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Lisnerová M, Martinek IN, Alama-Bermejo G, Bouberlová K, Schaeffner BC, Nkabi N, Holzer AS, Bartošová-Sojková P. An ancient alliance: Matching evolutionary patterns of cartilaginous fishes (Elasmobranchii) and chloromyxid parasites (Myxozoa). INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 103:105346. [PMID: 35932999 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Myxozoa is a group of endoparasitic cnidarians covering almost 2600 species but merely 53 species, mostly from the genus Chloromyxum, have been reported from sharks, rays, and skates (Elasmobranchii). Elasmobranchs play a key role in the study of evolutionary trajectories of myxozoans as they represent ancestral vertebrate hosts. Our study provides new data on Chloromyxum spp. from 57 elasmobranchs, covering 20 species from geographical regions and host groups not previously investigated, such as Lamniformes and Hexanchiformes, the most basal phylogenetic shark lineage. In total, 28% of elasmobranchs were infected with Chloromyxum spp., indicating high diversity. Of the seven distinguished species, six are formally described based on morphological, morphometric, and genetic (18S rDNA) data. Comprehensive co-phylogenetic analyses and ancestral state reconstruction revealed that parasite and host phylogenies are clearly correlated, resulting in a distinct phylogenetic separation of chloromyxids from selachid (shark) vs. batoid (ray and skate) hosts. Species infecting the most ancient elasmobranchs formed a sublineage, branching off in the middle of the Chloromyxum sensu stricto clade. Our findings indicate that chloromyxids likely invaded an ancestral elasmobranch prior the time of divergence of shark and batoid lineages. Our analyses did not show a clear phylogeographic pattern of Chloromyxum parasites, probably due to the cosmopolitan distribution and migratory behaviour of many elasmobranch hosts, but geographical sampling must be extended to confirm or refute this observation. This study provides a complex view on species diversity, phylogeny, evolution, host-parasite co-phylogeny, and the phylogeographic origin of Chloromyxum species from elasmobranchs. Our results highlight the importance of adding missing data from previously un- or undersampled geographical regions and host species which results in a more accurate estimate of myxozoan biodiversity and a better understanding of the evolution of this parasite group in their hosts and in the different oceans of our planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lisnerová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Inga Nicole Martinek
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gema Alama-Bermejo
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos Almirante Storni (CIMAS), CCT CONICET - CENPAT, San Antonio Oeste, Argentina; Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kateřina Bouberlová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bjoern C Schaeffner
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Nomfundo Nkabi
- KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board, Umhlanga Rocks, South Africa
| | - Astrid S Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavla Bartošová-Sojková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Goswami U, Cech G, Molnár K, Ghosh S, Sellyei B, Czeglédi I, Székely C. Morphological and molecular studies on two myxosporean infections of cyprinid fishes: Thelohanellus pyriformis from tench and Thelohanellus cf. fuhrmanni from nase. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 18:119-127. [PMID: 35572036 PMCID: PMC9096255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During surveys on myxosporean parasites of Lake Balaton and River Danube fishes, two Thelohanellus spp. were found on tench (Tinca tinca) and on common nase (Chondrostoma nasus). They were identified as Thelohanellus pyriformis and Thelohanellus cf. fuhrmanni, respectively. Myxospores of T. pyriformis from tench were collected from arteria branchialis afferens of gill filaments. The mature myxospores of this species were pyriform in shape and 19 ± 0.6l (18–19.5) long, 8.2 ± 0.54 (7.5–9) wide, 7.3 ± 0.25 (7–7.5) thick containing polar tubules with 9–10 turns. The plasmodia of Thelohanellus cf. fuhrmanni were collected from under the skin of snout of the common nase. The myxospores were pyriform, 16.3 ± 0.39l (15.5–16.5) long, 6.5 ± 0.55 (6.3–7) wide, 6.3 ± 0.53 (5.8–7) thick containing polar tubules with 6 turns. Small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences of both Thelohanellus species differed from other known myxozoans. The myxospores morphology, histopathology and ssrDNA sequences supported a diagnosis of T. pyriformis from tench and T. cf. fuhrmanni from common nase. Two Thelohanellus spp. were redescribed from cyprinid fishes. Thelohanellus pyriformis was recorded and described from the type host tench (Tinca tinca). Thelohanellus cf. fuhrmanni was found in an atypical host, common nase (Chondrostoma nasus). The morphology of both Thelohanellus species was supported by histology and ssrDNA sequence data.
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Lisnerová M, Lisner A, Cantatore DMP, Schaeffner BC, Pecková H, Tyml T, Fiala I, Bartošová-Sojková P, Holzer AS. Correlated evolution of fish host length and parasite spore size: a tale from myxosporeans inhabiting elasmobranchs. Int J Parasitol 2021; 52:97-110. [PMID: 34302843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Myxozoa represent a diverse group of microscopic cnidarian endoparasites alternating between invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Of the approximately 2,600 species described predominantly from teleost fish, only 1.8% have been reported from cartilaginous fishes (Elasmobranchii). As ancestral vertebrate hosts of myxozoans, elasmobranchs may have played an important role in myxozoan evolution, however, they are also some of the largest vertebrate hosts known for this group of parasites. We screened 50 elasmobranchs belonging to nine species and seven families, from various geographical areas, for myxozoan infection. We found a 22% overall prevalence of myxozoans in elasmobranchs and describe five species new to science. We investigated, for the first known time, the evolution of spore size within three phylogenetic clades, Ceratomyxa, Sphaerospora sensu stricto and Parvicapsula. We found that spores from elasmobranch-infecting myxozoans were on average 4.8× (Ceratomyxa), 2.2× (Parvicapsula clade) and 1.8× (Sphaerospora sensu stricto except polysporoplasmic Sphaerospora spp.) larger than those from teleosts. In all analysed clades, spore size was correlated with phylogenetic position. In ceratomyxids, it was further strongly positively correlated with fish body size and habitat depth, independent of cellular composition of the spores and phylogenetic position in the tree. While in macroparasites a host size-correlated increase in parasite size occurs on a large scale and is often related to improved exploitation of host resources, in microscopic parasites size ranges vary at the scale of a few micrometres, disproportionate to the available additional space in a large host. We discuss the ecological role of these changes with regard to transmission under high pressure and an invertebrate fauna that is adapted to deeper marine habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lisnerová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Lisner
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Delfina M P Cantatore
- Laboratorio de Ictioparasitología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Bjoern C Schaeffner
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland; South African Shark Conservancy, Old Harbour, 22 Marine Drive, Hermanus 7200, South Africa
| | - Hana Pecková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Tyml
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Fiala
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bartošová-Sojková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Astrid S Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Naldoni J, Okamura B, Hartikainen H, Corrêa LL, Adriano EA. Broad but restricted detection of malacosporeans in a Neotropical cradle of diversification. Parasitology 2021; 148:511-518. [PMID: 33298205 PMCID: PMC10950377 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020002322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study undertook the first investigation of malacosporean infections in Neotropical fish. We used polymerase chain reaction detection with a primer set generally targeting known malacosporeans to assay for infection in the kidney of 146 fish in 21 species belonging to 12 families collected from two areas in the Amazon Basin. Infections were found in 13 fish variously belonging to seven species in six families and included the first identification of a malacosporean infection in cartilaginous fish (a freshwater stingray). Based on ssrDNA, all infections represented a single Buddenbrockia species (Buddenbrockia sp. E) that demonstrates an exceptionally broad range of fish species infected, and countered our expectations of high Neotropical malacosporean diversity. Infections were characterized at varying and often high prevalences in fish species but sample sizes were small. Ascertaining whether highly divergent malacosporeans have not been detected by current primers, and more comprehensive sampling may reveal whether malacosporeans are truly as species poor in the Amazon Basin as present data suggest. Our results prompt speculations about evolutionary scenarios including introduction via marine incursions and patterns of host use over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Naldoni
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Beth Okamura
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, LondonSW7 5BD, UK
| | - Hanna Hartikainen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, NottinghamNG7 2RD, UK
| | - Lincoln L. Corrêa
- Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Edson A. Adriano
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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5
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Haplosporosomes, sporoplasmosomes and their putative taxonomic relationships in rhizarians and myxozoans. Parasitology 2020; 147:1614-1628. [PMID: 32943127 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews current knowledge of the structure, genesis, cytochemistry and putative functions of the haplosporosomes of haplosporidians (Urosporidium, Haplosporidium, Bonamia, Minchinia) and paramyxids (Paramyxa, Paramyxoides, Marteilia, Marteilioides, Paramarteilia), and the sporoplasmosomes of myxozoans (Myxozoa - Malacosporea, Myxosporea). In all 3 groups, these bodies occur in plasmodial trophic stages, disappear at the onset of sporogony, and reappear in the spore. Some haplosporidian haplosporosomes lack the internal membrane regarded as characteristic of these bodies and that phylum. Haplosporidian haplosporogenesis is through the Golgi (spherulosome in the spore), either to form haplosporosomes at the trans-Golgi network, or for the Golgi to produce formative bodies from which membranous vesicles bud, thus acquiring the external membrane. The former method also forms sporoplasmosomes in malacosporeans, while the latter is the common method of haplosporogenesis in paramyxids. Sporoplasmogenesis in myxosporeans is largely unknown. The haplosporosomes of Haplosporidium nelsoni and sporoplasmosomes of malacosporeans are similar in arraying themselves beneath the plasmodial plasma membrane with their internal membranes pointing to the exterior, possibly to secrete their contents to lyse host cells or repel haemocytes. It is concluded that these bodies are probably multifunctional within and between groups, their internal membranes separating different functional compartments, and their origin may be from common ancestors in the Neoproterozoic.
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6
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Zhang Z, Strotz LC, Topper TP, Chen F, Chen Y, Liang Y, Zhang Z, Skovsted CB, Brock GA. An encrusting kleptoparasite-host interaction from the early Cambrian. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2625. [PMID: 32488075 PMCID: PMC7266813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite–host systems are pervasive in nature but are extremely difficult to convincingly identify in the fossil record. Here we report quantitative evidence of parasitism in the form of a unique, enduring life association between tube-dwelling organisms encrusted to densely clustered shells of a monospecific organophosphatic brachiopod assemblage from the lower Cambrian (Stage 4) of South China. Brachiopods with encrusting tubes have decreased biomass (indicating reduced fitness) compared to individuals without tubes. The encrusting tubes orient tightly in vectors matching the laminar feeding currents of the host, suggesting kleptoparasitism. With no convincing parasite–host interactions known from the Ediacaran, this widespread sessile association reveals intimate parasite–host animal systems arose in early Cambrian benthic communities and their emergence may have played a key role in driving the evolutionary and ecological innovations associated with the Cambrian radiation. Parasitic interactions are difficult to document in the fossil record. Here, Zhang et al. analyze a large population of a Cambrian brachiopod and show it was frequently encrusted by tubes aligned to its feeding currents and that encrustation was associated with reduced biomass, suggesting a fitness cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life & Environments and Department of Geology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China.
| | - Luke C Strotz
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life & Environments and Department of Geology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China.
| | - Timothy P Topper
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life & Environments and Department of Geology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China. .,Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-10405, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Feiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life & Environments and Department of Geology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Yanlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life & Environments and Department of Geology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life & Environments and Department of Geology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life & Environments and Department of Geology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Christian B Skovsted
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life & Environments and Department of Geology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China.,Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-10405, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Glenn A Brock
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life & Environments and Department of Geology, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Mechanisms and Drivers for the Establishment of Life Cycle Complexity in Myxozoan Parasites. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9010010. [PMID: 31906274 PMCID: PMC7168919 DOI: 10.3390/biology9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is assumed that complex life cycles in cnidarian parasites belonging to the Myxozoa result from incorporation of vertebrates into simple life cycles exploiting aquatic invertebrates. However, nothing is known about the driving forces and implementation of this event, though it fostered massive diversification. We performed a comprehensive search for myxozoans in evolutionary ancient fishes (Chondrichthyes), and more than doubled existing 18S rDNA sequence data, discovering seven independent phylogenetic lineages. We performed cophylogenetic and character mapping methods in the largest monophyletic dataset and demonstrate that host and parasite phylogenies are strongly correlated, and that tectonic changes may explain phylogeographic clustering in recent skates and softnose skates, in the Atlantic. The most basal lineages of myxozoans inhabit the bile of chondrichthyans, an immunologically privileged site and protective niche, easily accessible from the gut via the bile duct. We hypothesize that feed-integration is a likely mechanism of host acquisition, an idea supported by feeding habits of chimaeras and ancient sharks and by multiple entries of different parasite lineages from invertebrates into the new host group. We provide exciting first insights into the early evolutionary history of ancient metazoan parasites in a host group that embodies more evolutionary distinctiveness than most other vertebrates.
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Rocha S, Casal G, Alves Â, Antunes C, Rodrigues P, Azevedo C. Myxozoan biodiversity in mullets (Teleostei, Mugilidae) unravels hyperdiversification of Myxobolus (Cnidaria, Myxosporea). Parasitol Res 2019; 118:3279-3305. [PMID: 31673834 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mullets are ecologic and commercially important fish species. Their ubiquitous nature allows them to play critical roles in freshwater and marine ecosystems but makes them more vulnerable to diseases and parasitic infection. In this study, a myxozoan survey was performed on three species of mullet captured from a northern Portuguese river. The results disclose a high biodiversity, specifically due to the hyperdiversification of Myxobolus. Thirteen new species of this genus are described based on microscopic and molecular procedures: 7 from the thinlip grey mullet Chelon ramada, 2 from the thicklip grey mullet Chelon labrosus, and 4 from the flathead grey mullet Mugil cephalus. Myxobolus exiguus and Ellipsomyxa mugilis are further registered from their type host C. ramada, as well as six more myxospore morphotypes that possibly represent distinct Myxobolus species. Overall, the results obtained clearly show that the number of host-, site- and tissue-specific Myxobolus spp. is much higher than what would be expected in accordance to available literature. This higher biodiversity is therefore discussed as either being the result of the usage of poor discriminative criteria in previous studies, or as being a direct consequence of the biological and ecological traits of the parasite and of its vertebrate and invertebrate host communities. Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses position the new species within a clade comprising all other Myxobolus spp. that infect mugiliform hosts, thus suggesting that this parasitic group has a monophyletic origin. Clustering of species in relation to the host genus is also revealed and strengthens the contention that the evolutionary history of mugiliform-infecting Myxobolus reflects that of its vertebrate hosts. In this view, the hyperdiversification of Myxobolus in mullet hosts is hypothesized to correlate with the processes of speciation that led to the ecological plasticity of mullets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Rocha
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Graça Casal
- University Institute of Health Sciences & Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, CESPU, Rua Central da Gandra no. 1317, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Ângela Alves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Antunes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Aquamuseu do Rio Minho, Parque do Castelinho, 4920-290, Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal
| | - Pedro Rodrigues
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen no. 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen no. 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Azevedo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
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9
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Derouiche I, Neifar L, Gey D, Justine JL, Tazerouti F. Holocephalocotyle monstrosae n. gen. n. sp. (Monogenea, Monocotylidae) from the olfactory rosette of the rabbit fish, Chimaera monstrosa (Holocephali, Chimaeridae) in deep waters off Algeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:59. [PMID: 31538935 PMCID: PMC6753859 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Based on a molecular and morphological study, a new monocotylid genus, Holocephalocotyle n. gen. is proposed to accommodate Holocephalocotyle monstrosae n. sp., found on the olfactory rosette of the rabbit fish, Chimaera monstrosa Linnaeus (Chondrichthyes, Chimaeridae), from the Mediterranean Sea off Algeria. Identification of fish hosts was confirmed by molecular barcoding of the COI gene. A partial 28S rDNA sequence (D1-D2 domain) of Holocephalocotyle monstrosae was obtained; it was distinct from all known monocotylid sequences (p-distance: 15.5-23%). A phylogenetic tree constructed from available monocotylid sequences showed that Holocephalocotyle monstrosae was included, and basal, in a robust group including species of Merizocotyle, Mycteronastes and Empruthotrema, confirming that the species is a member of the Merizocotylinae. The new genus is unique among the Merizocotylinae in having a distinctive pattern of haptoral loculi with one central, five peripheral and seven "interperipheral loculi" partially inserted between peripheral loculi and a compartmentalised sclerotised male copulatory organ. The diagnosis of the Merizocotylinae is amended to include this new genus. The new genus represents the second monocotylid genus recorded from holocephalans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Derouiche
- Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene (U.S.T.H.B), Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Département d'Écologie et Environnement, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Environnement : Interactions et Génomes, Équipe 1 : Parasites : Biodiversité-Bioécologie-Interactions Hôtes-Parasites, BP 32, El Alia Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Alger, Algeria
| | - Lassad Neifar
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Marine et environnement, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Delphine Gey
- Institut Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 51, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Lou Justine
- Service de Systématique Moléculaire, UMS 2700 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 26, 43 Rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Fadila Tazerouti
- Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene (U.S.T.H.B), Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Département d'Écologie et Environnement, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Environnement : Interactions et Génomes, Équipe 1 : Parasites : Biodiversité-Bioécologie-Interactions Hôtes-Parasites, BP 32, El Alia Bab Ezzouar, 16111 Alger, Algeria
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Okamura B, Hartigan A, Naldoni J. Extensive Uncharted Biodiversity: The Parasite Dimension. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 58:1132-1145. [PMID: 29860443 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites are often hidden in their hosts and exhibit patchy spatial distributions. This makes them relatively difficult to detect and sample. Consequently we have poor knowledge of parasite diversities, distributions, and extinction. We evaluate our general understanding of parasite diversity and highlight the enormous bias in research on parasites such as helminths and arthropods that infect vertebrate hosts. We then focus on Myxozoa as an exemplary case for demonstrating uncharted parasite diversity. Myxozoans are a poorly recognized but speciose clade of endoparasitic cnidarians with complex life cycles that have radiated to exploit freshwater, marine, and terrestrial hosts by adopting strategies convergent to those of parasitic protists. Myxozoans are estimated to represent some 20% of described cnidarian species-greatly outnumbering the combined species richness of scyphozoans, cubozoans, and staurozoans. We summarize limited understanding of myxozoan diversification and geographical distributions, and highlight gaps in knowledge and approaches for measuring myxozoan diversity. We close by reviewing methods and problems in estimating parasite extinction and concerns about extinction risks in view of the fundamental roles parasites play in ecosystem dynamics and in driving host evolutionary trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Okamura
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Ashlie Hartigan
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Juliana Naldoni
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil
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Holzer AS, Bartošová-Sojková P, Born-Torrijos A, Lövy A, Hartigan A, Fiala I. The joint evolution of the Myxozoa and their alternate hosts: A cnidarian recipe for success and vast biodiversity. Mol Ecol 2019; 27:1651-1666. [PMID: 29575260 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between parasites and their hosts are intimate, dynamic and complex; the evolution of one is inevitably linked to the other. Despite multiple origins of parasitism in the Cnidaria, only parasites belonging to the Myxozoa are characterized by a complex life cycle, alternating between fish and invertebrate hosts, as well as by high species diversity. This inspired us to examine the history of adaptive radiations in myxozoans and their hosts by determining the degree of congruence between their phylogenies and by timing the emergence of myxozoan lineages in relation to their hosts. Recent genomic analyses suggested a common origin of Polypodium hydriforme, a cnidarian parasite of acipenseriform fishes, and the Myxozoa, and proposed fish as original hosts for both sister lineages. We demonstrate that the Myxozoa emerged long before fish populated Earth and that phylogenetic congruence with their invertebrate hosts is evident down to the most basal branches of the tree, indicating bryozoans and annelids as original hosts and challenging previous evolutionary hypotheses. We provide evidence that, following invertebrate invasion, fish hosts were acquired multiple times, leading to parallel cospeciation patterns in all major phylogenetic lineages. We identify the acquisition of vertebrate hosts that facilitate alternative transmission and dispersion strategies as reason for the distinct success of the Myxozoa, and identify massive host specification-linked parasite diversification events. The results of this study transform our understanding of the origins and evolution of parasitism in the most basal metazoan parasites known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid S Holzer
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bartošová-Sojková
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Born-Torrijos
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alena Lövy
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Marine Biology Department, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ashlie Hartigan
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Fiala
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Phylogeny and comprehensive revision of mugiliform-infecting myxobolids (Myxozoa, Myxobolidae), with the morphological and molecular redescription of the cryptic speciesMyxobolus exiguus. Parasitology 2018; 146:479-496. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMullets inhabit a wide range of habitats from tropical to temperate regions and play a critical role in their ecosystems. This commercially important fish group constitutes a significant source of food in several geographic regions, and the production of some species for consumption is an increasing trend. About 64 myxosporean species have been reported in mullets, some of which are cryptic, as is the case ofMyxobolus exiguus, andM. muelleri. This paper provides, for the first time, a detailed and critical revision of the data available for myxobolids reported in mullets, determining the species that havebona fidemugiliform fish hosts, in accordance with the original species descriptions, the available molecular data and the currently accepted taxonomic and phylogenetic criteria. Phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood methodologies suggest that the evolutionary history of myxobolids withbona fidemugiliform fish hosts reflects that of its vertebrate hosts, while reinforcing known evolutionary factors and old systematic issues of the clade of myxobolids. A comprehensive morphological, ultrastructural and molecular redescription is also provided for the cryptic speciesM. exiguus, from infections in the visceral peritoneum of the thinlip-grey mulletChelon ramadain the River Minho, Portugal.
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13
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Shin SP, Nam Jin C, Chang Sohn H, Lee J. Parvicapsula curvatura n. sp. in cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and phylogenetic characteristics of the genus Parvicapsula. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 130:199-207. [PMID: 30259872 DOI: 10.3354/dao03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Parvicapsula curvatura n. sp. (Myxozoa; Bivalvulida) was found in the urinary bladder of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus cultured in a fish farm on Jeju Island, ROK. When laterally viewed, the parasite has asymmetrical curved spores that measure 9.6-11.6 µm in length. Furthermore, it has 2 subspherical polar capsules at the apex. Based on the phenotypical traits, it is most similar to P. limandae but differs in the shape of polar capsule, locality, and host specificity (family level). BLAST analysis indicated that P. curvatura was closest to P. unicornis and P. petuniae via 18S and 28S rDNA sequences, respectively. The 18S rDNA from P. curvatura was used in molecular phylogenetic analyses of Parvicapsula spp. to examine the congruence of phylogeny with spore morphology, locality, and host specificity. The results demonstrated that the spore morphotype was correlated with the phylogeny of the genus Parvicapsula, and the parasites have speciated into an oblong and semicircular spore type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Phil Shin
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, ROK
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14
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Cantatore DMP, Irigoitia MM, Holzer AS, Bartošová-Sojková P, Pecková H, Fiala I, Timi JT. The description of two new species of Chloromyxum from skates in the Argentine Sea reveals that a limited geographic host distribution causes phylogenetic lineage separation of myxozoans in Chondrichthyes. Parasite 2018; 25:47. [PMID: 30207267 PMCID: PMC6134877 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During a survey on the myxosporean fauna of Rajiformes from the Atlantic coast of Argentina, in waters off Buenos Aires Province (34°-42°S; 53°-62°W), the gall bladders of 217 specimens belonging to seven species of skates, representatives of two families, were examined. As a result, three species of Chloromyxum Mingazzini, 1890, namely C. atlantoraji n. sp., C. zearaji n. sp. and C. riorajum Azevedo, Casal, Garcia, Matos, Teles-Grilo and Matos, 2009 were found infecting three endemic host species, the spotback skate Atlantoraja castelnaui (Arhynchobatidae), the yellownose skate Zearaja chilensis (Rajidae) and the Rio skate Rioraja agassizii (Arhynchobatidae), respectively. These species were described based on myxospore morphology and morphometry characterization, as well as by providing their small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences. The SSU rDNA-based phylogenetic analyses showed that these three species constituted a well-established monophyletic subclade within the marine Chloromyxum clade, while branches subtending the other Chloromyxum species were poorly resolved or unresolved, independently of the host taxonomic identities (Carchariniformes, Myliobatiformes, Orectolobiformes, Pristiophoriformes, Rajiformes, Squaliformes and Torpediniformes) and/or host geographic distribution (Atlantic coast of Portugal, Atlantic coast of the USA, Australian waters or Mediterranean Sea). The possible causes of these discrepancies are discussed, providing new insights into the phylogeny of the marine Chloromyxum clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfina María Paula Cantatore
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Laboratorio de Ictioparasitología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Manuel Marcial Irigoitia
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Laboratorio de Ictioparasitología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Astrid Sibylle Holzer
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Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Branišovská 31 37005
České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bartošová-Sojková
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Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Branišovská 31 37005
České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Hana Pecková
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Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Branišovská 31 37005
České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Fiala
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Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Branišovská 31 37005
České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Juan Tomás Timi
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Laboratorio de Ictioparasitología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata Mar del Plata Argentina
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15
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Milanin T, Mathews PD, Mertins O, Tavares LER, Silva MRM, Maia AAM. Molecular phylogeny of the gill parasite Henneguya (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) infecting Astyanax lacustris (Teleostei: Characidae) from fish farm in Brazil. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:372-376. [PMID: 30055245 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular data of Henneguya chydadea Barassa, Cordeiro and Arana, 2003, found in the gill filaments of Astyanax lacustris bred in fish farm in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil was obtained in order to estimate their phylogenetic position among other platysporines myxosporean. The prevalence of the parasite was 28.1% and the range intensity was 1-3 plasmodia per fish. The shape and measurements of mature myxospores were consistent with the characteristics previously defined to H. chydadea. The SSU rDNA sequence of the myxospores of H. chydadea resulted in a total of 1405 nucleotides, and this sequence did not match any of the myxozoan available in the GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed H. chydadea within the clade of histozoic myxosporeans and closed together with Henneguya rotunda and Myxobolus pantanalis reported in the gill arch and fins and gill filaments of Salminus brasiliensis respectively. Nonetheless, the SSU rDNA sequences of H. chydadea, H. rotunda and M. pantanalis have only 85.2% and 84.4% similarity, respectively. This is the first molecular study of a Henneguya species that parasitizes a fish belonging to the genus Astyanax in South America. The importance of myxosporeans introduction to new locations along with infected cultured host is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Milanin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, 13635-900, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrick D Mathews
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Omar Mertins
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-062, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz E R Tavares
- Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Marcia R M Silva
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, 13635-900, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio A M Maia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, 13635-900, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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16
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Patra S, Bartošová-Sojková P, Pecková H, Fiala I, Eszterbauer E, Holzer AS. Biodiversity and host-parasite cophylogeny of Sphaerospora (sensu stricto) (Cnidaria: Myxozoa). Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:347. [PMID: 29903034 PMCID: PMC6002976 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myxozoa are extremely diverse microscopic parasites belonging to the Cnidaria. Their life-cycles alternate between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, predominantly in aquatic habitats. Members of the phylogenetically well-defined Sphaerospora (sensu stricto) clade predominantly infect the urinary system of marine and freshwater fishes and amphibians. Sphaerosporids are extraordinary due to their extremely long and unique insertions in the variable regions of their 18S and 28S rDNA genes and due to the formation of motile proliferative stages in the hosts' blood. To date, DNA sequences of only 19 species have been obtained and information on the patterns responsible for their phylogenetic clustering is limited. METHODS We screened 549 fish kidney samples from fish of various geographical locations, mainly in central Europe, to investigate sphaerosporid biodiversity microscopically and by 18S rDNA sequences. We performed multiple phylogenetic analyses to explore phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary trends within the Sphaerospora (s.s.) clade, by matching host and habitat features to the resultant 18S rDNA trees. The apparent co-clustering of species from related fish hosts inspired us to further investigate host-parasite co-diversification, using tree-based (CoRE-PA) and distance-based (ParaFit) methods. RESULTS Our study considerably increased the number of 18S rDNA sequence data for Sphaerospora (s.s.) by sequencing 17 new taxa. Eight new species are described and one species (Sphaerospora diminuta Li & Desser, 1985) is redescribed, accompanied by sufficient morphological data. Phylogenetic analyses showed that sphaerosporids cluster according to their vertebrate host order and habitat, but not according to geography. Cophylogenetic analyses revealed a significant congruence between the phylogenetic trees of sphaerosporids and of their vertebrate hosts and identified Cypriniformes as a host group of multiple parasite lineages and with high parasite diversity. CONCLUSIONS This study significantly contributed to our knowledge of the biodiversity and evolutionary history of the members of the Sphaerospora (s.s.) clade. The presence of two separate phylogenetic lineages likely indicates independent historical host entries, and the remarkable overlap of the larger clade with vertebrate phylogeny suggests important coevolutionary adaptations. Hyperdiversification of sphaerosporids in cypriniform hosts, which have undergone considerable radiations themselves, points to host-driven diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Patra
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bartošová-Sojková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Pecková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Fiala
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Edit Eszterbauer
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, H-1143 Hungary
| | - Astrid S. Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Morphological and molecular analyses of Bipteria lusitanica n. sp. in wild white seabream, Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Portugal. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2035-2041. [PMID: 29748714 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study records the presence of Bipteria lusitanica n. sp. in wild white seabream, Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758) off the Portuguese coast. Myxosporean parasites were found in the interstitial tissue of kidney and free in urinary bladder of D. sargus with a 33.3% of prevalence of infection. Myxospores were triangular or inversely pyramidal in shape and anteriorly wider in frontal view, measuring 11.2 ± 1.0 μm in length, 12.6 ± 0.9 μm in width, and 11.6 ± 0.4 μm in thickness. The sinuous sutural line was parallel to the axis that connects the center of the two polar capsules. Spore valves were smooth without ridges. Wing-like appendages extended from the posterior part of each valve in sutural view, measuring 3.9 ± 1.1 μm in length. Spherical polar capsules measured 4.4 ± 0.2 μm in diameter and the polar filaments were helical arranged in 5-6 turns. Molecular data showed that this parasite clusters within species of the Sinuolineidae Shulman, 1959 family, and they all infect the urinary bladder. Using molecular and morphological characterization, we were able to identify this parasite as a novel species of the genus Bipteria Kovaleva, Zubtchenko, and Krasin, 1983.
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Functional and proteomic analysis of Ceratonova shasta (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) polar capsules reveals adaptations to parasitism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9010. [PMID: 28827642 PMCID: PMC5566210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09955-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxozoa is a diverse, speciose group of microscopic parasites, recently placed within the phylum Cnidaria. Myxozoans are highly reduced in size and complexity relative to free-living cnidarians, yet they have retained specialized organelles known as polar capsules, akin to the nematocyst stinging capsules of free-living species. Whereas in free-living cnidarians the stinging capsules are used for prey capture or defense, in myxozoans they have the essential function of initiating the host infection process. To explore the evolutionary adaptation of polar capsules to parasitism, we used as a model organism Ceratonova shasta, which causes lethal disease in salmonids. Here, we report the first isolation of C. shasta myxospore polar capsules using a tailored dielectrophoresis-based microfluidic chip. Using electron microscopy and functional analysis we demonstrated that C. shasta tubules have no openings and are likely used to anchor the spore to the host. Proteomic analysis of C. shasta polar capsules suggested that they have retained typical structural and housekeeping proteins found in nematocysts of jellyfish, sea anemones and Hydra, but have lost the most important functional group in nematocysts, namely toxins. Our findings support the hypothesis that polar capsules and nematocysts are homologous organelles, which have adapted to their distinct functions.
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New cell motility model observed in parasitic cnidarian Sphaerospora molnari (Myxozoa:Myxosporea) blood stages in fish. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39093. [PMID: 27982057 PMCID: PMC5159882 DOI: 10.1038/srep39093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular motility is essential for microscopic parasites, it is used to reach the host, migrate through tissues, or evade host immune reactions. Many cells employ an evolutionary conserved motor protein– actin, to crawl or glide along a substrate. We describe the peculiar movement of Sphaerospora molnari, a myxozoan parasite with proliferating blood stages in its host, common carp. Myxozoa are highly adapted parasitic cnidarians alternately infecting vertebrates and invertebrates. S. molnari blood stages (SMBS) have developed a unique “dancing” behaviour, using the external membrane as a motility effector to rotate and move the cell. SMBS movement is exceptionally fast compared to other myxozoans, non-directional and constant. The movement is based on two cytoplasmic actins that are highly divergent from those of other metazoans. We produced a specific polyclonal actin antibody for the staining and immunolabelling of S. molnari’s microfilaments since we found that neither commercial antibodies nor phalloidin recognised the protein or microfilaments. We show the in situ localization of this actin in the parasite and discuss the importance of this motility for evasion from the cellular host immune response in vitro. This new type of motility holds key insights into the evolution of cellular motility and associated proteins.
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Ben-David J, Atkinson SD, Pollak Y, Yossifon G, Shavit U, Bartholomew JL, Lotan T. Myxozoan polar tubules display structural and functional variation. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:549. [PMID: 27741948 PMCID: PMC5064783 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1819-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myxozoa is a speciose group of endoparasitic cnidarians that can cause severe ecological and economic effects. Although highly reduced compared to free-living cnidarians, myxozoans have retained the phylum-defining stinging organelles, known as cnidae or polar capsules, which are essential to initiating host infection. To explore the adaptations of myxozoan polar capsules, we compared the structure, firing process and content release mechanism of polar tubules in myxospores of three Myxobolus species including M. cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease. RESULTS We found novel functions and morphologies in myxozoan polar tubules. High-speed video analysis of the firing process of capsules from the three Myxobolus species showed that all polar tubules rapidly extended and then contracted, an elasticity phenomenon that is unknown in free-living cnidarians. Interestingly, the duration of the tubule release differed among the three species by more than two orders of magnitude, ranging from 0.35 to 10 s. By dye-labeling the polar capsules prior to firing, we discovered that two of the species could release their entire capsule content, a delivery process not previously known from myxozoans. Having the role of content delivery and not simply anchoring suggests that cytotoxic or proteolytic compounds may be present in the capsule. Moreover, while free-living cnidarians inject most of the toxic content through the distal tip of the tubule, our video and ultrastructure analyses of the myxozoan tubules revealed patterns of double spirals of nodules and pores along parts of the tubules, and showed that the distal tip of the tubules was sealed. This helical pattern and distribution of openings may minimize the tubule mechanical weakness and improve resistance to the stress impose by firing. The finding that myxozoan tubule characteristics are very different from those of free-living cnidarians is suggestive of their adaptation to parasitic life. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that myxozoan polar tubules have more functions than previously assumed, and provide insight into their evolution from free-living ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ben-David
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Stephen D Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Nash Hall 226, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Yulia Pollak
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Uri Shavit
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Jerri L Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Nash Hall 226, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Tamar Lotan
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, 31905, Israel.
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Hartigan A, Wilkinson M, Gower DJ, Streicher JW, Holzer AS, Okamura B. Myxozoan infections of caecilians demonstrate broad host specificity and indicate a link with human activity. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:375-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Shin SP, Shirakashi S, Hamano S, Kato K, Lasso LT, Yokoyama H. Phylogenetic study of the genus Kudoa (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) with a description of Kudoa rayformis sp. nov. from the trunk muscle of Pacific sierra Scomberomorus sierra. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 98:337-45. [PMID: 26947709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kudoa rayformis n. sp. (Myxozoa; Multivalvulida) was observed in the trunk muscle of Pacific sierra Scomberomorus sierra caught off the coast of Tonosi, Panama. The species formed pseudocysts in myofibers and infection was subclinical. The myxospores possessed four polar capsules and spore valves, one of which had a distinct filamentous extension. This unique morphological characteristic of the myxospore validated this as a new species of Kudoa. Genetically, K. rayformis n. sp. is closest to K. inornata, with 98% and 91% similarity in 18S and 28S rDNA, respectively, but its spore shape was clearly distinct. The 18S rDNA and concatenated sequences from K. rayformis were used in molecular phylogenetic analyses of kudoids to examine the congruence of phylogeny with infection site tropism, spore morphology and cyst/pseudocyst formation. The results demonstrated that the phenotypic traits were correlated with the phylogeny of Kudoidae, and that the biological features of K. rayformis originated from the ancient Kudoidae as exhibited by the non-specific infection site tropism and the ability to infect muscle and form pseudocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Phil Shin
- Fisheries Laboratory, Kinki University, Shirahama, Nishimuro, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
| | - Sho Shirakashi
- Fisheries Laboratory, Kinki University, Shirahama, Nishimuro, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan.
| | - Shogo Hamano
- Fisheries Laboratory, Kinki University, Shirahama, Nishimuro, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
| | - Keitaro Kato
- Fisheries Laboratory, Kinki University, Shirahama, Nishimuro, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Yokoyama
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Okamura B, Gruhl A. Myxozoa + Polypodium: A Common Route to Endoparasitism. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:268-271. [PMID: 26830727 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence places the problematic Polypodium, a parasite of fish eggs, firmly as sister taxon to Myxozoa within the Cnidaria. This resolution suggests a single route to endoparasitism in Cnidaria, with larval stages of a common ancestor exploiting fish as first hosts. It also enables new interpretations and insights regarding evolutionary transitions associated with endoparasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Okamura
- Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, UK.
| | - Alexander Gruhl
- Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, London, UK; Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
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Leung TLF. Fossils of parasites: what can the fossil record tell us about the evolution of parasitism? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:410-430. [PMID: 26538112 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Parasites are common in many ecosystems, yet because of their nature, they do not fossilise readily and are very rare in the geological record. This makes it challenging to study the evolutionary transition that led to the evolution of parasitism in different taxa. Most studies on the evolution of parasites are based on phylogenies of extant species that were constructed based on morphological and molecular data, but they give us an incomplete picture and offer little information on many important details of parasite-host interactions. The lack of fossil parasites also means we know very little about the roles that parasites played in ecosystems of the past even though it is known that parasites have significant influences on many ecosystems. The goal of this review is to bring attention to known fossils of parasites and parasitism, and provide a conceptual framework for how research on fossil parasites can develop in the future. Despite their rarity, there are some fossil parasites which have been described from different geological eras. These fossils include the free-living stage of parasites, parasites which became fossilised with their hosts, parasite eggs and propagules in coprolites, and traces of pathology inflicted by parasites on the host's body. Judging from the fossil record, while there were some parasite-host relationships which no longer exist in the present day, many parasite taxa which are known from the fossil record seem to have remained relatively unchanged in their general morphology and their patterns of host association over tens or even hundreds of millions of years. It also appears that major evolutionary and ecological transitions throughout the history of life on Earth coincided with the appearance of certain parasite taxa, as the appearance of new host groups also provided new niches for potential parasites. As such, fossil parasites can provide additional data regarding the ecology of their extinct hosts, since many parasites have specific life cycles and transmission modes which reflect certain aspects of the host's ecology. The study of fossil parasites can be conducted using existing techniques in palaeontology and palaeoecology, and microscopic examination of potential material such as coprolites may uncover more fossil evidence of parasitism. However, I also urge caution when interpreting fossils as examples of parasites or parasitism-induced traces. I point out a number of cases where parasitism has been spuriously attributed to some fossil specimens which, upon re-examination, display traits which are just as (if not more) likely to be found in free-living taxa. The study of parasite fossils can provide a more complete picture of the ecosystems and evolution of life throughout Earth's history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy L F Leung
- Department of Zoology Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
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