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Ishida K, Osakunor DNM, Rossi M, Lamanna OK, Mbanefo EC, Cody JJ, Le L, Hsieh MH. RNA-seq gene expression profiling of the bladder in a mouse model of urogenital schistosomiasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.29.601185. [PMID: 38979184 PMCID: PMC11230422 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.29.601185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Background: Parasitic flatworms of the Schistosoma genus cause schistosomiasis, which affects over 230 million people. Schistosoma haematobium causes the urogenital form of schistosomiasis (UGS), which can lead to hematuria, fibrosis, and increased risk of secondary infections by bacteria or viruses. UGS is also linked to bladder cancer. To understand the bladder pathology during S. haematobium infection, our group previously developed a mouse model that involves the injection of S. haematobium eggs into the bladder wall. Using this model, we studied changes in epigenetics profile, as well as changes in gene and protein expression in the host bladder tissues. In the current study, we expand upon this work by examining the expression level of both host and parasite genes using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in the mouse bladder wall injection model of S. haematobium infection. Methods: We used a mouse model of S. haematobium infection in which parasite eggs or vehicle control were injected into the bladder walls of female BALB/c mice. RNA-seq was performed on the RNA isolated from the bladders four days after bladder wall injection. Results/Conclusions: RNA-seq analysis of egg- and vehicle control-injected bladders revealed the differential expression of 1025 mouse genes in the egg-injected bladders, including genes associated with cellular infiltration, immune cell chemotaxis, cytokine signaling, and inflammation We also observed the upregulation of immune checkpoint-related genes, which suggests that while the infection causes an inflammatory response, it also dampens the response to avoid excessive inflammation-related damage to the host. Identifying these changes in host signaling and immune responses improves our understanding of the infection and how it may contribute to the development of bladder cancer. Analysis of the differential gene expression of the parasite eggs between bladder-injected versus uninjected eggs revealed 119 S. haematobium genes associated with transcription, intracellular signaling, and metabolism. The analysis of the parasite genes also revealed fewer transcript reads compared to that found in the analysis of mouse genes, highlighting the challenges of studying parasite egg biology in the mouse model of S. haematobium infection. Author summary More than 230 million people worldwide are estimated to carry infection with parasites belonging to the Schistosoma genus, which cause morbidity associated with parasite egg deposition. Praziquantel, the drug of choice to treat the infection, does not prevent reinfection, and its decades-long history as the main treatment raises concerns for drug resistance. Of the schistosome species, Schistosoma haematobium causes urogenital disease and has a strong association with bladder cancer. The possibility for drug resistance and the gap in knowledge with respect to the mechanisms driving S. haematobium -related bladder cancer highlight the need to better understand the biology of the infection to aid in the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this study, we used a mouse model of S. haematobium infection that delivers parasite eggs directly to the host mouse bladder wall, and we examined the changes in the gene expression profile of the host and the parasite by RNA-sequencing. The results corroborated previous findings with respect to the host's inflammatory responses against the parasite eggs, as well as revealed alterations in other immune response genes that deepen our understanding of the mechanisms involved in urogenital schistosomiasis pathogenesis.
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Dong H, Liao Y, Shang M, Fu Y, Zhang H, Luo M, Hu B. Effects of co-infection with Clonorchis sinensis on T cell exhaustion levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Helminthol 2024; 98:e13. [PMID: 38263743 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of co-infection with Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) on T cell exhaustion levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B, we enrolled clinical cases in this study, including the patients with concomitant C. sinensis and HBV infection. In this study, we detected inhibitory receptors and cytokine expression in circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by flow cytometry. PD-1 and TIM-3 expression levels were significantly higher on CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells from co-infected patients than on those from the HBV patients. In addition, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells function were significantly inhibited by C. sinensis and HBV co-infection compared with HBV single infection, secreting lower levels of Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-2 (IL-2), and TNF-α. Our current results suggested that C. sinensis co-infection could exacerbate T cell exhaustion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. PD-1 and TIM-3 could be novel biomarkers for T cell exhaustion in patients with Clonorchis sinensis and chronic hepatitis B co-infection. Furthermore, it may be one possible reason for the weaker response to antiviral therapies and the chronicity of HBV infection in co-infected patients. We must realize the importance of C. sinensis treatment for HBV-infected patients. It might provide useful information for clinical doctors to choose the right treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuechun Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minqi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Wu Y, Duffey M, Alex SE, Suarez-Reyes C, Clark EH, Weatherhead JE. The role of helminths in the development of non-communicable diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:941977. [PMID: 36119098 PMCID: PMC9473640 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.941977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases, cancers, diabetes, and neuropsychiatric diseases cause significant global morbidity and mortality which disproportionately affect those living in low resource regions including low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In order to reduce NCD morbidity and mortality in LMIC it is imperative to understand risk factors associated with the development of NCDs. Certain infections are known risk factors for many NCDs. Several parasitic helminth infections, which occur most commonly in LMICs, have been identified as potential drivers of NCDs in parasite-endemic regions. Though understudied, the impact of helminth infections on the development of NCDs is likely related to helminth-specific factors, including species, developmental stage and disease burden. Mechanical and chemical damage induced by the helminth in combination with pathologic host immune responses contribute to the long-term inflammation that increases risk for NCD development. Robust studies from animal models and human clinical trials are needed to understand the immunologic mechanisms of helminth-induced NCDs. Understanding the complex connection between helminths and NCDs will aid in targeted public health programs to reduce helminth-induced NCDs and reduce the high rates of morbidity that affects millions of people living in parasite-endemic, LMICs globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Megan Duffey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Saira Elizabeth Alex
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Charlie Suarez-Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Eva H. Clark
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jill E. Weatherhead
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Jill E. Weatherhead,
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Tissue Pathogens and Cancers: A Review of Commonly Seen Manifestations in Histo- and Cytopathology. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111410. [PMID: 34832566 PMCID: PMC8624235 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue pathogens are commonly encountered in histopathology and cytology practice, where they can present as either benign mimickers of malignancy or true malignancies. The aim of this review is to provide a timely synthesis of our understanding of these tissue pathogens, with an emphasis on pertinent diagnostic conundrums associated with the benign mimickers of malignancy that can be seen with viral infections and those which manifest as granulomas. The oncogenic pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, are then discussed with relationship to their associated malignancies. Although not exhaustive, the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and histological findings are included, along with a short review of emerging therapies.
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Aula OP, McManus DP, Jones MK, Gordon CA. Schistosomiasis with a Focus on Africa. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:109. [PMID: 34206495 PMCID: PMC8293433 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a common neglected tropical disease of impoverished people and livestock in many developing countries in tropical Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Latin America. Substantial progress has been made in controlling schistosomiasis in some African countries, but the disease still prevails in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa with an estimated 800 million people at risk of infection. Current control strategies rely primarily on treatment with praziquantel, as no vaccine is available; however, treatment alone does not prevent reinfection. There has been emphasis on the use of integrated approaches in the control and elimination of the disease in recent years with the development of health infrastructure and health education. However, there is a need to evaluate the present status of African schistosomiasis, primarily caused by Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium, and the factors affecting the disease as the basis for developing more effective control and elimination strategies in the future. This review provides an historical perspective of schistosomiasis in Africa and discusses the current status of control efforts in those countries where the disease is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyime Poise Aula
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
| | - Malcolm K. Jones
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia;
| | - Catherine A. Gordon
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia;
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Serag Eldien MM, Abdou AG, Elghrabawy GRA, Alhanafy AM, Mahmoud SF. Stratification of urothelial bladder carcinoma depending on immunohistochemical expression of GATA3 and CK5/6. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2021; 42:662-678. [PMID: 34106817 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2021.1937212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) has two pathways with distinct molecular features and prognosis, non-muscle invasive (NMI) and muscle invasive (MI) tumors. The aim is to investigate the expression of GATA3 and CK5/6 in BUC with correlation to clinicopathologic parameters, including their impact on survival beside their potential use to stratify cases into prognostic subgroups. This study included 80 cases of BUC stained immunohistochemically by GATA3 and CK5/6. The cases were divided into four groups regarding expression status of both markers (luminal, basal, mixed, and null). GATA3 percentage of expression decreased in urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation, MI tumors, high-grade tumors, tumors with involved lymph nodes, presence of perineural invasion, presence of bilharziasis, presence of lympho-vascular invasion, and high mitotic count. CK5/6 positivity was higher in urothelial carcinoma cases with squamous differentiation, MI tumors, and presence of perineural invasion. Pure urothelial carcinoma and NMI were in favor of luminal group (GATA3 +ve/CK5/6 -ve). Univariate analysis showed that the presence of bilharziasis was associated with shorter PFS (p = .04). GATA3 and CK5/6 could be used for the stratification of urothelial bladder carcinoma into subtypes with different characteristics. Luminal bladder cancer represents the most common type (60%) that carries favorable features. Bilharziasis-associated urothelial carcinoma carries poor outcome manifested by short PFS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asmaa Gaber Abdou
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, Egypt
| | | | - Alshimaa Mahmoud Alhanafy
- Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, Egypt
| | - Shereen Fathy Mahmoud
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, Egypt
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Porras-Silesky C, Mejías-Alpízar MJ, Mora J, Baneth G, Rojas A. Spirocerca lupi Proteomics and Its Role in Cancer Development: An Overview of Spirocercosis-Induced Sarcomas and Revision of Helminth-Induced Carcinomas. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020124. [PMID: 33530324 PMCID: PMC7911836 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirocerca lupi is a parasitic nematode of canids that induces a myriad of clinical manifestations in its host and, in 25% of infections, leads to the formation of sarcomas. The description of the protein composition of the excretory and secretory products (Sl-ESP) of S. lupi has shed light on its possible interactions with the host environment, including migration within the host and mechanisms of immunomodulation. Despite this, the process by which S. lupi induces cancer in the dog remains poorly understood, and some hypotheses have arisen regarding these possible mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the role of specific ESP from the carcinogenic helminths Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini and Schistosoma haematobium in inducing chronic inflammation and cancer in their host’s tissues. The parasitic worms Taenia solium, Echinococcus granulosus, Heterakis gallinarum, Trichuris muris and Strongyloides stercoralis, which have less-characterized mechanisms of cancer induction, are also analyzed. Based on the pathological findings in spirocercosis and the mechanisms by which other parasitic helminths induce cancer, we propose that the sustained inflammatory response in the dog´s tissues produced in response to the release of Sl-ESP homologous to those of other carcinogenic worms may lead to the malignant process in infected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Porras-Silesky
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; (C.P.-S.); (M.J.M.-A.); (J.M.)
| | - María José Mejías-Alpízar
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; (C.P.-S.); (M.J.M.-A.); (J.M.)
| | - Javier Mora
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; (C.P.-S.); (M.J.M.-A.); (J.M.)
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Alicia Rojas
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica; (C.P.-S.); (M.J.M.-A.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +506-2511-8644
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8
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Zaghloul MS, Zaghloul TM, Bishr MK, Baumann BC. Urinary schistosomiasis and the associated bladder cancer: update. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2020; 32:44. [DOI: 10.1186/s43046-020-00055-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Urinary schistosomiasis and its severe complications, mainly bladder cancer, are scarce in non-endemic areas. The deficiency in knowledge and clinical experience of schistosomiasis may lead to inadequate management. Highlighting these topics may be of value, especially with the increased immigration from endemic low-/middle-income countries (LMIC) to non-endemic high-income countries (HIC). Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection endemic in many low- and middle-income countries. It can affect various systems but is best known for its effect on the urinary system.
Main Body
PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for urinary schistosomiasis and its related bladder cancer published from 1980 till 2020.
Schistosoma haematobium (SH) infecting the urinary bladder was considered by the IARC as group 1 definitive biological carcinogenic agent. Several carcinogenic pathways have been postulated but the exact mechanism(s) are not defined yet. A more thorough understanding of the parasite life cycle was explored to help eradicate the infection especially for the immigrants from endemic areas. This may prevent or slow down the process of carcinogenesis that leads to Schistosoma-associated bladder cancer (SA-BC), which is usually, but not conclusively, squamous cell carcinoma. Treatment of SA-BC generally follows the same guidelines as urothelial Schistosoma-non-associated bladder cancer (SNA-BC) management; however, prospective trials to confirm and refine the treatment approach for SA-BC have been relatively limited.
Conclusion
The available data showed that despite some etiologic and carcinogenic differences, the oncologic outcomes are generally comparable for SA-BC and NSA-BC when adjusting for stage, risk status, and comorbidities.
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Bernardo C, Santos J, Costa C, Tavares A, Amaro T, Marques I, Gouveia MJ, Félix V, Afreixo V, Brindley PJ, Costa JM, Amado F, Helguero L, Santos LL. Estrogen receptors in urogenital schistosomiasis and bladder cancer: Estrogen receptor alpha-mediated cell proliferation. Urol Oncol 2020; 38:738.e23-738.e35. [PMID: 32507545 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen-like metabolites have been identified in S. haematobium, the helminth parasite that causes urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) and in patients´ blood and urine during UGS. Estrogen receptor (ER) activation is enriched in the luminal molecular subtype bladder cancer (BlaCa). To date, the significance of ER to these diseases remains elusive. We evaluated ERα and ERβ expression in UGS-related BlaCa (n = 27), UGS-related non-malignant lesions (n = 35), and noninfected BlaCa (n = 80). We investigated the potential of ERα to recognize S. haematobium-derived metabolites by docking and molecular dynamics simulations and studied ERα modulation in vitro using 3 BlaCa cell lines, T24, 5637 and HT1376. ERα was expressed in tumor and stromal cells in approximately 20% noninfected cases and in 30% of UGS-related BlaCa, predominantly in the epithelial cells. Overall, ERα expression was associated with features of tumor aggressiveness such as high proliferation and p53 positive expression. ERα expression correlated with presence of schistosome eggs. ERβ was widely expressed in both cohorts but weaker in UGS-related cases. molecular dynamics simulations of the 4 most abundant S. haematobium-derived metabolites revealed that smaller metabolites have comparable affinity for the ERα active state than 17β-estradiol, while the larger metabolites present higher affinity. Our in vitro findings suggested that ERα activation promotes proliferation in ERα expressing BlaCa cells and that this can be reverted with anti-estrogenic therapy. In summary, we report differential ER expression between UGS-related BlaCa and noninfected BlaCa and provide evidence supporting a role of active ERα during UGS and UGS-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Bernardo
- Hormones and Cancer Lab, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Júlio Santos
- Urology Department, Hospital Américo Boavida, Luanda, Angola; Center for the Study of Animal Science, CECA/ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Céu Costa
- Fernando Pessoa Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit/Biomedical Research Center (FP-ENAS/CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Tavares
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresina Amaro
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Igor Marques
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria João Gouveia
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, CECA/ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Infectious Diseases, R&D Unit, INSA-National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor Félix
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vera Afreixo
- Center for Research and Development in Mathematics and Applications (CIDMA), Department of Mathematics, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - José Manuel Costa
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, CECA/ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Infectious Diseases, R&D Unit, INSA-National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Amado
- Mass Spectrometry Group, QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luisa Helguero
- Hormones and Cancer Lab, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine, iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lúcio L Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics, Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal; Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
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Shang M, Sun H, Wu Y, Gong Y, Tang Z, Meng F, He L, Yu X, Huang Y, Li X. In vivo and in vitro studies using Clonorchis sinensis adult-derived total protein (CsTP) on cellular function and inflammatory effect in mouse and cell model. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1641-1652. [PMID: 32285266 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06651-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) can induce a food-borne parasitic disease (clonorchiasis). Numerous studies have analyzed functional proteins, immunologic factors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cell signaling transduction that promote the development of clonorchiasis. In a previous study, it was shown that C. sinensis adult-derived total protein (CsTP) might be involved in the pathogenesis and development of liver fibrosis via bringing about Th2 immune response. In the present study, further investigation of CsTP on cellular function and inflammatory effect in vitro and in vivo has been elicited. CsTP induced inflammation and autophagy as evidenced by upregulation of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and autophagic markers LC3B and P62. Exposed to CsTP upregulated the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 expression, diminished the apoptosis induced by H2O2, but promoted the proliferation and migration of LX-2 cells in proper concentration range. Additionally, the protein levels of p-AKT and p-mTOR were repressed in response to CsTP, suggesting a correlation of blocking the activation of mTOR/AKT signaling pathway. These results revealed that CsTP might exacerbate hepatic pathological changes by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation in the liver and LX-2 cells. Some effects might be partially involved in the mTOR and AKT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Shang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengchang Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinjuan Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Endoscopy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeli Tang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangang Meng
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinbing Yu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuerong Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Arora N, Kaur R, Anjum F, Tripathi S, Mishra A, Kumar R, Prasad A. Neglected Agent Eminent Disease: Linking Human Helminthic Infection, Inflammation, and Malignancy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:402. [PMID: 31867284 PMCID: PMC6909818 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminthic parasitic infection is grossly prevalent across the globe and is considered a significant factor in human cancer occurrence induced by biological agents. Although only three helminths (Schistosoma haematobium, Clonorchis sinensis, and Opisthorchis viverrini) so far have been directly associated with carcinogenesis; there are evidence suggesting the involvement of other species too. Broadly, human helminthiasis can cause chronic inflammation, genetic instability, and host immune modulation by affecting inter- and intracellular communications, disruption of proliferation-anti-proliferation pathways, and stimulation of malignant stem cell progeny. These changes ultimately lead to tumor development through the secretion of soluble factors that interact with host cells. However, the detailed mechanisms by which helminths introduce and promote malignant transformation of host cells are still not clear. Here, we reviewed the current understanding of immune-pathogenesis of helminth parasites, which have been associated with carcinogenesis, and how these infections initiate carcinogenesis in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Arora
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Rimanpreet Kaur
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Farhan Anjum
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Shweta Tripathi
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Institute for Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR), Palampur, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
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12
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Birkett N, Al-Zoughool M, Bird M, Baan RA, Zielinski J, Krewski D. Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:288-359. [PMID: 31631808 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1643539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the carcinogenic mechanisms for 109 Group 1 human carcinogens identified as causes of human cancer through Volume 106 of the IARC Monographs. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluates human, experimental and mechanistic evidence on agents suspected of inducing cancer in humans, using a well-established weight of evidence approach. The monographs provide detailed mechanistic information about all carcinogens. Carcinogens with closely similar mechanisms of action (e.g. agents emitting alpha particles) were combined into groups for the review. A narrative synopsis of the mechanistic profiles for the 86 carcinogens or carcinogen groups is presented, based primarily on information in the IARC monographs, supplemented with a non-systematic review. Most carcinogens included a genotoxic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Birkett
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mustafa Al-Zoughool
- Department of Community and Environmental Health, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Bird
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert A Baan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jan Zielinski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhant Jain
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, North Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Madhumita Sengupta
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, North Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bhagwati Hospital, New Delhi, India
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14
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Peiffer LB, Poynton SL, Ernst SE, Hicks JL, De Marzo AM, Sfanos KS. Inflammation-associated pathologies in a case of prostate schistosomiasis: Implications for a causal role in prostate carcinogenesis. Prostate 2019; 79:1316-1325. [PMID: 31212384 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urogenital infection with Schistosoma haematobium is a risk factor for the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. The pathophysiology is thought to be mediated in part by inflammation, cellular damage, and bladder regeneration induced by the parasitic infection. Herein, we report an unusual case of schistosomiasis of the prostate that was found concurrent with prostate adenocarcinoma in a radical prostatectomy specimen from a man in the United States. METHODS The infecting Schistosoma species was characterized via histomorphology and acid-fast stain. The concurrent Gleason score 6 prostate cancer was assessed for ETS transcription factor ERG (ERG), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), p27, and p53 status using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Cellular proliferation and the presence of intermediate cells in prostatic atrophy were assessed via immunostaining for Ki67 and CK903, respectively. RESULTS Histomorphology and acid-fast stain of the infecting species were consistent with S. haematobium. We classified the Gleason score 6 prostate adenocarcinoma via IHC as ERG positive, PTEN intact, p27 intact, and without p53 nuclear accumulation. The prostatic epithelium immediately adjacent to the schistosomiasis-related granulomatous inflammation was atrophic and accompanied by increased cellular proliferation and the presence of intermediate cells. Upon literature review, we determined that prostate schistosomiasis is associated with a young age of prostate cancer diagnosis and highly aggressive prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS This is a rare case of prostate schistosomiasis in the United States; however, prostate schistosomiasis occurs frequently in endemic areas. The patient had traveled to a Schistosoma-endemic region, which was the likely location of exposure to the parasite. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the association of proliferative inflammatory atrophy and intermediate cells with schistosomiasis of the prostate. We propose that prostate schistosomiasis may be considered as a risk factor for the development of prostate cancer in geographic regions where Schistosoma species are endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Peiffer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah L Poynton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah E Ernst
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica L Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen S Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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15
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Differential responses of epithelial cells from urinary and biliary tract to eggs of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10731. [PMID: 31341177 PMCID: PMC6656753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic urogenital schistosomiasis can lead to squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies the infection with S. haematobium as a group 1 carcinogen, a definitive cause of cancer. By contrast, hepatointestinal schistosomiasis due to the chronic infection with S. mansoni or S. japonicum associated with liver periportal fibrosis, does not apparently lead to malignancy. The effects of culturing human epithelial cells, HCV29, established from normal urothelium, and H69, established from cholangiocytes, in the presence of S. haematobium or S. mansoni eggs were investigated. Cell growth of cells co-cultured with schistosome eggs was monitored in real time, and gene expression analysis of oncogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and apoptosis pathways was undertaken. Schistosome eggs promoted proliferation of the urothelial cells but inhibited growth of cholangiocytes. In addition, the tumor suppressor P53 pathway was significantly downregulated when exposed to schistosome eggs, and downregulation of estrogen receptor was predicted in urothelial cells exposed only to S. haematobium eggs. Overall, cell proliferative responses were influenced by both the tissue origin of the epithelial cells and the schistosome species.
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16
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Ishida K, Hsieh MH. Understanding Urogenital Schistosomiasis-Related Bladder Cancer: An Update. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:223. [PMID: 30159314 PMCID: PMC6104441 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Schistosoma haematobium leads to urogenital schistosomiasis, which has been correlated with the occurrence of bladder cancer. However, mechanisms responsible for this association have not yet been clearly identified. In this short review, we provide an update, highlighting the most recent studies on schistosome-associated bladder cancer, including those that focus on identifying changes in host biology during S. haematobium infection, as well as studies for the identification of potentially pro-carcinogenic parasite molecules, and we offer a discussion on some possible mechanisms driving schistosomal bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ishida
- Bladder Immunology Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Michael H. Hsieh
- Bladder Immunology Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
- Department of Urology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Division of Urology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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17
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Ferreira S, Fernandes R, Botelho MC. Fasciola Hepatica Extract Induces Cell Death of Mammalian Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 16:144-146. [PMID: 30079296 DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180531102555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Fascioliasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects poor people from poor and developing countries. In the world, it has been estimated that at least 2.6 million people are affected with this disease. The International agency for Research on Cancer, states that O. viverrini and C. sinensis, also liver flukes, are considered as definitive causes of cholangiocarcinoma. However, fascioliasis caused by F. hepatica has not been associated with cancer to date. There are not any known causative associations between this parasite and liver cancer (cholangiocarcinoma). Methods Chine Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were treated with F. hepatica extracts and cell proliferation was assessed by using the indirect method for estimating cell number based on the mitochondrial activity with MTS cell proliferation reagent. We observed unexpected death of these cells when treated with F. hepatica extracts. Results We now hypothesize that this parasite could be used as a medically-important trematode pathogen in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruben Fernandes
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal.,I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica C Botelho
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação da Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,INSA, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
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18
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Corcuera MT, Rodríguez-Bobada C, Zuloaga J, Gómez-Aguado F, Rodríguez-Perez R, Mendizabal Á, González P, Arias-Díaz J, Caballero ML. Exploring tumourigenic potential of the parasite Anisakis: a pilot study. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3127-3136. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Fernandes R, Ferreira S, Botelho MC. Commentary: Theileria Parasites Secrete a Prolyl Isomerase to Maintain Host Leukocyte Transformation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:120. [PMID: 29755983 PMCID: PMC5934426 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Fernandes
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Stephanie Ferreira
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mónica C Botelho
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases, INSA, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
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20
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Onile OS, Calder B, Soares NC, Anumudu CI, Blackburn JM. Quantitative label-free proteomic analysis of human urine to identify novel candidate protein biomarkers for schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006045. [PMID: 29117212 PMCID: PMC5695849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a chronic neglected tropical disease that is characterized by continued inflammatory challenges to the exposed population and it has been established as a possible risk factor in the aetiology of bladder cancer. Improved diagnosis of schistosomiasis and its associated pathology is possible through mass spectrometry to identify biomarkers among the infected population, which will influence early detection of the disease and its subtle morbidity. METHODOLOGY A high-throughput proteomic approach was used to analyse human urine samples for 49 volunteers from Eggua, a schistosomiasis endemic community in South-West, Nigeria. The individuals were previously screened for Schistosoma haematobium and structural bladder pathologies via microscopy and ultrasonography respectively. Samples were categorised into schistosomiasis, schistosomiasis with bladder pathology, bladder pathology, and a normal healthy control group. These samples were analysed to identify potential protein biomarkers. RESULTS A total of 1306 proteins and 9701 unique peptides were observed in this study (FDR = 0.01). Fifty-four human proteins were found to be potential biomarkers for schistosomiasis and bladder pathologies due to schistosomiasis by label-free quantitative comparison between groups. Thirty-six (36) parasite-derived potential biomarkers were also identified, which include some existing putative schistosomiasis biomarkers that have been previously reported. Some of these proteins include Elongation factor 1 alpha, phosphopyruvate hydratase, histone H4 and heat shock proteins (HSP 60, HSP 70). CONCLUSION These findings provide an in-depth analysis of potential schistosoma and human host protein biomarkers for diagnosis of chronic schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium and its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olugbenga Samson Onile
- Biotechnology Programme, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Nigeria
| | - Bridget Calder
- Division of Chemical & Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelson C. Soares
- Division of Chemical & Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chiaka I. Anumudu
- Cellular Parasitology Programme, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Jonathan M. Blackburn
- Division of Chemical & Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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21
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Vale N, Gouveia MJ, Rinaldi G, Santos J, Santos LL, Brindley PJ, da Costa JMC. The role of estradiol metabolism in urogenital schistosomiasis-induced bladder cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692247. [PMID: 28345469 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Urogenital schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that can lead to bladder cancer. How urogenital schistosomiasis induces carcinogenesis remains unclear, although there is evidence that the human blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium, the infectious agent of urogenital schistosomiasis, releases estradiol-like metabolites. These kind of compounds have been implicated in other cancers. Aiming for enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of the urogenital schistosomiasis-induced bladder cancer, here we review, interpret, and discuss findings of estradiol-like metabolites detected in both the parasite and in the human urine during urogenital schistosomiasis. Moreover, we predict pathways and enzymes that are involved in the production of these metabolites emphasizing their potential effects on the dysregulation of the tumor suppressor gene p53 expression during urogenital schistosomiasis. Enhanced understanding of these potential carcinogens may not only shed light on urogenital schistosomiasis-induced neoplasia of the bladder, but would also facilitate development of interventions and biomarkers for this and other infection-associated cancers at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Vale
- 1 UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Gouveia
- 1 UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,2 Center for the Study of Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Rinaldi
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,4 The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Júlio Santos
- 5 Clínica da Sagrada Esperança, Luanda, Angola.,6 Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of Instituto Português de Oncologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- 6 Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of Instituto Português de Oncologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul J Brindley
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - José M Correia da Costa
- 2 Center for the Study of Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,7 Department of Infectious Diseases, R&D Unit, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Porto, Portugal
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Robinson KM, Crabtree J, Mattick JSA, Anderson KE, Dunning Hotopp JC. Distinguishing potential bacteria-tumor associations from contamination in a secondary data analysis of public cancer genome sequence data. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:9. [PMID: 28118849 PMCID: PMC5264480 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of bacteria are known to influence carcinogenesis. Therefore, we sought to investigate if publicly available whole genome and whole transcriptome sequencing data generated by large public cancer genome efforts, like The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), could be used to identify bacteria associated with cancer. The Burrows-Wheeler aligner (BWA) was used to align a subset of Illumina paired-end sequencing data from TCGA to the human reference genome and all complete bacterial genomes in the RefSeq database in an effort to identify bacterial read pairs from the microbiome. RESULTS Through careful consideration of all of the bacterial taxa present in the cancer types investigated, their relative abundance, and batch effects, we were able to identify some read pairs from certain taxa as likely resulting from contamination. In particular, the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma (OV) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) samples was correlated with the sequencing center of the samples. Additionally, there was a correlation between the presence of Ralstonia spp. and two specific plates of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples. At the end, associations remained between Pseudomonas-like and Acinetobacter-like read pairs in AML, and Pseudomonas-like read pairs in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) that could not be explained through batch effects or systematic contamination as seen in other samples. CONCLUSIONS This approach suggests that it is possible to identify bacteria that may be present in human tumor samples from public genome sequencing data that can be examined further experimentally. More weight should be given to this approach in the future when bacterial associations with diseases are suspected.
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MESH Headings
- Acinetobacter/genetics
- Bacteria/genetics
- Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Base Sequence
- Carcinoma/classification
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/microbiology
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/microbiology
- Databases, Genetic
- Genome, Bacterial
- Genome, Human
- Glioblastoma/genetics
- Glioblastoma/microbiology
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/microbiology
- Microbiota
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/microbiology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/microbiology
- Pseudomonas/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Robinson
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jonathan Crabtree
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John S. A. Mattick
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kathleen E. Anderson
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Julie C. Dunning Hotopp
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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Etewa SE, Hegab MHA, Metwally AS, Abd Allah SH, Shalaby SM, El-Shal AS, Baredy M, El Shafey MA, Moawad HSF. Murine hepatocytes DNA changes as an assessment of the immunogenicity of potential anti-schistosomal vaccines experimentally. J Parasit Dis 2016; 41:219-229. [PMID: 28316416 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-016-0782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic affection by granulomatous inflammation in schistosomiasis suggested that a potential anti-pathology vaccine could be generated based on limiting the presence of hazardous hepatocytes induced apoptosis and caused reduction of granulomas number and size . So, this work is concerned with experimental assessment of the efficacy of different Schistosoma mansoni antigens (SEA, SWAP and combined SEA and SWAP) on murine liver after challenge by Schistosoma infection, histopathological, histochemical and molecular investigations were performed on sixty male laboratory bred Swiss Albino mice. A schedule of vaccination and challenge infection was followed and performed on 6 mice groups (each of ten); control normal (G1), control infected (G2), adjuvant received then infected (G3), SEA + adj. received then infected (G4), SWAP + adj. received then infected (G5) and SEA + SWAP + adj. received then infected (G6).Animals were euthanized 10 weeks post infection.Vaccination efficacy was assessed by histopathological, histochemical and molecular studies on murine hepatic tissues.Results showed that:The combined (SEA + SWAP) antigens were better in reducing the number and diameter of the hepatic granulomas, with more protection of the hepatocytes DNA, in addition to more decrease of hepatocytes induced apoptosis and fragmentation as demonstrated by molecular assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia E Etewa
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H A Hegab
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ashraf S Metwally
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Somia H Abd Allah
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sally M Shalaby
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amal S El-Shal
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Baredy
- Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A El Shafey
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Howayda S F Moawad
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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24
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Machicado C, Marcos LA. Carcinogenesis associated with parasites other than Schistosoma, Opisthorchis and Clonorchis: A systematic review. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:2915-21. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Machicado
- Research Scientist, Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, School of Sciences and Philosophy; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Av Honorio Delgado 430, Urb. Ingeniería Lima 31 Peru
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems; University of Zaragoza, Spain; Mariano Esquillor, Edificio I + D Zaragoza 50018 Spain
| | - Luis A. Marcos
- Department of Medicine; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook NY
- Instituto De Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Lima Peru
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25
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Brindley PJ, da Costa JMC, Sripa B. Why does infection with some helminths cause cancer? Trends Cancer 2015; 1:174-182. [PMID: 26618199 PMCID: PMC4657143 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infections with Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis and Schistosoma haematobium are classified as Group 1 biological carcinogens: definitive causes of cancer. These worms are metazoan eukaryotes, unlike the other Group 1 carcinogens including human papilloma virus, hepatitis C virus, and Helicobacter pylori. By contrast, infections with phylogenetic relatives of these helminths, also trematodes of the phylum Platyhelminthes and major human pathogens, are not carcinogenic. These inconsistencies prompt several questions, including how might these infections cause cancer? And why is infection with only a few helminth species carcinogenic? Here we present an interpretation of mechanisms contributing to the carcinogenicity of these helminth infections, including roles for catechol estrogen- and oxysterol-metabolites of parasite origin as initiators of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - José M Correia da Costa
- Center for Parasite Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; and Center for the Study of Animal Science, CECA/ICETA, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Othman AA, Soliman RH. Schistosomiasis in Egypt: A never-ending story? Acta Trop 2015; 148:179-90. [PMID: 25959770 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis has plagued the Egyptian population since the antiquity. The disease is still a public health problem in Egypt, despite the tendency of being overlooked. In the first part of this review, the past and current trends of schistosomiasis in Egypt are reviewed, including history, epidemiology, morbidity, therapy, and control of the disease. Most of these aspects are more or less relevant to other schistosome-endemic regions all over the world. As only one drug is currently available for individual treatment and preventive mass chemotherapy, the quest for complementary measures is urgently warranted. Indeed, one promising approach is the discovery of a vaccine. Herein, we point out the efforts of the Egyptian scientists to develop an efficacious and affordable vaccine against schistosomiasis - a step forward in the battle of elimination of Schistosoma infection. Based on the candidate vaccine antigens, four types of vaccine formulations are discussed: purified antigen vaccines, DNA constructs, attenuated cercariae, and excretory-secretory antigen vaccines. Finally, this review provides insights into this ancient seemingly long-lasting parasitic disease.
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Eissa S, Matboli M, Shawky S, Essawy NOE. Urine biomarkers of schistosomiais and its associated bladder cancer. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:985-93. [PMID: 26105083 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1051032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis (SCH) is the second only to malaria among the parasitic diseases affecting humans regarding the prevalence of infection worldwide. In this nonsystematic review, we summarize the existing data on commercially available and promising investigational urine markers for the detection of SCH and its associated bladder cancer (BC). We searched PubMed, Scopus and Cochran without time limits. We reviewed the recent literatures on urine-based markers for SCH and its associated BC. Many studies identified several urine biomarkers of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni worms and their associated BC using automated, inexpensive, quantitative assays in urine. These markers may aid in early detection of bladder carcinoma and have the potential to reduce the number of follow-up cystoscopy, thus reducing healthcare costs and patient discomfort, at the same time. Nevertheless, clinical evidence is insufficient to warrant the substitution of the cystoscopic follow-up scheme by any of the currently available urine marker tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa Eissa
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Oncology Diagnostic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, P.O. box 11381, Egypt
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Estrogen-like metabolites and DNA-adducts in urogenital schistosomiasis-associated bladder cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 359:226-32. [PMID: 25615421 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An estrogen-DNA adduct mediated pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of the squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder associated with infection with the blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium. Extracts from developmental stages of S. haematobium, including eggs, induce tumor-like phenotypes in cultured cells. In addition, estrogen-derived, reactive metabolites occur in this pathogen and in sera of infected persons. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was performed on urine from 40 Angolans diagnosed with urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS), half of who also presented UGS-associated squamous cell carcinoma and/or urothelial cell carcinoma. The analysis revealed numerous estrogen-like metabolites, including seven specifically identified in UGS cases, but not reported in the database of metabolites in urine of healthy humans. These schistosome infection-associated metabolites included catechol estrogen quinones (CEQ) and CEQ-DNA-adducts, two of which had been identified previously in S. haematobium. In addition, novel metabolites derived directly from 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) were identified in urine of all 40 cases of UGS. These metabolites can be expected to provide deeper insights into the carcinogenesis UGS-induced bladder cancer, and as biomarkers for diagnosis and/or prognosis of this neglected tropical disease-linked cancer.
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Correia da Costa JM, Vale N, Gouveia MJ, Botelho MC, Sripa B, Santos LL, Santos JH, Rinaldi G, Brindley PJ. Schistosome and liver fluke derived catechol-estrogens and helminth associated cancers. Front Genet 2014; 5:444. [PMID: 25566326 PMCID: PMC4274992 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with helminth parasites remains a persistent public health problem in developing countries. Three of these pathogens, the liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini and the blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium, are of particular concern due to their classification as Group 1 carcinogens: infection with these worms is carcinogenic. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approaches, we identified steroid hormone like (e.g., oxysterol-like, catechol estrogen quinone-like, etc.) metabolites and related DNA-adducts, apparently of parasite origin, in developmental stages including eggs of S. haematobium, in urine of people with urogenital schistosomiasis, and in the adult stage of O. viverrini. Since these kinds of sterol derivatives are metabolized to active quinones that can modify DNA, which in other contexts can lead to breast and other cancers, helminth parasite associated sterols might induce tumor-like phenotypes in the target cells susceptible to helminth parasite associated cancers, i.e., urothelial cells of the bladder in the case of urogenital schistosomiasis and the bile duct epithelia or cholangiocytes, in the case of O. viverrini and C. sinensis. Indeed we postulate that helminth induced cancers originate from parasite estrogen-host epithelial/urothelial cell chromosomal DNA adducts, and here we review recent findings that support this conjecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Correia da Costa
- Center for Parasite Biology and Immunology, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge Porto, Portugal ; Center for the Study of Animal Science, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologias Agrárias e Agroalimentares, University of Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centro de Investigação em Química, University of Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Gouveia
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologias Agrárias e Agroalimentares, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centro de Investigação em Química, University of Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica C Botelho
- Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge Porto, Portugal
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Lúcio L Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Júlio H Santos
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologias Agrárias e Agroalimentares, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Rinaldi
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University Washington, DC, USA
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Santos J, Fernandes E, Ferreira JA, Lima L, Tavares A, Peixoto A, Parreira B, Correia da Costa JM, Brindley PJ, Lopes C, Santos LL. P53 and cancer-associated sialylated glycans are surrogate markers of cancerization of the bladder associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3329. [PMID: 25502795 PMCID: PMC4263606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer is a significant health problem in rural areas of Africa and the Middle East where Schistosoma haematobium is prevalent, supporting an association between malignant transformation and infection by this blood fluke. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms linking these events are poorly understood. Bladder cancers in infected populations are generally diagnosed at a late stage since there is a lack of non-invasive diagnostic tools, hence enforcing the need for early carcinogenesis markers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Forty-three formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded bladder biopsies of S. haematobium-infected patients, consisting of bladder tumours, tumour adjacent mucosa and pre-malignant/malignant urothelial lesions, were screened for bladder cancer biomarkers. These included the oncoprotein p53, the tumour proliferation rate (Ki-67>17%), cell-surface cancer-associated glycan sialyl-Tn (sTn) and sialyl-Lewisa/x (sLea/sLex), involved in immune escape and metastasis. Bladder tumours of non-S. haematobium etiology and normal urothelium were used as controls. S. haematobium-associated benign/pre-malignant lesions present alterations in p53 and sLex that were also found in bladder tumors. Similar results were observed in non-S. haematobium associated tumours, irrespectively of their histological nature, denoting some common molecular pathways. In addition, most benign/pre-malignant lesions also expressed sLea. However, proliferative phenotypes were more prevalent in lesions adjacent to bladder tumors while sLea was characteristic of sole benign/pre-malignant lesions, suggesting it may be a biomarker of early carcionogenesis associated with the parasite. A correlation was observed between the frequency of the biomarkers in the tumor and adjacent mucosa, with the exception of Ki-67. Most S. haematobium eggs embedded in the urothelium were also positive for sLea and sLex. Reinforcing the pathologic nature of the studied biomarkers, none was observed in the healthy urothelium. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This preliminary study suggests that p53 and sialylated glycans are surrogate biomarkers of bladder cancerization associated with S. haematobium, highlighting a missing link between infection and cancer development. Eggs of S. haematobium express sLea and sLex antigens in mimicry of human leukocytes glycosylation, which may play a role in the colonization and disease dissemination. These observations may help the early identification of infected patients at a higher risk of developing bladder cancer and guide the future development of non-invasive diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Clínica Sagrada Esperança, Luanda, Angola
| | - Elisabete Fernandes
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Cancro Digestivo (GICD), Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry of the University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luís Lima
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Department, LPCC-Portuguese League Against Cancer (NRNorte), Porto, Portugal
- Núcleo de Investigação em Farmácia – Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente (CISA), School of Allied Health Sciences – Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Tavares
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Peixoto
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Parreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Correia da Costa
- Center for the Study of Animal Science (ICETA), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INSA, National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Carlos Lopes
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio L. Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics group, Portuguese Institute for Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Health School of University of Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute for Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- National Cancer Center, Luanda, Angol
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Bowel parasitosis and neuroendocrine tumours of the appendix. A report from the Italian TREP project. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:1552-5. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814002404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYFive children with a neuroendocrine tumour (NET) of the appendix associated with a parasitic bowel infection are described, and the possibility of inflammation-triggered carcinogenesis is discussed. Schistosoma haematobium is linked primarily to bladder cancer but it has been reported in association with several other histotypes, including NETs of the gastrointestinal tract. Conversely, Enterobius vermicularis has not yet been claimed to participate in the onset of pre-cancerous conditions or tumours. The rare occurrence of contemporary appendiceal NETs and parasitic infection, raises the intriguing hypothesis of an inflammation-related carcinogenesis, although a cause–effect relationship cannot be established. Larger international series of childhood appendiceal NETs, which also include countries with higher prevalence of parasitic bowel infections, are needed to further clarify this possible cause–effect relationship.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) of the appendix are slow-growing tumours and, although rare, they are the most common gastrointestinal epithelial tumours in childhood and adolescence. The treatment and the follow-up screenings have not been standardised. In addition to this, although tumour size is considered the main prognostic variable to define the aggressiveness of approach, a precise cutoff needs to be established. METHODS A total of 113 patients younger than 18 years with a diagnosis of appendiceal NETs were registered as of January 1, 2000, until May 30, 2013, within the Rare Tumors in Pediatric Age (TREP) project, an Italian multi-institutional network dedicated to rare tumours in children and adolescents. The recommendations of the Rare Tumors in Pediatric Age study included imaging and laboratory investigations. The treatment after appendectomy was decided on the basis of histology, tumour size, and imaging; primary reexcision (PRE) was not recommended in completely excised tumours, regardless of tumour size and invasiveness. RESULTS A total of 113 of 113 patients had a diagnosis of well-differentiated NETs; in 108 of 113 the tumour was smaller than 2 cm and in 5, larger than 2 cm. Excision margins were free in 111 of 113 patients. In 3 of 113 a PRE was performed, and in 1 residual tumour was detected. All 113 of 113 patients are alive in complete remission (median follow-up of 41 months). CONCLUSIONS Reported data and our experience showed that no relapse or death occurred in children and adolescents affected by appendiceal NETs. Appendectomy alone should be considered curative for most patients, and a more aggressive surgical approach is warranted in the cases with incompletely excised tumours.
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Zaghloul MS, Gouda I. Schistosomiasis and bladder cancer: similarities and differences from urothelial cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 12:753-63. [DOI: 10.1586/era.12.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Gouvras AN, Kariuki C, Koukounari A, Norton AJ, Lange CN, Ireri E, Fenwick A, Mkoji GM, Webster JP. The impact of single versus mixed Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni infections on morbidity profiles amongst school-children in Taveta, Kenya. Acta Trop 2013; 128:309-17. [PMID: 23313322 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two schistosome species--Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni--with two very different pathological profiles (urogenital versus intestinal), are responsible for the majority of human schistosomiasis infections across sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to determine whether coinfections have an impact on species-specific morbidity measures when compared to single species infections. Children from two neighbouring schools in Taveta, Kenya were grouped by infection status, i.e. uninfected, single species infections or coinfected. Clinical examination of the liver and spleen by palpation was performed and urinary albumin levels were recorded at baseline and at 12 months after praziquantel administration. Additional ultrasonographic profiles of the children's liver, spleen and bladder were incorporated at follow-up. It was found that S. haematobium-associated urogenital morbidity was lower in the coinfected group relative to single S. haematobium infections, even when infection intensities were taken into account. We also observed an association between S. haematobium infection and liver (intestinal-associated) morbidity regardless of coinfections. The findings reported here suggest that further research should be performed on the impact of S. haematobium infections on liver morbidity as well as to determine the impact of mixed schistosome species infections on human morbidity outcomes across different endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk N Gouvras
- DIDE, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
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Khaled H. Schistosomiasis and cancer in egypt: review. J Adv Res 2013; 4:461-6. [PMID: 25685453 PMCID: PMC4293882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is not known to be associated with any malignant disease other than bladder cancer. Bladder cancer is still the most common malignant tumor among males in Egypt and some African and Middle East countries. However, the frequency rate of bladder cancer has declined significantly during the last 25 years. This drop is mainly related to the control of Schistosomiasis. Many studies have elucidated the pathogenic events of Schistosomal-related bladder cancer with a suggested theory of pathogenesis. Furthermore, the disease presents with a distinct clinicopathologic profile that is quite different from bladder cancer elsewhere with younger age at presentation, more male predominance, more invasive stages, and occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma pathologic subtype. However, recent data suggest that this profile has been dramatically changed over the past 25 years leading to minimization of the differences between its features in Egypt and that in Western countries. Management of muscle-invasive localized disease is mainly surgery with 5-year survival rates of 30-50%. Although still a debatable issue, adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy have improved treatment outcomes including survival and bladder preservation rates in most studies. This controversy emphasizes the need of individualized treatment options based on a prognostic index or other factors that can define the higher risk groups where more aggressive therapy is needed. The treatment for locally advanced and/or metastatic disease has passed through a series of clinical trials since 1970s. These phase II and III trials have included the use of single agent and combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens. The current standard of systemic chemotherapy of generally fit patients is now the gemcitabine-cisplatin combination. In conclusion, a changing pattern of bladder cancer in Egypt is clearly observed. This is mainly due to the success in the control of Schistosomiasis. It may also be due to increased exposure to other etiologic factors that include smoking, pesticides, and/or other causative agents. This change will ultimately affect disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Khaled
- Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
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Botelho MC, Vale N, Gouveia MJ, Rinaldi G, Santos J, Santos LL, Gomes P, Brindley PJ, Correia da Costa JM. Tumour-like phenotypes in urothelial cells after exposure to antigens from eggs of Schistosoma haematobium: an oestrogen-DNA adducts mediated pathway? Int J Parasitol 2012; 43:17-26. [PMID: 23260770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infection with the blood fluke, Schistosoma haematobium, is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Previously, it has been shown that soluble extracts of mixed sex adult S. haematobium worms (SWAP) are tumourigenic, both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, oestrogen-related molecules in SWAP of S. haematobium down-regulate oestrogen receptors (ERs) alpha and beta in oestrogen responsive cells. Moreover, schistosome oestrogens occur in sera of persons with schistosomiasis haematobia and repress transcription of ERs in urothelial cells. Given that eggs of S. haematobium are the developmental stage directly responsible for urogenital disease during schistosomiasis haematobia, we suspected that soluble antigens from S. haematobium eggs exhibit similar or more potent tumorigenic capacity. Here we investigated the tumorigenic potential of soluble egg antigens (Sh-SEA) of S. haematobium and the endocrine system in favouring parasitism by schistosomes. The findings confirmed that 6.25μg/ml of Sh-SEA was enough to stimulate cell proliferation, reduce apoptosis and increase oxidative stress of Sh-SEA-exposed urothelial cells. In addition, genotoxic effects of Sh-SEA on these cells were determined by using alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet). Furthermore, Liquid Chromatography Diode Array Detection Electron Spray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry indicated the presence of catechol-oestrogens in S. haematobium SEA. A prospective oestrogen-DNA adduct mediated pathway in S. haematobium egg induced bladder cancer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica C Botelho
- Center for the Study of Animal Science, ICETA, University of Porto, Portugal.
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Zaghloul MS. Bladder cancer and schistosomiasis. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2012; 24:151-9. [PMID: 23159285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnci.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma-associated bladder cancer was believed, for several decades, to be a completely unique entity of disease, different from urothelial cancer. This was probably due to its distinct clinicopathologic and demographic features that varied from those of urothelial entity. The carcinogenesis is an extremely complex process resulting from the accumulation of many genetic and epigenetic changes leading to alterations in the cell proliferation regulation process. In bladder cancer, many of these carcinogenic cascades were not fully documented or somewhat conflicting. Inspite of the efforts performed, much is still needed to explore the presence or absence of the carcinogenic difference with a different etiology. The control of schistosomiasis in certain countries and the subsequent decrease in the intensity of infestation showed changing of features approaching that of urothelial tumors. However the schistosoma-associated bladder cancer presented in more advanced stages than schistosoma-non associated urothelial cancer. More recently, data are gathered that, upon applying the same treatment protocol and management care, stage by stage comparison of the treatment end-results were found to be similar in bladder cancer patients with a different etiology. All treatment options; including radical cystectomy with or without adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemo- or radiotherapy or trimodality bladder preserving treatment seem to lead to similar end-results regardless of etiologic factor(s) implicated in bladder cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Zaghloul
- Radiation Oncology Department, Children's Cancer Hospital and National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Lustigman S, Geldhof P, Grant WN, Osei-Atweneboana MY, Sripa B, Basáñez MG. A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: basic research and enabling technologies to support control and elimination of helminthiases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1445. [PMID: 22545160 PMCID: PMC3335859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful and sustainable intervention against human helminthiases depends on optimal utilisation of available control measures and development of new tools and strategies, as well as an understanding of the evolutionary implications of prolonged intervention on parasite populations and those of their hosts and vectors. This will depend largely on updated knowledge of relevant and fundamental parasite biology. There is a need, therefore, to exploit and apply new knowledge and techniques in order to make significant and novel gains in combating helminthiases and supporting the sustainability of current and successful mass drug administration (MDA) programmes. Among the fields of basic research that are likely to yield improved control tools, the Disease Reference Group on Helminth Infections (DRG4) has identified four broad areas that stand out as central to the development of the next generation of helminth control measures: 1) parasite genetics, genomics, and functional genomics; 2) parasite immunology; 3) (vertebrate) host–parasite interactions and immunopathology; and 4) (invertebrate) host–parasite interactions and transmission biology. The DRG4 was established in 2009 by the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). The Group was given the mandate to undertake a comprehensive review of recent advances in helminthiases research in order to identify notable gaps and highlight priority areas. This paper summarises recent advances and discusses challenges in the investigation of the fundamental biology of those helminth parasites under the DRG4 Group's remit according to the identified priorities, and presents a research and development agenda for basic parasite research and enabling technologies that will help support control and elimination efforts against human helminthiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lustigman
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.
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Botelho MC, Oliveira PA, Lopes C, Correia da Costa JM, Machado JC. Urothelial dysplasia and inflammation induced by Schistosoma haematobium total antigen instillation in mice normal urothelium. Urol Oncol 2011; 29:809-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rinaldi G, Okatcha TI, Popratiloff A, Ayuk MA, Suttiprapa S, Mann VH, Liang YS, Lewis FA, Loukas A, Brindley PJ. Genetic manipulation of Schistosoma haematobium, the neglected schistosome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1348. [PMID: 22022628 PMCID: PMC3191139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Minimal information on the genome and proteome of Schistosoma haematobium is available, in marked contrast to the situation with the other major species of human schistosomes for which draft genome sequences have been reported. Accordingly, little is known about functional genomics in S. haematobium, including the utility or not of RNA interference techniques that, if available, promise to guide development of new interventions for schistosomiasis haematobia. Methods/Findings Here we isolated and cultured developmental stages of S. haematobium, derived from experimentally infected hamsters. Targeting different developmental stages, we investigated the utility of soaking and/or square wave electroporation in order to transfect S. haematobium with nucleic acid reporters including Cy3-labeled small RNAs, messenger RNA encoding firefly luciferase, and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Three hours after incubation of S. haematobium eggs in 50 ng/µl Cy3-labeled siRNA, fluorescent foci were evident indicating that labeled siRNA had penetrated into miracidia developing within the egg shell. Firefly luciferase activity was detected three hours after square wave electroporation of the schistosome eggs and adult worms in 150 ng/µl of mRNA. RNA interference knockdown (silencing) of reporter luciferase activity was seen following the introduction of dsRNA specific for luciferase mRNA in eggs, schistosomules and mixed sex adults. Moreover, introduction of an endogenous gene-specific siRNA into adult schistosomes silenced transcription of tetraspanin 2 (Sh-tsp-2), the apparent orthologue of the Schistosoma mansoni gene Sm-tsp-2 which encodes the surface localized structural and signaling protein Sm-TSP-2. Together, knockdown of reporter luciferase and Sh-tsp-2 indicated the presence of an intact RNAi pathway in S. haematobium. Also, we employed laser scanning confocal microscopy to view the adult stages of S. haematobium. Conclusions These findings and approaches should facilitate analysis of gene function in S. haematobium, which in turn could facilitate the characterization of prospective intervention targets for this neglected tropical disease pathogen. More people are infected with Schistosoma haematobium than other major human schistosomes yet it has been less studied because of difficulty in maintaining the life cycle in the laboratory. S. haematobium might be considered the ‘neglected schistosome’ since minimal information on the genome and proteome of S. haematobium is available, in marked contrast to the other major schistosomes. In this report we describe tools and protocols to investigate the genome and genetics of this neglected schistosome. We cultured developmental stages of S. haematobium, and investigated the utility of introducing gene probes into the parasites to silence two model genes. One of these, firefly luciferase, was a reporter gene whereas the second was a schistosome gene encoding a surface protein, termed Sh-tsp-2. We observed that both genes could be silenced – a phenomenon known as experimental RNA interference (RNAi). These findings indicated that the genome of S. haematobium will be amenable to genetic manipulation investigations designed to determine the function and importance of genes of this schistosome and to investigate for novel anti-parasite treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, (UDELAR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tunika I. Okatcha
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Anastas Popratiloff
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Mary A. Ayuk
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Sutas Suttiprapa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Victoria H. Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Yung-san Liang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fred A. Lewis
- Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alex Loukas
- Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Smout MJ, Sripa B, Laha T, Mulvenna J, Gasser RB, Young ND, Bethony JM, Brindley PJ, Loukas A. Infection with the carcinogenic human liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1367-75. [PMID: 21311794 PMCID: PMC3739706 DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00295j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Throughout Southeast Asia there is a strikingly high incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA--hepatic cancer of the bile duct epithelium), particularly in people from rural settings in Laos and Northeast Thailand who are infected with the liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, one of only three carcinogenic eukaryotic pathogens. More ubiquitous carcinogenic microbes, such as Helicobacter pylori, induce cancer in less than 1% of infected people, while as many as one-sixth of people with opisthorchiasis will develop CCA. The mechanisms by which O. viverrini causes cancer are multi-factorial, involving mechanical irritation from the activities and movements of the flukes, immunopathology, dietary nitrosamines and the secretion of parasite proteins that promote a tumourigenic environment. Genomic and proteomic studies of the liver fluke secretome have accelerated the discovery of parasite proteins with known/potential roles in pathogenesis and tumourigenesis, establishing a framework towards understanding, and ultimately preventing, the morbidity and mortality attributed to this highly carcinogenic parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Smout
- Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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Fried B, Reddy A, Mayer D. Helminths in human carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2010; 305:239-49. [PMID: 20667649 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the salient literature on selected helminths involved in carcinogenicity in humans and updates information in an earlier review on cancer and helminths by Mayer and Fried (2007, Advances in Parasitology 65, 239-296). The earlier review was concerned with various helminths, i.e., trematodes, cestodes, and nematodes, that are definitely implicated as being carcinogenic. This review examines only those helminths, all of which turn out to be trematodes, that are definitely implicated as being carcinogenic. These trematodes are the blood flukes Schistosoma haematobium, associated with inducing human carcinoma of the urinary bladder and the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, associated with inducing cancer of the bile duct (cholangiocarcinoma) and cancer of the liver (hepatocarcinoma) in humans. The review examines mainly the epidemiology and pathology of these helminthic infections in humans and considers what we know about the mechanisms associated with the carcinogenicity of these three trematodes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Fried
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 10842, USA.
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