prevention and treatment of microbial infections is an imminent global public health concern due to the poor antimicrobial performance of the existing antimicrobial regime and rapidly emerging antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microbes. In order to overcome these problems and effectively control bacterial infections, various new treatment modalities have been identified. To attempt this, various micro- and macro-molecular antimicrobial agents that function by microbial membrane disruption have been developed with improved antimicrobial activity and lesser resistance. Antimicrobial nanoparticle-hydrogels systems comprising antimicrobial agents (antibiotics, biological extracts, and antimicrobial peptides) loaded nanoparticles or antimicrobial nanoparticles (metal or metal oxide) constitute an important class of biomaterials for the prevention and treatment of infections. Hydrogels that incorporate nanoparticles can offer an effective strategy for delivering antimicrobial agents (or nanoparticles) in a controlled, sustained, and targeted manner. In this review, we have described an overview of recent advancements in nanoparticle-hydrogel hybrid systems for antimicrobial agent delivery. Firstly, we have provided an overview of the nanoparticle hydrogel system and discussed various advantages of these systems in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Thereafter, different hybrid hydrogel systems encapsulating antibacterial metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, antibiotics, biological extracts, and antimicrobial peptides for controlling infections have been reviewed in detail. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of nanoparticle-hydrogel systems have been discussed.

Synthetic and biopolymers-based antimicrobial hybrid hydrogels: a focused review

The constantly accelerating occurrence of microbial infections and their antibiotic resistance has spurred advancement in the field of material sciences and has guided the development of novel materials with anti-bacterial properties. To address the clinical exigencies, the material of choice should be biodegradable, biocompatible, and able to offer prolonged antibacterial effects. As an attractive option, hydrogels have been explored globally as a potent biomaterial platform that can furnish essential antibacterial attributes owing to its three-dimensional (3D) hydrophilic polymeric network, adequate biocompatibility, and cellular adhesion. The current review focuses on the utilization of different antimicrobial hydrogels based on their sources (natural and synthetic). Further, the review also highlights the strategies for the generation of hydrogels with their advantages and disadvantages and their applications in different biomedical fields. Finally, the prospects in the development of hydrogels-based antimicrobial biomaterials are discussed along with some key challenges encountered during their development and clinical translation.

Size-controlled synthesis of La and chitosan doped cobalt selenide nanostructures for catalytic and antibacterial activity with molecular docking analysis

Co-precipitation method was adopted to synthesize ternary heterostructure catalysts La/CS-CoSe NSs (lanthanum/chitosan‑cobalt selenide nanostructures) without the use of a surfactant. During synthesis, a fixed amount (3 wt%) of CS was doped with 2 and 4 wt% La to control the growth, recombination rate and stability of CoSe NSs. The doped samples served to enhance the surface area, porosity and active sites for catalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye and antibacterial potential against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Additionally, the synthesized catalysts were examined for morphological, structural and optical characteristics to assess the influence of dopants to CoSe. XRD spectra verified the hexagonal and cubic structure of CoSe, whereas the porosity of the undoped sample (CoSe) increased from 45 to 60 % upon incorporation of dopants (La and Cs). Among the samples analyzed during this study, 4 % La/CS-CoSe exhibited significant bactericidal behavior as well as the highest catalytic reduction of rhodamine B dye in a neutral environment. Molecular docking analysis was employed to elucidate the underlying mechanism behind the bactericidal activity exhibited by CS-CoSe and La/CS-CoSe NSs against DHFRS. aureus and DNA gyraseS. aureus.

The advancing of polymeric core-shell ZnO nanocomposites containing 5-fluorouracil for improving anticancer activity in colorectal cancer

The study investigated the use of 5-fluorouracil-loaded ZnO nanocomposites (5-FU/Gd-ZnO NCs) as a potential treatment for cancer. 5-FU is a commonly used drug for cancer treatment but has undesirable side effects. The materials were characterized using various techniques, including PXRD, FTIR, FESEM, TEM, DLS, £-potential, and AFM. The data showed that the nanocomposites had a plate-like agglomeration with particle diameters ranging from 317.6 to 120.1 nm. The IC50 value of 5-FU-ZnO, which inhibits cell growth, was found to be 1.85 ppm. The effects of 5-FU-ZnO on inflammatory markers were also examined. While 5-FU increased the levels of TNF-a and IL-1b, the nanocomposites were able to reduce these levels. Additionally, the 5-FU/Gd-ZnO-NCs group showed an increase in thiol levels and a decrease in catalase and superoxide dismutase levels. Flow cytometry results showed that 5-FU, ZnO-NCs, and 5-FU/Gd-ZnO-NCs did not have any additive or synergistic effects on the suppression or eradication of cancer cells. In vivo, experiments showed that the 5-FU/Gd-ZnO NCs had similar necrotic characteristics and reduced fibrosis and collagen deposition compared to the free medication. The nanocomposites also exhibited higher antioxidative activity and lower inflammatory responses compared to the 5-FU group. It was shown that 5-FU/Gd-ZnO-NCs successfully inhibit cell proliferation. The in vivo results were comparable to those obtained with free 5-FU, suggesting the potential of these nanocomposites as therapeutic agents.

Catalytic degradation of rhodamine blue and bactericidal action of AgBr and chitosan-doped CuFe2O4 nanostrucutres evidential molecular docking analysis

The harmful cationic dyes present in industrial waste significantly decrease the effectiveness of remedy operations. Considering the horrendous impact of these dyes on the environment and biodiversity, silver bromide (AgBr) and chitosan (CS) doped copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanostructures (NSs) were prepared by the co-precipitation route. In this work, The surface characteristics of CuFe2O4 can be altered by CS, potentially enhancing its catalytic reaction compatibility. The functional groups in CS interact with the surface of CuFe2O4, influencing its catalytic behavior. AgBr can have an impact on the dynamics of charge carriers in the composite. Better charge separation and transfer which is essential for catalytic processes. The catalytic degradation of RhB was significantly enhanced (100 %) using 4 wt% of AgBr-doped CS-CuFe2O4 catalysts in a basic medium. The significant inhibitory zones (9.25 to 17.95 mm) inhibitory in maximum doses were seen against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus). The bactericidal action of AgBr/CS-doped CuFe2O4 NSs against DNA gyraseS.aureus and tyrosyl-tRNAsynthetase S. aureus was rationalized using molecular docking studies, which supported their function as inhibitors.

Efficient Dye Degradation and Antimicrobial Behavior with Molecular Docking Performance of Silver and Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Doped Zn-Fe Layered Double Hydroxide

Zn-Fe layered double hydroxide (LDH) was synthesized through the low-temperature-based coprecipitation method. Various concentrations of Ag (1, 3, and 5 wt %) with a fixed amount (5 wt %) of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were doped into LDH nanocomposites. This research aims to improve the bactericidal properties and catalytic activities of doping-dependent nanocomposites. Adding Ag and PVP to LDH enhanced oxygen vacancies, which increased the amount of hydroxide adsorption sites and the number of active sites. The doped LDH was employed to degrade rhodamine-B dye in the presence of a reducing agent (NaBH4), and the obtained results showed maximum dye degradation in a basic medium compared to acidic and neutral. The bactericidal efficacy of doped Zn-Fe (5 wt %) showed a considerably greater inhibition zone of 3.65 mm against Gram-negative (G-ve) or Escherichia coli (E. coli). Furthermore, molecular docking was used to decipher the mystery behind the microbicidal action of Ag-doped PVP/Zn-Fe LDH and to propose an inhibition mechanism of β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase IIE. coli (FabH) and deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase E. coli behind in vitro results.

Outstanding Performance of Mg/g-C3N4-Doped Al2O3 Serving as a Nanocatalyst and Its Bactericidal Behavior: An In Silico Molecular Docking Study

A coprecipitation approach was employed to synthesize aluminum oxide (Al2O3) with a fixed quantity of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and various concentrations of Mg (2 and 4 wt. %). The main objective of this research is to explore and enhance the dye degradation potential and antimicrobial efficacy of synthesized pristine and doped Al2O3 with molecular docking analysis. Al2O3 has potent mechanical, thermal, antimicrobial, phosphoric, optical, and electrical properties, but it leaches into water and has a high band gap and low refractive index. g-C3N4 was incorporated into Al2O3 to increase the degradation potency. The incorporation of Mg enhances the metal oxide characteristics and performance in catalysis. XRD patterns revealed the orthorhombic phase of Al2O3. The SAED pattern of Al2O3 and (2 and 4 wt %) Mg/g-C3N4-Al2O3 nanostructures (NSs) showed bright polycrystalline rings. UV-visible spectra showed the absorption of Al2O3 at 289 nm, and upon doping, a blue shift was accompanied. The EDS spectra indicated the existence of Al, O, Na, and Mg, thereby verifying the elemental composition of the pristine and doped samples. TEM images revealed the nanowires (NWs) of Al2O3. The NSs demonstrated outstanding catalytic performance for the remediation of RhB dye in a basic medium of around 97.36%. Mg/g-C3N4-Al2O3 (4 wt %) exhibited a notable augmentation in the inhibition zone, measuring 5.25 mm, when exposed to high-level doses against Staphylococcus aureus. In silico predictions have recently shed light on the underlying mystery of the bactericidal actions of these doped NSs against specific enzyme targets such as DNA gyraseS. aureus.

Synthesis of curcuma longa doped cellulose grafted hydrogel for catalysis, bactericidial and insilico molecular docking analysis

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), the primary curcuminoid in turmeric rhizome, has been acknowledged as a bioactive compound for numerous pharmacological activities. Nonetheless, the hydrophobic nature, rapid metabolism, and physicochemical and biological instability of this phenolic compound correspond to its poor bioavailability. So, recent scientific advances have found many components and strategies for enhancing the bioavailability of curcumin with the inclusion of biotechnology and nanotechnology to address its existing limitations. Therefore, In this study, copolymerized aqua-gel was synthesized by graft polymerization of poly-acrylic acid (P-AA) on cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), after that Curcuma longa (Cur) was incorporated as dopant (5, 10, 15, and 25 mg) in hydrogel (Cur/C-P) as a stabilizing agent for evaluation of bacterial potential and sewage treatment. The antioxidant tendency of 25 mg Cur/C-P was much higher (72.21 %) than other samples and displayed a catalytic activity of up to 93.89 % in acidic conditions and optimized bactericidal inclinations toward gram-positive bacterial strains. Furthermore, ligand binding was conducted against targeted protein enoyl-[acylcarrier-protein] reductase (FabI) enzyme to comprehend the putative mechanism of microbicidal action of CNC-PAA (CP), Cur/C-P, and curcumin. Our outcomes suggest that 25 mg Cur/C-P hydrogels are plausible sources for hybrid, multifunctional biological activity.

Carbon sphere doped CdS quantum dots served as a dye degrader and their bactericidal behavior analysed with in silico molecular docking analysis

We have employed a co-precipitation method to synthesize different concentrations of carbon spheres (CSs) doped with cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots (QDs) for catalytic reduction and antibacterial applications. Various morphological and structural characterization techniques were used to comprehensively analyze the CS effect on CdS QDs. The catalytic reduction efficiency of CS-doped CdS QDs was evaluated using rhodamine B dye. The antibacterial efficacy was also assessed against the pathogenic microorganism Escherichia coli (E. coli), and substantial destruction in the inhibitory zone was measured. Finally, the synthesized CS-doped CdS QDs demonstrated favorable results for catalytic reduction and antibacterial applications. Computational studies verified the suppressive impact of these formed QDs on DNA gyrase and β-lactamase of E. coli.

Dye Degradation, Antimicrobial Activity, and Molecular Docking Analysis of Samarium-Grafted Carbon Nitride Doped-Bismuth Oxobromide Quantum Dots

Various concentrations of samarium-grafted-carbon nitride (Sm-g-C3N4) doped-bismuth oxobromide (BiOBr) quantum dots (QDs) are prepared by the co-precipitation method. Elemental evaluation, morphological, optical, and functional group assessment are studied employing characterization techniques. Based on the XRD pattern analysis, it is determined that BiOBr exhibits a tetragonal crystal structure. The electronic spectroscopy revealed an absorption peak for BiOBr at 315 nm and the bandgap energy (E g) decreasing from 3.9 to 3.8 eV with the insertion of Sm-g-C3N4. The presence of vibrational modes related to BiOBr at 550 cm-1 is confirmed through FTIR spectra. TEM revealed that pure BiOBr possessed non-uniform QDS, and agglomeration increased with the addition of Sm-g-C3N4. The catalytic performance of Sm-g-C3N4 into BiOBr (6 mL) in a neutral medium toward rhodamine B exhibited excellent results (99.66%). The bactericidal activity is evaluated against multi-drug resistance (MDR) Escherichia coli once the surface area is increased by dopant and the measured inhibition zone is assessed to be 3.65 mm. Molecular docking results supported the in vitro bactericidal potential of Sm-g-C3N4 and Sm-g-C3N4 doped-BiOBr as DNA gyraseE. coli inhibitors. This study shows that the novel Sm-g-C3N4 doped-BiOBr is a better catalyst that increases specific semiconductor's catalytic activity (CA).

A Polyelectrolyte Colloidal Brush Based on Cellulose: Perspectives for Future Applications

This feature article is devoted to the evaluation of different techniques for producing colloidal polyelectrolyte brushes (CPEBs) based on cellulose nanofibers modified with grafted polyacrylates. The paper also reviews the potential applications of these CPEBs in designing electrode materials and as reinforcing additives. Additionally, we discuss our own perspectives on investigating composites with CPEBs. Herein, polyacrylic acid (PAA) was grafted onto the surface of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) employing a "grafting from" approach. The effect of the PAA shell on the morphological structure of a composite with polypyrrole (PPy) was investigated. The performance of as-obtained CNF-PAA/PPy as organic electrode material for supercapacitors was examined. Furthermore, this research highlights the ability of CNF-PAA filler to act as an additional crosslinker forming a physical sub-network due to the hydrogen bond interaction inside chemically crosslinked polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels. The enhancement of the mechanical properties of the material with a concomitant decrease in its swelling ratio compared to a pristine PAAm hydrogel was observed. The findings were compared with the recent theoretical foundation pertaining to other similar materials.

Multiple phases of yttrium-doped molybdenum trioxide nanorods as efficient dye degrader and bactericidal agents with molecular docking analysis

Contaminants removal is usually becoming an exciting subject of research from water considering their environmental and ecological effects. This work provides pathways to remove organic pollutants from water via nanomaterials and is used as an antibiotic against bacteria like Escherichia coli (E. coli). In this study, molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) and yttrium (Y) doped (2 and 4%) MoO3 nanorods were synthesized by co-precipitation method. Advanced characterization techniques have been introduced to study textural structures, morphological developments, and optical characteristics of produced products. X-ray diffraction studied multiple crystalline structures of prepared samples as hexagonal, orthorhombic, and monoclinic of pure MoO3 with decrease in crystallinity and crystallite size upon Y doping. UV-visible spectroscopy unveiled a redshift (bathochromic effect) in absorption pattern attributed to band gap energy (Eg) decreases. Photoluminescence spectra examined the recombination rate of electrons (e-) and holes (h+) as charge carriers. A sufficient catalytic activity (CA) was observed against methylene blue (MB) dye in an acidic medium (99.74%) and efficient bactericidal action was studied against (E. coli) with zone of inhibition (5.20 mm) for 4% Y-doped MoO3. In addition, in silico docking demonstrated potential inhibitory effect of produced nanomaterials on FabH and FabI enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis.

Using biologically synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles as potential remedy against multiple drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus of bovine mastitis

Presently, there is considerable emphasis on biological synthesis of nanoparticles containing bioactive reducing compounds with an aim to mitigate the harmful effects of pollutants. The approach under study is simple and ideal for the production of durable antimicrobial nanomaterials by novel single-step green synthesis of TiO2 metal oxide nanostructures using ginger and garlic crude aqueous extracts with bactericidal and catalytic activity. A variety of experimental techniques were used to characterize the synthesized nanomaterials. As demonstrated using x-ray diffraction and ultra-violet visible spectroscopy, the produced nanoparticles exhibited high absorption at 318 nm with size varying between 23.38 nm for ginger and 58.64 nm for garlic in biologically-reduced TiO2. At increasing concentrations (500, 1000 µg/50 µl), nanoparticles reduced with garlic exhibited enhanced bactericidal efficacy against multiple drug-resistant S. aureus and effectively decomposed toxic methylene blue (MB) dye. In conclusion, biologically-reduced TiO2 nanoparticles may prove an effective tool in the fight against microbial illnesses and drug resistance.

Chitosan grafted polyacrylic acid doped MnO2 nanocomposite an efficient dye degrader and antimicrobial agent

Manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanorods and (3, 6, and 9 mL) chitosan grafted polyacrylic acid (CS-g-PAA) doped MnO2 were prepared hydrothermally. The study objective is to decrease the recombination rate of MnO2 upon doping to enhance the dye degradation efficiency and antimicrobial activity. The doping-dependent properties of CS-g-PAA on phase identification, functional groups, optical characteristics, elemental compositions, and morphological analyses of MnO2 nanorods were conducted using systematic characterization techniques. XRD pattern shows that MnO2 has a tetragonal structure, with increased crystallite size (15.87 to 29.36 nm) upon doping. The TEM analysis showed that MnO2 has nanorods and that CS-g-PAA doped MnO2 displayed nanoflakes-like structures. The decrease in electron-hole pair recombination rate on doping was verified by PL spectroscopy, demonstrating the enhanced catalytic activity. Moreover, adding grafted binary polymers to MnO2 inhibits bacterial cell growth by binding with the negatively charged cell wall and preventing biofilm formation. The 9 mL doped sample displayed a maximum degradation (99.27 %) in a neutral medium and 85.84 % antimicrobial efficiency against E. coli. The enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabIE. coli) and DNA gyrase(E. coli) were inhibited by these CS-g-PAA doped MnO2 nanostructures (NSs), as shown by in silico molecular docking studies.

Antimicrobial potential and rhodamine B dye degradation using graphitic carbon nitride and polyvinylpyrrolidone doped bismuth tungstate supported with in silico molecular docking studies

The environmental-friendly hydrothermal method has been carried out to synthesize Bi2WO6 and g-C3N4/PVP doped Bi2WO6 nanorods (NRs) by incorporating different concentrations of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as well as a specified quantity of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Bi2WO6 doped with g-C3N4 provides structural and chemical stability, reduces charge carriers, degrades dyes, and, owing to lower bandgap energy, is effective for antibacterial, catalytic activity, and molecular docking analysis. The purpose of this research is the treatment of polluted water and to investigate the bactericidal behavior of a ternary system. The catalytic degradation was performed to remove the harmful rhodamine B (RhB) dye using NaBH4 in conjunction with prepared NRs. The specimen compound demonstrated antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) at both high and low concentrations. Higher doped specimens of g-C3N4/PVP-doped Bi2WO6 exhibited a significant improvement in efficient bactericidal potential against E. coli (4.55 mm inhibition zone). In silico experiments were carried out on enoyl-[acylcarrier-protein] reductase (FabI) and β-lactamase enzyme for E. coli to assess the potential of Bi2WO6, PVP doped Bi2WO6, and g-C3N4/PVP-doped Bi2WO6 NRs as their inhibitors and to justify their possible mechanism of action.

Enhanced Industrial Dye Degradation and Antibacterial Activity Supported by the Molecular Docking Study of Yttrium and Carbon Sphere-Doped Lanthanum Oxide Nanostructures

As the population grows, the scientific community remains focused on researching new materials, methods, and devices to ensure the availability of safe drinking water. The main aim of this research was to decrease the recombination rate of the charge carriers of La2O3 and enhance the catalytic and antimicrobial activity by employing Y/Cs- doped La2O3, respectively. In the current study, different concentrations of yttrium (Y) and a fixed amount of carbon spheres (Cs) doped into lanthanum oxide (La2O3) nanostructures (NSs) were synthesized by the coprecipitation technique. Cs are used as a cocatalyst as they have a high surface area and small size attributed to increased active sites and decreased recombination rate. Moreover, Y was further incorporated as it activates the generation of reactive oxygen species in the inhibition zone, enhancing the antibacterial activity and reducing the emission intensity. Advanced techniques were utilized to determine the structural properties, optical emission and absorption, elemental composition, and d-spacing of the synthesized samples. The reported ternary catalyst works efficiently, improving the catalytic activity and bactericidal potential. Moreover, in silico molecular docking studies, Cs-doped La2O3 and Y/Cs-doped La2O3 nanostructures toward DNA gyrase Escherichia coli showed good efficacy for antibacterial activity.

Efficient Samarium-Grafted-C3N4-Doped α-MoO3 Used as a Dye Degrader and Antibacterial Agent: In Silico Molecular Docking Study

This study was used to evaluate the catalytic activity (CA) and bactericidal activity of α-MoO3 and Sm-g-C3N4-doped α-MoO3 composites prepared through an efficient, cost-effective coprecipitation route. Their characteristic studies verify the formation of α-MoO3 and its composites (3, 6, and 9 mL Sm-g-C3N4-doped α-MoO3), which showed high crystallinity, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The production of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals due to charge transfer through α-MoO3 and g-C3N4 eventually forms electrons in g-C3N4 and holes around α-MoO3. CA against Rhodamine B (RhB) in basic medium provides maximum results compared to acidic and neutral media. The bactericidal efficacy of the (9 mL) doped sample represents a greater inhibition zone of 6.10 mm against the negative bacterial strain Escherichia coli. Furthermore, in silico studies showed that the generated nanorods may inhibit DNA gyrase and dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) enzymes.

Catalytic performance and antibacterial behaviour with molecular docking analysis of silver and polyacrylic acid doped graphene quantum dots

In this research, a fixed concentration (3 wt%) of Ag/PAA and PAA/Ag doped graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were synthesized using the co-precipitation technique. A variety of characterization techniques were employed to synthesize samples to investigate their optical, morphological, structural, and compositional analyses, antimicrobial efficacy, and dye degradation potential with molecular docking analysis. GQDs have high solubility, narrow band gaps, and are suitable for electron acceptors and donors but show less adsorption and catalytic behavior. Incorporating polyacrylic acid (PAA) into GQDs increases the catalytic and antibacterial activities due to the carboxylic group (-COOH). Furthermore, introducing silver (Ag) increased the degradation of dye and microbes as it had a high surface-to-volume ratio. In addition, molecular docking studies were used to decipher the mechanism underlying the bactericidal action of silver and polyacrylic acid-doped graphene quantum dots and revealed inhibition of β-lactamase and DNA gyrase.

Anomalous catalytic and antibacterial activity confirmed by molecular docking analysis of silver and polyacrylic acid doped CeO2 nanostructures

This research presents the novel synthesis of CeO2 nanostructures (NSs) doped with a fixed amount of capping agent (polyacrylic acid-PAA) and different concentrations (0.01 and 0.03) of silver (Ag). This work aimed to examine the catalytic and antibacterial efficacy with evidential molecular docking analysis of Ag/PAA doped CeO2. Systematic characterization was used to analyze the effect of Ag and a capping agent on crystal structure, morphology, absorbance wavelength, and the exciton recombination rate of CeO2. The silver metal and capping agent (PAA) were added into CeO2 to reduce the size of NSs, enhancing the catalytic efficacy. These binary dopants (Ag-PAA) based CeO2 revealed remarkable results for catalytic de-colorization of rhodamine B dye and antimicrobial potential as the dopants provide more active sites. Notably, (0.03) Ag/PAA doped CeO2 NSs exhibited a substantial catalytic reduction (98.9%) of rhodamine B dye in an acidic medium. The higher doped CeO2 revealed a significant inhibition zone (3.75 mm) against Escherichia coli at maximal concentration. Furthermore, in silico docking showed the possible inhibitory impact of produced nanomaterials on the fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes FabI and FabH.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Fe-Doped Cadmium Oxide Showed Bactericidal Behavior and Highly Efficient Visible Light Photocatalysis

Cationic dyes present in industrial effluents significantly reduce the effectiveness of remediation operations. Considering the terrible impact of these pollutants on environment and biodiversity, investigating strategies to remove potentially harmful compounds from water is becoming an increasingly intriguing issue. In this work, we employed a simple hydrothermal technique to synthesize Fe-doped CdO (2, 4, and 6 wt %) nanostructures and assessed their efficacy in degrading methylene blue (MB) dye and inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. Structural, morphological, and optical characterization of produced nanomaterials was also performed using X-ray diffraction, TEM, and UV absorption spectra. The photocatalytic decomposition of MB was significantly enhanced (58.8%) by using Fe (6 wt %)-doped CdO catalysts for 80 min under irradiation. In addition, 2.05-5.05 mm inhibitory zones were seen against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus), whereas the range for Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) was 1.65-2.75 mm. These nanostructures were shown to be very effective inhibitors of beta-lactamase, d-alanine-d-alanine ligase B, and fatty acid synthase inhibitor by in silico molecular docking investigations.

Catalytic evaluation and in vitro bacterial inactivation of graphitic carbon nitride/carbon sphere doped bismuth oxide quantum dots with evidential in silico analysis

Herein, Bi2O3 quantum dots (QDs) have been synthesized and doped with various concentrations of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and a fixed amount of carbon spheres (CS) using a co-precipitation technique. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of monoclinic structure along the space group P21/c and C2/c. Various functional groups and characteristic peaks of (Bi-O) were identified using FTIR spectra. QDs morphology of Bi2O3 showed agglomeration with higher amounts of g-C3N4 by TEM analysis. HR-TEM determined the variation in the d-spacing which increased with increasing dopants. These doping agents were employed to reduce the exciting recombination rate of Bi2O3 QDs by providing more active sites which enhance antibacterial activity. Notably, (6 wt%) g-C3N4/CS-doped Bi2O3 exhibited considerable antimicrobial potential in opposition to E. coli at higher values of concentrations relative to ciprofloxacin. The (3 wt%) g-C3N4/CS-doped Bi2O3 exhibits the highest catalytic potential (97.67%) against RhB in a neutral medium. The compound g-C3N4/CS-Bi2O3 has been suggested as a potential inhibitor of β-lactamaseE. coli and DNA gyraseE. coli based on the findings of a molecular docking study that was in better agreement with in vitro bactericidal activity.

A Novel Multifunctional Crosslinking PVA/CMCS Hydrogel Containing Cyclic Peptide Actinomycin X2 and PA@Fe with Excellent Antibacterial and Commendable Mechanical Properties

Bacterial infected environments and resulting bacterial infections have been threatening the human health globally. Due to increased bacterial resistance caused by improper and excessive use of antibiotics, antibacterial biomaterials are being developed as alternatives to antibiotics in some cases. Herein, an advanced multifunctional hydrogel with excellent antibacterial properties, enhanced mechanical properties, biocompatibility and self-healing performance, was designed through freezing-thawing method. This hydrogel network is composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), protocatechualdehyde (PA), ferric iron (Fe) and an antimicrobial cyclic peptide actinomycin X2 (Ac.X2). The double dynamic bonds among protocatechualdehyde (PA), ferric iron (Fe) and carboxymethyl chitosan containing coordinate bond (catechol-Fe) as well as dynamic Schiff base bonds and hydrogen bonds endowed the hydrogel with enhanced mechanical properties. Successful formation of hydrogel was confirmed through ATR-IR and XRD, and structural evaluation through SEM analysis, whereas mechanical properties were tested with electromechanical universal testing machine. The resulting PVA/CMCS/Ac.X2/PA@Fe (PCXPA) hydrogel has favorable biocompatibility and excellent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against both S. aureus (95.3 %) and E. coli (90.2 %) compared with free-soluble Ac.X2, which exhibited subpar performance against E. coli reported in our previous studies. This work provides a new insight on preparing multifunctional hydrogels containing antimicrobial peptides as antibacterial material.

Efficient Dye Degradation and Antibacterial Activity of Carbon Dots/Chitosan-Doped La2O3 Nanorods: In Silico Molecular Docking Analysis

This work demonstrates the degradation of toxic RhB (rhodamine B) dye from polluted water in various pH environments. It assesses the antibacterial action of CDs (carbon dots)/CS (chitosan)-doped La₂O₃ (lanthanum oxide) NRs (nanorods). CS and CDs have been introduced as dopants to modify the characteristics of La₂O₃ to achieve efficient outcomes. The influence of doping on the structural, morphological, optical, and elemental properties of synthesized La₂O₃ NRs was investigated through a number of analytical techniques. The structural analysis of XRD revealed a hexagonal phase. The rod-like structure of pure La₂O₃ and reduction in the size of NRs upon doping were exhibited by TEM micrographs. From UV-vis spectroscopy, increased absorption upon doping and introduction of redshift that led to reduced bandgap energy were observed. The FTIR spectra indicate the presence of functional groups of pure and integrated samples. The catalytic activity of specimens in basic medium toward dye showed excellent results (94.57%). The inhibition zone of diameter 4.15 mm was evaluated by 6 mL of CDs/CS-doped La₂O₃ NRs against Escherichia coli once the surface area increased by dopants. In silico experiments were performed for enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (FabI) and DNA gyrase enzymes to assess the potency of CS-doped La₂O₃ and CDs/CS-doped La₂O₃ as their inhibitors and to justify their possible mechanism of action.

Facile Synthesis of Vanadium Oxide/Carbon Spheres-Doped Nickel Oxide Functioned as a Nanocatalyst and Bactericidal Behavior with Molecular Docking Analysis

Vanadium oxide (V₂O₅) and carbon spheres (Cs)-doped NiO₂ nanostructures (NSs) were prepared using the co-precipitation approach. Several spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis, FTIR, TEM, and HR-TEM investigations, were used to describe the as-synthesized NSs. The XRD pattern exhibited the hexagonal structure, and the crystallite size of pristine and doped NSs was calculated as 29.3, 32.8, 25.79, and 45.19 nm, respectively. The control sample (NiO₂) showed maximum absorption at 330 nm, and upon doping, a redshift was observed, leading to decreased band gap energy from 3.75 to 3.59 eV. TEM of NiO₂ shows agglomerated nonuniform nanorods exhibited with various nanoparticles without a specific orientation; a higher agglomeration was observed upon doping. The (4 wt %) V₂O₅/Cs-doped NiO₂ NSs served as superior catalysts with a 94.21% MB reduction in acidic media. The significant antibacterial efficacy was estimated against Escherichia coli by measuring the zone of inhibition (3.75 mm). Besides their bactericidal analysis, V₂O₅/Cs-doped NiO₂ was shown to have a binding score of 6.37 for dihydrofolate reductase and a binding score of 4.31 for dihydropteroate synthase in an in silico docking study of E. coli.

Ni-Al layered double hydroxide-coupled layered mesoporous titanium dioxide (Ni-Al LDH/LM-TiO2) composites with integrated adsorption-photocatalysis performance

Nickel aluminum layered double hydroxides (Ni-Al LDHs) and layered mesoporous titanium dioxide (LM-TiO₂) were prepared via a simple precipitation process and novel precipitation-peptization method, respectively, and Ni-Al LDH-coupled LM-TiO₂ (Ni-Al LDH/LM-TiO₂) composites with dual adsorption and photodegradation properties were obtained via the hydrothermal approach. The adsorption and photocatalytic properties were investigated in detail with methyl orange as the target, and the coupling mechanism was systematically studied. The sample with the best performance was recovered after photocatalytic degradation, which was labeled as 11% Ni-Al LDH/LM TiO₂(ST), and characterization and stability studies were carried out. The results showed that Ni-Al LDHs showed good adsorption for pollutants. Ni-Al LDH coupling enhanced the absorption of UV and visible light, and the transmission and separation of photogenerated carriers were also significantly promoted, which was conducive to improving the photocatalytic activity. After treatment in the dark for 30 min, the adsorption of methyl orange by 11% Ni-Al LDHs/LM-TiO₂ reached 55.18%. Under illumination for 30 min, the decolorization rate of methyl orange solution reached 87.54%, and the composites also showed an excellent recycling performance and stability.

Composite Hydrogels with Included Solid-State Nanoparticles Bearing Anticancer Chemotherapeutics

Hydrogels have many useful physicochemical properties which, in combination with their biocompatibility, suggest their application as a drug delivery system for the local and prorogated release of drugs. However, their drug-absorption capacity is limited because of the gel net's poor adsorption of hydrophilic molecules and in particular, hydrophobic molecules. The absorption capacity of hydrogels can be increased with the incorporation of nanoparticles due to their huge surface area. In this review, composite hydrogels (physical, covalent and injectable) with included hydrophobic and hydrophilic nanoparticles are considered as suitable for use as carriers of anticancer chemotherapeutics. The main focus is given to the surface properties of the nanoparticles (hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and surface electric charge) formed from metal and dielectric substances: metals (gold, silver), metal-oxides (iron, aluminum, titanium, zirconium), silicates (quartz) and carbon (graphene). The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles are emphasized in order to assist researchers in choosing appropriate nanoparticles for the adsorption of drugs with hydrophilic and hydrophobic organic molecules.

Boosted electrochemical performance of magnetic caterpillar-like Mg0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 nanospinels as a novel pseudocapacitive electrode material

Ni-incorporated MgFe₂O₄ (Mg_0.5Ni_0.5Fe₂O₄) porous nanofibers were synthesized using the sol-gel electrospinning method. The optical bandgap, magnetic parameters, and electrochemical capacitive behaviors of the prepared sample were compared with pristine electrospun MgFe₂O₄ and NiFe₂O₄ based on structural and morphological properties. XRD analysis affirmed the cubic spinel structure of samples and their crystallite size is evaluated to be less than 25 nm using the Williamson-Hall equation. FESEM images demonstrated interesting nanobelts, nanotubes, and caterpillar-like fibers for electrospun MgFe₂O₄, NiFe₂O₄, and Mg_0.5Ni_0.5Fe₂O₄, respectively. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy revealed that Mg_0.5Ni_0.5Fe₂O₄ porous nanofibers possess the band gap (1.85 eV) between the calculated value for MgFe₂O₄ nanobelts and NiFe₂O₄ nanotubes due to alloying effects. The VSM analysis revealed that the saturation magnetization and coercivity of MgFe₂O₄ nanobelts were enhanced by Ni²⁺ incorporation. The electrochemical properties of samples coated on nickel foam (NF) were tested by CV, GCD, and EIS analysis in a 3 M KOH electrolyte. The Mg_0.5Ni_0.5Fe₂O₄@Ni electrode disclosed the highest specific capacitance of 647 F g^-1 at 1 A g^-1 owing to the synergistic effects of multiple valence states, exceptional porous morphology, and lowest charge transfer resistance. The Mg_0.5Ni_0.5Fe₂O₄ porous fibers showed superior capacitance retention of 91% after 3000 cycles at 10 A g^-1 and notable Coulombic efficiency of 97%. Moreover, the Mg_0.5Ni_0.5Fe₂O₄//Activated carbon asymmetric supercapacitor divulged a good energy density of 83 W h Kg^-1 at a power density of 700 W Kg^-1.

In-vitro synergistic microbicidal and catalytic evaluation of polyvinylpyrrolidone/chitosan doped tungsten trioxide nanoplates with evidential in-silico analysis

In this research, hydrothermally synthesized tungsten trioxide (WO₃) nanocomposites doped polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and chitosan (CS) were studied. Various concentrations (3, 6, and 9 wt%) of PVP were doped into a fixed amount of binary system (CS-WO₃) nanocomposites. PVP/CS polymers showed attractive attention because of their different structure, functionality, and architecture control as dopant to WO₃. The PVP/CS encapsulates the WO₃ (ternary composite), which controls crystallite size (band gap reduction), rapidly overcomes the recombination electron-hole pairs issues, and generates the active sites, resulting in improved catalytic and antimicrobial activity. The synthesized nanocomposites revealed significant catalytic efficiency and methylene blue (MB) dye depletion of 99.9 % in the presence of reducing agent (NaBH₄) in neutral and acidic media. Antimicrobial effectiveness of produced nanostructures towards Escherichia coli (E. coli) pathogen at low and high concentrations were investigated by Vernier caliper in mm. Furthermore, to their microbicidal action, docking experiments of CS-doped WO₃ and PVP/CS-doped WO₃ nanostructures for DHFR and FabI of Escherichia coli suggested blockage of aforesaid enzymes as the plausible pathway.

Graphene oxide/polyvinylpyrrolidone-doped MoO3 nanocomposites used for dye degradation and their antibacterial activity: a molecular docking analysis

In this study, MoO₃ nanostructures were prepared, doped with various concentrations of graphene oxide (2 and 4% GO) and a fixed amount of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) using the co-precipitation method. The motive of this study was to examine the catalytic and antimicrobial efficacy with evidential molecular docking analyses of GO/PVP-doped MoO₃. GO and PVP were utilized as doping agents to reduce the exciton recombination rate of MoO₃ by providing more active sites that increase the antibacterial activity of MoO₃. The prepared binary dopant (GO and PVP)-dependent MoO₃ was used as an effective antibacterial agent against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Notably, 4% GO/PVP-doped MoO₃ showed good bactericidal potential against E. coli at higher concentrations in comparison to ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, in silico docking revealed the possible inhibitory impact of the synthesized nanocomposites on folate and fatty acid synthesis enzymes, dihydrofolate reductase and enoyl-[acyl carrier protein] reductase, respectively.

Cellulose nanocrystalline from biomass wastes: An overview of extraction, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have been extensively used in various fields due to their renewability, excellent biocompatibility, large specific surface area, and high tensile strength. Most biomass wastes contain significant amounts of cellulose, which forms the basis of CNC. Biomass wastes are generally made up of agricultural waste, and forest residues, etc. CNC can be produced from biomass wastes by removing the non-cellulosic components through acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, oxidation hydrolysis, and other mechanical methods. However, biomass wastes are generally disposed of or burned in a random manner, resulting in adverse environmental consequences. Hence, using biomass wastes to develop CNC-based carrier materials is an effective strategy to promote the high value-added application of biomass wastes. This review summarizes the advantages of CNC applications, the extraction process, and recent advances in CNC-based composites, such as aerogels, hydrogels, films, and metal complexes. Furthermore, the drug release characteristics of CNC-based material are discussed in detail. Additionally, we discuss some gaps in our understanding of the current state of knowledge and potential future directions of CNC-based materials.

Developments in molecular docking technologies for application of polysaccharide-based materials: A review

With the increasing pollution of the planet, the search for natural multifunctional alternatives to petroleum-based plastics has assumed to be a great important proposition. Polysaccharides, an inexhaustible natural resource with good biocompatibility as well as mechanical properties, are considered as an ideal alternative to petroleum-based materials. However, blind experimentation and development will inevitably lead to waste of raw materials and contamination of reagents. Therefore, researchers desire a technology which can assist in predicting and screening experimental materials at the higher level. Molecular docking simulations, an emerging computer technology that can effectively predict the structure of interactions between molecules and analyze the optimal conformation, are a common aid for materials and drug design. In this review, we describe the origins and development of molecular docking techniques, mainly performed an overview of various molecular docking software on their applications in the field of different polysaccharide materials.

La-Doped CeO2 Quantum Dots: Novel Dye Degrader, Antibacterial Activity, and In Silico Molecular Docking Analysis

The current work demonstrates a novel synthesis of different concentrations of La-doped (2, 4, and 6 wt %) CeO₂ quantum dots (QDs) using a hydrothermal approach. This research aimed to examine the dye degradation efficiency, antibacterial activity, and in silico molecular docking analysis of La-doped CeO₂ QDs. The structure, elemental composition, optical properties, d-spacing, and morphological features of QDs were examined using various methods. XRD spectra exhibited the cubic structure of CeO₂, and the crystallinity was suppressed upon La doping. TEM revealed the formation of cubic-shaped QDs of CeO₂, and the incorporation of La decreased agglomeration. UV-vis absorption spectra showed a red shift upon La doping, assigned to a decrease in band gap energy. 6% La-doped CeO₂ showed significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli at higher concentrations in comparison to ciprofloxacin. La-CeO₂ was proposed as a putative inhibitor of β-lactamase _E. coli and DNA gyrase _E. coli relying on the outcomes of a molecular docking analysis that was in improved accord with in vitro bactericidal activity. Moreover, the prepared QDs exhibited a remarkable photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in a basic medium.

Electrospun nanofibres in drug delivery: advances in controlled release strategies

Emerging drug-delivery systems demand a controlled or programmable or sustained release of drug molecules to improve therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Such systems have been heavily investigated as they offer safe, accurate, and quality treatment for numerous diseases. Amongst newly developed drug-delivery systems, electrospun nanofibres have emerged as promising drug excipients and are coming up as promising biomaterials. The inimitable characteristics of electrospun nanofibres in terms of their high surface-to-volume ratio, high porosity, easy drug encapsulation, and programmable release make them an astounding drug-delivery vehicle.

Bactericidal Action and Industrial Dye Degradation of Graphene Oxide and Polyacrylic Acid-Doped SnO2 Quantum Dots: In Silico Molecular Docking Study

The present work demonstrates the systematic incorporation of different concentrations of graphene oxide (GO) into a fixed amount of polyacrylic acid (PAA)-doped SnO₂ quantum dots (QDs) through a co-precipitation approach. The research aimed to evaluate the catalytic and antibacterial actions of GO/PAA-SnO₂ QDs. Moreover, optical properties, surface morphologies, crystal structures, elemental compositions, and d-spacings of prepared QDs were examined. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed the tetragonal configuration of SnO₂, and the crystallinity of QDs was suppressed upon dopants verified by the SAED patterns. Electronic spectra identified the blue shift by incorporating GO and PAA led to a reduction in band gap energy. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed the existence of rotational and vibrational modes associated with the functional groups during the synthesis process. A drastic increase in the catalytic efficacy of QDs was observed in the neutral medium by including dopants, indicating that GO/PAA-SnO₂ is a promising catalyst. GO/PAA-SnO₂ showed strong bactericidal efficacy against Escherichia coli (E. coli) at higher GO concentrations. Molecular docking studies predicted the given nanocomposites, i.e., SnO₂, PAA-SnO₂, and GO/PAA-SnO₂, as potential inhibitors of beta-lactamase_E. coli and DNA gyrase_E. coli.

Graphitic-C3N4/chitosan-doped NiO nanostructure to treat the polluted water and their bactericidal with in silico molecular docking analysis

Different concentrations (2 and 4 wt%) of graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was doped into fixed amount of chitosan (CS) and nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles (NPs) via a co-precipitation route. The aim of study is to remove the pollutants from wastewater through catalytic activity (CA) and determine the bactericidal activities of synthesized products. X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the cubic structure of NiO NPs and peak shifted to higher angle upon g-C3N4 doping. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the existence of bending and stretching vibration mode. The absorption decreased gradually accompanied blue-shift and assessed bandgap energy increased upon doping. The high resolution transmission electron microscopy micrographs confirmed the formation of cubic-shaped NPs and elongated nanorods were seen for NiO and co-doped NiO. The catalytic efficiency of samples was examined using methylene blue (MB) in the presence of reducing agent. A remarkable dye de-colorization was confirmed with a g-C3N4 and CS doping; moreover, the bactericidal efficacy compared to Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was observed as 3.15 and 13.8 mm, respectively. In silico, molecular docking investigations targeting against b-lactamaseS. aureus and FabHE. coli enzymes assisted to elaborate the mechanism underlying microbicidal action of the NPs.

Strontium-doped chromium oxide for RhB reduction and antibacterial activity with evidence of molecular docking analysis

The emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in aquatic pathogens and the presence of cationic dyes are the leading causes of water contamination on a global scale. In this context, nanotechnology holds immense promise for utilizing various nanomaterials with catalytic and antibacterial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the catalytic and bactericidal potential of undoped and Sr-doped Cr₂O₃ nanostructures (NSs) synthesized through the co-precipitation method. In addition, the morphological, optical, and structural properties of the resultant NSs were also examined. The optical bandgap energy of Cr₂O₃ has been substantially reduced by Sr doping, as confirmed through extracted values from absorption spectra recorded by UV-Vis studies. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs illustrate that the composition of Cr₂O₃ primarily consisted of agglomerated, irregularly shaped NSs with a morphology resembling nanoflakes. Moreover, the presence of Sr in the lattice of Cr₂O₃ increased the roughness of the resulting NSs. The catalytic activity of synthesized NSs was analyzed by their reduction ability of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye in the dark under different pH conditions. Their antibacterial activity was evaluated against MDR Escherichia coli (E. coli). Sr doping increased antibacterial efficiency against MDR E. coli, as indicated by inhibition zone measurements of 10.15 and 11.75 mm at low and high doses, respectively. Furthermore, a molecular docking analysis was conducted to determine the binding interaction pattern between NSs and active sites in the target cell protein. The findings corroborated antimicrobial test results indicating that Sr-Cr₂O₃ is the most effective inhibitor of FabH and DHFR enzymes.

Molybdenum-doped iron oxide nanostructures synthesized via a chemical co-precipitation route for efficient dye degradation and antimicrobial performance: in silico molecular docking studies

In this research, various concentrations of molybdenum (2, 4 and 6 wt%) doped Fe₃O₄ nanostructures (Mo-Fe₃O₄ NSs) were prepared via a co-precipitation technique. Various techniques were then used to investigate the optical, morphological and structural properties of the NSs in the presence of the dopant materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to investigate the crystalline nature of the prepared NSs and confirm the orthorhombic and tetragonal structure of Fe₃O₄, with a decrease in crystallinity and crystallite sizes of 36.11, 38.45, 25.74 and 24.38 nm with increasing concentration of Mo (2, 4 and 6%). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis was carried out to examine the functional groups in the NSs. Structure, surface morphology and topography were examined via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which confirmed the fabrication of nanoparticles and nanorods and a floccule-like morphology with a higher doping concentration and the interlayer d-spacing was calculated using high-resolution (HR)TEM, the results of which were a good match to the XRD data. The presence of Mo, Fe and O in a lattice of Mo (2, 4 and 6%) doped Fe₃O₄ was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The energy band gap (E _g) was measured via the optical analysis of pure and doped samples, showing a decrease from 2.76 to 2.64 eV. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra exhibit a higher charge combination rate of electron-hole pairs with a higher concentration of doping. The NSs exhibited excellent catalytic activity (CA) in degrading methylene blue (MB) dye in a basic medium by around 86.25%. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity was tested against Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. Pairs of electrons and holes are the fundamental basis for generating reactive oxygen species that kill bacteria. The significant inhibition zones were calculated against E. coli bacteria at around 3.45 mm compared to ciprofloxacin. In silico docking investigations of the Mo-Fe₃O₄ NSs for dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS, binding score: 6.16 kcal mol^-1), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR, binding score: 6.01 kcal mol^-1), and β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III (FabH, binding score: 5.75 kcal mol^-1) of E. coli show the suppression of the aforementioned enzymes as a potential mechanism besides their microbicidal assay.

Chitosan-Grafted Polyacrylic Acid-Doped Copper Oxide Nanoflakes Used as a Potential Dye Degrader and Antibacterial Agent: In Silico Molecular Docking Analysis

This study examined the catalytic and bactericidal properties of polymer-doped copper oxide (CuO). For this purpose, a facile co-precipitation method was used to synthesize CuO nanostructures doped with CS-g-PAA. Various concentrations (2, 4, and 6%) of dopants were systematically incorporated into a fixed amount of CuO. The prepared samples were analyzed by different optical, structural, and morphological characterizations. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy micrographs indicated that doping transformed CuO's agglomerated rod-like surface morphology to form nanoflakes. UV-vis spectroscopy revealed that the optical spectra of the samples exhibit a redshift after doping, leading to a decrease in band gap energy from 3.3 to 2.5 eV. The purpose of the study was to test the catalytic activity of pristine and CS-g-PAA doped CuO for the degradation of methylene blue in acidic, basic, and neutral conditions using NaBH4 as a reducing agent in an aqueous medium. Furthermore, antibacterial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Overall, enhanced bactericidal performance was observed upon doping CS-g-PAA into CuO, i.e., 4.25-6.15 and 4.40-8.15 mm against S. aureus and 1.35-4.20 and 2.25-5.25 mm against E. coli at the lowest and highest doses, respectively. The relevant catalytic and bactericidal action mechanisms of samples are also proposed in the study. Moreover, in silico molecular docking studies illustrated the role of these prepared nanomaterials as possible inhibitors of FabH and FabI enzymes of the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway.