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Requena-Castro R, Aguilera-Arreola MG, Martínez-Vázquez AV, Cruz-Pulido WL, Rivera G, Bocanegra-García V. Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase) production analysis in E. coli strains from the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo River in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:2401-2409. [PMID: 38755407 PMCID: PMC11405568 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The Rio Grande/Rio Bravo River is used as a major water supply for diverse recreational, household, and industrial activities in Northeast Tamaulipas, Mexico, and South Texas. In this study, we sampled surface water from 38 sites along Rio Grande/Rio Bravo River (Díaz Ordaz, Reynosa and Matamoros). We isolated 105 E. coli strains that were molecularly and phenotypically characterized. The percentage of virulence genes detected in E. coli were: hlyA (15.23%), stx2 (11.42%), stx1 (9.52%), bfp (0.95%), and eae (0.0) and combinations of stx1/stx2 (2.85%), stx2/hlyA (1.90%), stx1/bfp (0.95%) and stx2/bfp (0.95%) were detected in these strains. Resistance to more than one antibiotic was detected in 85.71%, and 5.71% of strains were extended-spectrum β-lactamase-E. coli (ESBL-EC). These results indicate the presence of potentially pathogenic E. coli strains in the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo River; therefore, it can be considered a reservoir of pathogenic strains and represents a health risk for the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Requena-Castro
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Boulevard del Maestro S/N Esq. Elías Piña, Colonia Narciso Mendoza. Reynosa, 88710, Tamaulipas, C.P, Mexico
| | | | - Ana Verónica Martínez-Vázquez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Boulevard del Maestro S/N Esq. Elías Piña, Colonia Narciso Mendoza. Reynosa, 88710, Tamaulipas, C.P, Mexico
| | | | - Gildardo Rivera
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Boulevard del Maestro S/N Esq. Elías Piña, Colonia Narciso Mendoza. Reynosa, 88710, Tamaulipas, C.P, Mexico
| | - Virgilio Bocanegra-García
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Boulevard del Maestro S/N Esq. Elías Piña, Colonia Narciso Mendoza. Reynosa, 88710, Tamaulipas, C.P, Mexico.
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2
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Nouri R, Hasani A, Shirazi KM, Sefiadn FY, Mazraeh FN, Sattarpour S, Rezaee MA. Colonization of the gut mucosa of colorectal cancer patients by pathogenic mucosa-associated Escherichia coli strains. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116229. [PMID: 38507962 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Some strains of Escherichia coli are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of current study was to compare the general characteristics of the E. coli from CRC patients and healthy participants. A total of 96 biopsy samples from 48 CRC patients and 48 healthy participants, were studied. The clonality of the E. coli isolates was analyzed by Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-based PCR (ERIC-PCR) method. The strains were tested by PCR to determine the prevalence of different virulence factors. According to the results of ERIC-PCR analysis, (from the 860 E. coli isolates) 60 strains from CRC patients and 41 strains from healthy controls were identified. Interestingly, the majority of the strains of both groups were in the same cluster. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) was detected significantly more often in CRC patients (21.6 %) than in healthy participants (2.4 %) (p < 0.05). The Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) was found in 18.33 % of the strains of CRC patients. However, other pathotypes were not found in the E. coli strains of both groups. Furthermore, all the studied genes encoding for virulence factors seemed to be more prevalent in the strains belonging to CRC patients. Among the virulence genes, the statistical difference regarding the frequency of fuyA, chuA, vat, papC, hlyA and cnf1 genes was found significant (p < 0.05). In conclusion, E. coli strains that carry extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) and diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) multiple virulence factors colonize the gut mucosa of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Nouri
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kourosh Masnadi Shirazi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yeganeh Sefiadn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Naeimi Mazraeh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Simin Sattarpour
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahangarzadeh Rezaee
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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3
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Abey SL, Teka M, Bitew AB, Molla W, Ejo M, Dagnaw GG, Adugna T, Nigatu S, Mengistu BA, Kinde MZ, Berju A, Belete MA, Temesgen W, Dagnachew S, Tesema TS. Detection and antibiogram profile of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from two abattoir settings in northwest Ethiopia: a one health perspective. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2024; 6:8. [PMID: 38705992 PMCID: PMC11071326 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-024-00102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a zoonotic pathogen that contaminates abattoir workers, slaughter environments, slaughter equipment, and carcasses during abattoir processing. Infection with E. coli is associated with the consumption of contaminated food and water, and it is a potential threat to the health and welfare of both humans and animals. Hence, this study aimed to detect diarrheagenic E. coli and assess its antibiogram profile in two abattoir settings, in one health lens. METHODS A cross-sectional study in one health approach was conducted from December 2020 to June 2021. A total of 384 samples from abattoir workers' hands, carcasses, knives, cattle feces, abattoir water and effluents were collected. Bacterial culture and biochemical tests were conducted to isolate E. coli, while conventional polymerase chain reaction was performed to identify virulence genes. The antibiogram of diarrheagenic E. coli was tested against nine antimicrobials using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. RESULTS A total of 115 (29.95%) E. coli were isolated from the 384 samples, and from these isolates, about 17 (14.8%) were confirmed to be diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC). Among the DEC pathotypes, nine (52.94%), five (29.4%), and three (17.65%) were Shiga toxin-producing, enterohemorrhagic, and enterotoxigenic E. coli, respectively. While 14 (82.35%) DEC isolates harbored the stx2 gene, five (29.41%) the eae gene, five (29.41%) the hlyA gene and three (17.65%) harbored the st gene. All the DEC isolates were resistant to erythromycin and vancomycin; whereas, they were susceptible to ampicillin, nalidixic acid and norfloxacin. Furthermore, 64.7% of DEC isolates showed resistance to both ceftazidime and kanamycin and 88.24% of the isolates showed multidrug resistance. CONCLUSION This study detected DEC isolates having different virulence genes, which showed single and multiple antimicrobial resistance. Given the existing poor hygienic and sanitary practices along the abattoir-to-table food chain, coupled with the habit of raw meat consumption, this result indicates a potential public and animal health risk from the pathogen and antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Lulie Abey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia.
| | - Mersha Teka
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Belete Bitew
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Wassie Molla
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrat Ejo
- Vaccine and Diagnostics Research & Development Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Getaneh Dagnaw
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Adugna
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Seleshe Nigatu
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Bemrew Admassu Mengistu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrie Zemene Kinde
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Berju
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Mequanint Addisu Belete
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Wudu Temesgen
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Shimelis Dagnachew
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
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DeLira-Bustillos N, Angulo-Zamudio UA, Leon-Sicairos N, Flores-Villaseñor H, Velazquez-Roman J, Tapia-Pastrana G, Martínez-Villa FA, Velázquez-Cruz R, Salmerón J, Canizales-Quinteros S, Canizalez-Roman A. Distribution and virulence of Escherichia coli harboring cyclomodulins and supplementary virulence genes isolates from clinical and environmental samples. Microb Pathog 2024; 190:106634. [PMID: 38556104 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cyclomodulins (cdt, cnf, pks and cif) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from clinical and environmental samples, the presence of supplementary virulence genes (SVG), antibiotic resistance, and in vitro cytotoxicity. 413 E. coli were isolated from clinical (stool from obese subjects, normal weight subjects, children with diarrhea, and children without diarrhea; and urine from pregnant and non-pregnant women with urinary tract infections) and environmental (water and different foods) samples. PCR was performed to identify E. coli pathotypes, the four cyclomodulins, and 18 SVG; virulence score, cytotoxic assay, and antibiotic resistance assay were performed. Fifteen percent of E. coli were positive for cyclomodulins and were found in all isolation sources; however, in children with diarrhea, they were more frequent. The most frequent cyclomodulin was cdt. More DEC strains harbor cyclomodulins than non-DEC, and cyclomodulins were most frequent among aEPEC pathotype. SVG ehaC was associated with cyclomodulin-positive strains. Cyclomodulin-positive E. coli had a higher virulence score but no significant cytotoxic activity. They were slightly more resistant to antibiotics. In conclusion, cyclomodulins-positive E. coli was widely distributed in humans, food, and the environment, and they were associated with SVG ehaC, suggesting that these genes may play a role in the pathogenesis of the cyclomodulins. However, more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora DeLira-Bustillos
- Programa de Doctorado, Posgrado Integral en Biotecnología, FCQB, UAS, 80030, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Nidia Leon-Sicairos
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80019, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico; Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, 80200, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Hector Flores-Villaseñor
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80019, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico; The Sinaloa State Public Health Laboratory, Secretariat of Health, 80058, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Jorge Velazquez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80019, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Tapia-Pastrana
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, 71256, Mexico
| | | | - Rafael Velázquez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, 14610, Mexico
| | - Jorge Salmerón
- Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80019, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico; The Women's Hospital, Secretariat of Health, 80020, Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico.
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5
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Tapia-Pastrana G, Rojas-Bautista M, Hernández-Pérez P, Santiago-Martínez O, Gómez-Rodríguez LC, Terrazas-Luna VM, Montes-Yedra J, Bautista-Avendaño AA, García-López ES, Leon-Sicairos N, Angulo-Zamudio UA, Canizalez-Roman A. Virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance profile, phylotyping and pathotyping of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children in Southwest Mexico. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300304. [PMID: 38470897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) strains are one of the most important etiology factors causing diarrhea in children worldwide, especially in developing countries. DEC strains have characteristic virulence factors; however, other supplemental virulence genes (SVG) may contribute to the development of diarrhea in children. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of DEC in children with diarrhea in southwestern Mexico and to associate childhood symptoms, SVG, and pathotypes with diarrhea-causing DEC strains. DEC strains were isolated from 230 children with diarrhea aged 0-60 months from the state of Oaxaca, southwestern Mexico; clinical data were collected, and PCR was used to identify SVG and pathotypes. Antibiotic resistance profiling was performed on DEC strains. 63% of samples were DEC positive, single or combined infections (two (21%) or three strains (1.3%)) of aEPEC (51%), EAEC (10.2%), tEPEC (5.4%), DAEC (4.8%), ETEC (4.1%), EIEC (1.4%), or EHEC (0.7%) were found. Children aged ≤ 12 and 49-60 months and symptoms (e.g., fever and blood) were associated with DEC strains. SVG related to colonization (nleB-EHEC), cytotoxicity (sat-DAEC and espC-tEPEC), and proteolysis (pic-aEPEC) were associated with DECs strains. E. coli phylogroup A was the most frequent, and some pathotypes (aEPEC-A, DAEC-B), and SVG (espC-B2, and sat-D) were associated with the phylogroups. Over 79% of the DEC strains were resistant to antibiotics, and 40% were MDR and XDR, respectively. In conclusion aEPEC was the most prevalent pathotype in children with diarrhea in this region. SVG related to colonization, cytotoxicity, and proteolysis were associated with diarrhea-producing DEC strains, which may play an essential role in the development of diarrhea in children in southwestern Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Tapia-Pastrana
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Servicios de Salud, IMSS-Bienestar, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Metztli Rojas-Bautista
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Pilar Hernández-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Olegario Santiago-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Lucía C Gómez-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Víctor M Terrazas-Luna
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Servicios de Salud, IMSS-Bienestar, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Jacobo Montes-Yedra
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas del Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Alfonso A Bautista-Avendaño
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas del Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Oaxaca, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | | | - Nidia Leon-Sicairos
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
- The Women's Hospital, Secretariat of Health, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
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6
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Angulo-Zamudio UA, Flores-Villaseñor H, Leon-Sicairos N, Zazueta-Armenta D, Martínez-Villa FA, Tapia-Pastrana G, Angulo-Rocha J, Murillo-Llanes J, Barajas-Olivas MF, Canizalez-Roman A. Virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial resistance patterns in bacteria isolated from pregnant and nonpregnant women with urinary tract infections: the risk of neonatal sepsis. Can J Microbiol 2023; 69:488-500. [PMID: 37815047 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2023-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is classified as the major causative agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs). UPEC virulence and antibiotic resistance can lead to complications in pregnant women and (or) newborns. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the etiological agents of UTIs, as well as to identify genes related to virulence factors in bacteria isolated from pregnant and nonpregnant women. A total of 4506 urine samples were collected from pregnant and nonpregnant women. Urine cultures were performed, and PCR was used to identify phylogroups and virulence-related genes. Antibiotic resistance profiles were determined. The incidence of UTIs was 6.9% (pregnant women, n = 206 and nonpregnant women, n = 57), and UPEC belonging to phylogroup A was the most prevalent. The presence of genes related to capsular protection, adhesins, iron acquisition, and serum protection in UPEC was associated with not being pregnant, while the presence of genes related to adhesins was associated with pregnancy. Bacteria isolated from nonpregnant women were more resistant to antibiotics; 36.5% were multidrug resistant, and 34.9% were extensively drug resistant. Finally, UTIs were associated with neonatal sepsis risk, particularly in pregnant women who underwent cesarean section while having a UTI caused by E. coli. In conclusion, UPEC isolated from nonpregnant women carried more virulence factors than those isolated from pregnant women, and maternal UTIs were associated with neonatal sepsis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hector Flores-Villaseñor
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80246 Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
- The Sinaloa State Public Health Laboratory, Secretariat of Health, 80200 Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Nidia Leon-Sicairos
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80246 Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
- Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, 80200 Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Dina Zazueta-Armenta
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80246 Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
- The Women's Hospital, Secretariat of Health, 80127 Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Gabriela Tapia-Pastrana
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, 71256 Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Jorge Angulo-Rocha
- The Women's Hospital, Secretariat of Health, 80127 Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | | | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80246 Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
- The Women's Hospital, Secretariat of Health, 80127 Culiacan Sinaloa, Mexico
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7
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Jorge VF, Uriel AZ, Nidia LS, Hector FV, Paul LQC, Jorge VR, Ingmar SC, Alan ZN, Alonso AA, Vicente OA, Adrian CR. Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria in Nesting Olive Ridley Turtles in Northwestern Mexico. ECOHEALTH 2023; 20:390-401. [PMID: 38110613 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01662-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Olive ridleys (Lepidochelys olivacea) are the most common sea turtle found in the Gulf of California. Unfortunately, the bacterial flora of nesting olive ridley turtles is still unknown. We conducted a study to identify, characterize, serotype, and determine the antibiotic resistance of potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from olive ridley turtles nesting in northwestern Mexico. Bacteria were isolated and identified from the oral cavity and cloaca of 47 postnesting turtles. Escherichia coli and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were characterized, and antibiotic resistance testing was performed. One hundred bacteria belonging to 21 species were isolated, 53 from the oral cavity and 47 from the cloaca, the most prevalent being Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and E. coli, among others. Moreover, two to three different bacterial species were found co-colonizing both anatomical sites in some turtles. E. coli phylogroups B1, A, F, and unknown were identified as diarrheagenic E. coli (enteroaggregative and enteropathogenic E. coli). O1, O4, K8, K12, OUT, and KUT of V. parahaemolyticus serogroups were identified, also comprising pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. Finally, 100% of the bacterial species tested were antibiotic resistant, and both MDR and XDR strains were found. In conclusion, olive ridley turtles are colonized by a diversity of bacterial species with a high rate of antibiotic resistance, some with pathogenic potential to turtles, representing a health risk factor for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdés-Flores Jorge
- Programa Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Angulo-Zamudio Uriel
- School of Medicine, CIASaP, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80246, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - León-Sicairos Nidia
- School of Medicine, CIASaP, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80246, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, 80200, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Flores-Villaseñor Hector
- School of Medicine, CIASaP, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80246, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
- The Sinaloa State Public Health Laboratory, Secretariat of Health, 80020, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Velázquez-Román Jorge
- School of Medicine, CIASaP, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80246, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Sosa-Cornejo Ingmar
- Programa Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Aguirre A Alonso
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Olimón-Andalón Vicente
- Programa Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Canizalez-Román Adrian
- School of Medicine, CIASaP, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, 80246, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico.
- The Women's Hospital, Secretariat of Health, 80127, Culiacan, Mexico.
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8
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Mandujano A, Cortés-Espinosa DV, Vásquez-Villanueva J, Guel P, Rivera G, Juárez-Rendón K, Cruz-Pulido WL, Aguilera-Arreola G, Guerrero A, Bocanegra-García V, Martínez-Vázquez AV. Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Food-Producing Animals in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1010. [PMID: 37370329 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli has become an important global problem for the public health sector. This study aims to investigate the E. coli antimicrobial resistance profile among living food-producing animals in Tamaulipas, Mexico. A total of 200 fecal samples were collected from bovines, pigs, chickens and sheep. A total of 5.0% of the strains were phenotypically confirmed as ESBL producers. A high percentage of phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was observed against gentamicin (93.3%), tetracycline (86.6%) and streptomycin (83.3%). The gentamicin-resistant strains showed MDR, distributed among 27 resistance patterns to different antimicrobials. The antimicrobial resistance gene tet(A) was detected in 73.3% of isolates, aadA1 in 60.0% and sul2 in 43.3% of strains. The blaCTX-M gene was found in 23.3% of strains. The virulence gene hlyA was detected in 43.3% of isolates; stx1 and stx2 were not detected in any strain. The phylotyping indicated that the isolates belonged to groups A (33.3%), B1 (16.6%), B2 (40.0%) and D (10.0%). These results show that food-producing animals might be a reservoir of ESBL-producing bacteria and may play a role in their spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mandujano
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Tamaulipas C.P. 88710, Mexico
| | | | - José Vásquez-Villanueva
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Cd. Victoria C.P. 87274, Mexico
| | - Paulina Guel
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Tamaulipas C.P. 88710, Mexico
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Tamaulipas C.P. 88710, Mexico
| | - Karina Juárez-Rendón
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Tamaulipas C.P. 88710, Mexico
| | | | | | - Abraham Guerrero
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD), Mazatlán C.P. 82100, Mexico
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Grudlewska-Buda K, Bauza-Kaszewska J, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Budzyńska A, Gospodarek-Komkowska E, Skowron K. Antibiotic Resistance in Selected Emerging Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens-An Issue of Concern? Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050880. [PMID: 37237783 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (AR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) have been confirmed for all major foodborne pathogens: Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Of great concern to scientists and physicians are also reports of antibiotic-resistant emerging food pathogens-microorganisms that have not previously been linked to food contamination or were considered epidemiologically insignificant. Since the properties of foodborne pathogens are not always sufficiently recognized, the consequences of the infections are often not easily predictable, and the control of their activity is difficult. The bacteria most commonly identified as emerging foodborne pathogens include Aliarcobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., Cronobacter spp., Vibrio spp., Clostridioides difficile, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Salmonella enterica, Streptocccus suis, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica. The results of our analysis confirm antibiotic resistance and multidrug resistance among the mentioned species. Among the antibiotics whose effectiveness is steadily declining due to expanding resistance among bacteria isolated from food are β-lactams, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. Continuous and thorough monitoring of strains isolated from food is necessary to characterize the existing mechanisms of resistance. In our opinion, this review shows the scale of the problem of microbes related to health, which should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Justyna Bauza-Kaszewska
- Department of Microbiology and Food Technology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Budzyńska
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Vázquez-Villanueva J, Vázquez K, Martínez-Vázquez AV, Wong-González A, Hernández-Escareño J, Cabrero-Martínez O, Cruz-Pulido WL, Guerrero A, Rivera G, Bocanegra-García V. Molecular and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolates from Bovine Slaughterhouse Process. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020291. [PMID: 36830200 PMCID: PMC9951931 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials are routinely used in human and veterinary medicine. With repeated exposure, antimicrobials promote antibiotic resistance, which poses a threat to public health. In this study, we aimed to determine the susceptibility patterns, virulence factors, and phylogroups of E. coli isolates during the killing process in a bovine slaughterhouse. We analyzed 336 samples (from water, surfaces, carcasses, and feces), and 83.3% (280/336) were positive for E. coli. The most common phenotypic resistances that we detected were 50.7% (142/280) for tetracycline, 44.2% (124/280) for cephalothin, 34.6% (97/280) for streptomycin, and 36.7% (103/280) for ampicillin. A total of 82.4% of the isolates had resistance for at least one antimicrobial, and 37.5% presented multiresistance. We detected a total of 69 different phenotypic resistance patterns. We detected six other resistance-related genes, the most prevalent being tetA (22.5%) and strB (15.7%). The prevalence values of the virulence genes were 5.4% in hlyA, 1.4% in stx1, and 0.7% in stx2. The frequencies of the pathogenic strains (B2 and D) were 32.8% (92/280) and 67.1% (188/280) as commensals A and B1, respectively. E. coli isolates with pathogenic potential and multiresistance may represent an important source of dissemination and a risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Vázquez-Villanueva
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica of Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Escobedo 66050, Mexico
| | - Karina Vázquez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Escobedo 66050, Mexico
| | | | - Alfredo Wong-González
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Escobedo 66050, Mexico
| | - Jesus Hernández-Escareño
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Escobedo 66050, Mexico
| | - Omar Cabrero-Martínez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica of Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | | | - Abraham Guerrero
- CONACyT Research, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Mazatlán 82112, Mexico
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica of Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Virgilio Bocanegra-García
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica of Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +52-8999243627 (ext. 87755)
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11
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Antunes L, João AL, Nunes T, Henriques AR. Burden of disease estimation based on Escherichia coli quantification in ready-to-eat meals served in Portuguese institutional canteens. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Martínez-Vázquez AV, Mandujano A, Cruz-Gonzalez E, Guerrero A, Vazquez J, Cruz-Pulido WL, Rivera G, Bocanegra-García V. Evaluation of Retail Meat as a Source of ESBL Escherichia coli in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121795. [PMID: 36551452 PMCID: PMC9774973 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the appearance of a group of strains resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics, called extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), has greatly impacted the public health sector. The present work aimed to identify the prevalence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli strains in retail meat from northeast Tamaulipas. A total of 228 meat samples were obtained from 76 different stores. A prevalence of E. coli ESBL of 6.5% (15/228) was detected. All (15/15) of the ESBL strains were multiresistant. Altogether, 40% (6/15) of the strains showed the presence of class 1 integrons. The isolates identified with blaCTX-M (20%) also showed co-resistance with the tet (A and B), str (A and B), and sul (2 and 3) genes. A total of 20% of the strains belonged to the B2 and D phylogroups, which are considered pathogenic groups. None of the ESBL-positive strains contained any of the virulence gene factors tested. The presence of ESBL-producing E. coli strains in meat indicates a potential risk to the consumer. Although most of these strains were classified as commensals, they were found to serve as reservoirs of multiresistance to antimicrobials and, therefore, are potential routes of dispersion of this resistance to other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Verónica Martínez-Vázquez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica of Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.V.M.-V.); (V.B.-G.); Tel.: +52-8999243627 (ext. 87753) (V.B.-G.)
| | - Antonio Mandujano
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica of Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Cruz-Gonzalez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica of Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Abraham Guerrero
- CONACyT Research, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Mazatlán 82112, Mexico
| | - Jose Vazquez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Cd Victoria 87274, Mexico
| | | | - Gildardo Rivera
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica of Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Virgilio Bocanegra-García
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica of Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.V.M.-V.); (V.B.-G.); Tel.: +52-8999243627 (ext. 87753) (V.B.-G.)
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13
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Ebrahim AE, Abd El-Aziz NK, Elariny EYT, Shindia A, Osman A, Hozzein WN, Alkhalifah DHM, El-Hossary D. Antibacterial activity of bioactive compounds extracted from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds against multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1035586. [PMID: 36419436 PMCID: PMC9676267 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1035586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, biologically active compounds such as phenolic-rich extract (PRE), 7S globulin (vicilin), and 11S globulin (legumin) from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds were extracted and evaluated as antibacterial agents against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacterales isolated from both animal and human sources. The overall occurrence rate of Enterobacterales was 43.6%, which significantly differed between animal (38.75%) and human (56.67%) sources. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that Enterobacterales isolates exhibited full resistance (100%) to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, followed by ampicillin (75.44%), erythromycin (71.93%), cefoxitin (70.18%), amoxicillin (66.66%), ceftriaxone (64.91%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (56.14%). Worthy of note, 97.92% of Enterobacterales isolates were MDR. The total phenolic contents (TPC; 53 ± 2 mg GAE g-1) and total flavonoid contents (TFC; 26 ± 1 mg QE g-1) were recorded. The major phenolic and flavonoid components were catechol (17.63 μg/mL) and hesperidin (11.37 μg/mL), respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed to detect the 7S and 11S globulin‘s molecular mass. The data revealed that red kidney bean protein isolate (KPI) includes two major portions: 7S and 11S globulins. The bioactive compounds of Phaseolus vulgaris were investigated for their antibacterial activities against Enterobacterales for the first time. The protein component (MIC = 0.125 – 2 μg/mL; 53.85%) and its 7S and 11S globulin subunits (MIC = 0.5 – 2 μg/mL; 30.77% each) were the most potent extracts, whereas the methanolic extract was the least effective one (MIC = 2 μg/mL; 15.38%). The results displayed the potential of protein bioactive compounds as a hopeful candidate for enhancing future medication plans for the treatment of Enterobacterales originating from animal and human sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar E. Ebrahim
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Norhan K. Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Norhan K. Abd El-Aziz, ;
| | - Eman Y. T. Elariny
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Shindia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ali Osman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wael N. Hozzein
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Dalal Hussien M. Alkhalifah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia El-Hossary
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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14
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Beshiru A, Okoh AI, Igbinosa EO. Processed ready-to-eat (RTE) foods sold in Yenagoa Nigeria were colonized by diarrheagenic Escherichia coli which constitute a probable hazard to human health. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266059. [PMID: 35381048 PMCID: PMC8982850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to recover diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains from processed ready-to-eat (RTE) foods in Yenagoa, Nigeria and characterize them using culture-based and molecular methods. Three hundred RTE food samples were collected randomly from different food outlets between February 2021 and August 2021 and assessed for the occurrence of E. coli using standard bacteriological procedures. The virulence factor formation and antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was carried out using standard microbiological procedures. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm the identity of the isolates via specific primers and further used to assay the diarrheagenic determinants of the E. coli isolates. The prevalence of E. coli positive samples based on the proliferation of E. coli on Chromocult coliform agar forming purple to violet colonies was 80(26.7%). The population density of E. coli from the RTE foods ranged from 0–4.3 × 104 ± 1.47 CFU/g. The recovered E. coli isolates (n = 62) were resistant to antibiotics in different proportions such as ampicillin 62(100%), aztreonam 47(75.81%) and chloramphenicol 43(69.35%). All the recovered E. coli isolates were resistant to ≥ 2 antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic-resistant index (MARI) ranged from 0.13–0.94 with 47(75.8%) of isolates having MARI >2. A total of 48(77.4%) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The proportion of extracellular virulence factor formation is as follows: protease 12(19.35%), curli 39(62.9%), cellulose 21(33.89%), ornithine decarboxylase 19(30.65%) and aesculin hydrolysis 14(22.58%). The overall proportion of diarrheagenic E. coli was 33/62(53.2%). The distributions of typical diarrheagenic E. coli includes: tETEC 9(14.5%), tEPEC 13(20.9%), tEAEC 6(9.7%), tEIEC 2(3.2%) and tEHEC 3(4.8%). The proportions of atypical strains include aETEC 10(16.1%), aEAEC 5(8.1%), aEPEC 1(1.6%) and aEIEC 3(4.8%). This study demonstrated that some RTE foods sold in Yenagoa, Nigeria, are contaminated and constitute a probable human health hazard. Thus, there is a need for intensive surveillance of this isolate in RTE foods variety to spot evolving AMR phenotypes and avert food-borne infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeni Beshiru
- Applied Microbial Processes & Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
| | - Etinosa O. Igbinosa
- Applied Microbial Processes & Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
- Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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15
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Madani A, Esfandiari Z, Shoaei P, Ataei B. Evaluation of Virulence Factors, Antibiotic Resistance, and Biofilm Formation of Escherichia coli Isolated from Milk and Dairy Products in Isfahan, Iran. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070960. [PMID: 35407047 PMCID: PMC8997477 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) strains are important causes of gastrointestinal diseases worldwide, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the presence, antibiotic resistance, and potential biofilm formation in dairy products in Isfahan, Iran. A total of 200 samples, including traditional and pasteurized dairy products, were analyzed. In 200 samples, 54 E. coli isolates, including (48/110) and (6/90) positive samples of traditional and pasteurized dairy products, were detected. Furthermore, pathogenic strains were isolated from 30% of traditional dairy products and 5.55% of pasteurized dairy products. Most isolates were classified as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Moreover, antibiotic resistance was evaluated using the disk diffusion method for pathogenic E. coli. Overall, 73.68% of contaminated samples by pathogenic strains were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The highest resistance was observed against streptomycin (57.9%), followed by tetracycline (50%). Additionally, all isolates were sensitive to amikacin. For evaluating biofilm formation, the violet crystal assay was applied on a polystyrene microplate well for pathogenic isolates. In total, 68.42% of isolates were able to form biofilms. The presence of E. coli in dairy products indicates potential health risks for Iranian consumers. Serious measures are needed to control and prevent the spread of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghavan Madani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, P. O. Box: 81746-73461, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran;
| | - Zahra Esfandiari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, P. O. Box: 81746-73461, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran;
- Correspondence:
| | - Parisa Shoaei
- Nosocomial Infection Research Center, P. O. Box: 81746-73461, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; (P.S.); (B.A.)
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, P. O. Box: 81746-73461, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Behrooz Ataei
- Nosocomial Infection Research Center, P. O. Box: 81746-73461, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; (P.S.); (B.A.)
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, P. O. Box: 81746-73461, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Ghosh D, Chowdhury G, Samanta P, Shaw S, Deb AK, Bardhan M, Manna A, Miyoshi SI, Ramamurthy T, Dutta S, Mukhopadhyay AK. Characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli with special reference to antimicrobial resistance isolated from hospitalised diarrheal patients in Kolkata (2012-2019), India. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:4544-4554. [PMID: 35338762 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study analyzes the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of major diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes detected in hospitalized diarrheal patients in Kolkata, India, during 2012-2019. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 8,891 stool samples were collected from the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kolkata and screened for the presence of enteric pathogens. Multiplex-PCR identified the presence of DEC in 7.8% of the samples, in which ETEC was most common (47.7%) followed by EAEC (38.4%) and EPEC (13.9%). About 54% cases were due to sole DEC infections. Majority of the mixed DEC infections was caused by the Vibrio spp. (19.1%) followed by Rotavirus (14.1%) and Campylobacter spp. (8.4%). ETEC and EAEC were associated significantly with diarrhea in children <5 years of age, whereas EPEC and also ETEC were prevalent in patients aged between 5 and 14 years. AMR profile showed high prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) among DEC (56.9%) in which 9% were resistant to antibiotics of six different antimicrobial classes. Screening of the AMR conferring genes of DEC showed the presence of blaCTX-M3 (30.2%) in highest number followed by blaTEM (27.5%), tetB (18%), sul2 (12.6%), strA (11.8%), aadA1 (9.8%), blaOXA-1 (9%), dfrA1 (1.6%) and blaSHV (1.2%). CONCLUSIONS These findings highlighted the high prevalence of MDR in major DEC pathotypes that could be considered as the leading etiologic bacterial agent responsible for diarrhea and suggests a significant public health threat. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results of this study can help to improve the understanding of the epidemiology of DEC infections in patients with diarrhea. Monitoring of AMR surveillance needs special attention because the DEC isolates were highly resistant to commonly used antimicrobials in the treatment of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Prosenjit Samanta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Sreeja Shaw
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Alok Kumar Deb
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Mainak Bardhan
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Asis Manna
- Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital (ID & BG) Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR-NICED, Kolkata.,Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Thandavarayan Ramamurthy
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
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Prakasan S, Lekshmi M, Ammini P, Balange AK, Nayak BB, Kumar SH. Occurrence, pathogroup distribution and virulence genotypes of Escherichia coli from fresh seafood. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Odetoyin B, Ogundipe O, Onanuga A. Prevalence, diversity of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli and associated risk factors in well water in Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2022; 4:3. [PMID: 35130987 PMCID: PMC8822758 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-021-00057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains are common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Waterborne DEC could pose a health risk to humans through domestic use of contaminated water. However, epidemiological studies on DEC in well water are scarce in Nigeria. This study determined the prevalence, diversity and factors associated with the presence of DEC in well water in Ile-Ife, southwestern Nigeria. METHODS We assessed 143 wells for safety and a questionnaire was administered. Contaminating isolates were identified as E. coli by amplifying their 16S rRNA gene. Five diarrhoeagenic E. coli pathotypes were sought using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (GTG)5 repetitive PCR and Shannon diversity index were used to determine isolates diversity. Multivariate analysis was used to reveal the factors associated with the presence of DEC in well water. RESULTS Fifty-six (39.2%) wells were contaminated by diarrhoeagenic E. coli. Wells with dirty platforms, undercut by erosion and sited near septic tanks significantly harboured DEC (p < 0.05). There was a preponderance of Shiga-toxin producing E. coli among the isolates with 10 (17.9%) wells contaminated by multiple DEC. The DEC isolates showed 45 unique fingerprints and were divided into six clades, with an overall diversity index of 18.87. DISCUSSION The presence of DEC in well water highlights the risk to human health associated with the use of untreated water. There was a high degree of genetic diversity among the isolates implying multiple sources of contamination. There is a need for periodic sanitation and inspection of wells for cracks to prevent seepages and possible outbreaks of waterborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde Odetoyin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Olawumi Ogundipe
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Adebola Onanuga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria
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19
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Canizalez-Roman A, Reina-Reyes JE, Angulo-Zamudio UA, Geminiano-Martínez EE, Flores-Carrillo AF, García-Matus RR, Valencia-Mijares NM, Leon-Sicairos N, Velazquez-Roman J, Martínez-Villa FA, Tapia-Pastrana G. Prevalence of Cyclomodulin-Positive E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Strains in Mexican Patients with Colon Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010014. [PMID: 35055962 PMCID: PMC8779131 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon diseases, such as colorectal cancer (CRC), are multifactor diseases that affect more than one million people per year; recently, the microbiota has been associated with an etiologic factor, specifically bacterial cyclomodulin positivity (CM+). Unfortunately, there are no studies from Mexico that detail the presence of bacterial CM+ in patients with colon diseases. We therefore performed a comprehensive study to investigate the associations and prevalence of cyclomodulin-positive Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC), non-DEC, and Klebsiella spp. strains isolated from Mexican subjects with colon diseases. In this work, we analyzed 43 biopsies, 87 different bacteria were isolated, and E. coli was the most frequently noted, followed by Klebsiella spp., and Enterococcus spp. E. coli, non-DEC, and EPEC belonging to phylogroup B2 were the most prevalent. More than 80% of E. coli and Klebsiella were CM+. pks, cdt, cnf, and cif were identified. cdt was associated with non-DEC, cif and its combinations with EPEC, as well as cdt and psk with Klebsiella. Lastly, all the CM+ bacteria were resistant to at least one antibiotic (34% were MDR, and 48% XDR). In conclusion, the high prevalence of bacterial CM+ in colon disease patients suggests that these bacteria play an important role in the genesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada a la Salud Pública (CIASaP), School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico; (A.C.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (J.V.-R.)
- The Women’s Hospital, Secretariat of Health, Culiacan Sinaloa 80127, Mexico
| | - Juan E. Reina-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oaxaca City 71256, Mexico; (J.E.R.-R.); (E.E.G.-M.); (A.F.F.-C.); (R.R.G.-M.); (N.M.V.-M.)
- Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca City 68120, Mexico
| | - Uriel A. Angulo-Zamudio
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada a la Salud Pública (CIASaP), School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico; (A.C.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (J.V.-R.)
| | - Eloy E. Geminiano-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oaxaca City 71256, Mexico; (J.E.R.-R.); (E.E.G.-M.); (A.F.F.-C.); (R.R.G.-M.); (N.M.V.-M.)
| | - Antonio F. Flores-Carrillo
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oaxaca City 71256, Mexico; (J.E.R.-R.); (E.E.G.-M.); (A.F.F.-C.); (R.R.G.-M.); (N.M.V.-M.)
| | - Rolando R. García-Matus
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oaxaca City 71256, Mexico; (J.E.R.-R.); (E.E.G.-M.); (A.F.F.-C.); (R.R.G.-M.); (N.M.V.-M.)
| | - Norma M. Valencia-Mijares
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oaxaca City 71256, Mexico; (J.E.R.-R.); (E.E.G.-M.); (A.F.F.-C.); (R.R.G.-M.); (N.M.V.-M.)
| | - Nidia Leon-Sicairos
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada a la Salud Pública (CIASaP), School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico; (A.C.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (J.V.-R.)
- Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, Constitución 530, Jorge Almada, Culiacan Sinaloa 80200, Mexico
| | - Jorge Velazquez-Roman
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada a la Salud Pública (CIASaP), School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico; (A.C.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (J.V.-R.)
| | - Francisco A. Martínez-Villa
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, UAS, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico;
| | - Gabriela Tapia-Pastrana
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, San Bartolo Coyotepec, Oaxaca City 71256, Mexico; (J.E.R.-R.); (E.E.G.-M.); (A.F.F.-C.); (R.R.G.-M.); (N.M.V.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-0195150180 (ext. 1230); Fax: +52-0195150152
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20
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Luu-Thi H, Michiels CW. Microbiological Safety of Ready-to-Eat Foods in Hospital and University Canteens in Hanoi, Vietnam. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1915-1921. [PMID: 34189563 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze and document the microbiological safety and quality of ready-to-eat foods in hospital and university canteens in Hanoi, Vietnam. In total, 420 ready-to-eat food products from 21 canteens were sampled in July 2018 and May 2019. The ratio of samples exceeding the unsatisfactory level for total plate count was 31%. Escherichia coli, Listeria, and Staphylococcus aureus were detected in 35 (8.3%), 99 (24%), and 46 (11%) samples, with 3, 10, and 0% exceeding the unsatisfactory level, respectively. The total plate count, Listeria, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, and S. aureus ranged from below detection limit to 5 × 109, 4.6 × 105, 6.2 × 103, 3.4 × 103, and 7.6 × 103 CFU/g, respectively. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 3 (0.7%) of 420 samples. In addition, 21 (5%) of 410 samples were contaminated with Salmonella. Overall, our data indicate frequent problems with the microbiological quality and safety of these canteen foods in Hanoi and provide a baseline measurement that will allow environmental health officers and food microbiologists to develop targeted intervention strategies to reduce the economic and public health risk associated with these foods. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue Luu-Thi
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chris W Michiels
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe), Department Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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21
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Pakbin B, Allahyari S, Amani Z, Brück WM, Mahmoudi R, Peymani A. Prevalence, Phylogroups and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli Isolates from Food Products. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111291. [PMID: 34827229 PMCID: PMC8615174 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug resistant E. coli is an important matter of increasing considerable concern to global public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, antibiotic resistance pattern and phylogroups of E. coli isolates obtained from raw milk, vegetable salad and ground meat samples collected from Qazvin Province (Iran). Culture-based techniques, Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility testing and PCR assays were used to determine the incidence rate, antimicrobial resistance pattern and phylogenetic groups of the E. coli isolates. The E. coli isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillin (79.1%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (70.8%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (62.5%), tetracycline (54.1%), chloramphenicol (54.1%), nitrofurantoin (54.1%), ampicillin (45.8%), streptomycin (45.8%), and kanamycin (33.3%); and completely susceptible to norfloxacin and azithromycin and 70.8% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant. Most E. coli isolates (46%) belonged to phylogroup A. Novel, practical, efficient food safety control and surveillance systems of multi-drug resistant foodborne pathogens are required to control the foodborne pathogen contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Pakbin
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 34197-59811, Iran; (B.P.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (A.P.)
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, 1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Samaneh Allahyari
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 34197-59811, Iran; (B.P.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Zahra Amani
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 34197-59811, Iran; (B.P.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Wolfram Manuel Brück
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, 1950 Sion, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (W.M.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Razzagh Mahmoudi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 34197-59811, Iran; (B.P.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (W.M.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Amir Peymani
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 34197-59811, Iran; (B.P.); (S.A.); (Z.A.); (A.P.)
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22
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El-Shaer S, Abdel-Rhman SH, Barwa R, Hassan R. Genetic characterization of extended-spectrum β-Lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from Egyptian hospitals and environments. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255219. [PMID: 34297783 PMCID: PMC8301635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, Escherichia coli (E. coli) have acquired extensive resistance to antibiotics; especially β- lactams. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase producers among E. coli isolates and their correlation with serotypes, phylogenetic background, and pathogenicity associated islands. A total of 105 E. coli strains were isolated and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against β-lactam antibiotics. All isolates showed a high resistance profile. Resistant isolates were tested for ESBL and carbapenemase production. Fifty-three and 18 isolates were positive for ESBL and carbapenemase producers, respectively. ESBL and carbapenemase genes were detected by PCR. TEM gene was the most prevalent gene among all isolates followed by SHV and CTX-M15. In carbapenemase-producers, OXA-48 and IMP were the predominant genes. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) were the major producers of ESBL and carbapenemase, respectively as indicated by serodiagnosis. They were further assessed for the presence of pathogenicity islands (PAIs) and phylogenetic background. The most predominant DEC PAI and ExPEC PAI were HPI and IICFT073. Most clinically ESBL-producers were group D and B2 while environmentally ones were group B1 and A. On contrary, clinically carbapenemase-producers belonged to group C and D. In conclusion, our study confirms the importance of phylogenetic group D, B2, and C origin for antibiotic resistance in E. coli. Ultimately, our findings support the fact that environmental isolates contribute to the local spread of E. coli pathogenicity in Egypt and these isolates maybe serve as reservoirs for transmission of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha El-Shaer
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Shaymaa H. Abdel-Rhman
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rasha Barwa
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ramadan Hassan
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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23
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Haile AF, Alonso S, Berhe N, Bekele Atoma T, Boyaka PN, Grace D. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Retail Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) in Addis Ababa City: Magnitude of Contamination and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:694506. [PMID: 34335523 PMCID: PMC8322604 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.694506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an important foodborne pathogen but largely under investigated in Africa. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli O157:H7 in lettuce in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 390 retail lettuce samples were collected across the 10 subcities of Addis Ababa. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated and identified following ISO-16654:2001 standard. The isolates were further tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to 13 antimicrobials using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Out of the 390 lettuce samples examined, two (0.51%) carried E. coli O157:H7. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of strains showed resistance to ampicillin (100%) and tetracycline (50.0%). One of the two isolates was multidrug resistant to two antimicrobials tested. The results of this study demonstrate the presence of drug-resistant E. coli O157:H7 in lettuce in markets in Addis Ababa. Despite the low prevalence, its presence in a product that is eaten raw highlights potential public health risk in the area associated with this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aklilu Feleke Haile
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Silvia Alonso
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Berhe
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Prosper N Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbial Immunity and Infection, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infection Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, United Kingdom
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24
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Tang B, Ma Y, He X, Zhou Q, Chang J, Qian M, Xia X, Yang H. Similar Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Retail Chickens and Poultry Farms. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:489-496. [PMID: 34037429 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health challenge and spreads through humans, animals, and the environment. Many reports show that AMR genes (ARGs) or phenotypes can be transferred from food animals to humans. However, the level and correlation of AMR in different nodes of the poultry meat supply chain are still poorly understood. Herein, 225 Escherichia coli isolates were recovered from chilled chicken samples from markets (123) and chicken fecal samples from farms (102) in Zhejiang Province, China. The dominant sequence types (STs) were ST155 (8.89%), ST48 (7.56%), and ST10 (7.11%), which are common in chicken and fecal samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) analysis showed that the E. coli isolates from fecal samples and retail chickens were resistant to ampicillin (61.77% and 63.42%, respectively) and trimethoprim (56.87% and 52.85%). Moreover, 36.59% of the E. coli isolates from chilled chickens and 39.22% of the isolates from fecal samples were resistant to three or more antimicrobial agents. A total of 59 ARGs were identified in sequenced E. coli genomes, including the mcr-1 gene involved in colistin resistance. The E. coli from farms and markets could be clustered in the same branch according to core single nucleotide polymorphisms. In addition, toxin genes astA and hlyE were also predicted in 86.5% (32/37) and 13.5% (5/37) of the above genomes, respectively. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that E. coli isolates from markets and farms showed similar AMR patterns, suggesting that E. coli strains in markets may originate from farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Tang
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiangxiang He
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China.,School of Agriculture and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinyi Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China.,School of Agriculture and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingrong Qian
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Non-diarrheagenic and diarrheagenic E. coli carrying supplementary virulence genes (SVG) are associated with diarrhea in children from Mexico. Microb Pathog 2021; 157:104994. [PMID: 34044054 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli strains, including diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC), are among the most important causes of childhood diarrhea in developing countries. Since these strains also colonize healthy children, additional factors leading to diarrhea remains to be discovered. We therefore conducted a comprehensive study to investigate if supplementary virulence genes (SVG) carried by DEC strains and non-DEC strains, contribute to diarrhea in Mexican children. E. coli strains were isolated from n = 317 children between 6 and 12 years, n = 114 with diarrhea and n = 203 asymptomatic children from Northwestern Mexico, PCR was used to identify SVG, then virulence score and cytotoxic assay in HT-29 cells were performed to evaluate virulence of E. coli strains. DEC prevalence was 18.6% and its presence was significantly associated with diarrhea cases. aEPEC, tEAEC, ETEC, DAEC, aEAEC, tEPEC, and EIEC pathotypes were identified. aEPEC strains were significantly associated with asymptomatic children, whereas ETEC was only identified in children with diarrhea. E. coli strains carrying colonization-related SVG and/or proteolysis-related SVG were significantly associated with diarrhea. DEC strains were associated to diarrhea if strains carried SVG ehaC, kps, nleB, and/or espC. Virulence score was significantly higher in E. coli from diarrhea cases than asymptomatic. In addition, DEC strains carrying SVG+ were more virulent, followed by non-DEC SVG+ strains, and correlated with the cytotoxicity assay. Nearly 50% of DEC strains were MDR, and ~10% were XDR. In conclusion the findings of this work provide evidence that the presence of E. coli strains (regardless if strains are DEC or non-DEC) with SVG were associated with diarrhea in Mexican children.
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26
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Martínez-Vázquez AV, Vázquez-Villanueva J, Leyva-Zapata LM, Barrios-García H, Rivera G, Bocanegra-García V. Multidrug Resistance of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated From Bovine Feces and Carcasses in Northeast Mexico. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:643802. [PMID: 33969038 PMCID: PMC8102688 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.643802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli strains (n = 248) isolated from bovine feces and carcass samples from Tamaulipas, Mexico, was evaluated. Susceptibility to 12 antibiotics conventionally used in human and veterinary treatments was determined according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Genes encoding resistance to tetracycline (tetA and tetB), streptomycin (strA), aminoglycoside (aadA), and β-lactamase (blaTEM and blaSHV) were investigated by PCR. Also, stx1, stx2, eae, bfp, and hlyA encoding virulence factors were determined. Of the isolates, 85.9% were confirmed as E. coli strains. Among the 213 E. coli isolates tested, 94.8% (202/213) showed resistance for at least one antimicrobial, mainly ampicillin (83.0%; 177/213), cephalothin (76.0%; 162/213), and tetracyclines (69.0%; 147/213). In all the other antibiotics tested, the resistance percentage was below 36%. A multidrug-resistant phenotype was found in 72.7% of the tested strains. The presence of the tet gene (tetA or tetB) was detected in 43.1% of the isolates, the strA gene in 17.3%, and aadA1 in 51.6%. The blaTEM and blaSHV genes were found in 10.3 and 0.4% of the isolates, respectively. stx1 was detected in 4.2% of isolates, stx2 in 7.0, and hlyA in 2.8%. The virulence genes, eae and bfp, were not detected in any strain. These results indicate that Tamaulipas food products of bovine origin can be a source of multiresistant E. coli strains for the environment and exposure for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Vázquez-Villanueva
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
| | - Luis M Leyva-Zapata
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
| | - Hugo Barrios-García
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Mexico
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27
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Occurrence, pathotypes, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains in animal source food products from public markets in Mashhad, Iran. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Puño-Sarmiento J, Anderson EM, Park AJ, Khursigara CM, Barnett Foster DE. Potentiation of Antibiotics by a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide against Shiga Toxin Producing E. coli O157:H7. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10029. [PMID: 32572054 PMCID: PMC7308376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) results in hemorrhagic colitis and can lead to life-threatening sequelae including hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Conventional treatment is intravenous fluid volume expansion. Antibiotic treatment is contraindicated, due in part to the elevated risk of HUS related to increased Shiga toxin (Stx) release associated with some antibiotics. Given the lack of effective strategies and the increasing number of STEC outbreaks, new treatment approaches are critically needed. In this study, we used an antimicrobial peptide wrwycr, previously shown to enhance STEC killing without increasing Stx production, in combination with antibiotic treatments. Checkerboard and time-kill assays were used to assess peptide wrwycr-antibiotic combinations for synergistic STEC killing. Cytotoxicity and real-time PCR were used to evaluate Stx production and stx expression, respectively, associated with these combinations. The synergistic combinations that showed rapid killing, no growth recovery and minimal Stx production were peptide wrwycr-kanamycin/gentamicin. Transmission electron microscopy revealed striking differences in bacterial cell morphology associated with various treatments. This study provides proof of principle for the design of an antibiotic-peptide wrwycr combination effective in killing STEC without enhancing release of Shiga toxins. It also offers a strategy for the repurposing of antibiotics for treatment of STEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Puño-Sarmiento
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Erin M Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Facility, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amber J Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cezar M Khursigara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Facility, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Debora E Barnett Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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29
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An investigation of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in Klebsiella isolated from foodborne outbreaks in Iran. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Abri R, Javadi A, Asghari R, Razavilar V, Salehi TZ, Safaeeyan F, Rezaee MA. Surveillance for enterotoxigenic & enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from animal source foods in Northwest Iran. Indian J Med Res 2020; 150:87-91. [PMID: 31571634 PMCID: PMC6798612 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2019_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli strains are common agents of diarrhoea particularly in developing countries. Food products of animal origin are considered as common carriers of E. coli. This study was undertaken to identify enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) pathotypes in animal-source foods (ASF). Methods: A total of 222 ASF samples were investigated. Based on the culture and biochemical tests, 109 E. coli isolates were identified. Duplex-polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect ETEC and EPEC. The target genes selected for each category were the lt and st for the ETEC, and eae and bfp for the EPEC isolates. Results: The occurrence of E. coli in dairy and meat products was 45 and 52.5 per cent, respectively. Among the E. coli isolates, two ETEC, one typical EPEC and three atypical EPEC were detected in meat samples, whereas only one typical EPEC and one atypical EPEC were detected in dairy samples. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results showed presence of ETEC and EPEC strains in ASFs. The milk without pasteurization and traditional dairy products produced in unhygienic conditions are most likely the main sources of E. coli pathotypes and other zoonotic pathogens and thus can be considered a potential hazard to the health of the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Abri
- Food & Drug Safety Research Center, Health Management & Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afshin Javadi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Asghari
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vadood Razavilar
- Department of Food Hygiene, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taghi Zahraei Salehi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Firouzeh Safaeeyan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Rios-Muñiz D, Cerna-Cortes JF, Lopez-Saucedo C, Angeles-Morales E, Bobadilla-Del Valle M, Ponce-de Leon A, Estrada-Garcia T. Longitudinal Analysis of the Microbiological Quality of Raw Cow's Milk Samples Collected from Three Small Family Dairy Farms in Mexico over a 2-Year Period. J Food Prot 2019; 82:2194-2200. [PMID: 31742445 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In Mexico, the total milk production that family dairy farms (FDF) contribute is ca. 35%, but this milk is not evaluated for microbiological quality. Forty percent of the milk and dairy products consumed by Mexicans is unpasteurized. In total, 24 raw cow's milk samples from three FDF (one sample per each season from each FDF for two sequent years) were characterized for the presence of food quality indicator organisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium spp., by standard procedures. Escherichia coli presence was also evaluated by a direct count method and diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) by molecular methods. On the basis of Mexican guidelines for raw milk entering production, 42% of samples exceeded the aerobic mesophilic bacteria limits. A total of 83% raw milk samples were positive for total coliforms, 54% for fecal coliforms, and 46% for E. coli. Forty-three E. coli isolates were selected and characterized for the presence of 11 DEC loci; of theses, 40 isolates were negative for all DEC loci, and 3 isolates, all collected from the same sample, were Shiga toxin 2 (stx2) positive and O157 antigen negative, and one stx2 isolate was resistant to 6 of the 16 antibiotics tested. None of the 24 raw milk samples were positive for Salmonella enterica, L. monocytogenes, or staphylococcal enterotoxin. S. aureus was isolated from nine samples, of which only three samples harbored resistant isolates. From three samples, four nontuberculous mycobacterial isolates were recovered (Mycobacteroides chelonae, Mycobacteroides porcinum, and two Mycobacteroides abscessus). All four isolates produced biofilm and had sliding motility, and three isolates (M. porcinum and two M. abscessus) were resistant to the two antibiotics tested (clarithromycin and linezolid). FDF provide raw milk to a large proportion of the Mexican population, but its consumption could be harmful to health, emphasizing the need to implement national microbiological quality guidelines for raw milk intended for direct human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rios-Muñiz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, CP 11340, Mexico.,Molecular Biomedicine Department, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, Mexico City, CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Jorge F Cerna-Cortes
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, CP 11340, Mexico
| | - Catalina Lopez-Saucedo
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, Mexico City, CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Erika Angeles-Morales
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, CP 11340, Mexico
| | - Miriam Bobadilla-Del Valle
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Ciudad de Mexico, CP 14080, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ponce-de Leon
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Ciudad de Mexico, CP 14080, Mexico
| | - Teresa Estrada-Garcia
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, Mexico City, CP 07360, Mexico
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Elafify M, Khalifa HO, Al-Ashmawy M, Elsherbini M, El Latif AA, Okanda T, Matsumoto T, Koseki S, Abdelkhalek A. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in milk and dairy products in Egypt. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 55:265-272. [PMID: 31762384 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1686312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Food contaminated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) represents a hazardous public health problem worldwide. Therefore, the present study was performed to elucidate the virulent and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of STEC isolated from milk and dairy products marketed in Egypt. A total of 125 samples (raw market milk, bulk tank milk, Kareish cheese, white soft cheese, and small scale-produced ice cream, 25 each) were collected for determination the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiling of STEC. Thirty-six STEC isolates were recovered from milk and dairy products. Serological analysis illustrated that three isolates were E. coli O157:H7 and 33 isolates belonged to different serotypes. Molecular examination indicated that all isolates harboured stx1 and/or stx2 genes, 14 isolates expressed eaeA gene and 3 isolates possessed rfbE gene. Antimicrobial resistance profiling of the isolates was both phenotypically and genetically examined. Interestingly, 31 out of 36 (86.11%) isolates were multidrug-resistant and harboured the extended-spectrum β-lactamase encoding genes, namely, blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-12 and blaCTX-M-14. Moreover, 12 isolates (33.33%) harboured plasmid-mediated quinolone resistant gene, qnrS. The overall conclusion of the current investigation indicated insufficient hygienic measures adopted during milking, handling, and processing leading to development of pathogenic and multidrug-resistant STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Elafify
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hazim O Khalifa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Maha Al-Ashmawy
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Elsherbini
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amera Abd El Latif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Takashi Okanda
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsumoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Shige Koseki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Adel Abdelkhalek
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Montso PK, Mlambo V, Ateba CN. The First Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Shiga Toxin-Producing Virulent Multi-Drug Resistant Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O177 Serogroup From South African Cattle. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:333. [PMID: 31608246 PMCID: PMC6769085 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC) is a group of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli with high diversity of serogroups, which lack the bundle-forming pili (BFP) and genes encoding for shiga toxins. The aim of this study was to isolate, identify and determine virulence and antibiotic resistance profiles of aEPEC O177 strains from cattle feces. A total of 780 samples were collected from beef and dairy cattle and analyzed for the presence of E. coli O177. One thousand two hundred and seventy-two (1272) presumptive isolates were obtained and 915 were confirmed as E. coli species. Three hundred and seventy-six isolates were positively confirmed as E. coli O177 through amplification of rmlB and wzy gene sequences using multiplex PCR. None of these isolates harbored bfpA gene. A larger proportion (12.74%) of the isolates harbored hlyA gene while 11.20, 9.07, 7.25, 2.60, and 0.63% possessed stx2, stx1, eaeA, stx2a, and stx2d, respectively. Most of E. coli O177 isolates carried stx2/hlyA (9.74%). Furthermore, 7.40% of the isolates harbored stx1/stx2 while 7.09% possessed stx1/stx2/hlyA genes. Only one isolate harbored stx1/stx2/hly/eaeA/stx2a/stx2d while 5.11% of the isolates harbored all the four major virulence genes stx1/stx2/hlyA/eaeA, simultaneously. Further analysis revealed that the isolates displayed varied antimicrobial resistance to erythromycin (63.84%), ampicillin (21.54%), tetracycline (13.37%), streptomycin (17.01%), kanamycin (2.42%), chloramphenicol (1.97%), and norfloxacin (1.40%). Moreover, 20.7% of the isolates exhibited different phenotypic multi-drug resistance patterns. All 73 isolates harbored at least one antimicrobial resistance gene. The aadA, streA, streB, erm, and tetA resistance genes were detected separately and/or concurrently. In conclusion, our findings indicate that environmental isolates of aEPEC O177 strains obtained from cattle in South Africa harbored virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene determinants similar to those reported in other shiga-toxin producing E. coli strains and suggest that these determinants may contribute to the virulence of the isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kotsoana Montso
- Bacteriophage Therapy and Phage Bio-control Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
| | - Victor Mlambo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Nelspruit, South Africa
| | - Collins Njie Ateba
- Bacteriophage Therapy and Phage Bio-control Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
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Canizalez-Roman A, Velazquez-Roman J, Valdez-Flores MA, Flores-Villaseñor H, Vidal JE, Muro-Amador S, Guadrón-Llanos AM, Gonzalez-Nuñez E, Medina-Serrano J, Tapia-Pastrana G, León-Sicairos N. Detection of antimicrobial-resistance diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains in surface water used to irrigate food products in the northwest of Mexico. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 304:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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35
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Rios EA, Santos J, García-Meniño I, Flament-Simon SC, Blanco J, García-López ML, Otero A, Rodríguez-Calleja JM. Characterisation, antimicrobial resistance and diversity of atypical EPEC and STEC isolated from cow's milk, cheese and dairy cattle farm environments. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Hull‐Jackson C, Mota‐Meira M, Adesiyun A. Bacteriological quality and the prevalence of Salmonellaspp. and E. coliO157:H7 in ready‐to‐eat foods from Barbados, WI. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Hull‐Jackson
- School of Veterinary MedicineThe University of the West Indies Saint Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Marilaine Mota‐Meira
- Department of Biological and Chemical SciencesThe University of the West Indies Bridgetown Barbados
| | - Abiodun Adesiyun
- School of Veterinary MedicineThe University of the West Indies Saint Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
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37
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Host Range-Associated Clustering Based on Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis, Phylotypes, and Virulence Genes of Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02796-18. [PMID: 30658974 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02796-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) strains (36 Japanese and 50 Bangladeshi) obtained from 649 poultry fecal samples were analyzed by molecular epidemiological methods. Clermont's phylogenetic typing showed that group A was more prevalent (58%, 50/86) than B1 (31%, 27/86). Intimin type β1, which is prevalent among human diarrheal patients, was predominant in both phylogroups B1 (81%, 22/27) and A (70%, 35/50). However, about 95% of B1-β1 strains belonged to virulence group I, and 77% of them were Japanese strains, while 17% (6/35) of A-β1 strains did. Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) distributed the strains into 52 distinct profiles, with Simpson's index of diversity (D) at 73%. When the data were combined with those of 142 previous strains from different sources, the minimum spanning tree formed five zones for porcine strains, poultry strains (excluding B1-β1), strains from healthy humans, bovine and human patient strains, and the B1-β1 poultry strains. Antimicrobial resistance to nalidixic acid was most common (74%) among the isolates. Sixty-eight percent of them demonstrated resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial agents, and most of them (91%) were from Bangladesh. The strains were assigned into two groups by hierarchical clustering. Correlation matrix analysis revealed that the virulence genes were negatively associated with antimicrobial resistance. The present study suggested that poultry, particularly Japanese poultry, could be another reservoir of aEPEC (phylogroup B1, virulence group I, and intimin type β1); however, poultry strains seem to be apart from patient strains that were closer to bovine strains. Bangladeshi aEPEC may be less virulent for humans but more resistant to antibiotics.IMPORTANCE Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) is a diarrheagenic type of E. coli, as it possesses the intimin gene (eae) for attachment and effacement on epithelium. Since aEPEC is ubiquitous even in developed countries, we previously used molecular epidemiological methods to discriminate aEPEC as a human pathogen. The present study assessed poultry as another source of human diarrheagenic aEPEC. Poultry could be the source of aEPEC (phylogroup B1, virulence group I, and intimin type β1) found among patient strains in Japan. However, the minimum spanning tree (MST) suggested that the strains from Japanese poultry were far from Japanese patient strains compared with the distance between bovine and patient strains. Bangladeshi avian strains seemed to be less diarrheagenic but are hazardous as a source of drug resistance genes.
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Corzo-Ariyama HA, García-Heredia A, Heredia N, García S, León J, Jaykus L, Solís-Soto L. Phylogroups, pathotypes, biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolates in farms and packing facilities of tomato, jalapeño pepper and cantaloupe from Northern Mexico. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 290:96-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Chatterjee A, Modarai M, Naylor NR, Boyd SE, Atun R, Barlow J, Holmes AH, Johnson A, Robotham JV. Quantifying drivers of antibiotic resistance in humans: a systematic review. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:e368-e378. [PMID: 30172580 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitigating the risks of antibiotic resistance requires a horizon scan linking the quality with the quantity of data reported on drivers of antibiotic resistance in humans, arising from the human, animal, and environmental reservoirs. We did a systematic review using a One Health approach to survey the key drivers of antibiotic resistance in humans. Two sets of reviewers selected 565 studies from a total of 2819 titles and abstracts identified in Embase, MEDLINE, and Scopus (2005-18), and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and WHO (One Health data). Study quality was assessed in accordance with Cochrane recommendations. Previous antibiotic exposure, underlying disease, and invasive procedures were the risk factors with most supporting evidence identified from the 88 risk factors retrieved. The odds ratios of antibiotic resistance were primarily reported to be between 2 and 4 for these risk factors when compared with their respective controls or baseline risk groups. Food-related transmission from the animal reservoir and water-related transmission from the environmental reservoir were frequently quantified. Uniformly quantifying relationships between risk factors will help researchers to better understand the process by which antibiotic resistance arises in human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Chatterjee
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Maryam Modarai
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nichola R Naylor
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sara E Boyd
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK; Imperial College London Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rifat Atun
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Global Health and Population, and Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James Barlow
- Centre for Health Economics & Policy Innovation, Imperial College Business School, London, UK
| | - Alison H Holmes
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK; Imperial College London Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alan Johnson
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Julie V Robotham
- National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK; Modelling and Economics Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
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Zhang S, Yang G, Huang Y, Zhang J, Cui L, Wu Q. Prevalence and Characterization of Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Foods in China. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1761-1767. [PMID: 30277802 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) is an emerging pathogen that has been implicated in outbreaks of diarrhea worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of aEPEC in retail foods at markets in the People's Republic of China and to characterize the isolates for virulence genes, intimin gene ( eae) subtypes, multilocus sequence types (STs), and antimicrobial susceptibility. From May 2014 to April 2015, 1,200 food samples were collected from retail markets in China, and 41 aEPEC isolates were detected in 2.75% (33 of 1,200) of the food samples. The virulence genes tir, katP, etpD, efa/lifA, ent, nleB, and nleE were commonly detected in these isolates. Nine eae subtypes were detected in the isolates, among which θ (23 isolates) and β1 (6 isolates) were the most prevalent. The 41 isolates were divided into 27 STs by multilocus sequence typing. ST752 and ST10 were the most prevalent. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed high resistance among isolates to streptomycin (87.80%), cephalothin (73.16%), ampicillin (51.22%), tetracycline (63.42%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (43.90%), and kanamycin (43.90%). Thirty isolates (73.17%) were resistant to at least three antibiotics, and 20 (53.66 %) were resistant to five or more antibiotics. Our results suggest that retail foods in markets are important sources of aEPEC. The presence of virulent and multidrug-resistant aEPEC in retail foods poses a potential threat to consumers. Surveillance of aEPEC contamination and prudent use of antibiotics is strongly recommended in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Zhang
- 1 College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road No. 483, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.,2 Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Xianlie Middle Road No. 100, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhu Yang
- 2 Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Xianlie Middle Road No. 100, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanbin Huang
- 2 Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Xianlie Middle Road No. 100, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- 2 Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Xianlie Middle Road No. 100, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Cui
- 1 College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road No. 483, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingping Wu
- 2 Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Xianlie Middle Road No. 100, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou 510070, People's Republic of China
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de la Rosa-Hernández MC, Cadena-Ramírez A, Téllez-Jurado A, Gómez-Aldapa CA, Rangel-Vargas E, Chávez-Urbiola EA, Castro-Rosas J. Presence of Multidrug-Resistant Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli on Fresh Cheeses from Local Retail Markets in Mexico. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1748-1754. [PMID: 30272999 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cheesemaking is one of the most important industries in Mexico. Among all the Mexican cheeses, fresh cheeses are the most popular and most consumed cheese in Mexico and Latin America. However, in Mexico fresh cheese is frequently made with unpasteurized milk and sold in public markets. This may increase the risk for contamination of dairy products with pathogenic bacteria. The presence of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria in food is an important public health concern. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes (DEPs) are foodborne bacteria. This study investigated the presence of indicator bacteria and multidrug-resistant DEPs in fresh cheeses. A total of 120 fresh cheese samples were collected from public markets in the city of Pachuca, Mexico. The samples were analyzed for presence of fecal coliforms (FC), E. coli, and antibiotic resistant DEPs. FC and E. coli were analyzed using the most-probable-number technique. DEPs were identified using two multiplex PCR methods. Susceptibility to 16 antibiotics was tested for the isolated DEPs strains by the standard assay. The frequency of FC, E. coli, and DEPs in the cheese samples was 50, 40, and 19%, respectively. The identified DEPs included Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC; 8%), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC; 6%), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC; 5%). All isolated strains exhibited resistance to at least five antibiotics. One, one, two, and three STEC strains were resistant to 14, 12, 11, and 10 antibiotics, respectively. One strain of EPEC was resistant to 11 antibiotics, three EPEC strains to 9, and one strain to 7. One, one, and two strains of ETEC were resistant to 10, 8, and 7 antibiotics, respectively. The results of the present study indicate that fresh cheeses made with unpasteurized milk could be a risk for consumers, both for native people and visitors to Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C de la Rosa-Hernández
- 1 Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Ciudad Sahagún Kilómetro 20, Ex-Hacienda de Santa Bárbara, C.P. 43830, Zempoala, Hidalgo, México
| | - Arturo Cadena-Ramírez
- 1 Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Ciudad Sahagún Kilómetro 20, Ex-Hacienda de Santa Bárbara, C.P. 43830, Zempoala, Hidalgo, México
| | - Alejandro Téllez-Jurado
- 1 Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Ciudad Sahagún Kilómetro 20, Ex-Hacienda de Santa Bárbara, C.P. 43830, Zempoala, Hidalgo, México
| | - Carlos A Gómez-Aldapa
- 2 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería (ICBI), Ciudad del Conocimiento (CC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Kilómetro 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas
- 2 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería (ICBI), Ciudad del Conocimiento (CC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Kilómetro 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Edgar Arturo Chávez-Urbiola
- 3 Área Académica de Ciencias de la Tierra y Materiales, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería (ICBI), Ciudad del Conocimiento (CC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Kilómetro 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México.,4 Catedrático CONACyT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Avenida Insurgentes Sur 1582, Colonia Crédito Constructor, Delegación Benito Júarez C.P. 03940, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Javier Castro-Rosas
- 2 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería (ICBI), Ciudad del Conocimiento (CC), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Kilómetro 4.5, C.P. 42184, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
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Requena-Castro R, Aguilera-Arreola MG, Martínez-Vázquez AV, Bocanegra-García V. Prevalencia de genes de virulencia de Escherichia coli en aguas superficiales del Río Bravo en la ciudad de Reynosa, Tamaulipas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.29267/mxjb.2018.3.3.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la presencia de genes de virulencia en cepas de E. coli aisladas del Río Bravo en la ciudad de Reynosa Tamaulipas. Mediante la técnica de PCR se realizó la detección de los genes que codifican para factores de virulencia como son eae, bfp, stx1 y stx2 en muestras de aguas superficiales del Río Bravo en el municipio de Reynosa Tamaulipas y se identificó que el gen stx2 (27%) fue el más prevalente, seguido de stx1 (10%). Aunque el resto de las muestras fueron consideradas comensales al no tener ninguno de los genes propuestos, la presencia de genes stx1 y stx2 son considerados como un riesgo a la población que tiene contacto con el agua superficial del Río Bravo, por lo cual es necesario un monitoreo microbiológico en esta zona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Requena-Castro
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Boulevard del Maestro SN esq. Elías Piña, Col. Narciso Mendoza. C. P. 88710 Cd. Reynosa Tamaulipas
| | - María Guadalupe Aguilera-Arreola
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas IPN, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Santo Tomás, 11340 Miguel Hidalgo, CDMX
| | - Ana Verónica Martínez-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Boulevard del Maestro SN esq. Elías Piña, Col. Narciso Mendoza. C. P. 88710 Cd. Reynosa Tamaulipas
| | - Virgilio Bocanegra-García
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Boulevard del Maestro SN esq. Elías Piña, Col. Narciso Mendoza. C. P. 88710 Cd. Reynosa Tamaulipas
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Malema MS, Abia ALK, Tandlich R, Zuma B, Mwenge Kahinda JM, Ubomba-Jaswa E. Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogenic Escherichia Coli Isolated from Rooftop Rainwater-Harvesting Tanks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15050892. [PMID: 29723970 PMCID: PMC5981931 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although many developing countries use harvested rainwater (HRW) for drinking and other household purposes, its quality is seldom monitored. Continuous assessment of the microbial quality of HRW would ensure the safety of users of such water. The current study investigated the prevalence of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in HRW tanks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Rainwater samples were collected weekly between June and September 2016 from 11 tanks in various areas of the province. Enumeration of E. coli was performed using the Colilert®18/Quanti-Tray® 2000 method. E. coli isolates were obtained and screened for their virulence potentials using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and subsequently tested for antibiotic resistance using the disc-diffusion method against 11 antibiotics. The pathotype most detected was the neonatal meningitis E. coli (NMEC) (ibeA 28%) while pathotype enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) was not detected. The highest resistance of the E. coli isolates was observed against Cephalothin (76%). All tested pathotypes were susceptible to Gentamicin, and 52% demonstrated multiple-antibiotic resistance (MAR). The results of the current study are of public health concern since the use of untreated harvested rainwater for potable purposes may pose a risk of transmission of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokaba Shirley Malema
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Akebe Luther King Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Roman Tandlich
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Bonga Zuma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Jean-Marc Mwenge Kahinda
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, 37 Nind Street, Doornfontein 2094, South Africa.
- Water Research Commission, Lynnwood Bridge Office Park, Bloukrans Building, 4 Daventry Street, Lynnwood Manor, Pretoria 0081, South Africa.
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Martínez-Vázquez AV, Rivera-Sánchez G, Lira-Méndez K, Reyes-López MÁ, Bocanegra-García V. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Escherichia coli isolated from retail meat in Tamaulipas, Mexico. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 14:266-272. [PMID: 29501529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determinate the prevalence of Escherichia coli and its resistance to antimicrobials and the presence of virulence genes in retail samples of beef and pork in several locations in Tamaulipas, Mexico. METHODS A total of 106 samples (54 beef and 52 pork) collected from August 2013 to March 2014 were analysed to detect E. coli isolates. The E. coli isolates were then analysed for detection of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 16 antimicrobial agents was also determined. RESULTS A total of 158 E. coli isolates were obtained, among which 3 (1.9%) harboured the virulence gene stx1, 28 (17.7%) harboured stx2 and 34 (21.5%) harboured hlyA. High phenotypic resistance was observed in almost all isolates, since 146 (92.4%) showed a multiresistant phenotype with resistance to cefalotin (92%), ampicillin (92%), cefotaxime (78%), nitrofurantoin (76%) and tetracycline (75%). The antimicrobial resistance genes tet(A) and tet(B) were detected in 56% of isolates, strA in 9.6%, aadA in 17% and aac(3)-IV in only 0.6% of strains. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, it can be concluded that retail beef and pork meat may play a role in the spread of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli strains in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Verónica Martínez-Vázquez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro and Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Gildardo Rivera-Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro and Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Krystal Lira-Méndez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro and Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Reyes-López
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro and Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Virgilio Bocanegra-García
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro and Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico.
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Antimicrobial resistance in diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from ready-to-eat foods. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 54:3612-3619. [PMID: 29051656 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Certain subgroups of Escherichia coli have congenital or acquired virulence properties that allow them to cause a wide spectrum of disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of diarrheagenic E. coli strains in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods produced in institutional, commercial and hotel restaurants in Salvador, Brazil. The presence of virulent isolates and antimicrobial resistance were evaluated. Four hundred forty-six samples were collected and grouped into cereals and vegetables, meat-based preparations, cooked salads, raw salads, garnishes, soups and sauces, desserts and juices. E. coli were detected using the most probable number method, the presence of virulence factors in isolates was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, and antibiotic resistance was analyzed using the disc diffusion method. In total, 15 isolates (3.1%) of E. coli were recovered; raw salads had the highest detection rate, 1.4%, followed by cooked salads, 0.8%; meat-based preparations, 0.4%; and cereals and vegetables, 0.4%. PCR assays showed that none of the isolates had the virulence genes cnf1, cnf2, eae, sta, lt1, stx1, stx2 or cdtB. The isolates showed resistance to nine antibiotics of the 15 tested, and the highest levels of resistance were found for sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tetracycline, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol (13.3% of isolates for each antibiotic). One isolate from cooked salad had plasmid-mediated multidrug resistance to tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin and chloramphenicol. These results suggest that RTE foods, especially raw salads, can be reservoirs of E. coli and facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes to the gastrointestinal microbiota of humans.
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Nandi RDS, Campos AC, Puño-Sarmiento JJ, Maluta RP, Rocha SPD, Kobayashi RKT, Nakazato G. Short communication: Detection of stx2 and elt genes in bovine milk by using a multiplex PCR system. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7897-7900. [PMID: 28803013 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect 2 important toxin genes from diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) in bovine milk using a new multiplex PCR. To standardize the multiplex PCR, the stx2 and elt genes were investigated for the detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), respectively. The DNA template was prepared with a thermal procedure (boiling) and a commercial kit. Samples consisted of UHT and pasteurized milk, both skimmed, and STEC and ETEC were tested in concentrations between 101 and 109 cfu/mL. With the thermal procedure, the multiplex PCR system detected both pathotypes of E. coli at 109 cfu/mL in UHT and pasteurized milk. When the commercial kit was used for template preparation, STEC and ETEC could be detected at concentrations as low as 104 cfu/mL in UHT and pasteurized milk. Negative controls (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Escherichia coli strain APEC 13) were not amplified with the multiplex PCR. These results indicate that the multiplex PCR was a rapid (less than 6 h) and efficient method to detect STEC and ETEC in milk using different methods for DNA preparation; however, the commercial kit was more sensitive than the thermal procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D S Nandi
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86051-980, Brazil
| | - A C Campos
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86051-980, Brazil
| | - J J Puño-Sarmiento
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86051-980, Brazil
| | - R P Maluta
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86051-980, Brazil
| | - S P D Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86051-980, Brazil
| | - R K T Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86051-980, Brazil
| | - G Nakazato
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina CEP 86051-980, Brazil.
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Avşar C, Civek S, Aras ES. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of foodborne bacteria isolated from Sinop Province, Turkey. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2017.1331450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Wang L, Nakamura H, Kage-Nakadai E, Hara-Kudo Y, Nishikawa Y. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis profiles of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from different retail foods. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 249:44-52. [PMID: 28292660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) isolates were recovered from local retail markets and the Osaka Municipal Central Wholesale Market in Japan. Retail food samples were collected for analysis in Osaka Japan from 2005 to 2008 and consisted of 32 beef, 28 pork, 20 poultry, 136 fish, 66 fruits and vegetables and 51 ready-to-eat (RTE) food samples. A total of 82 DEC strains were recovered from 64 (19%) food samples with the highest prevalence in poultry (100%, 20/20), followed by pork (54%, 15/28), beef (28%, 9/32), fruits and vegetables (12%, 8/66), fish (6.6%, 9/136) and RTE foods (5.9%, 3/51). Most of the strains belonged to E. coli possessing the enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1) gene (EAST1EC; n=62, P<0.0001) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC; n=16, P<0.01), whereas only 1 strain belonged to Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), 1 to EAEC and 2 to enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains. Of the 82 DEC isolates, 22 O and 13H serogroups were detected, including some specific serogroups (O91, O103, O115, O119, O126, and O157) which have been associated with human diarrheal infections. Phylogenetic group A and B1 were predominant among the DEC isolates. Antimicrobial resistance to tetracycline was most common (49%), followed by nalidixic acid (28%), ampicillin (24%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (20%), and cephalothin (18%). All isolates were susceptible to aztreonam. Of the resistant strains, 44% (22/50) demonstrated resistance to >3 antimicrobial agents. Isolates resistant to >5 antimicrobials were only found in the meat samples, while isolates from the fruits and vegetables as well as RTE foods showed resistance to only 1 or 2 antimicrobial agents. Sixty one percent of EAST1EC, 56% of EPEC and all of the EAEC and ETEC were resistant to at least 1 antimicrobial agent. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) was used in this study for genotyping of DEC. The 82 isolates collected for this study showed 77 distinct MLVA profiles located among 3 branches. The Simpson's Index of Diversity (D) was 99.9% at its highest. The high diversity of these food strains would suggest their originating from a variety of sources and environments. In conclusion, retail food samples in Japan were contaminated with DEC; EAST1EC, a putative DEC, were detected at high rates in poultry, pork and beef. Isolates resistant to >3 antimicrobials were found only in raw meat and fish. Food animals may act as the reservoir for multi-resistant bacteria. Due to the finding that nearly 1/3 of EAST1EC strains were resistant to >3 antimicrobials, additional surveillance for EAST1EC should be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Dalian University of Technology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian 116024, China; Osaka City University, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Eriko Kage-Nakadai
- Osaka City University, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hara-Kudo
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nishikawa
- Osaka City University, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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Canizalez-Roman A, Flores-Villaseñor HM, Gonzalez-Nuñez E, Velazquez-Roman J, Vidal JE, Muro-Amador S, Alapizco-Castro G, Díaz-Quiñonez JA, León-Sicairos N. Surveillance of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Diarrhea Cases from Children, Adults and Elderly at Northwest of Mexico. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1924. [PMID: 27965648 PMCID: PMC5127799 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains are a main cause of gastrointestinal disease in developing countries. In this study we report the epidemiologic surveillance in a 4-year period (January 2011 to December 2014) of DEC strains causing acute diarrhea throughout the Sinaloa State, Mexico. DEC strains were isolated from outpatients of all ages with acute diarrhea (N = 1,037). Specific DEC pathotypes were identified by PCR-amplification of genes encoding virulence factors. The adhesion phenotype and antibiotic resistance were also investigated. DEC strains were detected in 23.3% (242/1037) of cases. The most frequently DEC strain isolated was EAEC [(12.2%), 126/242] followed by EPEC [(5.1%), 53/242], ETEC [(4.3%), 43/242] DAEC [(1.4%), 15/242], STEC [(0.3%), 3/242], and EIEC [(0.2%), 2/242]. EHEC strains were not detected. Overall DEC strains were more prevalent in children ≤2 years of age with EPEC strains the most common of DEC pathotypes. While ∼65% of EAEC strains were classified as typical variant based on the aggregative adherence to in vitro cultures of HEp-2 cells, a high proportion of EPEC strains was classified as atypical strains. EAEC, EPEC, ETEC, and DAEC strains were distributed in the north, central and south regions of Sinaloa state. Among all DEC strains, >90% were resistant to at least one commonly prescribed antibiotic. Strains were commonly resistant to first-line antibiotics such as tetracycline, ampicillin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Furthermore, more than 80% of DEC isolates were multi-drug resistant and EPEC and DAEC were the categories with major proportion of this feature. In conclusion, in nearly one out of four cases of acute diarrhea in Northwestern Mexico a multi-drug resistant DEC strain was isolated, in these cases EAEC was the most prevalent (52%) pathotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of SinaloaCuliacan, Mexico; The Women's Hospital, Secretariat of HealthCuliacan, Mexico
| | - Héctor M Flores-Villaseñor
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of SinaloaCuliacan, Mexico; The Sinaloa State Public Health Laboratory, Secretariat of HealthCuliacan, Mexico
| | - Edgar Gonzalez-Nuñez
- The Sinaloa State Public Health Laboratory, Secretariat of Health Culiacan, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge E Vidal
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta GA, USA
| | | | - Gerardo Alapizco-Castro
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of SinaloaCuliacan, Mexico; Coordinación de Enseñanza e InvestigaciónCuliacan, Mexico
| | - J Alberto Díaz-Quiñonez
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia EpidemiológicosMexico City, Mexico; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - Nidia León-Sicairos
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of SinaloaCuliacan, Mexico; Pediatric Hospital of SinaloaCuliacan, Mexico
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Reyes-Cortes R, Acosta-Smith E, Mondragón-Flores R, Nazmi K, Bolscher JGM, Canizalez-Roman A, Leon-Sicairos N. Antibacterial and cell penetrating effects of LFcin17-30, LFampin265-284, and LF chimera on enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 95:76-81. [PMID: 28165291 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is a protein with antimicrobial activity, which is conferred in part by 2 regions contained in its N-terminal lobe. These regions have been used to develop the following synthetic peptides: lactoferricin17-30, lactoferrampin265-284, and LF chimera (a fusion of lactoferricin17-30 and lactoferrampin265-284). We have reported that these LF peptides have antibacterial activity against several pathogenic bacteria; however, the exact mechanism of action has not been established. Here, we report the effects of LF peptides on the viability of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) and the ability of these peptides to penetrate into the bacteria cytoplasm. The viability of EAEC treated with LF peptides was determined via enumeration of colony-forming units, and the binding and internalization of the LF peptides was followed via immunogold labeling and electron microscopy. Treatment of EAEC with 20 and 40 μmol/L LF peptides reduced bacterial growth compared with untreated bacteria. Initially the peptides associated with the plasma membrane, but after 5 to 30 min of incubation, the peptides were found in the cytoplasm. Remarkably, bacteria treated with LF chimera developed cytosolic electron-dense structures that contained the antimicrobial peptide. Our results suggest that the antibacterial mechanism of LF peptides on EAEC involves their interaction with and penetration into the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Reyes-Cortes
- a CIASaP, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cedros y Sauces, Fracc. Fresnos C.P. 80246, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Erika Acosta-Smith
- a CIASaP, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cedros y Sauces, Fracc. Fresnos C.P. 80246, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Mondragón-Flores
- b Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Avenida IPN #2508, Del. G.A. Madero, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- c Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan G M Bolscher
- c Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- a CIASaP, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cedros y Sauces, Fracc. Fresnos C.P. 80246, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.,d Departamento de Investigación, Hospital de la Mujer, Boulevard Miguel Tamayo Espinoza de los Monteros S/N, Col. Desarrollo Urbano Tres Ríos, Culiacán 80020, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Nidia Leon-Sicairos
- a CIASaP, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cedros y Sauces, Fracc. Fresnos C.P. 80246, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.,e Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa, Boulevard Constitución S/N, col. Jorge Almada, Culiacan 80200, Sinaloa, Mexico
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