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Shamsaddini S, Schneider C, Dumendiak S, Aghassi H, Kamyabi H, Akhlaghi E, Wassermann M, Fasihi Harandi M, Deplazes P, Romig T. Environmental contamination with feces of free-roaming dogs and the risk of transmission of Echinococcus and Taenia species in urban regions of southeastern Iran. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:359. [PMID: 39180110 PMCID: PMC11342595 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs are the most important definitive hosts of zoonotic taeniid helminths worldwide. Different Echinococcus and Taenia species of domestic and wild carnivores pose a potential risk to human population. High populations of free-roaming dogs (FRDs) in urban areas of Iran and widespread contamination of the environment with dog feces is a potential source of infecting people living in the urban regions with cystic echinococcosis (CE). Our knowledge on the risk of CE transmission in the urban settings in the endemic regions is limited. The present study surveyed the species and genotypes of E. granulosus sensu lato and other taeniids by examining feces of free-roaming dogs in the urban areas in the city of Kerman, southeastern Iran. METHODS The city was divided into 100 consecutive blocks of which 25 blocks were randomly selected. Fecal samples of FRDs were counted, mapped and fresh samples were collected. Then Zinc chloride flotation, and sequential sieving was performed, and the samples were examined under an inverted microscope. Single individual taeniid eggs were isolated, partial nad1 gene was amplified and sequenced to identify species and genotypes. RESULTS In total 5607 fecal samples of dogs were mapped and 83 fresh samples were collected. Taeniid eggs were detected in nine fecal samples (10.8%) from seven out of the 25 city blocks (28.0%). Echinococcus eggs were found in four samples (4.8%) from three city blocks, two samples containing E. granulosus sensu stricto (2.4%), two samples containing E. canadensis G6/7 (2.4%). In addition, three samples contained eggs of Taenia hydatigena (3.6%), and one sample of Taenia serialis (1.2%). CONCLUSIONS This study documented the potential risk of CE transmission to humans resulting from the feces of dogs roaming freely in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Shamsaddini
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, 76169114115, Iran
| | - Carina Schneider
- Dept of Parasitology, Hohenheim University, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sonja Dumendiak
- Dept of Parasitology, Hohenheim University, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hossein Aghassi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, 76169114115, Iran
| | - Hossein Kamyabi
- Dept of Medical Parasitology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, 7616914115, Iran
| | - Elham Akhlaghi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, 76169114115, Iran
| | - Marion Wassermann
- Dept of Parasitology, Hohenheim University, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, 76169114115, Iran.
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Dept of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Romig
- Dept of Parasitology, Hohenheim University, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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das Neves LB, Dias-Correia TP, Bittencourt-Oliveira F, Pereira TC, de Almeida FB, Rodrigues-Silva R. Human cystic echinococcosis: first molecular identification of Echinococcus canadensis G7 in Brazil. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:239. [PMID: 38860991 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is a species complex with the potential to cause cystic echinococcosis (CE). Contact with the feces of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) fed with raw viscera of intermediate livestock hosts is a risk factor for this infection in the southern region of Brazil. Although the region has been considered endemic to CE for many years, molecular data regarding the species of the complex causing CE in humans are scarce. This study aimed to perform a molecular analysis of the biological fluid from a human liver cyst to investigate the species responsible for CE. Genetic material obtained from the hydatid fluid of a hepatic cyst from a human with CE was subjected to PCR to amplify mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed the human infection by Echinococcus canadensis G7 in the state of Paraná, Brazil. This is the first molecular record of E. canadensis G7 infecting a human in Brazil, and it is important to reiterate the risk of human CE caused by this species in South America, as reported by a previous study in Patagonia, Argentina. From the epidemiological point of view, this finding is of great relevance for the southern region of Brazil, since this parasite has previously only been detected in pigs in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, neighboring Paraná. The finding points to the importance of this identification in the molecular epidemiology of E. granulosus s.l., especially in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Batista das Neves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia (LPIP), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Tuan Pedro Dias-Correia
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia (LPIP), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia (LPIP), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cordeiro Pereira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia (LPIP), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Barbosa de Almeida
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia (LPIP), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Rodrigues-Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Integrativa e Paleoparasitologia (LPIP), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-250, Brazil.
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Nenni M, Çelebier M, Maçin S, Örsten S, Yabanoğlu-Çiftçi S, Baysal İ. Untargeted metabolomics to discriminate liver and lung hydatid cysts: Importance of metabolites involved in the immune response. Vet Parasitol 2024; 328:110180. [PMID: 38626652 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato species complex is responsible for the neglected zoonotic disease known as cystic echinococcosis (CE). Humans and livestock are infected via fecal-oral transmission. CE remains prevalent in Western China, Central Asia, South America, Eastern Africa, and the Mediterranean. Approximately one million individuals worldwide are affected, influencing veterinary and public health, as well as social and economic matters. The infection causes slow-growing cysts, predominantly in the liver and lungs, but can also develop in other organs. The exact progression of these cysts is uncertain. This study aimed to understand the survival mechanisms of liver and lung CE cysts from cattle by determining their metabolite profiles through metabolomics and multivariate statistical analyses. Non-targeted metabolomic approaches were conducted using quadrupole-time-of-flight liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) to distinguish between liver and lung CE cysts. Data processing to extract the peaks on complex chromatograms was performed using XCMS. PCA and OPLS-DA plots obtained through multiple statistical analyses showed interactions of metabolites within and between groups. Metabolites such as glutathione, prostaglandin, folic acid, and cortisol that cause different immunological reactions have been identified both in liver and lung hydatid cysts, but in different ratios. Considering the differences in the metabolomic profiles of the liver and lung cysts determined in the present study will contribute research to enlighten the nature of the cyst and develop specific therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Nenni
- Cukurova University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Adana, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of One Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Çelebier
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salih Maçin
- Selçuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Serra Örsten
- Hacettepe University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of One Health, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Vocational School of Health Services, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - İpek Baysal
- Hacettepe University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of One Health, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Vocational School of Health Services, Ankara, Turkey.
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Bonelli P, Serra E, Dei Giudici S, Peruzzu A, Crotti S, Danesi P, Carvelli A, Piseddu T, Masala G. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato infecting sheep in Italy. Acta Trop 2024; 252:107151. [PMID: 38367944 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Cystic Echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, is a neglected zoonosis still threatening public health worldwide. In Italy different epidemiological scenarios were reported depending on the geographical area and associated socio-economic activities. Although in northern Italy the occurrence of E. granulosus is considered sporadic, in the southern regions and, particularly in Sardinia, CE prevalence reaches high levels. We analysed CE cysts collected from infected sheep from various areas of mainland Italy and the Sardinia island, with the main objective to investigate intergenotypic and intragenotypic variations at national level. CE cysts were collected from slaughtered sheep following post mortem inspection at local abattoirs. Total genomic DNA was extracted and amplification and sequencing of the partial mitochondrial genes nad5 and cox1 were performed. A Bayesian phylogenetic tree was estimated on a nad5 dataset (n = 260) composed of E. granulosus samples from this study (n = 126) and all the nad5 haplotypes available in GenBank (n = 134). In addition, haplotype network, diversity and neutrality analysis were performed on nad5 and cox1 sequences of Italian origin obtained in this study. E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) was found to be the only Echinococcus species infecting sheep in Italy, mainly represented by G1 genotype (76 %) and, to a lower extent, by G3 genotype (24 %). Phylogenetic analyses revealed 40 nad5 and 33 cox 1 haplotypes, and the presence of two founder haplotypes, belonging to G1 and G3 genotype, showing 100 % similarity with DNA sequences from different geographic regions. The lack of geographical segregation, high haplotype and low nucleotide diversity coupled with significant negative values of Tajima's D and Fu's Fs observed in this study indicated high genetic variation and demographic expansion of E. granulosus s.s. in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Bonelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory of Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy.
| | - Elisa Serra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory of Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Diagnostica virologica, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Angela Peruzzu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory of Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Silvia Crotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - Patrizia Danesi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Venezie, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Andrea Carvelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio della Toscana, Roma, 00178, Italy
| | - Toni Piseddu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory of Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory of Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
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Romig T, Wassermann M. Echinococcus species in wildlife. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 23:100913. [PMID: 38405672 PMCID: PMC10884515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Transmission of Echinococcus spp. in life cycles that involve mainly wildlife is well recognized for those species with small mammals as intermediate hosts (e. g. E. multilocularis), as well as for E. felidis and the 'northern' genotypes of E. canadensis (G8 and G10). In contrast, the remaining taxa of E. granulosus sensu lato are best known for their domestic life cycles, and the numerous wild mammal species (mainly ungulates) that have been recorded with cystic echinococcosis in the past were mainly considered a result of spill-over from the dog-livestock transmission system. This view was challenged with the advent of molecular characterization, allowing discrimination of the metacestodes, although the contribution of wild mammals to various Echinococcus life cycles has remained uncertain for scarcity of wildlife studies. Numerous records of cysts in wild ungulates date back to the 20th century, but cannot with certainty be allocated to the Echinococcus species and genotypes that are recognized today. This means that our current knowledge is largely restricted to studies of the past two decades that kept adding gradually to our concepts of transmission in various geographic regions. In particular, new insights were gathered in the past years on E. granulosus s.l. in wildlife of sub-Saharan Africa, but also on transmission patterns of E. multilocularis in previously neglected regions, e. g. North America. Here, an update is provided on the current state of knowledge on wild mammals as hosts for all Echinococcus species, listing >150 species of wild hosts with references, as well as estimates on their epidemiological impact and our current gaps of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marion Wassermann
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Uakhit R, Yalysheva S, Abdybekova A, Smagulova A, Lider L, Jazina K, Tautanova A, Kiyan V. Genetic diversity and haplotype analysis of cattle hydatid cyst isolates using mitochondrial markers in Kazakhstan. Vet World 2024; 17:763-770. [PMID: 38798283 PMCID: PMC11111723 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.763-770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim In Kazakhstan, the study of Echinococcus infection among farm animals is crucial to monitor the invasion among livestock and map the data obtained. Unfortunately, there are only partial data on the study of Echinococcus among cattle's in Kazakhstan, which makes it difficult to conduct a comparative analysis of the epidemiological situation among livestock animals. The present study aimed to molecularly identify the species and haplotypes of the E. granulosus complex infecting cattle in Kazakhstan and investigate their genetic variation relative to mitochondrial (mt) targets. Materials and Methods Individual cyst isolates (n = 700) were collected from infected cattle lungs and livers after slaughter from the slaughterhouse. Total DNA was extracted from the germinal layers of the cyst from each isolate. This DNA sequenced partial mt genes of cytochrome c oxidase 1 (450 bp) and NADH dehydrogenase 1 (1200 bp). Results We determined that all the sequences were detected as E. granulosus s.s., of which 69 (94.5%) samples belonged to G1, and only 4 (5.4%) samples belonged to the G3 genotype. After bioinformatic analysis, 38 haplotypes were identified. Conclusion Our findings revealed that the G1 genotype of E. granulosus s.s. is the predominant cattle genotype in Kazakhstan. However, only one region showed the presence of two genotypes G1 and G3, in the sequence, which suggests that further research is needed to investigate the epidemiology of Echinococcus infection in cattle in Kazakhstan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabiga Uakhit
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Sofiya Yalysheva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aida Abdybekova
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Ainura Smagulova
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Lyudmila Lider
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Karina Jazina
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Aidana Tautanova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Department of Scientific and Analytical Work, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Vladimir Kiyan
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
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Baysal İ, Örsten S, Cengiz G, Ünal E, Doğrul AB, Çiftçi T, Çiftçi SY, Akinci D, Akhan O. Assessing the Potential Apoptotic Effects of Different Hydatid Cyst Fluids on Human Healthy Hepatocytes and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:700-709. [PMID: 38372909 PMCID: PMC11001659 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic infection caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus in humans. Emerging evidence suggests an intriguing inverse association between E. granulosus infection and the occurrence of cancer. This study aimed to investigate the influence of diverse host-derived hydatid cyst fluids (HCF) with distinct genotypes on human liver hepatocytes (HC) and hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). Specifically, we examined their effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis sensitivity (BAX/BCL-2), apoptosis-related p53 expression, and the expression of cancer-related microRNA (hsa-miR-181b-3p). Cell proliferation assays, real-time PCR, and ELISA studies were conducted to evaluate potential anti-cancer properties. The findings revealed that animal-origin HCF (G1(A)) induced direct cell death by augmenting the susceptibility of HepG2 cells to apoptosis. Treatment with both G1(A) and G1(H) HCF sensitized HepG2 and HC cell lines to apoptosis by modulating the BAX/BCL-2 ratio, accompanied by upregulation of the p53 gene. Additionally, G1(A) HCF and human-derived HCFs (G1(H), G7(H)) reduced the expression of miR-181b-3p in HepG2 cells. Consequently, this study demonstrates the potential anti-cancer effect of HCF in HepG2 cells and provides the first comparative assessment of HCFs from human and animal sources with diverse genotypes, offering novel insights into this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- İpek Baysal
- Vocational School of Health Services, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Serra Örsten
- Vocational School of Health Services, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Görkem Cengiz
- Vocational School of Health Services, Yüksek İhtisas University, 06291, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Ünal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Bülent Doğrul
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Türkmen Çiftçi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Samiye Yabanoğlu Çiftçi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Devrim Akinci
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Okan Akhan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
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Omadang L, Chamai M, Ejobi F, Erume J, Oba P, Ocaido M. Prevalence of cystic echinococcosis among livestock in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in Uganda. Parasitology 2024; 151:68-76. [PMID: 38012850 PMCID: PMC10941043 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) remains a significant challenge in Uganda with precise status largely undocumented in most communities. To determine CE prevalence, post-mortem examination was done on 14 937 livestock (5873 goats, 1377 sheep, 3726 zebu cattle and 3054 Ankole cattle) slaughtered in abattoirs in the districts of Moroto in Karamoja region, Kumi in Teso region and Nakasongola and Luwero in Buganda region. The overall CE prevalence was 21.9% in sheep, 15.2% in zebu cattle, 5.5% in goats and 2.1% in Ankole cattle. Moroto district had a higher prevalence of CE than other districts with 31.3% in zebu cattle, sheep 28%, goats 29.1% and (0%) in Ankole cattle. On organ locations, the lungs were the most affected in all livestock in all the study areas. Considering cyst fertility, 33.9, 1.7 and 6.4% of Ankole cattle, sheep and zebu cattle respectively had fertile cysts in the liver while 4.5% of goats and 4% Ankole cattle had fertile cysts in the lungs. In conclusion, CE is widespread and occurs among cattle, sheep and goats in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in Uganda. Therefore, there is an urgent need to create awareness among the communities on role of livestock in CE epidemiology and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Omadang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Production and Management, Busitema University, Arapai Campus, Soroti, Uganda
| | - Martin Chamai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Francis Ejobi
- Directorate of Research and Innovations, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroti University, Soroti, Uganda
| | - Joseph Erume
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Oba
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), Abi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (Abi ZARDI), Arua, Uganda
| | - Michael Ocaido
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Wassermann M, Addy F, Kokolova L, Okhlopkov I, Leibrock S, Oberle J, Oksanen A, Romig T. High genetic diversity of Echinococcus canadensis G10 in northeastern Asia: is it the region of origin? Parasitology 2024; 151:93-101. [PMID: 38018122 PMCID: PMC10941046 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus canadensis consists of 4 genotypes: G6, G7, G8 and G10. While the first 2 predominantly infect domestic animals, the latter are sylvatic in nature involving mainly wolves and cervids as hosts and can be found in the northern temperate to Arctic latitudes. This circumstance makes the acquisition of sample material difficult, and little information is known about their genetic structure. The majority of specimens analysed to date have been from the European region, comparatively few from northeast Asia and Alaska. In the current study, Echinococcus spp. from wolves and intermediate hosts from the Republic of Sakha in eastern Russia were examined. Echinococcus canadensis G10 was identified in 15 wolves and 4 cervid intermediate hosts. Complete mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) sequences were obtained from 42 worm and cyst specimens from Sakha and, for comparison, from an additional 13 G10 cysts from Finland. For comparative analyses of the genetic diversity of G10 of European and Asian origin, all available cox1 sequences from GenBank were included, increasing the number of sequences to 99. The diversity found in northeast Asia was by far higher than in Europe, suggesting that the geographic origin of E. canadensis (at least of G10) might be northeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Wassermann
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Francis Addy
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Ludmila Kokolova
- Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Innokentiy Okhlopkov
- Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Sarah Leibrock
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jenny Oberle
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Authority, Animal Health Diagnostic Unit (FINPAR), Oulu, Finland
| | - Thomas Romig
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Aschenborn O, Aschenborn J, Beytell P, Wachter B, Melzheimer J, Dumendiak S, Rüffler B, Mackenstedt U, Kern P, Romig T, Wassermann M. High species diversity of Echinococcus spp. in wild mammals of Namibia. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 21:134-142. [PMID: 37206437 PMCID: PMC10189350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An opportunistic survey for Echinococcus spp. in wild mammals was conducted in seven distinct study areas throughout Namibia, representing all major ecosystems, between 2012 and 2021. In total, 184 individually attributable faeces and 40 intestines were collected from eight species of carnivores, and 300 carcasses or organs of thirteen species of ungulates were examined for Echinococcus cysts. Nested PCR and sequencing of the mitochondrial nad1 gene led to the identification of five species of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato complex. Echinococcus canadensis G6/7 was found throughout Namibia at low frequency in lions, cheetahs, African wild dogs, black-backed jackals and oryx antelopes. Echinococcus equinus was present only in northern Namibia, locally at high frequency in lions, black-backed jackals and plains zebras. Echinococcus felidis was found only in one small area in the north-east of Namibia, but with high frequency in lions and warthogs. Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto was identified only in two African wild dogs in the north-east of Namibia, and Echinococcus ortleppi occurred in central and southern Namibia in black-backed jackals and oryx antelopes. The development of fertile cysts indicated active intermediate host roles of oryx antelopes for E. canadensis and E. ortleppi, of warthogs for E. felidis, and of plains zebras for E. equinus. Our data support earlier hypotheses of exclusive or predominant wildlife life-cycles for E. felidis involving lions and warthogs, and - in Namibia - for E. equinus involving lions and/or black-backed jackals and plains zebras. Our data further support an interlink of wild and domestic transmission for E. ortleppi. A possible involvement of livestock and domestic dogs in transmission of E. canadensis G6/7 and E. granulosus s.s., the two parasite species with highest zoonotic potential, is uncertain for Namibia and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortwin Aschenborn
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Windhoek, Namibia
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Aschenborn
- University of Zurich, Institute of Parasitology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Piet Beytell
- Directorate of Scientific Service, Ministry of Environment Forestry and Tourism, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Bettina Wachter
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joerg Melzheimer
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Dumendiak
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bianka Rüffler
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Ute Mackenstedt
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center of Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Kern
- University Hospital Ulm, Department of Medicine III, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center of Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marion Wassermann
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center of Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, Stuttgart, Germany
- Corresponding author. University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Unit Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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11
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Gonçalves Baptista L, Laurimäe T, Muchaamba G, Cathomas L, Barros Olende AL, Mata dos Santos I, Lobo de Pina Â, Deplazes P. First isolation of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotype 7 in the archipelago of Cape Verde. Parasitology 2023; 150:734-743. [PMID: 37194602 PMCID: PMC10410394 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202300046x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
There are no scientific data available on the occurrence of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) cluster in definitive hosts (domestic dogs), intermediate hosts (domestic livestock) nor humans in Cape Verde. In this pilot study, environmental dog fecal samples (n = 369) were collected around food markets, official slaughterhouses, as well as home and small business slaughter spots in 8 of the 9 inhabited islands from the Cape Verde archipelago, between June 2021 and March 2022. Additionally, during the same period, 40 cysts and tissue lesions were opportunistically collected from 5 islands, from locally slaughtered cattle (n = 7), goats (n = 2), sheep (n = 1) and pigs (n = 26). Genetic characterization by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the 12S rRNA gene confirmed the presence of E. granulosus s.l. in fecal and tissue material. In total, 17 cyst samples from Santiago (n = 9), Sal (n = 7) and São Vicente (n = 1) and 8 G6/G7-positive dog fecal samples from Santiago (n = 4) and Sal (n = 4) were identified as E. granulosus s.l. G7 by sequence analysis (nad2, nad5 and nad1 genes). This study discloses the transmission of E. granulosus s.l. G7, in pig, cattle and dog in Cape Verde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Gonçalves Baptista
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Bons Amigos Association, Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Teivi Laurimäe
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gillian Muchaamba
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Cathomas
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Lina Barros Olende
- Department of Livestock Services (DSP), General Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock (DGASP), Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (MAA), Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Iolanda Mata dos Santos
- Department of Livestock Services (DSP), General Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock (DGASP), Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (MAA), Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Ângela Lobo de Pina
- Department of Livestock Services (DSP), General Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock (DGASP), Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (MAA), Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Santucciu C, Bonelli P, Peruzzu A, Fancellu A, Farà A, Mastrandrea S, Drocchi G, Cossu A, Profili S, Porcu A, Masala G. Genetic Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto Isolated from Human Cysts from Sardinia, Italy. Diseases 2023; 11:91. [PMID: 37489443 PMCID: PMC10366878 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study involved 20 patients affected by cystic echinococcosis (CE) who were referred to different hospitals of Sardinia (Italy) from 2017 to 2022. By means of a multidisciplinary approach, diagnosis was confirmed for CE in 18 patients and for different aetiologies in two subjects. Moreover, serology was positive for 15 subjects. Since multiple CE cysts were found in five patients, a total of 27 lesions were collected; however, only one for each patient was investigated for genetic characterization of E. granulosus s.s. DNA isolates. Our results included 15 fertile cysts that underwent DNA extraction and amplification by three different PCRs targeting nuclear (calreticulin) and mitochondrial genes (cox1 and nad5). DNA was sequenced, and by neighbour-joining phylogenetic trees we determined 10 G1 and five G3 genotypes previously reported in Sardinia. These sequences were used to construct a network, along with those circulating in Mediterranean areas. The haplotype network calculated on cox1 evidenced seven different haplotypes of the 15 isolates, with SAR2 the most represented, carried by seven cysts, and SAR17 never described in the Mediterranean area. Meanwhile, the nad5 sequences showed the most common haplotype as nd5SAR7, as well as two new haplotypes not previously described, nd5SAR13, isolated from a Sardinian patient, and nd5SAR14, isolated from a Romanian patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Santucciu
- WOAH and NRL for Echinococcosis, Animal Health, IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Piero Bonelli
- WOAH and NRL for Echinococcosis, Animal Health, IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Angela Peruzzu
- WOAH and NRL for Echinococcosis, Animal Health, IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fancellu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Farà
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pathology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Scilla Mastrandrea
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Malattie Infettive, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Drocchi
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Integrated Sciences (DISC), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pathology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Profili
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Radiologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Porcu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- WOAH and NRL for Echinococcosis, Animal Health, IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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13
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Aschenborn O, Aschenborn J, Kern P, Mackenstedt U, Romig T, Wassermann M. When wildlife comes to town: interaction of sylvatic and domestic host animals in transmission of Echinococcus spp. in Namibia. Helminthologia 2023; 60:117-124. [PMID: 37745225 PMCID: PMC10516471 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2023-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted in the isolated desert town of Oranjemund in the far south of Namibia. It is an extremely arid region where no livestock husbandry is practiced and only animals adapted to the desert can be found. However, in and around the city, artificial irrigation maintains lush green patches of grass that attract wild animals, in particular oryx antelopes (Oryx gazella). In 2015 four oryx antelopes were euthanised due to poor conditions and a post-mortem examination was conducted. Two were found positive for cystic echinococcosis and 16 cysts were collected for molecular analyses. In addition, faecal samples from black-backed jackals (n=5) and domestic dogs (n=9), which were regularly observed to feed on oryx carcasses, were collected and taeniid eggs isolated. Parasite species identification of the cysts and eggs was done by amplifying and sequencing the mitochondrial nad1 gene. Both oryx antelopes were found infected with E. ortleppi and one co-infected with E. canadensis G6/7. Both Echinococcus species were able to develop fertile cysts in oryx, making oryx antelopes competent hosts for these parasites. Therefore, the analysis of faecal samples was of high interest and although the numbers were quite small, taeniid eggs were found in three out of five faecal samples of jackals and in all nine dog samples. However, species determination was only successful with two jackal and one dog sample. All three were positive for E. canadensis G6/7. The absence of E. ortleppi may be due to the low number of faecal samples examined. In our small study, we discovered a rather unique lifecycle of Echinococcus spp. between jackals and domestic dogs as definitive hosts and oryx antelopes as intermediate hosts. Here, the presence of E. canadensis G6/7 is of particular concern, as it is the second most important causative agent of CE in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Aschenborn
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Windhoek, Namibia
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599Stuttgart, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315Berlin, Germany
- Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism, Directorate of Scientific Services, Private Bag13306, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - J. Aschenborn
- University of Zurich, Institute of Parasitology, Winterthurerstr. 266a, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P. Kern
- University Hospital Ulm, Department of Medicine III, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081Ulm, Germany
| | - U. Mackenstedt
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599Stuttgart, Germany
| | - T. Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M. Wassermann
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599Stuttgart, Germany
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14
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Muqaddas H, Mehmood N, Saarma U, Usman A, Ahmed F, Varcasia A, Sini MF, Ullah MI. First report of Echinococcus ortleppi and E. canadensis (genotype G6) from southern Punjab, Pakistan and a global overview on genetic structure and host adaptation of E. ortleppi. Acta Trop 2023:106951. [PMID: 37220843 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, is a neglected tropical disease known mainly for its zoonotic nature. CE is endemic to Pakistan, however, the disease is not given due consideration and millions of people remain at health risk. This study was undertaken to assess the species and genotypes of E. granulosus sensu lato in sheep, buffaloes and cattle, brought to slaughterhouses of two major cities (Multan and Bahawalpur) of south Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 26 hydatid cyst specimens were characterized through complete cox1 mitochondrial gene (1609 bp) sequencing. Species and genotypes of E. granulosus sensu lato discovered in the southern Punjab consisted of E. granulosus sensu stricto (n =21), E. ortleppi (n=4) and E. canadensis G6 genotype (n=1). Of E. granulosus s.s. isolates, the genotype G3 was predominantly involved in causing infections to the livestock of this region. Since all of these species are zoonotic, wide and effective surveillance studies are required to ascertain the risks to human population in Pakistan. Additionally, a global overview on cox1 phylogenetic structure of E. ortleppi was carried out. Despite the widespread occurrence, the species is mostly limited to the southern hemisphere. The highest burden has been reported in the South America (62.15%) and Africa (28.44%) and by far the most common host is cattle, accounting for >90% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Muqaddas
- Department of Zoology, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Naunain Mehmood
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ammarah Usman
- Department of Zoology, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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15
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Crotti S, Brustenga L, Cruciani D, Bonelli P, D'Avino N, Felici A, Morandi B, Sebastiani C, Spina S, Gobbi M. Molecular Screening of Echinococcus spp. and Other Cestodes in Wild Carnivores from Central Italy. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050318. [PMID: 37235401 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tapeworm infections are among the most relevant parasitic diseases in humans and animals. Tapeworms from the Genus Echinococcus are particularly important as they can cause cystic or alveolar echinococcosis. A molecular screening was performed on 279 fecal samples collected from carcasses of wild carnivores from Central Italy using PCR targeting diagnostic fragments of nad1, rrnS, and nad5 genes. Samples positive for either Taenia spp. or Echinococcus granulosus were sequenced to taxonomically identify the parasitic DNA. Of the 279 samples, 134 (48.0%) gave positive results in the multiplex PCR. Only one (0.4%) sample from an Apennine wolf tested positive for Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (genotype G3), whereas no sample tested positive for E. multilocularis. The most frequently detected tapeworms were: Mesocestoides corti (syn M. vogae) (12.9%), M. litteratus (10.8%), Taenia serialis (9.3%), and T. hydatigena (6.5%), other tapeworms were rarely detected. The results suggest that Echinococcus infections in Central Italy do not seem to be sustained by sylvatic cycles, confirming the absence of E. multilocularis in Central Italy. The survey corroborates, yet again, the importance of passive surveillance of wild animals that can serve as reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens, especially on wild canids that in other areas are strongly implicated in the transmission of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Crotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Brustenga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 6, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Deborah Cruciani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Piero Bonelli
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Centro Nazionale di Referenza per l'Echinococcosi/Idatidosi (Ce.NRE), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Nicoletta D'Avino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Felici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Benedetto Morandi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carla Sebastiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Spina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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16
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Alvi MA, Ali RMA, Khan S, Saqib M, Qamar W, Li L, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Past and Present of Diagnosis of Echinococcosis: A Review (1999-2021). Acta Trop 2023; 243:106925. [PMID: 37080264 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The larval forms of taeniid cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus are the source of the zoonotic infection known as echinococcosis. Alveolar and cystic echinococcosis are caused by Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus (s. s) respectively. It is endemic in several regions of the world. In this systematic review, we describe diagnosis, and the species (human, canids, livestock, and small rodents) affected by cystic (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). From 1999 to 2021, we searched the online directory through PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and google scholar. Among the 37,700 records found in the online databases, 187 publications met our eligibility requirements. The majority of investigations employed a range of diagnostic methods, such as ELISA, imaging, copro-PCR, necropsy or arecoline hydrobromide purgation, morphological cestode confirmation, and fecal sieving/flotation to detect and confirm Echinococcus infection. ELISA was the most commonly used method followed by PCR, and imaging. The research team retrieved data describing the incidence or assessment of the diagnostic test for E. multilocularis in humans (N = 99), canids (N = 63), small ruminants (N = 13), large ruminants (N= 3), camel (N= 2), pigs (N=2) and small mammals (N= 5). This study was conducted to explore the diagnostic tools applied to detect echinococcosis in humans as well as animals in prevalent countries, and to report the characteristic of new diagnostic tests for disease surveillance. This systematic review revealed that ELISA (alone or in combination) was the most common method used for disease diagnosis and diagnostic efficacy and prevalence rate increased when recombinant antigens were used. It is highly recommended to use combination protcols such as serological with molecular and imaging technique to diagnose disease. Our study identified scarcity of data of reporting echinococcosis in humans/ animals in low-income or developing countries particularly central Asian countries. Study reports in small rodents indicate their role in disease dissemination but real situation in these host is not refected due to limited number of studies. Even though echinococcosis affects both public health and the domestic animal sector, therefore, it is important to devise new and strengthe implementation of the existing monitoring, judging, and control measures in this estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Athar Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadiq Khan
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Warda Qamar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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17
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Cystic echinococcosis in donkeys in eastern Africa. Parasitology 2023; 150:468-475. [PMID: 36843475 PMCID: PMC10089808 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is endemic in humans and domestic animals in eastern Africa. All the species of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato complex have been reported in this region except for E. equinus, possibly due to the small number of studies involving equids. This study reports the frequency of different Echinococcus species in donkeys from eastern Africa. A total of 5961 donkeys were examined during meat inspection in 3 slaughterhouses in Kenya. Identification of Echinococcus spp. was achieved through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism and sequencing of the mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene. The prevalence of CE was 5.7% (337/5961). The 263 genotyped cysts belonged to E. equinus (n = 163), E. granulosus sensu stricto (n = 70), E. canadensis (G6/7) (n = 26) and E. ortleppi (n = 4). One donkey harboured a metacestode of Spirometra theileri. All E. equinus cases, except 2, originated from southern Ethiopia, whereas the other species were more evenly distributed across the study area. Most of the cysts belonging to E. equinus were fertile (111/163), while those of the other species were non-fertile. This is the first report of Echinococcus spp. in donkeys from sub-Saharan Africa and the first confirmation of E. equinus in East Africa. The frequent fertility of E. equinus cysts in donkeys affirms their suitability as intermediate hosts of this species, while low frequency and cyst fertility suggest a marginal role of donkeys in the transmission of E. granulosus s. s., E. canadensis (G6/7) and E. ortleppi.
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18
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Mutwiri T, Muigai AWT, Magambo J, Mulinge E, Gitau L, Muinde P, Bettridge JM, Rogan M, Fèvre EM, Falzon LC. The potential role of roaming dogs in establishing a geographically novel life cycle of taeniids (Echinococcus spp. and Taenia spp.) in a non-endemic area. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 38:100829. [PMID: 36725161 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is endemic in humans and livestock in many pastoral communities in Kenya. The distribution of the disease is enhanced by several factors, including livestock trade, which has allowed for the spread of CE to non-endemic areas such as western Kenya. Dogs' roaming behaviour, with consequent contamination of the environment with intestinal parasites, could then lead to parasite establishment. This study examined dogs' infection levels with taeniid eggs and their potential role in contaminating the environment with intestinal parasites. METHODOLOGY We selected sixteen ruminant slaughterhouses in Busia and Bungoma Counties, and around each slaughterhouse we identified ten homesteads owning free-roaming dogs. We administered a questionnaire on dog management practices to the homestead owner and collected a faecal sample from the dog's rectum. In homesteads around 8 of the 16 slaughterhouses, we collared dogs with a GPS tracker to assess their movement patterns. The faecal samples were examined microscopically following zinc-chloride sieving-floatation technique for the presence of taeniid eggs and other canine intestinal parasites. Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene and sequencing were used to confirm taeniid eggs identified during microscopy. Additionally, the Coproantigen-ELISA was used to detect the presence of taeniid antigen in a sub-set of the faecal samples. RESULTS Helminths detected in the 155 dogs sampled included hookworms (n = 92; 59.4%), ascarids (n = 15; 9.7%), and taeniids (n = 1; 0.6%). Through Copro-PCR, 13 eggs extracted from the sample of the only taeniid infected dog were sequenced and identified as E. canadensis (G6/7) [n = 1], Taenia multiceps [n = 1], and Taenia serialis [n = 6]; the remaining were indeterminate. Of the 77 faecal samples tested for E. granulosus sensu lato (s. l.) with the Copro-ELISA, 64 (83.1%) were negative, 12 (15.6%) were positive, while 1 (1.3%) was suspicious. The dogs travelled a median of 13.5 km daily, and 28 dogs visited the slaughterhouses during the 5-day recording period. CONCLUSION The results indicate a relatively high carriage of zoonotic parasites by free-roaming domestic dogs in western Kenya, which poses a risk to human and livestock populations. We report for the first time a domestic lifecycle of Echinococcus canadensis and Taenia multiceps in western Kenya, as well as a presumptive sylvatic cycle of coenurosis by T. serialis. We recommend an extensive and ongoing Copro-antigen survey of dog faeces, broader assessment of dog parasites with zoonotic potential, adherence to slaughterhouse management practices, and dog-ownership programmes to highlight the importance of deworming and restricted dog movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titus Mutwiri
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 60200, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Methodist University, P.O. Box 45240, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Anne W T Muigai
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 60200, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Japhet Magambo
- Meru University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 972, 60200 Meru, Kenya
| | - Erastus Mulinge
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucy Gitau
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patrick Muinde
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; World Animal Protection, P.O. Box 66580, 00800 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Judy M Bettridge
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Rogan
- School of Science, Engineering, and Environment, University of Salford, United Kingdom
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Laura C Falzon
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Guo B, Zhao L, Zhao L, Mi R, Zhang X, Wang B, Guo G, Ren Y, Qi W, Zhang Z. Survey and Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto from Livestock and Humans in the Altai Region of Xinjiang, China. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010134. [PMID: 36678482 PMCID: PMC9866323 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the metacestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), is an important zoonotic parasite, endemic in the Altai region of China. It is a serious human health risk and causes livestock losses. To evaluate the prevalence, genetic variation, and population structure of CE, 2898 sheep and 703 cattle were examined from October 2019 to mid-February 2020 in the Altai region (Altai, Habahe, Fuhai, and Buerjin). Sheep had an infection rate of 4.52% (131/2898) and cattle had an infection rate of 4.84% (34/703). In total, 180 cyst isolates were obtained, including 131 sheep, 34 cattle, and 15 from CE human patients. The cysts were investigated using mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (cox1). Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) results showed that, among the two genotypes of E. granulosus s.s., there were 22 different haplotypes (Haps). Phylogenetic analysis and parsimony network indicated that seventeen (77.27%) Haps belonged to the sheep strain (G1 genotype) and five Haps (22.73%) belonged to the buffalo strain (G3 genotype). Hap3 was the most common haplotype (65.00%, 112/180), which belongs to the G1 genotype. Hap18−Hap22 were found in human samples, indicating that sheep and cattle reservoirs of human CE. Molecular diversity indices revealed the high levels of haplotype diversity and relatively low levels of nucleotide diversity. Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs tests displayed that the Altai population had a significant deviation from neutrality. Based on pairwise fixation index (Fst) values, a low level of genetic differentiation was found between the populations of E. granulosus s.s. isolated from different regions. The present survey findings represent an epidemiological survey of CE in the Altai region where there were two genotypes simultaneously and will provide more information on the genetic structure of E. granulosus s.s. within this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 Xi Chang‘an Avenue, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Rongsheng Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Wenjing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
- Correspondence:
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Zaffarano GP, Miambo RD, Ussivane ÉE, Poglayen G, Morandi B, Mukaratirwa S, Afonso SS. Cystic echinococcosis in cattle (Bos taurus) from rural communities of Limpopo National Park, Gaza province, Mozambique: a One Health perspective. RENDICONTI LINCEI. SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-022-01119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Echinococcus multilocularis and Other Taeniid Metacestodes of Muskrats in Luxembourg: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Parasite Reproduction, and Genetic Diversity. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121414. [PMID: 36558748 PMCID: PMC9781964 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) are competent intermediate hosts for Echinococcus multilocularis, are frequently infected with this zoonotic cestode, and have even been proposed as a target species to monitor endemicity levels of this parasite. However, their contribution to maintaining the parasitic lifecycle is still unclear. To obtain data on infection frequency and reproductive potential, 280 muskrats from the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg were examined for cestode larvae in the years 2013−2017. Based on morphological and molecular identification, Echinococcus multilocularis was found at a prevalence of 14.6%. Other metacestodes were Hydatigera kamiyai, with a prevalence of 45.7%, Taenia martis with 8.9%, Taenia polyacantha with 5.0%, and Versteria mustelae, which was found in 0.7% of all muskrats. More than 80% of E. multilocularis-infected muskrats contained fertile metacestodes with a mean number of >300,000 (and up to 1,609,816) protoscoleces, which is by far the highest reproductive potential known from any intermediate host species in Europe. Temporal analysis of E. multilocularis prevalence within the study period (and in comparison with earlier data) strongly indicates a robust increase in the studied area. Host age seemed to be an important risk factor for infection, as well as co-infections with Hydatigera kamiyai. A preference for the right medial lobe of the liver as the location of E. multilocularis metacestode was observed. Intraspecific genetic variation among 89 discrete E. multilocularis metacestodes was non-existent based on 300−1590 bp sections of cox1. This is a stark contrast to H. kamiyai, of which nine haplotypes were found on a short 318 bp section of cox1, resulting in genetic diversity in the small country of Luxembourg at a similar level than previously reported from large stretches of Europe and northern Asia.
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Križman M, Švara T, Šoba B, Rataj AV. Alveolar echinococcosis in nutria (Myocastor coypus), invasive species in Slovenia. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 18:221-224. [PMID: 35783071 PMCID: PMC9241068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The present report describes a case of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in nutria (Myocastor coypus) culled in the central area of Slovenia. Post-mortem exam showed multiple cystic lesions in the liver. Gross examination, as well as parasitological and histopathological examinations, revealed numerous cysts of various sizes, filled with yellow clear fluid and displacing most of the liver parenchyma. The cyst lumina contained numerous protoscolices approximately 100 μm in diameter and calcareous corpuscles. The protoscolices had two visible suckers and a rostellum with birefringent hooks. The lesions were consistent with an E. multilocularis cyst. Molecular analysis confirmed that the nutria was infected with E. multilocularis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of echinococcosis in nutria in Slovenia that presents gross, parasitological, and histological lesions and the result of molecular analysis. Nutrias in Slovenia are dangerous invaders but can also be a relevant bioindicator of the presence of the parasite in the environment.
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Uakhit R, Smagulova A, Syzdykova A, Abdrakhmanov S, Kiyan V. Genetic diversity of Echinococcus spp. in wild carnivorous animals in Kazakhstan. Vet World 2022; 15:1489-1496. [PMID: 35993082 PMCID: PMC9375211 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1489-1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The study of Echinococcus infection among farm animals in Kazakhstan was carried out to monitor the invasion among livestock and map the data obtained. Unfortunately, there are only partial data on the study of echinococcosis among wild carnivores in Kazakhstan, which makes it difficult to conduct a comparative analysis of the epidemiological situation among wild animals. The present study aimed to estimate the genetic diversity of Echinococcus spp. (Leuckart, 1863) in Kazakhstan based on sequence analysis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) of worms isolated from wild carnivorous animals wolf (Canis lupus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and corsac (Vulpes corsac). Materials and Methods: DNA from parasite tissue was used as a template for the amplification of the two mitochondrial genes cox1 and nad1. Sequencing was performed according to the manual for the Seq Studio Genetic Analyzer. The multiple alignments of obtained sequences were performed using the ClustalW algorithm in Mega (v.11) software. Alignments were exported as a Nexus extension and used as input for TCS v1.21 for the identification of haplotypes. The phylogenetic analysis was constructed according to the neighbor-joining method using Mega (v.11) software. Results: Analysis of the extensiveness of echinococcosis invasion showed that 6.3% were wolves, 18.2% were corsacs, and 85% were foxes. In total, 159 adults of Echinococcus spp. from the three species of animals in different parts of Kazakhstan were analyzed, and 17 individual biological samples were successfully sequenced. Sequence analysis of cox1 and nad1 genes revealed two types of echinococcosis – Echinococcus granulosus in red foxes and wolves, and Echinococcus multilocularis in corsacs. Sequencing of a portion of the mitochondrial genome made it possible to determine seven haplotypes of the pathogen in the studied samples of E. granulosus. Molecular analysis of cox1 and nad1 genes of E. multilocularis revealed three new haplotypes, which have significant variability compared with other studied Asian haplotypes. Conclusion: This study made it possible to fill the gaps in understanding the localization of the foci of the spread of the echinococcosis pathogen among the main wild carnivores and to determine the species reservoir of the pathogen in the greater territory of Kazakhstan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabiga Uakhit
- Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, 62 Zhenis Avenue, Nur-Sultan 010011, Kazakhstan
| | - Ainura Smagulova
- Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, 62 Zhenis Avenue, Nur-Sultan 010011, Kazakhstan
| | - Alfiya Syzdykova
- Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, 62 Zhenis Avenue, Nur-Sultan 010011, Kazakhstan
| | - Sarsenbay Abdrakhmanov
- Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, 62 Zhenis Avenue, Nur-Sultan 010011, Kazakhstan
| | - Vladimir Kiyan
- Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, 62 Zhenis Avenue, Nur-Sultan 010011, Kazakhstan; National Center of Biotechnology, 13/5 Qorghalzhyn Hwy, Nur-Sultan 010011, Kazakhstan
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Cháves-González LE, Morales-Calvo F, Mora J, Solano-Barquero A, Verocai GG, Rojas A. What lies behind the curtain: Cryptic diversity in helminth parasites of human and veterinary importance. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 2:100094. [PMID: 35800064 PMCID: PMC9253710 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parasite cryptic species are morphologically indistinguishable but genetically distinct organisms, leading to taxa with unclear species boundaries. Speciation mechanisms such as cospeciation, host colonization, taxon pulse, and oscillation may lead to the emergence of cryptic species, influencing host-parasite interactions, parasite ecology, distribution, and biodiversity. The study of cryptic species diversity in helminth parasites of human and veterinary importance has gained relevance, since their distribution may affect clinical and epidemiological features such as pathogenicity, virulence, drug resistance and susceptibility, mortality, and morbidity, ultimately affecting patient management, course, and outcome of treatment. At the same time, the need for recognition of cryptic species diversity has implied a transition from morphological to molecular diagnostic methods, which are becoming more available and accessible in parasitology. Here, we discuss the general approaches for cryptic species delineation and summarize some examples found in nematodes, trematodes and cestodes of medical and veterinary importance, along with the clinical implications of their taxonomic status. Lastly, we highlight the need for the correct interpretation of molecular information, and the correct use of definitions when reporting or describing new cryptic species in parasitology, since molecular and morphological data should be integrated whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enrique Cháves-González
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Fernando Morales-Calvo
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Javier Mora
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alberto Solano-Barquero
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Guilherme G. Verocai
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alicia Rojas
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Aschenborn J, Schneider C, Addy F, Aschenborn O, Kern P, Romig T, Deplazes P, Wassermann M. Cystic echinococcosis of ruminant livestock in Namibia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 31:100727. [PMID: 35569909 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is widespread and locally frequent in southern Africa where it affects humans, livestock, and wild mammals. However, most data from the region are old and do not provide information on the causative Echinococcus species. For Namibian livestock only anecdotal records were available prior to this preliminary survey. Our retrospective analysis of slaughterhouse records of CE in cattle from the commercial farming area in central and southern Namibia resulted in 1.65% CE prevalence among 35,143 slaughtered cattle in the period 2015-2016. For comparison, carcasses of ruminant livestock were prospectively examined in the communal farming areas of northern Namibia, resulting in three CE cases among only 12 cattle, and no cases among nine goats. To determine the Echinococcus species affecting Namibian livestock, a total of 53 cysts were collected from all parts of the country and analysed for species and genotype by amplification and sequencing of the nad1 gene. All 50 cattle cysts (isolated from 40 cattle), both from the commercial and communal farming areas, were Echinococcus ortleppi (all fertile, and 42/50 from the lungs), while three opportunistically collected cysts from three sheep in southern Namibia were E. canadensis G7. Our data suggest that E. ortleppi is the only CE agent that is relevant for cattle infection in Namibia, and that low prevalence in the commercial farming areas contrasts with high CE burden in the northern traditional husbandry systems. The present data provide baseline information to stimulate epidemiological studies on the transmission pathways of various CE agents in livestock, wildlife, and humans in Namibia and neighbouring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Aschenborn
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Zurich, Institute of Parasitology, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Francis Addy
- University for Development Studies, Department of Biotechnology, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Ortwin Aschenborn
- University of Namibia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Windhoek, Namibia.
| | | | - Thomas Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Peter Deplazes
- University of Zurich, Institute of Parasitology, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Massolo A, Simoncini A, Romig T. The ‘bridge effect’ by intermediate hosts may explain differential distributions of Echinococcus species. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:501-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Molecular Study of Echinococcus granulosus Cestodes in Ukraine and the First Genetic Identification of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Stricto (G1 Genotype) in the Country. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:244-254. [PMID: 34279774 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cystic echinococcosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease of great medical and veterinary importance, which is caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. In Ukraine, two areas of the prominent circulation of the parasite are established, the southern steppe zone with sheep as the main transmitter, and the northern forest-steppe zone and Polissia, where pigs are mainly responsible for maintaining the E. granulosus transmission. METHODS Given that only a few studies have so far addressed the genetic diversity of the parasite in Ukraine, we have sequenced partial mitochondrial genes of cytochrome c oxidase 1 (789 bp), NADH dehydrogenase 1 (602 bp) and 12S rRNA (333-334 bp) in pig metacestodes from the Sumy region (farms close to Sumy, northeastern Ukraine) and the Kyiv region (a farm in Bila Tserkva, central Ukraine). RESULTS Four isolates from four pigs in the Sumy region were identified as E. canadensis (G7 genotype), the major E. granulosus s.l. species circulating in Eastern Europe, including the three microvariants (G7A, G7B, G7C). Three isolates from the two pigs in the Kyiv region were classified as E. granulosus s.s. (G1 genotype), including one microvariant (G1A). CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first genetic record of E. granulosus s.s. with the presumed highest infectivity and virulence among the E. granulosus s.l. species in Ukraine. The finding has implications for public health as local control programmes should take into consideration different development rate of this parasite in dogs and the greater risk of the species for human infection.
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Prevalence and molecular characterization of cystic hydatidosis in livestock slaughtered in southern Mozambique. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:186-195. [PMID: 35299925 PMCID: PMC8901823 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydatid disease is a parasitic zoonosis caused by genotypes of the genus Echinococcus. This disease inflicts economic loses in livestock and cause public health burden in resource poor mostly in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and identity of the genotypes responsible for hydatid cysts in cattle, goats and pigs slaughtered at selected abattoirs of southern provinces of Mozambique. Cysts were collected from liver and lungs and hydatid confirmation was made by cystic membrane observation and visualization of protoscoleces by light microscope. Thirty-two hydatid cysts from 817 cattle and two from 68 pigs were collected from local slaughterhouses and slabs. DNA was extracted from protoscoleces of each cyst together with the cystic membrane and amplified based on the mitochondrial subunit 1 of the cox1 and nad1 gene. The overall prevalence of hydatid cysts was 3.9% in cattle, 2.9% in pigs and none of the goats were found with cysts. All cysts collected from cattle and pigs were identified as Echinococcus ortleppi (G5) with a minimum homology of 99% on BLAST analysis. Our results confirm the presence of E. ortleppi in cattle and pigs in southern Mozambique at a low prevalence and further studies are recommended to determine the risk factors favoring the transmission of this zoonotic parasite in the resource-poor livestock farming communities of this region.
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Development of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Combined with Lateral Flow Dipstick Assay for a Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Cystic Echinococcosis in Livestock in Kenya. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:4928009. [PMID: 35265138 PMCID: PMC8898851 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4928009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the metacestode stage of Echinococcus granulosus and occurs worldwide, causing considerable economic losses and public health problems. The currently available methods for the diagnosis of animal hydatidosis are time-consuming and require well-equipped laboratories which make them incompatible with testing in resource-poor settings. This study developed and evaluated a rapid, more sensitive, and specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick assay for the rapid and sensitive detection of cystic echinococcosis. Results In this study, a specific primer set and FITC-labeled probe targeting the conserved region of the NADH-1 gene were designed. The LAMP reaction was performed at 60°C for 40 minutes, and the amplification products were successfully visualized by LFD strips. The analytical sensitivity of LAMP-LFD was determined using 10-fold serial dilutions of E. granulosus DNA. The minimal concentration detected was 10 fg/μl, and no cross-reactivity was observed with DNA extracted from Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, and Fasciola hepatica. The ability of the developed LAMP-LFD assay to detect cystic echinococcosis was further evaluated with 62 cyst samples from slaughtered cattle in Juja Abattoir, Kiambu County, Kenya. The LAMP-LFD was able to detect 59/62 (95.2%, 95% CI 0.87–0.98) as positive samples of E. granulosus compared to 53/62 (85.5%, 95% CI 0.75–0.92) by nested PCR assay. Conclusion Our results indicated that the developed LAMP-LFD technique was more sensitive than the nested PCR assay, rapid, and easy to perform with a simple visual detection of products. Therefore, it could be an important point-of-care diagnostic tool for cystic echinococcosis.
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Pirestani M, Hamedani N, Dalimi A. Clinical and molecular features of human cystic echinococcosis in Tehran, Iran, 2011-2019. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.364002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Kesik HK, Celik F, Simsek S, Kilinc SG, Ahmed H, Gul A. Molecular Characterization and Haplotype Analyses of Lung Hydatid Cyst Isolates of Cattle and First Report of Echinococcus canadensis (G6/G7) in Cattle Isolates in Turkey. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1538-1547. [PMID: 34121135 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease, caused by parasite known as Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato complex, leading to substantial economic losses in rural areas with public health problems. This study was carried out to understand the haplotypic profiles of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (mt-CO1) gene of cattle lung hydatid cyst samples which were obtained from two provinces in Turkey. METHODS In this study, forty (n = 40) hydatid cyst samples from the lungs of slaughtered cattle were obtained. The germinal layers were taken separately for each individual cyst then stored in 70% ethanol. From each individual cyst sample, total genomic DNA was extracted. Amplification of the partial mt-CO1 gene (875 bp) was performed using a specific primer set by PCR, and then, the amplicons were sequenced. All sequences were analyzed individually, followed by alignment, and haplotype and phylogenetic analyses were then performed. RESULTS By the sequence alignment process, 39 out of the 40 sequences were characterized as E. granulosus sensu stricto. However, one of them was matched with E. canadensis (G6/G7). The haplotype analyses of the E. granulosus s.s. isolates were arranged in a star-like orientation with a main haplotype, which was separated from other haplotypes by 1-10 mutation steps, and 26 haplotypes were identified. In the mt-CO1 sequences, 29 polymorphic sites were determined, and 34.5% (10/29) of them were parsimony informative. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide the first report of E. canadensis (G6/G7 genotype) among cattle in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Kaya Kesik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdurrahman Gul
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
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Wang X, Zhu A, Cai H, Liu B, Xie G, Jiang R, Zhang J, Xie N, Guan Y, Bergquist R, Wang Z, Li Y, Wu W. The pathology, phylogeny, and epidemiology of Echinococcus ortleppi (G5 genotype): a new case report of echinococcosis in China. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:130. [PMID: 34742346 PMCID: PMC8572459 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of the complex Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), is a zoonotic parasitic disease with a high social burden in China. E. ortleppi is a species (formerly genotype 5 of E. granulosus s.l.) with unique epidemic areas (tropical areas), transmission patterns (mainly cattle origin), and pathological characteristics (large and small hook lengths) compared to other species that cause CE. A 19-year-old female patient in an area with no history of echinococcosis in Guizhou Province, China, was diagnosed with E. ortleppi infection in 2019. This study is to understand the source of this human E.ortleppi infection. Methods We performed computer tomography (CT) scans, surgical operation, morphological sectioning, molecular diagnosis, phylogenetic analyses, and epidemiological investigation in Anshun City, Guizhou Province, China in 2019. Results The patient presented with intermittent distension and pain in the upper abdomen without other abnormal symptoms. Routine blood examination results were normal. However, abdominal CT revealed a fertile cyst with a diameter of approximately 8 cm, uniform density, and a clear boundary, but without an evident cyst wall in the right lobe of the liver. The cyst was fertile, and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the isolates represented a new E. ortleppi genus haplotype. A result of 10‒14 years incubation period with indigenous infection was considered available for the case through the epidemiological survey. Conclusions CE due to E. ortleppi infection can be confused with other diseases causing liver cysts, resulting in misdiagnosis. A transmission chain of E. ortleppi may exist or existed in the past in the previously considered non-endemic areas of echinococcosis in southwestern China. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-021-00907-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Aiya Zhu
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongying Cai
- People's Hospital of Anshun City, Anshun, Guizhou, China
| | - Baixue Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Xie
- People's Hospital of Anshun City, Anshun, Guizhou, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Anshun Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Anshun, Guizhou, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Nanzi Xie
- People's Hospital of Anshun City, Anshun, Guizhou, China
| | - Yayi Guan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Zhenghuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Weiping Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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Lightowlers MW, Gasser RB, Hemphill A, Romig T, Tamarozzi F, Deplazes P, Torgerson PR, Garcia HH, Kern P. Advances in the treatment, diagnosis, control and scientific understanding of taeniid cestode parasite infections over the past 50 years. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1167-1192. [PMID: 34757089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past 50 years, enormous progress has been made in the diagnosis, treatment and control of taeniid cestode infections/diseases and in the scientific understanding thereof. Most interest in this group of parasites stems from the serious diseases that they cause in humans. It is through this lens that we summarize here the most important breakthroughs that have made a difference to the treatment of human diseases caused by these parasites, reduction in transmission of the taeniid species associated with human disease, or understanding of the parasites' biology likely to impact diagnosis or treatment in the foreseeable future. Key topics discussed are the introduction of anti-cestode drugs, including benzimidazoles and praziquantel, and the development of new imaging modalities that have transformed the diagnosis and post-treatment monitoring of human echinococcoses and neurocysticercosis. The availability of new anti-cestode drugs for use in dogs and a detailed understanding of the transmission dynamics of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato have underpinned successful programs that have eliminated cystic echinococcosis in some areas of the world and greatly reduced the incidence of infection in others. Despite these successes, cystic and alveolar echinococcosis and neurocysticercosis continue to be prevalent in many parts of the world, requiring new or renewed efforts to prevent the associated taeniid infections. Major advances made in the development of practical vaccines against E. granulosus and Taenia solium will hopefully assist in this endeavour, as might the understanding of the parasites' biology that have come from an elucidation of the nuclear genomes of each of the most important taeniid species causing human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall W Lightowlers
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, Emil-Wolff-Strasse 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse, and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul R Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Perú
| | - Peter Kern
- Ulm University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Moudgil AD, Nehra AK, Nehra V, Sharma R, Vohra S, Moudgil P. Phylogenetics and Pathology of Hydatid Disease in Slaughtered Buffaloes of North India. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:899-906. [PMID: 33687645 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00348-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hydatid disease is one of the neglected and challenging (for diagnosis as well as for treatment) parasitic diseases. Along with adverse effect on animal's health leading to production losses, hydatidosis is also associated with huge economic losses. The present study was envisaged with an aim to assess the phylogeny and pathological changes due to natural hydatid cysts in lungs and liver of slaughtered buffaloes in north India. METHODS A total of 137 slaughtered buffaloes intended for human consumption were screened for the presence of cysts. The retrieved cysts were confirmed molecularly based on the amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene (mtCO1), exhibiting a product size of approximately 446 bp. The samples collected from infected lungs and liver were subjected to histopathological examination. RESULTS The hydatid cysts were recorded in 25 (18.2%) animals. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the isolated strain to be closely related to Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1) genotype. The nucleotide diversity (π) obtained was 0.014685, whereas, Tajima's D was negative (- 2.796053), which indicated purifying selection or recent population expansion. Histopathologically, in the infected lungs, fibrosis and inflammatory reaction comprising of mononuclear cells and fibroblasts around the thick coat of granulation tissue were observed. Marked calcified masses and necrosis were also observed in the calcified cysts. However, in case of infected livers, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, degeneration of hepatocytes, fibrosis and inflammatory cells were most commonly observed around the hydatid cysts. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study are of significant veterinary and medical importance owing to economic and public health impact of G1 genotype of E. granulosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman D Moudgil
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Anil K Nehra
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Vikas Nehra
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Rakshita Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Sukhdeep Vohra
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Pallavi Moudgil
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India.
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Bucher BJ, Muchaamba G, Kamber T, Kronenberg PA, Abdykerimov KK, Isaev M, Deplazes P, Alvarez Rojas CA. LAMP Assay for the Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis Eggs Isolated from Canine Faeces by a Cost-Effective NaOH-Based DNA Extraction Method. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070847. [PMID: 34357996 PMCID: PMC8308659 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in infected canids and the environment is pivotal for a better understanding of the epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis in endemic areas. Necropsy/sedimentation and counting technique remain the gold standard for the detection of canid infection. PCR-based detection methods have shown high sensitivity and specificity, but they have been hardly used in large scale prevalence studies. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a fast and simple method to detect DNA with a high sensitivity and specificity, having the potential for field-application. A specific LAMP assay for the detection of E. multilocularis was developed targeting the mitochondrial nad1 gene. A crucial step for amplification-based detection methods is DNA extraction, usually achieved utilising silica-gel membrane spin columns from commercial kits which are expensive. We propose two cost-effective and straightforward methods for DNA extraction, using NaOH (method 1A) and InstaGeneTM Matrix (method 1B), from isolated eggs circumventing the need for commercial kits. The sensitivity of both assays with fox samples was similar (72.7%) with multiplex-PCR using protocol 1A and LAMP using protocol 1B. Sensitivity increased up to 100% when testing faeces from 12 foxes infected with more than 100 intestinal stages of E. multilocularis. For dogs, sensitivity was similar (95.4%) for LAMP and multiplex-PCR using protocol 1B and for both methods when DNA was extracted using protocol 1A (90.9%). The DNA extraction methods used here are fast, cheap, and do not require a DNA purification step, making them suitable for field studies in low-income countries for the prevalence study of E. multilocularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J. Bucher
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.J.B.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Gillian Muchaamba
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.J.B.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Tim Kamber
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.J.B.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Philipp A. Kronenberg
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.J.B.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.D.)
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kubanychbek K. Abdykerimov
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Myktybek Isaev
- Department of Parasitology, Kyrgyz Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine Arstanbek Duisheev, Ministry of Education and Science of the Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek 720033, Kyrgyzstan;
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.J.B.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.D.)
| | - Cristian A. Alvarez Rojas
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.J.B.); (G.M.); (T.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Mardani P, Ezabadi AT, Sedaghat B, Sadjjadi SM. Pulmonary hydatidosis genotypes isolates from human clinical surgery based on sequencing of mitochondrial genes in Fars, Iran. J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 16:167. [PMID: 34099002 PMCID: PMC8186107 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-021-01547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE)/hydatidosis is an important neglected parasitic zoonotic disease caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. The present study was designed to identify the pulmonary CE species/genotypes in isolated human underwent to surgery in our center in Southern Iran. METHODS The study population of this study were all patients in Fars province who were admitted to Namazi Hospitals for pulmonary hydatid cyst surgery. Thoracic surgery was performed in the thoracic ward and the cyst/s was removed by open surgery via posterolateral or lateral thoracotomy. DNA was extracted from the germinal layer or the protoscoleces. PCR technique was performed using the cytochrome C oxidase subunit1 (cox1) gene, and the products were sequenced. RESULTS A total of 32 pulmonary hydatid cyst samples were collected from 9 (28%) female and 23 (72%) male aged from 4 to 74 years old. A total of 18(56%) cyst/s were in the left lobe and 14 (44%) cysts in the right lobe. Sequence analysis of the cysts showed that 24 samples (75%) were E. granulosus s.s (G1-G3) genotype and 8 (25%) were E. canadensis (G6/G7) genotype. CONCLUSION E.granulosus s.s genotype was the most prevalent genotype followed by E. canadensis (G6/G7) genotype. There was no significant statistical correlation between cysts' size, location, genotype strain, and patients' age and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parviz Mardani
- Department of Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Talebi Ezabadi
- Department of Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Sedaghat
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in Owned Dogs in Lagos State, Nigeria. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8060101. [PMID: 34198886 PMCID: PMC8227389 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8060101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) infection in dogs poses risk of transmission to their owners and family members. We determined the prevalence and factors associated with E. granulosus s.l. infection among owned dogs presented at veterinary clinics or hospitals in Lagos State, Nigeria. Fecal samples from 217 dogs were screened for the presence of taeniid eggs using a sedimentation test in a cross sectional study. The taeniid eggs were identified at molecular level using a multiplex PCR. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data on intrinsic and extrinsic factors from 133 dog owners. Out of the 217 dog fecal samples, 13 (6.0%) had taeniid eggs, of which 12 (92.3%) were identified as Echinococcus granulosus s.l. We found that Echinococcus granulosus infection is present among owned dogs in Lagos State with an overall prevalence of 5.5%. Location of the veterinary clinics or hospital and purpose for keeping dogs were significant factors associated with E. granulosus infection among owned dogs. Dogs living in suburban areas and kept for security purposes or guarding have higher probability of infection. Appropriate and regular treatment of dogs with praziquantel is highly recommended to reduce risk of E. granulosus transmission to humans.
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Bernstein LA, Shaffer C, Walz E, Moore S, Sparks A, Stone S, Roerick T, Larsen PA, Wolf TM. Exploring Risk for Echinococcosis Spillover in Northern Minnesota Tribal Communities. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:169-181. [PMID: 34508275 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus spp. are zoonotic cestode parasites with a worldwide distribution and a complex, two-host life cycle involving carnivore definitive hosts and small mammal or ungulate intermediate hosts. Surveillance for Echinococcus spp. in the Midwestern United States (USA) is rare. Using a mixed-methods approach, we examined Echinococcus infection risks in wildlife and domestic dogs in four Minnesota Tribal Nations. We hypothesized that the spillover of Echinococcus spp. into domestic dogs would vary with the presence or absence of suspected wildlife host species and certain behaviors associated with domestic dog ownership, like feeding wildlife host carcasses or frequency of veterinary care. Among 83 dogs tested, three (3.6%) were positive for Echinococcus spp. Despite low prevalence, pet owner survey and focus group findings indicated that dogs encounter peri-domestic wildlife most often when they roam freely or consume wildlife carcasses. This study demonstrates a need for further research into spillover potential of endemic zoonotic Echinococcus spp. in the Midwest USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Bernstein
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | | | - Emily Walz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Seth Moore
- Department of Biology and the Environment, Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, Grand Portage, MN, USA
| | - Amy Sparks
- A Visual Spark Graphic Recording, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Suzanne Stone
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Tanya Roerick
- Division of Resources Management, Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe, Cass Lake, MN, USA
| | - Peter A Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Tiffany M Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Genetic Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Lato in Livestock and Human Isolates from North of Iran Indicates the Presence of E. ortleppi in Cattle. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:446-454. [PMID: 33083929 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Identification of different genotypes of echinococcal cyst in various domestic herbivores and humans within the target area was the principal aim of the present study, performed using sequence data of cox1 and nad1 mitochondrial genes. METHODS A total of 57 cystic echinococcosis (CE) cysts were isolated from indigenous livestock including 45 cattle, 9 sheep and 3 goats from several slaughterhouses in Guilan Province. Moreover, 12 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) CE cyst tissues from humans were also included, obtained from the archives of several hospitals in Rasht, the capital of Guilan. Genetic sequencing was conducted using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes. RESULTS Our results found that E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) and E. ortleppi were present in 92.7% and 7.2% isolates, respectively. E. granulosus s.s. (genotypes G1 and G3) and E. ortleppi were isolated from various livestock whereas all CE cysts isolated from humans were E. granulosus s.s. G1 genotype. CONCLUSION We found that E. granulosus s.s. G1 was the predominant genotype within the study region. This is the first study to report E. ortleppi in cattle in Iran.
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M'rad S, Chaâbane-Banaoues R, Ghrab M, Babba H, Oudni-M'rad M. Human and animal cystic echinococcosis in Tataouine governorate: hypoendemic area in a hyperendemic country, myth or reality? Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:216. [PMID: 33883021 PMCID: PMC8059020 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04714-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) has a worldwide distribution and is especially prevalent in North African countries. With a mean annual surgical incidence (ASI) of CE of 12.7 per 100,000 inhabitants, Tunisia is one of the most CE endemic countries in the Mediterranean area. Tataouine governorate is considered to be the most CE hypoendemic region in Tunisia (ASI = 0.92) despite favourable socioeconomic conditions that enable maintenance of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) life-cycle and a significant environmental contamination with E. granulosus s.l. eggs. The aim of this study was to assess human CE seroprevalence, prevalence of CE in food animals and environmental contamination by E. granulosus s.l. eggs in different districts of Tataouine governorate. METHODS This study was conducted from January to December 2018. A total of 374 human sera samples were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin G antibodies against E. granulosus using a commercial ELISA kit. Specimens were also collected from animals slaughtered at the Tataouine abattoir (n = 8609) and examined for the presence of hydatid cysts; 111 hydatid cysts were genotyped. Eggs of E. granulosus s.l. were identified by PCR and DNA sequencing from dog faecal samples (n = 288). RESULTS Serological tests showed that 8.5% of the sera samples tested were positive for E. granulosus-specific antibodies. The average prevalence of hydatidosis in livestock was 1.6%, and CE infection was more prevalent in cattle than in sheep, goats and dromedaries. The contamination rate of dog faeces by E. granulosus sensu stricto eggs varied significantly from 0 to 23.5% depending on the collection area. Molecular analyses only revealed the presence of the G1 genotype for cysts and eggs. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, CE is likely to be more endemic in the Tataouine governorate than previously described. Thus, to implement an effective control programme against CE, a national survey should be carried out to determine human CE prevalence in the different Tunisian governorates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim M'rad
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR12ES08, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Raja Chaâbane-Banaoues
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR12ES08, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Massaouda Ghrab
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR12ES08, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Babba
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR12ES08, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, EPS F. Bourguiba, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Myriam Oudni-M'rad
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR12ES08, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
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Al-Hizab FA, Mohamed NS, Wassermann M, Hamouda MA, Ibrahim AM, El-Ghareeb WR, Abdel-Raheem SM, Romig T, Omer RA. Three species of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato infect camels on the Arabian Peninsula. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2077-2086. [PMID: 33864104 PMCID: PMC8184555 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on the genetic identity of 36 Echinococcus cysts that were collected during a recent slaughterhouse survey of 810 locally bred camels (dromedaries) in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Analysis of a partial nad1 gene sequence showed that the majority (n = 29) belonged to E. granulosus sensu stricto, four to E. canadensis G6/7, and three to E. ortleppi. Eight of the 29 E. granulosus s.s. cysts contained protoscoleces; all other cysts were calcified and non-viable. This is the first report of the presence E. ortleppi from the Arabian Peninsula, a parasite that is typically transmitted via cattle. The results indicate widespread infection of camels with CE in eastern Saudi Arabia and an active role of camels in the lifecycles of at least E. granulosus s.s.. Complete cox1 haplotype analysis of 21 E. granulosus s.s. isolates shows that the majority of variants circulating in eastern Saudi Arabia is distinct from but closely related to haplotypes from neighboring countries in the Middle East, which indicates the presence of this parasite in KSA for a longer period of time. All isolates of E. granulosus s.s. in this study belonged to the G1 cluster, although the G3 genotype has previously also been reported from the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad A Al-Hizab
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofof, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouh S Mohamed
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Nile University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Marion Wassermann
- Parasitology Unit 190p, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 34, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mahmoud A Hamouda
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofof, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelazim M Ibrahim
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofof, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed R El-Ghareeb
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Husbandry (Meat Hygiene), College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofof, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherief M Abdel-Raheem
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Husbandry (Meat Hygiene), College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofof, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit 190p, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 34, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rihab A Omer
- Parasitology Unit 190p, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 34, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Gong QL, Ge GY, Wang Q, Tian T, Liu F, Diao NC, Nie LB, Zong Y, Li JM, Shi K, Leng X, Du R. Meta-analysis of the prevalence of Echinococcus in dogs in China from 2010 to 2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009268. [PMID: 33798191 PMCID: PMC8018629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcosis (canine Echinococcus disease) is a neglected tropical disease that causes serious public harm. Dogs, as a terminal host of Echinococcus spp., are a key part of the Echinococcus epidemic. Echinococcosis spreads easily in humans and animals in some areas of China and it is therefore necessary to fully understand the prevalence of Echinococcus spp. in dogs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS PubMed, ScienceDirect, Chongqing VIP, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and WanFang databases were searched for relevant articles published in the past 10 years. A final total of 108 studies were included. The overall prevalence of Echinococcus spp. in dogs in China was 7.3%, with the highest point estimate found in sampling year 2015 (8.2%) and publication year 2015 (16.5%). Northwestern China (7.9%) had the highest infection rate in China. Qinghai Province (13.5%) showed the highest prevalence among the 11 provinces we included. We also found that geographical and climatic factors are related to the incidence of canine echinococcosis. We further investigated the source of heterogeneity by analysis of subgroups (sampling district, detection method, dog type, season, parasite species, medication, and study quality level). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our research indicated that Echinococcus spp. were still prevalent in some areas in China. More localized prevention and control policies should be formulated, including improving drinking water hygiene and strengthening hygiene promotion. We recommend the rational use of anti-Echinococcus drugs. In addition, treatment of livestock offal and feces and improving the welfare of stray dogs may play an important role in reducing canine Echinococcus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Long Gong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gui-Yang Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nai-Chao Diao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan-Bi Nie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Leng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XL); (RD)
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XL); (RD)
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Macchioni F, Coppola F, Furzi F, Gabrielli S, Baldanti S, Boni CB, Felicioli A. Taeniid cestodes in a wolf pack living in a highly anthropic hilly agro-ecosystem. Parasite 2021; 28:10. [PMID: 33544075 PMCID: PMC7863970 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Italian wolf population in human-modified landscapes has increased greatly in the last few decades. Anthropisation increases the risk of transmission of many zoonotic infections and in this context, control of taeniid cestode species needs to be addressed from a One Health perspective. Predator-prey interactions are at the root of taeniid cestode transmission, and the wolf plays a key role in the maintenance and transmission of taeniids. To date, all available data on the taeniids of wolves in Italy refer to populations living in a wild habitat. Between 2018 and 2019, we investigated taeniids in a wolf pack living in a highly anthropic hilly agro-ecosystem. Thirty-eight faecal samples were collected and analysed, 4 of which were also genetically characterised for individual wolves and belonged to three different animals. Samples collected were analysed microscopically and by molecular analysis in order to identify the taeniid species. Taeniid eggs were detected in 34.2% (13/38) of samples. Within samples positive to taeniid eggs only Echinococcus granulosus s.s. and Taenia hydatigena were identified in 26.3% and 10.5% of the samples, respectively. On microscopic examination, Capillaria spp., Ancylostomatidae and Toxocara canis eggs, Crenosoma vulpis larvae, and coccidian oocysts were also found. The combination of low biodiversity of taeniid species with a high occurrence of E. granulosus s.s. recorded in this study could be the consequence of a deeper link occurring between wolves and livestock in human-modified landscapes than in wild settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Macchioni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa Viale delle Piagge 2 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Francesca Coppola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa Viale delle Piagge 2 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Federica Furzi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Simona Gabrielli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Samuele Baldanti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa Viale delle Piagge 2 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Chiara Benedetta Boni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa Viale delle Piagge 2 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Antonio Felicioli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa Viale delle Piagge 2 56124 Pisa Italy
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Identification of Echinococcus granulosus Genotypes G1 and G3 by SNPs Genotyping Assays. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020125. [PMID: 33530642 PMCID: PMC7910869 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis in animals and humans. Different E. granulosuss.l. genotypes exhibit great diversity in their life cycle, host selectivity and pathogenicity. For this reason, the study of genetic variation within Echinococcus species is of importance for their epidemiological implication. We employed two SNP genotyping technologies to distinguish G1 and G3 E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.). genotypes. The genotypes of DNA samples (n = 28) extracted from hydatid cysts of different animal species were identified by amplification and sequencing of a fragment of the mitochondrial nad5 gene. Two SYBR green and three TaqMan real time PCR assays were developed for targeting of three nad5 informative positions (SNP758, 1123, and 1380) known to be able to discriminate G1 from G3. Genotyping by SYBR Green PCR based on cycle threshold (Ct) with melting temperature (Tm) analysis and performed on SNP1123 and SNP1380 failed to identify one DNA sample. TaqMan assays for SNP758, 1123 and 1380 effectively confirmed genotype identification obtained by Sanger sequencing. Our results demonstrated that the combination of the three Taqman assays developed in this study represents a valuable and cost effective tool alternative to DNA sequencing for E. granulosus s.s. genotyping.
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Umhang G, Knapp J, Wassermann M, Bastid V, Peytavin de Garam C, Boué F, Cencek T, Romig T, Karamon J. Asian Admixture in European Echinococcus multilocularis Populations: New Data From Poland Comparing EmsB Microsatellite Analyses and Mitochondrial Sequencing. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:620722. [PMID: 33521093 PMCID: PMC7843918 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.620722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cestode Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of a severe zoonotic disease: alveolar echinococcosis (AE). The parasite is distributed over a vast area in northern Eurasia and North America, but the impact of AE on human health is highly uneven between different regions. One hypothetical reason for this difference in virulence may be the genetic structure of E. multilocularis which—based on mitochondrial sequences and EmsB microsatellite profiles—forms four distinct clades. These clades correspond approximately to their continents of origin: Asia, Europe, and North America, with a fourth clade apparently restricted to Mongolia and neighboring regions, even though this clade has not yet been described by EmsB genotyping. However, there are various records of genetic variants from the “wrong” region, e.g., “European” haplotypes in Western Canada, which may be the result of introduction or natural migration of host animals. One such example, prompting this study, is the recent record of an “Asian” mitochondrial haplotype in worms from foxes in Poland. At the time, this could not be confirmed by EmsB microsatellite analysis, a method that has proven to possess greater discriminatory power with the E. multilocularis nuclear genome than sequencing of mitochondrial markers. Therefore, worms collected from foxes in Poland were examined both by EmsB analysis and sequencing of the full mitochondrial cox1 gene in order to allocate the samples to the European or Asian cluster. Based on EmsB analyses of 349 worms from 97 Polish red foxes, 92% of the worms clearly showed “European-type” EmsB profiles, but 27 worms (8%) from seven foxes showed profiles that clustered with samples of Asian origin. According to cox1 sequences, a total of 18 worms from 8 foxes belonged to the Asian cluster of haplotypes. The two methods did not fully agree: only 13 worms from three foxes belonged to Asian clusters by both EmsB and cox1, whereas 18 worms from nine foxes belonged to different clusters, according to each marker. Cross-fertilization between worms of Asian origin and those from the European Polish population may explain these conflicting results. The presence of clearly Asian elements in the Polish E. multilocularis population could be the result of introduction of E. multilocularis with host animals (e.g., domestic dogs), or the migration of foxes. In the absence of genetic data from eastern European countries, especially those bordering Poland, it cannot be concluded whether this Asian admixture is typical for a larger area toward central/eastern Europe, or the Polish parasite population is the western extreme of a gradient where both European and Asian elements mingle. Further studies are needed on this subject, preferably using both mitochondrial sequencing and EmsB microsatellite analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Umhang
- Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Rabies and Wildlife Laboratory, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Jenny Knapp
- UMR CNRS 6249 Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Université Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcoses, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | | | - Vanessa Bastid
- Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Rabies and Wildlife Laboratory, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Carine Peytavin de Garam
- Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Rabies and Wildlife Laboratory, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Franck Boué
- Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Rabies and Wildlife Laboratory, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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Banda F, Sikasunge C, Addy F, Wassermann M, Mackenstedt U, Kern P, Daugschies A, Mulinge E, Romig T. Echinococcus ortleppi and Echinococcus canadensis G6/7 affect domestic animals in western Zambia. Acta Trop 2020; 211:105648. [PMID: 32739294 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is endemic in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. In contrast to the eastern part of the continent, very little data exists on the current disease situation in southern Africa including Zambia. This study determined frequency and species identity of Echinococcus spp. circulating in livestock and dogs in the Western Province of Zambia. Cysts were collected in slaughterhouses at meat inspection (cattle) and during examination of home slaughtered pigs, while dog faecal samples were collected per-rectum and examined microscopically for the presence of taeniid eggs. Individual taeniid eggs from faecal samples and individual protoscoleces from cysts were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and/or sequencing of the NADH-dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) and cytochrome C oxidase 1 (cox1) gene. Fifty-four of 2000 cattle (2.7%) were found infected with a total of 65 cysts, predominantly fertile lungs cysts; all cysts were identified as Echinococcus ortleppi. Two out of 52 home-slaughtered pigs (3.8%) were infected with a fertile lung cyst each; both cysts were also identified as E. ortleppi. Microscopic examination revealed 10/289 dog faecal samples to contain taeniid eggs, of which four samples (two each) contained Echinococcus canadensis (G6/7) or Taenia hydatigena, respectively. This is the first insight in the Echinococcus species circulating in Zambia providing premises for further studies into transmission dynamics of CE in the southern African region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick Banda
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, P.O. Box 33980, Lusaka, Zambia; University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia; University of Leipzig, Institute of Parasitology, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chummy Sikasunge
- University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Francis Addy
- University for Development Studies, Department of Biotechnology, P. O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Marion Wassermann
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ute Mackenstedt
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Kern
- University Clinic of Ulm, Center for Internal Medicine, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Arwid Daugschies
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Parasitology, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erastus Mulinge
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Microbiology Research, P. O. Box 19464, 00202 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thomas Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Santucciu C, Bonelli P, Peruzzu A, Fancellu A, Marras V, Carta A, Mastrandrea S, Bagella G, Piseddu T, Profili S, Porcu A, Masala G. Cystic Echinococcosis: Clinical, Immunological, and Biomolecular Evaluation of Patients from Sardinia (Italy). Pathogens 2020; 9:E907. [PMID: 33143032 PMCID: PMC7693143 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), is a worldwide public health problem. Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), associated with G1 and G3 genotypes, is endemic with high prevalence in the Mediterranean basin. The parasite's life cycle comprises definitive hosts (canids) and intermediate hosts (ruminants) and can occasionally involve humans. The main aim of this research was to confirm the diagnosis of 13 patients suspected of CE who presented different complications and needed the surgical removal of the cysts. We also wanted to understand and clarify more the diagnosis of echinococcosis in humans. For this purpose, the patients first underwent cyst evaluation by ultrasound (US), immunological analysis, and then total pericystectomy, followed by parasitological, histopathological, and molecular biology examinations of the cysts. US stadiated one CE1, one CE2, eight CE3b, one CE4, and two CE5; immunology evidenced nine positives; histopathology confirmed 11 CE cysts, of which 8 fertile presenting protoscoleces were identified as E. granulosus s.s. by molecular biology, genotyped as three G1 and four G3 by neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree. In conclusion, the results showed that 11 patients were affected by E. granulosus s.s. G1 orG3, and 2 cystic neoformations were of non-parasitic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Santucciu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Piero Bonelli
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Angela Peruzzu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Alessandro Fancellu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Marras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pathology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Antonello Carta
- U.O.C. di Radiologia, A.O.U., 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Scilla Mastrandrea
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
- U.O.C. di Malattie Infettive, A.O.U., 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bagella
- Radiology Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Toni Piseddu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Stefano Profili
- U.O.C. di Radiologia, A.O.U., 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Alberto Porcu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Giovanna Masala
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
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Babaei Z, Taherkhani R, Barazesh A, Taherzadeh M, Khorami S, Fouladvand M. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of hydatid cysts isolated from livestock in Bushehr province, Iran. J Parasit Dis 2020; 45:197-203. [PMID: 33746404 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydatid cyst is one of the parasitic zoonoses caused by infection with the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm. The spread of this parasite is global and is of great importance in terms of public health. To date, ten different species of this parasite have been identified that differ in characteristics such as life cycle, epidemiology and pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to determine the genotype and phylogenetic relationship of hydatid cysts isolated from livestock of Bushehr province, Iran. About 62 samples of hepatic and pulmonary hydatid cysts were collected from slaughtered animals. DNA extracted by phenol-chloroform method was amplified by PCR using primers specific for the cox1 gene. The PCR products of 50 samples were sequenced and analyzed using BioEdit software and compared with sequences in the GenBank. The phylogenetic tree was drawn using Neighbor Joining tree-NJ method, and its reliability was evaluated. Sequencing results showed that out of 50 sequenced samples, 43 samples had the genotype of Echinococcus granulosus and 7 samples had the genotype of Taenia hydatigena. By drawing a phylogenetic tree, all 43 hydatid cyst samples belonged to G1 strain. The predominance of G1 strain of hydatid cyst in livestock of Bushehr province shows the main role of this genotype in establishing the life cycle of parasite in this region and if the genotype of the parasite in dogs and humans is determined, then these findings can be used to disrupt the life cycle of the parasite and reduce the human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Babaei
- Persian Gulf Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Reza Taherkhani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Afshin Barazesh
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Marzieh Taherzadeh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Soleiman Khorami
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Moradali Fouladvand
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, The Persian Gulf Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Salman Farsi St, Bushehr, Iran
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49
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Prevalence and genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato from livestock in north-eastern Kenya. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e205. [PMID: 33092682 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease of cosmopolitan distribution and caused by the larval stage of the dog tapeworm, Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.). CE occurs in the wider African continent and in Kenya, notably in the Maasailand and Turkana regions; however, recent studies demonstrate its presence in other parts of Kenya. This study determined the occurrence of CE in livestock (camels, goats, sheep and cattle) in Isiolo, Garissa and Wajir counties, and characterized the species of E. granulosus s.l. present. An abattoir survey was used to determine the presence of CE in various organs in livestock. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene was used for genotyping. A total of 1368 carcasses from 687 goats, 234 camels, 329 sheep and 118 cattle were inspected for the presence of hydatid cysts. The overall proportion of infections was 29.1% in camels, 14.4% in cattle, 9.9% in goats and 8.2% in sheep. The liver was the most infected organ, while only the lung of camels harboured fertile cysts. Of the 139 cysts genotyped, 111 (79.9%) belonged to Echinococcus canadensis (G6/7) and 20 (14.4%) to E. granulosus sensu stricto. One and two cysts were identified as Taenia saginata and unknown Taenia species, respectively. There was a significant association between county of origin and species of the animal with occurrence of CE. This study reports, for the first time, the characterization of Echinococcus species in livestock from Garissa and Wajir counties, and the current situation in Isiolo county. The fertility of cysts in camels and frequency of E. canadensis (G6/7) in all livestock species indicate that camels play an important role in the maintenance of CE in the north-eastern counties of Kenya.
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50
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Santolamazza F, Santoro A, Possenti A, Cacciò SM, Casulli A. A validated method to identify Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato at species level. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104575. [PMID: 33007497 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The zoonotic tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) represents a species complex encompassing multiple causative agents of cystic echinococcosis, a neglected tropical disease affecting more than one million people in the world. At least eight genotypes, grouped in five species, are currently recognized within this species complex, and they differ in terms of relative public health impact. Here we present a molecular method that first identifies the common E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) (genotypes G1 and G3) based on a PCR-RFLP assay, and can further identify the remaining species based on a multiplex PCR assay. We demonstrate the applicability of the method to DNA extracted from parasitic cyst material of human and animal origin, preserved in ethanol or frozen. The method has been developed and validated at the European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites (EURLP), according to the ISO/IE 17025.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Santolamazza
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Santoro
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Possenti
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - S M Cacciò
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Casulli
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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