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Gyimesi G, Hediger MA. Transporter-Mediated Drug Delivery. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031151. [PMID: 36770817 PMCID: PMC9919865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane transport of small organic and inorganic molecules is one of the cornerstones of cellular metabolism. Among transmembrane transporters, solute carrier (SLC) proteins form the largest, albeit very diverse, superfamily with over 400 members. It was recognized early on that xenobiotics can directly interact with SLCs and that this interaction can fundamentally determine their efficacy, including bioavailability and intertissue distribution. Apart from the well-established prodrug strategy, the chemical ligation of transporter substrates to nanoparticles of various chemical compositions has recently been used as a means to enhance their targeting and absorption. In this review, we summarize efforts in drug design exploiting interactions with specific SLC transporters to optimize their therapeutic effects. Furthermore, we describe current and future challenges as well as new directions for the advanced development of therapeutics that target SLC transporters.
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Xin M, Zhao M, Tian J, Li B. Guidelines for in vitro simulated digestion and absorption of food. FOOD FRONTIERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meili Xin
- College of Food Science Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang Liaoning China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Nutrition and Innovative Manufacturing of Liaoning Province Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Min Zhao
- College of Food Science Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang Liaoning China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Nutrition and Innovative Manufacturing of Liaoning Province Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Jinlong Tian
- College of Food Science Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang Liaoning China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Nutrition and Innovative Manufacturing of Liaoning Province Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang Liaoning China
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Nutrition and Innovative Manufacturing of Liaoning Province Shenyang Liaoning China
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Zhu Q, Chen Z, Paul PK, Lu Y, Wu W, Qi J. Oral delivery of proteins and peptides: Challenges, status quo and future perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2416-2448. [PMID: 34522593 PMCID: PMC8424290 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins and peptides (PPs) have gradually become more attractive therapeutic molecules than small molecular drugs due to their high selectivity and efficacy, but fewer side effects. Owing to the poor stability and limited permeability through gastrointestinal (GI) tract and epithelia, the therapeutic PPs are usually administered by parenteral route. Given the big demand for oral administration in clinical use, a variety of researches focused on developing new technologies to overcome GI barriers of PPs, such as enteric coating, enzyme inhibitors, permeation enhancers, nanoparticles, as well as intestinal microdevices. Some new technologies have been developed under clinical trials and even on the market. This review summarizes the history, the physiological barriers and the overcoming approaches, current clinical and preclinical technologies, and future prospects of oral delivery of PPs.
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Key Words
- ASBT, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CAGR, compound annual growth
- CD, Crohn's disease
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CPP, cell penetrating peptide
- CaP, calcium phosphate
- Clinical
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DDVAP, desmopressin acetate
- DTPA, diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid
- EDTA, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
- EPD, empirical phase diagrams
- EPR, electron paramagnetic resonance
- Enzyme inhibitor
- FA, folic acid
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FcRn, Fc receptor
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissue
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GIPET, gastrointestinal permeation enhancement technology
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen
- HPMCP, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- ILs, ionic liquids
- LBNs, lipid-based nanoparticles
- LMWP, low molecular weight protamine
- MCT-1, monocarborxylate transporter 1
- MSNs, mesoporous silica nanoparticles
- NAC, N-acetyl-l-cysteine
- NLCs, nanostructured lipid carriers
- Oral delivery
- PAA, polyacrylic acid
- PBPK, physiologically based pharmacokinetics
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PCL, polycarprolacton
- PGA, poly-γ-glutamic acid
- PLA, poly(latic acid)
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PPs, proteins and peptides
- PVA, poly vinyl alcohol
- Peptides
- Permeation enhancer
- Proteins
- RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp
- RTILs, room temperature ionic liquids
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SDC, sodium deoxycholate
- SGC, sodium glycocholate
- SGF, simulated gastric fluids
- SIF, simulated intestinal fluids
- SLNs, solid lipid nanoparticles
- SNAC, sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]caprylate
- SNEDDS, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems
- STC, sodium taurocholate
- Stability
- TAT, trans-activating transcriptional peptide
- TMC, N-trimethyl chitosan
- Tf, transferrin
- TfR, transferrin receptors
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- UEA1, ulex europaeus agglutinin 1
- VB12, vitamin B12
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- pHPMA, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide
- pI, isoelectric point
- sCT, salmon calcitonin
- sc, subcutaneous
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Affiliation(s)
- Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Pijush Kumar Paul
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Gono Bishwabidyalay (University), Mirzanagar Savar, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Yi Lu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianping Qi
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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4
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The prominence of the dosage form design to treat ocular diseases. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119577. [PMID: 32622806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The eye is susceptible to various diseases commonly difficult to treat. To overcome the barriers imposed by this organ for required drugs penetration, technological strategies have been implemented to ocular formulations. Among them are the use of temperature or electric stimuli and the development of nanoparticles. The objective of this review is to present the main barriers to ocular drug delivery and to discuss strategies used in the development of ocular dosage forms, primarily for topical delivery, to increase the local bioavailability of drugs, target their delivery and increase patient compliance. Results obtained in the last years related to the topical administration of liposomes, dendrimers, iontophoresis, among other nanoparticulate systems focused on ophthalmic delivery, will be addressed. Finally, some clinical trials and marketed formulations that use nanotechnology to topically treat eye diseases will be presented.
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5
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Comparative analysis of stability of tricyclic analogues of acyclovir in an acidic environment. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-019-01553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Banerjee S, Pillai J. Solid lipid matrix mediated nanoarchitectonics for improved oral bioavailability of drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:499-515. [PMID: 31104522 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1621289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Solid matrix mediated lipid nanoparticle formulations (LNFs) retain some of the best features of ideal drug carriers necessary for improving the oral absorption and bioavailability (BA) of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. LNFs with solid matrices may be typically categorized into three major types of formulations, viz., solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and lipid-drug conjugate nanoparticles (LDC-NPs). Solid matrix based LNFs are, potentially, the most appropriate delivery systems for poorly water soluble drugs in need of improved drug solubility, permeability, absorption, or increased oral BA. In addition, LNFs as matrices are able to encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs in a single matrix based on their excellent ability to form cores and shells. Interestingly, LNFs also act as delivery devices to impart chemical stability to various orally administered drugs. Areas covered: Aim of the review is to forecast the presentation of pharmacokinetic characteristics of solid lipid matrix based nanocarriers which are typically biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic carrier systems for efficient oral delivery of various drugs. Efficient delivery is broadly mediated by the fact that lipophilic drugs are readily soluble in lipidic substrates that are capable of permeating across the gut epithelium following oral administration, subsequently delivering the moiety of interest more efficiently across the gut mucosal membrane. This enhances the overall BA of many drugs facing oral delivery challenges by improving their pharmacokinetic profile. This article specifically focuses on the biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic aspects of such solid lipid matrix based nanoformulations and possible mechanisms for better drug absorption and improved BA following oral administration. It also briefly reviews methods to access the efficacy of LNFs for improving oral BA of drugs, regulatory aspects and some interesting lipid-derived commercial formulations, with a concluding remark. Expert opinion: LNFs enhance the overall BA of many drugs facing oral delivery challenges by improving their pharmacokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Banerjee
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) , Guwahati , Assam , India.,b Centre for Bio-design (CBD) , Translational Health Science & Technology Institute (THSTI) , Faridabad , Haryana , India
| | - Jonathan Pillai
- b Centre for Bio-design (CBD) , Translational Health Science & Technology Institute (THSTI) , Faridabad , Haryana , India
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7
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Abstract
Although the eye is an accessible organ for direct drug application, ocular drug delivery remains a major challenge due to multiple barriers within the eye. Key barriers include static barriers imposed by the cornea, conjunctiva, and retinal pigment epithelium and dynamic barriers including tear turnover and blood and lymphatic clearance mechanisms. Systemic administration by oral and parenteral routes is limited by static blood-tissue barriers that include epithelial and endothelial layers, in addition to rapid vascular clearance mechanisms. Together, the static and dynamic barriers limit the rate and extent of drug delivery to the eye. Thus, there is an ongoing need to identify novel delivery systems and approaches to enhance and sustain ocular drug delivery. This chapter summarizes current and recent experimental approaches for drug delivery to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Yavuz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, 12850 East Montview Blvd., C238-V20, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Uday B Kompella
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, 12850 East Montview Blvd., C238-V20, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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8
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Banerjee S, Kundu A. Lipid-drug conjugates: a potential nanocarrier system for oral drug delivery applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 26:65-75. [PMID: 30159763 PMCID: PMC6154489 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-018-0209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic drugs are preferred candidates for most routes of drug administration, because of their enhanced solubility and dissolution under aqueous in vivo conditions. However, their hydrophilic nature also leads to decreased permeability across hydrophobic barriers. This is a severe limitation in situations where membrane permeability is the primary factor affecting bioavailability and efficacy of the drug. Highly impermeable cellular membranes or the tight endothelial junctions governing the blood-brain barrier are prime examples of this limitation. In other cases, decreased permeability across mucosal or epithelial membranes may require increased doses, which is an inefficient and potentially dangerous workaround. Covalent conjugation of hydrophilic drugs to hydrophobic moieties like short-chain lipids is a promising strategy for maintaining the critical balance between drug solubility and permeability. This article practically focuses on the production procedure of Lipid drug conjugates (LDCs), various formulation methodologies for preparing LDC nanoparticles with detailed about their in vitro physicochemical characterization at laboratory scale. Moreover, brief overviews on the role of LDCs in novel drug delivery applications as a substrate to various disease therapies are provided. Three dimensional (3-D) schematic representation of LDCs structures. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.
| | - Amit Kundu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan Univerfsity, Seoul, South Korea
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9
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Li Z, Chen Q, Qi Y, Liu Z, Hao T, Sun X, Qiao M, Ma X, Xu T, Zhao X, Yang C, Chen D. Rational Design of Multifunctional Polymeric Nanoparticles Based on Poly(l-histidine) and d-α-Vitamin E Succinate for Reversing Tumor Multidrug Resistance. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2595-2609. [PMID: 29618203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional nanoparticulate system composed of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(l-histidine)-d-α-vitamin E succinate (MPEG-PLH-VES) copolymers for encapsulation of doxorubicin (DOX) was elaborated with the aim of circumventing the multidrug resistance (MDR) in breast cancer treatment. The MPEG-PLH-VES nanoparticles (NPs) were subsequently functionalized with biotin motif for targeted drug delivery. The MPEG-PLH-VES copolymer exerts no obvious effect on the P-gp expression level of MCF-7/ADR but exhibited a significant influence on the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the reduction of intracellular ATP level, and the inhibition of P-gp ATPase activity of MCF-7/ADR cells. The constructed MPEG-PLH-VES NPs exhibited an acidic pH-induced increase on particle size in aqueous solution. The DOX-encapsulated MPEG-PLH-VES/biotin-PEG-VES (MPEG-PLH-VES/B) NPs were characterized to possess high drug encapsulation efficiency of approximate 90%, an average particle size of approximately 130 nm, and a pH-responsive drug release profile in acidic milieu. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) investigations revealed that the DOX-loaded NPs resulted in an effective delivery of DOX into MCF-/ADR cells and a notable carrier-facilitated escape from endolysosomal entrapment. Pertaining to the in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation, the DOX-loaded MPEG-PLH-VES/B NPs resulted in more pronounced cytotoxicity to MCF-/ADR cells compared with DOX-loaded MPEG-PLH-VES NPs and free DOX solution. In vivo imaging study in MCF-7/ADR tumor-engrafted mice exhibited that the MPEG-PLH-VES/B NPs accumulated at the tumor site more effectively than MPEG-PLH-VES NPs due to the biotin-mediated active targeting effect. In accordance with the in vitro results, DOX-loaded MPEG-PLH-VES/B NPs showed the strongest inhibitory effect against the MCF-7/ADR xenografted tumors with negligible systemic toxicity, as evidenced by the histological analysis and change of body weight. The multifunctional MPEG-PLH-VES/B nanoparticulate system has been demonstrated to provide a promising strategy for efficient delivery of DOX into MCF-7/ADR cancerous cells and reversing MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- School of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , 116044 , PR China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , 110016 , PR China
| | - Qixian Chen
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , PR China
| | - Yan Qi
- School of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , 116044 , PR China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- School of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , 116044 , PR China
| | - Tangna Hao
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , 116011 , PR China
| | - Xiaoxin Sun
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine , Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116044 , PR China
| | - Mingxi Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , 110016 , PR China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- School of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , 116044 , PR China
| | - Ting Xu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , PR China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , 110016 , PR China
| | - Chunrong Yang
- School of pharmacy , Jiamusi University , Jiamusi 154007 , PR China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , 110016 , PR China.,School of Pharmacy , Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
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10
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Zhang Z, Uchida Y, Hirano S, Ando D, Kubo Y, Auriola S, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI, Urtti A, Terasaki T, Tachikawa M. Inner Blood–Retinal Barrier Dominantly Expresses Breast Cancer Resistance Protein: Comparative Quantitative Targeted Absolute Proteomics Study of CNS Barriers in Pig. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3729-3738. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Zhang
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirano
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ando
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama,
Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama,
Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Seppo Auriola
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Shin-ichi Akanuma
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama,
Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Hosoya
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama,
Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Arto Urtti
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Division
of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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11
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Adhikari P, Pal P, Das AK, Ray S, Bhattacharjee A, Mazumder B. Nano lipid-drug conjugate: An integrated review. Int J Pharm 2017; 529:629-641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Mandracchia D, Rosato A, Trapani A, Chlapanidas T, Montagner IM, Perteghella S, Di Franco C, Torre ML, Trapani G, Tripodo G. Design, synthesis and evaluation of biotin decorated inulin-based polymeric micelles as long-circulating nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:1245-1254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Chintamaneni PK, Krishnamurthy PT, Rao PV, Pindiprolu SS. Surface modified nano-lipid drug conjugates of positive allosteric modulators of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Med Hypotheses 2017; 101:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Lesniewska-Kowiel MA, Muszalska I. Strategies in the designing of prodrugs, taking into account the antiviral and anticancer compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 129:53-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Blood-to-retina transport of riboflavin via RFVTs at the inner blood-retinal barrier. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 32:92-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Giesler KE, Marengo J, Liotta DC. Reduction Sensitive Lipid Conjugates of Tenofovir: Synthesis, Stability, and Antiviral Activity. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7097-110. [PMID: 27405794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic value of numerous small molecules hinges on their ability to permeate the plasma membrane. This is particularly true for tenofovir (TFV), adefovir, and other antiviral nucleosides that demonstrate potent antiviral activity but poor bioavailability. Using TFV as a model substrate, we hybridized two disparate prodrug strategies to afford novel reduction-sensitive lipid conjugates of TFV that exhibit subnanomolar activity toward HIV-1 and are stable in human plasma for more than 24 h with a therapeutic index approaching 30000. These compounds significantly rival the clinically approved formulation of TFV and revitalize the potential of disulfide-bearing prodrugs which have seen limited in vitro and in vivo success since their debut over 20 years ago. We further demonstrate the utility of these conjugates as a tool to indirectly probe the enzymatic hydrolysis of phosphonomonoesters that may further advance the development of other prodrug strategies for nucleosides, peptides, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E Giesler
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University , 1521 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jose Marengo
- Emory Institute for Drug Development , 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Dennis C Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University , 1521 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States.,Emory Institute for Drug Development , 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
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17
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Taskar P, Tatke A, Majumdar S. Advances in the use of prodrugs for drug delivery to the eye. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:49-63. [PMID: 27441817 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1208649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ocular drug delivery is presented with many challenges, taking into account the distinctive structure of the eye. The prodrug approach has been, and is being, employed to overcome such barriers for some drug molecules, utilizing a chemical modification approach rather than a formulation-based approach. A prodrug strategy involves modification of the active moiety into various derivatives in a fashion that imparts some advantage, such as membrane permeability, site specificity, transporter targeting and improved aqueous solubility, over the parent compound. Areas covered: The following review is a comprehensive summary of various novel methodologies and strategies reported over the past few years in the area of ocular drug delivery. Some of the strategies discussed involve polymer and lipid conjugation with the drug moiety to impart hydrophilicity or lipophilicity, or to target nutrient transporters by conjugation with transporter-specific moieties and retrometabolic drug design. Expert opinion: The application of prodrug strategies provides an option for enhancing drug penetration into the ocular tissues, and overall ocular bioavailability, with minimum disruption of the ocular diffusion barriers. Although success of the prodrug strategy is contingent on various factors, such as the chemical structure of the parent molecule, aqueous solubility and solution stability, capacity of targeted transporters and bioreversion characteristics, this approach has been successfully utilized, commercially and therapeutically, in several cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal Taskar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA.,b Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Akshaya Tatke
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA.,b Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Soumyajit Majumdar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA.,b Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
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18
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Muheem A, Shakeel F, Jahangir MA, Anwar M, Mallick N, Jain GK, Warsi MH, Ahmad FJ. A review on the strategies for oral delivery of proteins and peptides and their clinical perspectives. Saudi Pharm J 2016; 24:413-28. [PMID: 27330372 PMCID: PMC4908063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the modern world, a number of therapeutic proteins such as vaccines, antigens, and hormones are being developed utilizing different sophisticated biotechnological techniques like recombinant DNA technology and protein purification. However, the major glitches in the optimal utilization of therapeutic proteins and peptides by the oral route are their extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism, degradation in the gastrointestinal tract (presence of enzymes and pH-dependent factors), large molecular size and poor permeation. These problems can be overcome by adopting techniques such as chemical transformation of protein structures, enzyme inhibitors, mucoadhesive polymers and permeation enhancers. Being invasive, parenteral route is inconvenient for the administration of protein and peptides, several research endeavors have been undertaken to formulate a better delivery system for proteins and peptides with major emphasis on non-invasive routes such as oral, transdermal, vaginal, rectal, pulmonary and intrauterine. This review article emphasizes on the recent advancements made in the delivery of protein and peptides by a non-invasive (peroral) route into the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Muheem
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research (CEBR), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arab
| | | | - Mohammed Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Neha Mallick
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Musarrat Husain Warsi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Farhan Jalees Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
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Elucidation of Transport Mechanism of Paeoniflorin and the Influence of Ligustilide, Senkyunolide I and Senkyunolide A on Paeoniflorin Transport through Mdck-Mdr1 Cells as Blood-Brain Barrier in Vitro Model. Molecules 2016; 21:300. [PMID: 26950101 PMCID: PMC6273373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the present investigation were to: (1) elucidate the transport mechanism of paeoniflorin (PF) across MDCK-MDR1 monolayers; and (2) evaluate the effect of ligustilide (LIG), senkyunolide I (SENI) and senkyunolide A (SENA) on the transport of PF through blood–brain barrier so as to explore the enhancement mechanism. Transport studies of PF were performed in both directions, from apical to basolateral side (A→B) and from basolateral to apical sides (B→A). Drug concentrations were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. PF showed relatively poor absorption in MDCK-MDR1 cells, apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) ranging from 0.587 × 10−6 to 0.705 × 10−6 cm/s. In vitro experiments showed that the transport of PF in both directions was concentration dependent and not saturable. The B→A/A→B permeability ER of PF was more than 2 in the MDCK-MDR1 cells, which indicated that the transport mechanism of PF might be passive diffusion as the dominating process with the active transportation mediated mechanism involved. The increased Papp of PF in A→B direction by EDTA-Na2 suggested that PF was absorbed via the paracellular route. The P-gp inhibitor verapamil could significantly increase the transport of PF in A→B direction, and ER decreased from 2.210 to 0.690, which indicated that PF was P-gp substance. The transport of PF in A→B direction significantly increased when co-administrated with increasing concentrations of LIG, SENI and SENA. An increased cellular accumulation of Rho 123 and Western blot analysis indicated that LIG, SENI and SENA had increased the transport of PF in the BBB models attribute to down-regulate P-gp expression. A decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) during the permeation experiment can be explained by the modulation and opening of the tight junctions caused by the permeation enhancer LIG, SENI and SENA.
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20
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Ophthalmic applications of lipid-based drug nanocarriers: an update of research and patenting activity. Ther Deliv 2015; 6:1297-318. [PMID: 26608630 DOI: 10.4155/tde.15.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophthalmic diseases collect great attention by researchers and pharmaceutical technologists, since they can dramatically worsen the quality of life. Because of the limited duration of action on the eye surface, and anatomical/physiological barriers to drug penetration from it into the inner eye structures, conventional ocular formulations are generally unable to perform at their best. Nanotechnology approaches can represent a solution to improve the therapeutic efficiency, compliance and safety of ocular drugs. In this respect, lipid-based nanocarriers are among the most interesting systems. Their composition and production methods make them highly biocompatible and safe formulations. This review illustrates the developments achieved in ocular drug delivery using lipid-based nanocarriers, with a critical revision of recent scientific articles and filed patents.
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21
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Novel delivery approaches for cancer therapeutics. J Control Release 2015; 219:248-268. [PMID: 26456750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, a majority of cancer treatment strategies are based on the removal of tumor mass mainly by surgery. Chemical and physical treatments such as chemo- and radiotherapies have also made a major contribution in inhibiting rapid growth of malignant cells. Furthermore, these approaches are often combined to enhance therapeutic indices. It is widely known that surgery, chemo- and radiotherapy also inhibit normal cells growth. In addition, these treatment modalities are associated with severe side effects and high toxicity which in turn lead to low quality of life. This review encompasses novel strategies for more effective chemotherapeutic delivery aiming to generate better prognosis. Currently, cancer treatment is a highly dynamic field and significant advances are being made in the development of novel cancer treatment strategies. In contrast to conventional cancer therapeutics, novel approaches such as ligand or receptor based targeting, triggered release, intracellular drug targeting, gene delivery, cancer stem cell therapy, magnetic drug targeting and ultrasound-mediated drug delivery, have added new modalities for cancer treatment. These approaches have led to selective detection of malignant cells leading to their eradication with minimal side effects. Lowering multi-drug resistance and involving influx transportation in targeted drug delivery to cancer cells can also contribute significantly in the therapeutic interventions in cancer.
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22
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Oral films as breakthrough tools for oral delivery of proteins/peptides. J Control Release 2015; 211:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.05.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sheng Y, Yang X, Pal D, Mitra AK. Prodrug approach to improve absorption of prednisolone. Int J Pharm 2015; 487:242-9. [PMID: 25888804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid and dipeptide prodrugs have been developed to examine their potential in enhancing aqueous solubility and permeability as well as to bypass P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated cellular efflux of prednisolone. Prodrugs have been synthesized and identified with LC/MS/MS and NMR. Prodrugs displayed significantly higher aqueous solubility relative to prednisolone. These compounds also exhibited higher stability under acidic conditions relative to basic medium. [14]-Erythromycin uptake remained unaltered in the presence of valine-valine-prednisolone (VVP) indicating lower affinity toward P-gp. Moreover, VVP generated significantly higher transepithelial permeability across MDCK-MDR1 cells compared to prednisolone. Importantly, [3H]-GlySar uptake diminished significantly in the presence of VVP indicating high affinity toward peptide transporters. Moreover, prednisolone was regenerated from VVP due to enzymatic hydrolysis in SIRC cell homogenate. Results obtained from these studies clearly suggest that peptide transporter targeted prodrugs is a viable strategy to improve aqueous solubility and overcome P-gp mediated cellular efflux of prednisolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sheng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Dhananjay Pal
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Ashim K Mitra
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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Firempong CK, Cao X, Tong S, Yu J, Xu X. Prospects for multitarget lipid-raft-coated silica beads: a remarkable online biomaterial for discovering multitarget antitumor lead compounds. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08322b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of lipid raft biomaterial with multiple cancer-related receptors for screening novel multitarget antitumour lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Kesse Firempong
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang
| | - Xia Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang
| | - Shanshan Tong
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- Centre for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang
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25
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Quick M, Shi L. The sodium/multivitamin transporter: a multipotent system with therapeutic implications. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 98:63-100. [PMID: 25817866 PMCID: PMC5530880 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The Na(+)/multivitamin transporter (SMVT) is a member of the solute:sodium symporter family that catalyzes the Na(+)-dependent uptake of the structurally diverse water-soluble vitamins pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and biotin (vitamin H), α-lipoic acid-a vitamin-like substance with strong antioxidant properties-and iodide. The organic substrates of SMVT play central roles in the cellular metabolism and are, therefore, essential for normal human health and development. For example, biotin deficiency leads to growth retardation, dermatological disorders, and neurological disorders. Animal studies have shown that biotin deficiency during pregnancy is directly correlated to embryonic growth retardation, congenital malformation, and death of the embryo. This chapter focuses on the structural and functional features of the human isoform of SMVT (hSMVT); the discovery of which was greatly facilitated by the cloning and expression of hSMVT in tractable expression systems. Special emphasis will be given to mechanistic implications of the transport process of hSMVT that will inform our understanding of the molecular determinants of hSMVT-mediated transport in dynamic context to alleviate the development and optimization of hSMVT as a multipotent platform for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Quick
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA.
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
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Chen Z, Gong X, Lu Y, Du S, Yang Z, Bai J, Li P, Wu H. Enhancing effect of borneol and muscone on geniposide transport across the human nasal epithelial cell monolayer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101414. [PMID: 24992195 PMCID: PMC4081582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Geniposide is widely used in the treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke and cerebrovascular diseases for its anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects. Recent studies demonstrated that geniposide could be absorbed promptly and thoroughly by intranasal administration in mice and basically transported into the brain. Here, we explored its transport mechanism and the effect of borneol and muscone on its transport by human nasal epithelial cell (HNEC) monolayer. The cytotoxicity of geniposide, borneol, muscone and their combinations on HNECs was evaluated by the MTT assay. Transcellular transport of geniposide and the influence of borneol and muscone were studied using the HNEC monolayer. Immunostaining and transepithelial electrical resistance were measured to assess the integrity of the monolayer. The membrane fluidity of HNEC was evaluated by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Geniposide showed relatively poor absorption in the HNEC monolayer and it was not a P-gp substrate. Geniposide transport in both directions significantly increased when co-administrated with increasing concentrations of borneol and muscone. The enhancing effect of borneol and muscone on geniposide transport across the HNEC may be attributed to the significant enhancement on cell membrane fluidity, disassembly effect on tight junction integrity and the process was reversible. These results indicated that intranasal administration has good potential to treat cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Gong
- Reproductive Endocrinology Centre, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Lu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shouying Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jie Bai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyue Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huichao Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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27
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Zhang X, Wu W. Ligand-mediated active targeting for enhanced oral absorption. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:898-904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kathe N, Henriksen B, Chauhan H. Physicochemical characterization techniques for solid lipid nanoparticles: principles and limitations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 40:1565-75. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.909840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Vadlapudi AD, Cholkar K, Vadlapatla RK, Mitra AK. Aqueous nanomicellar formulation for topical delivery of biotinylated lipid prodrug of acyclovir: formulation development and ocular biocompatibility. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2013; 30:49-58. [PMID: 24192229 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2013.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to develop a clear, aqueous nanomicellar formulation and evaluate its in vitro ocular biocompatibility as a novel carrier for topical ocular delivery of biotinylated lipid prodrug for the treatment of herpetic keratitis. METHODS Micellar formulation of Biotin-12Hydroxystearic acid-acyclovir (B-12HS-ACV) was prepared by solvent evaporation/film hydration method with two nonionic surfactants, vitamin E TPGS and octoxynol-40. The optimized formulation was characterized for various parameters including micelle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta-potential and in vitro prodrug release. Human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were employed for studying the cytotoxicity of the formulation. Further, mRNA expression levels of various cytokines were also studied with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Average size was 10.46±0.05 nm with a PDI of 0.086 for blank nanomicelles, and 10.78±0.09 nm with a PDI of 0.075 for prodrug-loaded nanomicelles. Both unloaded and prodrug-loaded nanomicelles had low negative zeta potential. Prodrug encapsulation efficiency of mixed nanomicelles was calculated to be ∼90%. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that nanomicelles were spherical, homogenous, and devoid of aggregates. B-12HS-ACV release from nanomicelles was slow with no significant burst effect. Results show a sustained release of the prodrug from nanomicelles over a period of 4 days. Neither the blank formulation nor the prodrug-loaded micellar formulation demonstrated any cytotoxic effects. Further, incubation of HCECs with blank and prodrug-loaded nanomicellar groups did not significantly alter the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS In summary, a topical clear, aqueous nanomicellar formulation comprised of vitamin E TPGS and octoxynol-40 loaded with 0.1% B-12HS-ACV was successfully developed. B-12HS-ACV-loaded nanomicelles are small in size, spherical, and homogenous, without any aggregates. The micellar formulations were perfectly transparent similar to pure water. Ocular biocompatibility studies indicated that mixed nanomicelles were nontoxic and noninflammatory to corneal epithelial cells. Therefore, nanomicellar technology represents a promising strategy for the delivery of biotinylated lipid prodrugs of ACV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswani Dutt Vadlapudi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, Missouri
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Chen ZZ, Lu Y, Du SY, Shang KX, Cai CB. Influence of borneol and muscone on geniposide transport through MDCK and MDCK-MDR1 cells as blood-brain barrier in vitro model. Int J Pharm 2013; 456:73-9. [PMID: 23973509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was (1) to characterize geniposide transport through MDCK and MDCK-MDR1 cell lines to confirm its transport mechanism and (2) to evaluate the effect of borneol and muscone as enhancers of geniposide transport in the BBB models so as to explore the enhancement mechanism. Transport studies of geniposide were performed in both directions, from apical to basolateral and from basolateral to apical sides. Drug concentrations were analyzed by HPLC. Geniposide showed relatively poor absorption in MDCK and MDCK-MDR1 cells, apparent permeability coefficients ranging from 0.323×10(-6) to 0.422×10(-6) cm/s. The in vitro experiments showed that geniposide transport in both directions was not concentration dependent and saturable, indicating purely passive diffusion. The efflux ratio of geniposide was less than 2 in the two cell models, which suggested that geniposide was not P-gp substrates. Geniposide transport in both directions significantly increased when co-administrated with increasing concentrations of borneol and muscone. Actin staining results indicated that borneol and muscone increased geniposide transport in the BBB models may attribute to disassembly effect on tight junction integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, Zhonghuan South Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China.
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Novel biotinylated lipid prodrugs of acyclovir for the treatment of herpetic keratitis (HK): transporter recognition, tissue stability and antiviral activity. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2063-76. [PMID: 23657675 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Biotinylated lipid prodrugs of acyclovir (ACV) were designed to target the sodium dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT) on the cornea to facilitate enhanced cellular absorption of ACV. METHODS All the prodrugs were screened for in vitro cellular uptake, interaction with SMVT, docking analysis, cytotoxicity, enzymatic stability and antiviral activity. RESULTS Uptake of biotinylated lipid prodrugs of ACV (B-R-ACV and B-12HS-ACV) was significantly higher than biotinylated prodrug (B-ACV), lipid prodrugs (R-ACV and 12HS-ACV) and ACV in corneal cells. Transepithelial transport across rabbit corneas indicated the recognition of the prodrugs by SMVT. Average Vina scores obtained from docking studies further confirmed that biotinylated lipid prodrugs possess enhanced affinity towards SMVT. All the prodrugs studied did not cause any cytotoxicity and were found to be safe and non-toxic. B-R-ACV and B-12HS-ACV were found to be relatively more stable in ocular tissue homogenates and exhibited excellent antiviral activity. CONCLUSIONS Biotinylated lipid prodrugs demonstrated synergistic improvement in cellular uptake due to recognition of the prodrugs by SMVT on the cornea and lipid mediated transcellular diffusion. These biotinylated lipid prodrugs appear to be promising drug candidates for the treatment of herpetic keratitis (HK) and may lower ACV resistance in patients with poor clinical response.
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32
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Renukuntla J, Vadlapudi AD, Patel A, Boddu SHS, Mitra AK. Approaches for enhancing oral bioavailability of peptides and proteins. Int J Pharm 2013; 447:75-93. [PMID: 23428883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oral delivery of peptide and protein drugs faces immense challenge partially due to the gastrointestinal (GI) environment. In spite of considerable efforts by industrial and academic laboratories, no major breakthrough in the effective oral delivery of polypeptides and proteins has been accomplished. Upon oral administration, gastrointestinal epithelium acts as a physical and biochemical barrier for absorption of proteins resulting in low bioavailability (typically less than 1-2%). An ideal oral drug delivery system should be capable of (a) maintaining the integrity of protein molecules until it reaches the site of absorption, (b) releasing the drug at the target absorption site, where the delivery system appends to that site by virtue of specific interaction, and (c) retaining inside the gastrointestinal tract irrespective of its transitory constraints. Various technologies have been explored to overcome the problems associated with the oral delivery of macromolecules such as insulin, gonadotropin-releasing hormones, calcitonin, human growth factor, vaccines, enkephalins, and interferons, all of which met with limited success. This review article intends to summarize the physiological barriers to oral delivery of peptides and proteins and novel pharmaceutical approaches to circumvent these barriers and enhance oral bioavailability of these macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwala Renukuntla
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South College School of Pharmacy, 400 Goody's Lane, Knoxville, TN 37931, USA
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Vadlapudi AD, Vadlapatla RK, Pal D, Mitra AK. Biotin uptake by T47D breast cancer cells: Functional and molecular evidence of sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT). Int J Pharm 2013; 441:535-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cholkar K, Patel SP, Vadlapudi AD, Mitra AK. Novel strategies for anterior segment ocular drug delivery. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2012; 29:106-23. [PMID: 23215539 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2012.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research advancements in pharmaceutical sciences have led to the development of new strategies in drug delivery to anterior segment. Designing a new delivery system that can efficiently target the diseased anterior ocular tissue, generate high drug levels, and maintain prolonged and effective concentrations with no or minimal side effects is the major focus of current research. Drug delivery by traditional method of administration via topical dosing is impeded by ocular static and dynamic barriers. Various products have been introduced into the market that prolong drug retention in the precorneal pocket and to improve bioavailability. However, there is a need of a delivery system that can provide controlled release to treat chronic ocular diseases with a reduced dosing frequency without causing any visual disturbances. This review provides an overview of anterior ocular barriers along with strategies to overcome these ocular barriers and deliver therapeutic agents to the affected anterior ocular tissue with a special emphasis on nanotechnology-based drug delivery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Cholkar
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA
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35
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Vadlapudi AD, Vadlapatla RK, Pal D, Mitra AK. Functional and molecular aspects of biotin uptake via SMVT in human corneal epithelial (HCEC) and retinal pigment epithelial (D407) cells. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 14:832-42. [PMID: 22927035 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT) is a vital transmembrane protein responsible for translocating biotin and other essential cofactors such as pantothenate and lipoate. Unlike primary cultures of corneal and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, immortalized cells can be subcultured many times, yet maintain their physiological properties. Hence, the purpose of this study was to delineate the functional and molecular aspects of biotin uptake via SMVT on immortalized human corneal epithelial (HCEC) and RPE (D407) cells. Functional aspects of [(3)H] biotin uptake were studied in the presence of different concentrations of unlabeled biotin, pH, temperature, metabolic inhibitors, ions, substrates, structural analogs and biotinylated prodrug (Biotin-Acyclovir (B-ACV)). Molecular identity of SMVT was examined with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Biotin uptake was found to be saturable in HCEC and D407 cells with K (m) of 296.2 ± 25.9 and 863.8 ± 66.9 μM and V (max) of 77.2 ± 2.2 and 308.3 ± 10.7 pmol/mg protein/min, respectively. Uptake was found to be pH, temperature, energy, and sodium-dependent. Inhibition of biotin uptake was observed in the presence of structural analogs and specific substrates. Further, uptake was lowered in the presence of B-ACV indicating the translocation of biotinylated prodrug by SMVT. A distinct band at 774 bp confirmed the molecular existence of SMVT in both the cells. This study shows for the first time the functional and molecular presence of SMVT in HCEC and D407 cells. Therefore, these cell lines may be utilized as in vitro models to study the cellular translocation of biotin-conjugated prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswani Dutt Vadlapudi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64108-2718, USA
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