1
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Park K, Otte A, Li T. Bohemian Rhapsody of Future Drug Delivery Systems: Rational Changes Necessary for the Next Revolution. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3732-3742. [PMID: 38996198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Controlled drug delivery technology has matured for more than 70 years, starting from a twice-a-day oral formulation to 6 month long-acting injectable formulations. Further technological advances require superior formulations to treat various diseases more efficiently. Developing future formulations with practical innovations for treating existing and new diseases necessitates our continued efforts to overcome at least three main hurdles. They include (i) drug delivery with reduced side effects, (ii) long-term treatment of chronic diseases, and (iii) the overcoming of biological barriers. Such efforts start with the improved ability to accurately test drug delivery efficacy using proper controls. Future development can be aided by artificial intelligence if used properly. The next revolution of drug delivery systems will be augmented if implementation is given equal weight as discovery. Such a process can be accelerated with the systemic revamp of the research funding structure and cultivating a new generation of scientists who can think differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinam Park
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew Otte
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tonglei Li
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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2
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Wang X, Bao Q, Wang R, Kwok O, Maurus K, Wang Y, Qin B, Burgess DJ. In situ forming risperidone implants: Effect of PLGA attributes on product performance. J Control Release 2023; 361:777-791. [PMID: 37591464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the unique advantages of injectable, long-acting in situ forming implant formulations based on poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP), only six products are commercially available. A better understanding of PLGA will aid in the development of more in situ forming implant innovator and generic products. This article investigates the impact of slight changes in PLGA attributes, i.e., molecular weight (MW), lactide:glycolide (L/G) ratio, blockiness, and end group, on the in vitro and in vivo performance of PLGA-based in situ forming implant formulations. Perseris (risperidone) for extended-release injectable suspension was selected as the reference listed drug (RLD). A previously developed adapter-based USP 2 method was used for the in vitro release testing of various risperidone implant formulations. A rabbit model was used to determine the in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles of the formulations (subcutaneous administration) and deconvolution (Loo-Riegelman method) was conducted to obtain the in vivo release profiles. The results showed that a 5 KDa difference in the MW (19.2, 24.2, 29.2 KDa), a 5% variation in the L/G ratio (85/15, 80/20, 75/25) and the end-cap (acid vs ester) all significantly impacted the formulation behavior both in vitro and in vivo. Higher MW, higher L/G ratio and ester end-cap PLGA all resulted in longer release durations. The formulations prepared with polymers with different blockiness values (within the blockiness range tested) did not show differences in in vitro and in vivo release. An in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) was not developed due to the different in vitro and in vivo phase separation rates, swelling tendencies and consequent significantly different release profiles. This is the first report evaluating the impact of PLGA property variation (over a narrow range) on the performance of in situ forming implants. The knowledge gained will provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying risperidone in situ forming implant performance and will aid the development of future products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Quanying Bao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Owen Kwok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kellen Maurus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Diane J Burgess
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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3
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Wang X, Bao Q, Wang R, Wan B, Wang Y, Qin B, Burgess DJ. Reverse Engineering of Perseris and Development of Compositionally Equivalent Formulations. Int J Pharm 2023; 639:122948. [PMID: 37044228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Six injectable, long-acting in situ forming implant drug products based on poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) are available on the market. However, generic products, which would likely be more affordable for patients, are not yet available. This is partially due to the unique complexity of these formulations as well as the inherent heterogeneity of PLGA and the challenges in the manufacture and characterization of this polymer. This article focuses on a comprehensive characterization of Perseris (risperidone) in situ forming implant drug product, and the development of compositionally equivalent formulations. The molecular weight (MW), lactide/glycolide (L/G) ratio, end group, blockiness and glass transition temperature (Tg) of PLGA, as well as the crystal form and particle size of risperidone powder used in Perseris were identified through reverse engineering. The dissolved/suspended drug ratio in the final implant suspension for administration, as well as the real-time drug solid state in the solidified Perseris drug depot were investigated. Two compositionally equivalent formulations prepared using customized PLGA polymers with similar properties to the Perseris PLGA showed similar in vitro release and swelling behavior to Perseris as demonstrated using a novel adapter-based dissolution method. The novelty of this dissolution method lies in its ability to control implant shape, generate reproducible data, distinguish different release phases, as well as identify formulation changes. The knowledge gained in this work and the methodology established for characterization of the implant formulations are important for implant formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Quanying Bao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Bo Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- U.S. Food and drug administration, Silver Springs, MD 20993, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- U.S. Food and drug administration, Silver Springs, MD 20993, USA
| | - Diane J Burgess
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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4
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Costello MA, Liu J, Wang Y, Qin B, Xu X, Li Q, Lynd NA, Zhang F. Reverse engineering the Ozurdex dexamethasone intravitreal implant. Int J Pharm 2023; 634:122625. [PMID: 36690129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ozurdex is a biodegradable implant formulated for sustained-release delivery of the corticosteroid dexamethasone to the posterior segment of the eye. The small, rod-shaped implant is administered directly to the vitreous using a dedicated applicator, and releases drug for up to 6 months after administration. Sustained release is achieved by embedding dexamethasone in a matrix of 50:50 poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). In this work, the Ozurdex implant was thoroughly characterized to enable the reverse engineering of a compositionally and structurally equivalent implant. Advanced imaging techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microcomputed tomography (microCT) revealed that the Ozurdex implant exhibits an irregular surface and an internal porosity of 6% due to a large number of discrete voids approximately 3 μm in diameter. Thermal and spectroscopic analyses showed limited interaction between the drug and the polymer, resulting in a two-phase system of dexamethasone crystals embedded within a PLGA matrix. Reverse-engineered implants with properties similar to Ozurdex were prepared using a two-step hot-melt extrusion process. The reverse-engineered implants exhibited a triphasic drug release profile similar to Ozurdex. This work seeks to provide insight into the manufacturing process and characterization of PLGA-based solid implants to support future generic product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Costello
- University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Liu
- University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Qi Li
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Lynd
- University of Texas at Austin, McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Materials Institute, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, USA.
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5
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Abulateefeh SR. Long-acting injectable PLGA/PLA depots for leuprolide acetate: successful translation from bench to clinic. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:520-530. [PMID: 35976565 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The excellent properties of polyesters combined with their ease of synthesis and modification enabled their wide use in the pharmaceutical industry. This has been translated into the approval of several injectable depots for clinical use. Long-acting depots for leuprolide acetate were among the first and most successful examples including Lupron Depot® and ELIGARD®. Studying these products is of great interest for researchers in both industry and academia. This will undoubtedly pave the road for the development of new as well as generic long-acting depots for a variety of drugs.
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6
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Garner J, Skidmore S, Hadar J, Park H, Park K, Otte A, Jhon YK, Xu X, Qin B, Wang Y. Scanning Analysis of Sequential Semisolvent Vapor Impact To Study Naltrexone Release from Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Microparticles. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4286-4298. [PMID: 36166409 PMCID: PMC9643650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-based microparticle formulations have been a mainstay of long-acting injectable drug delivery applications for decades. Despite a long history of use, tools and techniques to analyze and understand these formulations are still under development. Recently, a new characterization method was introduced known as the surface analysis after sequential semisolvent impact using sequential semisolvent vapors. The vapor-based technique is named, for convenience, surface analysis of (semisolvent) vapor impact (SAVI). In the SAVI method, discretely controlled quantities of selected organic semisolvents in the vapor phase were applied to PLGA microparticles to track particle morphological changes by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Subsequently, the morphological images were analyzed to calculate mean peak height (Sa), core height (Sk), kurtosis (Sku), dale void volume (Vvv), the density of peaks (Spd), maximum height (Hm), and the shape ratio (Rs). Here, the SAVI method was applied to naltrexone-loaded microparticles manufactured internally and Vivitrol, a commercial formulation. SAVI analysis of these microparticles indicated that the two primary mechanisms controlling the naltrexone release were the formation of discrete, self-crystallized portions of naltrexone within the PLGA structure and the degradation of PLGA chains through nucleophilic substitution. The relatively higher amounts of naltrexone crystals resulted in prolonged release than lower amounts of crystals. Data from gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and in vitro release measurements all point to the importance of naltrexone crystal formation. This study highlights the utility of SAVI for gaining further insights into the microstructure of PLGA formulations and using SAVI data to support research, product development, and quality control applications for microparticle formulations of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kinam Park
- Akina, Inc., West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Andrew Otte
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Young Kuk Jhon
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Lifecycle Drug Products, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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7
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Wang R, Bao Q, Clark AG, Wang Y, Zhang S, Burgess DJ. Characterization and in vitro release of minocycline hydrochloride microspheres prepared via coacervation. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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da Silva GR, dos Santos AL, Soares AC, dos Santos MC, dos Santos SC, Ţălu Ş, Rodrigues de Lima V, Bagnato VS, Sanches EA, Inada NM. PLGA-PVA-PEG Single Emulsion Method as a Candidate for Aminolevulinic Acid (5-ALA) Encapsulation: Laboratory Scaling up and Stability Evaluation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186029. [PMID: 36144765 PMCID: PMC9506276 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most widely used molecules used for photodynamic therapy (PDT) is 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a precursor in the synthesis of tetrapyrroles such as chlorophyll and heme. The 5-ALA skin permeation is considerably reduced due to its hydrophilic characteristics, decreasing its local bioavailability and therapeutic effect. For this reason, five different systems containing polymeric particles of poly [D, L–lactic–co–glycolic acid (PLGA)] were developed to encapsulate 5-ALA based on single and double emulsions methodology. All systems were standardized (according to the volume of reagents and mass of pharmaceutical ingredients) and compared in terms of laboratory scaling up, particle formation and stability over time. UV-VIS spectroscopy revealed that particle absorption/adsorption of 5-ALA was dependent on the method of synthesis. Different size distribution was observed by DLS and NTA techniques, revealing that 5-ALA increased the particle size. The contact angle evaluation showed that the system hydrophobicity was dependent on the surfactant and the 5-ALA contribution. The FTIR results indicated that the type of emulsion influenced the particle formation, as well as allowing PEG functionalization and interaction with 5-ALA. According to the 1H-NMR results, the 5-ALA reduced the T1 values of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and PLGA in the double emulsion systems due to the decrease in molecular packing in the hydrophobic region. The results indicated that the system formed by single emulsion containing the combination PVA–PEG presented greater stability with less influence from 5-ALA. This system is a promising candidate to successfully encapsulate 5-ALA and achieve good performance and specificity for in vitro skin cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geisiane Rosa da Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 13560-110, Brazil
| | | | - Andrey Coatrini Soares
- São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 13560-110, Brazil
- Embrapa Instrumentation, São Paulo 13560-110, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Cruz dos Santos
- Chemical and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96203-000, Brazil
| | - Ştefan Ţălu
- The Directorate of Research, Development and Innovation Management (DMCDI), Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 15 Constantin Daicoviciu St., 400020 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: or
| | - Vânia Rodrigues de Lima
- Chemical and Food School, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande 96203-000, Brazil
| | | | - Edgar Aparecido Sanches
- Laboratory of Nanostructured Polymers (NANOPOL), Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69067-005, Brazil
| | - Natalia Mayumi Inada
- São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 13560-110, Brazil
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9
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Surface analysis of sequential semi-solvent vapor impact (SAVI) for studying microstructural arrangements of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. J Control Release 2022; 350:600-612. [PMID: 36057396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles have been used as long-acting injectable (LAI) drug delivery systems for more than three decades. Despite extensive use, few tools have been available to examine and compare the three-dimensional (3D) structures of microparticles prepared using different compositions and processing parameters, all collectively affecting drug release kinetics. Surface analysis after sequential semi-solvent impact (SASSI) was conducted by exposing PLGA microparticles to different semi-solvent in the liquid phase. The use of semi-solvent liquids presented practical experimental difficulties, particularly in observing the same microparticles before and after exposure to semi-solvents. The difficulties were overcome by using a new sequential semi-solvent vapor (SSV) method to examine the morphological changes of the same microparticles. The SASSI method based on SSV is called surface analysis of semi-solvent vapor impact (SAVI). Semi-solvents are the solvents that dissolve PLGA polymers depending on the polymer's lactide:glycolide (L:G) ratio. A sequence of semi-solvents was used to dissolve portions of PLGA microparticles in an L:G ratio-dependent manner, thus revealing different structures depending on how microparticles were prepared. Exposing PLGA microparticles to semi-solvents in the vapor phase demonstrated significant advantages over using semi-solvents in the liquid phase, such as in control of exposure conditions, access to imaging, decreasing the time for sequential exposure of semi-solvents, and using the same microparticles. The SSV approach for morphological analysis provides another tool to enhance our understanding of the microstructural arrangement of PLGA polymers. It will improve our comprehensive understanding of the factors controlling drug release from LAI formulations based on PLGA polymers.
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10
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Kuehster L, Jhon YK, Wang Y, Smith WC, Xu X, Qin B, Zhang F, Lynd NA. Stochastic and Deterministic Analysis of Reactivity Ratios in the Partially Reversible Copolymerization of Lactide and Glycolide. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Kuehster
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Young Kuk Jhon
- Office of Lifecycle Drug Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- Office of Research and Standards, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- Office of Generic Drugs, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - William C. Smith
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- Office of Testing and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- Office of Testing and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Bin Qin
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- Office of Research and Standards, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- Office of Generic Drugs, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Feng Zhang
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nathaniel A. Lynd
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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11
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Formulation and optimization of Paliperidone palmitate biodegradable injectable microspheres using Box-Behnken design. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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PLGA-Based Composites for Various Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042034. [PMID: 35216149 PMCID: PMC8876940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials have been extensively explored in the field of nanomedicine; within them, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) holds a prominent position in micro- and nanotechnology due to its biocompatibility and controllable biodegradability. In this review we focus on the combination of PLGA with different inorganic nanomaterials in the form of nanocomposites to overcome the polymer’s limitations and extend its field of applications. We discuss their physicochemical properties and a variety of well-established synthesis methods for the preparation of different PLGA-based materials. Recent progress in the design and biomedical applications of PLGA-based materials are thoroughly discussed to provide a framework for future research.
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13
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Wan B, Bao Q, Zou Y, Wang Y, Burgess DJ. Effect of polymer source variation on the properties and performance of risperidone microspheres. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121265. [PMID: 34748813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their inherent heterogeneity, determination of similarity of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymers is very challenging. The complexity in controlling PLGA characteristics has been recognized as an obstacle to the development of PLGA based long-acting complex drug products (such as microspheres). The objectives of the present study were: (1) to determine minor differences in the physicochemical characteristics (such as inherent viscosity, molecular weight (Mw), monomer ratio (L/G ratio), glass transition temperature (Tg), and blockiness) as well as in the hydrolytic degradation profiles of PLGAs from different sources; and (2) to investigate the impact of PLGAs from different sources on the properties and in vitro performance of risperidone microspheres. Four PLGA polymers were purchased from different sources with similar inherent viscosity and/or Mw, L/G ratio and end groups as per the manufacturers' certificate of analysis (CoA). The physicochemical properties of these PLGAs were characterized using the same in-house methods and exhibited differences in inherent viscosity, Mw, blockiness and residue amount. Risperidone was chosen as the model drug and four microsphere formulations were prepared via the same solvent extraction/evaporation method using the PLGAs from different sources. The critical quality attributes of the microspheres (such as particle size, porosity and average pore diameter) and their in vitro release characteristics (burst effect and release rate) were shown to be different. A strong linear correlation was established between risperidone release and PLGA blockiness. This is the first time that such a correlation has been established, which promotes the potential need to further investigate the impact of PLGA blockiness on other PLGA based controlled release drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wan
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Quanying Bao
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Yuan Zou
- FDA/CDER, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- FDA/CDER, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Diane J Burgess
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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14
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Sun J, Walker J, Beck-Broichsitter M, Schwendeman SP. Characterization of commercial PLGAs by NMR spectroscopy. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:720-729. [PMID: 34415565 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is among the most common of biodegradable polymers studied in various biomedical applications such as drug delivery and tissue engineering. To facilitate the understanding of the often overlooked impact of PLGA microstructure on important factors affecting PLGA performance, we measured four key parameters of 17 commonly used commercial PLGA polymers (Expansorb®, Resomer®, Purasorb®, Lactel®, and Wako®) by NMR spectroscopy. 1HNMR and 13CNMR spectra were used to determine lactic to glycolic ratio (L/G ratio), polymer end-capping, glycolic blockiness (Rc), and average glycolic and lactic block lengths (LG and LL). In PLGAs with a labeled L/G ratio of 50/50 and acid end-capping, the actual lactic content slightly decreased as molecular weight increased in both Expansorb® and Resomer®. Whether or not acid- or ester-, termination of these PLGAs was confirmed to be consistent with their brand labels. Moreover, in the ester end-capped 75/25 L/G ratio group, the blockiness value (Rc) of Resomer® RG 756S (Rc: 1.7) was highest in its group; whereas for the 50/50 acid end-capped group, Expansorb® DLG 50-2A (Rc: 1.9) displayed notably higher values than their counterparts. Expansorb® 50-2E (LL: 2.5, LG: 2.6) and Resomer® RG 502 (LL: 2.6, LG: 2.5) showed the lowest block lengths, suggesting they may undergo a steadier hydrolytic process compared to random, heterogeneously distributed PLGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer Walker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | - Steven P Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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15
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PLGA/PLA-Based Long-Acting Injectable Depot Microspheres in Clinical Use: Production and Characterization Overview for Protein/Peptide Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168884. [PMID: 34445587 PMCID: PMC8396256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, long acting injectable (LAI) depots of polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) or polylactic acid (PLA) based microspheres have been developed for controlled drug delivery to reduce dosing frequency and to improve the therapeutic effects. Biopharmaceuticals such as proteins and peptides are encapsulated in the microspheres to increase their bioavailability and provide a long release period (days or months) with constant drug plasma concentration. The biodegradable and biocompatible properties of PLGA/PLA polymers, including but not limited to molecular weight, end group, lactide to glycolide ratio, and minor manufacturing changes, could greatly affect the quality attributes of microsphere formulations such as release profile, size, encapsulation efficiency, and bioactivity of biopharmaceuticals. Besides, the encapsulated proteins/peptides are susceptible to harsh processing conditions associated with microsphere fabrication methods, including exposure to organic solvent, shear stress, and temperature fluctuations. The protein/peptide containing LAI microspheres in clinical use is typically prepared by double emulsion, coacervation, and spray drying techniques. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the formulation attributes and conventional manufacturing techniques of LAI microspheres that are currently in clinical use for protein/peptides. Furthermore, the physicochemical characteristics of the microsphere formulations are deliberated.
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16
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Challenges and opportunities in the development of complex generic long-acting injectable drug products. J Control Release 2021; 336:144-158. [PMID: 34126170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-acting injectable (LAI) drug products enable the controlled release of a drug over an extended duration of time to improve the therapeutic effect, safety profile, or administration of an injectable product. The development of generic [505(j)] and differentiated [505(b)(2)] LAI products helps to provide patients and healthcare providers with more treatment options and to reduce overall healthcare costs, including those associated with drug product administration and patient compliance. In this review, we analyze the landscape of LAI products and identify the most common technical challenges that potential generic product entrants face. We focus on five formulation technologies that account for ~90% of approved LAI products, including those eligible for generic product registration over the next five years, to illustrate technology-specific challenges. We then review efforts from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to promote more generic product competition and emphasize the importance of collaboration among government, industry, and academia to advance the knowledge and capabilities of the scientific community. Regulatory bodies, industry, and academia are encouraged to anticipate challenges with emerging innovative LAI technologies and to leverage the experiences built on established technologies to foster generic product development.
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17
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Wan B, Andhariya JV, Bao Q, Wang Y, Zou Y, Burgess DJ. Effect of polymer source on in vitro drug release from PLGA microspheres. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:120907. [PMID: 34332059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the qualitative (Q1) sameness of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymers can be very challenging due to PLGA being a random copolymer with inherent heterogeneity. Performance variation of PLGA microsphere drug product as a result of altered PLGA characteristics has been recognized as a critical limiting factor in product development. It has been reported that PLGA characteristics and degradation profiles are sensitive to minor differences in the manufacturing and control processes. Accordingly, the objectives of the present research were: 1) to determine minor differences in the physicochemical properties (such as inherent viscosity/molecular weight (Mw), blockiness, and glass transition temperature (Tg)) and the hydrolytic degradation profiles of PLGA polymers from different sources; and 2) to investigate the impact of any differences determined in (1) on the physicochemical properties (Q3) and in vitro release of leuprolide acetate microspheres. PLGA polymers were purchased from three different sources with similar inherent viscosity/Mw, monomer (Lactide/Glycolide) ratio, and end group as per the manufacturers' certificate of analysis (COA). These PLGA polymers were evaluated using the same in-house methods and showed differences in their properties such as Mw and blockiness. Three compositionally equivalent leuprolide acetate microspheres were prepared via a solvent evaporation method using the three PLGA polymers from different sources. The prepared microspheres showed differences in their physicochemical properties (such as particle size, porosity and average pore diameter) as well as in their in vitro drug release characteristics (burst effect and release rate). These results indicate that polymer source related variations have the potential to significantly impact the Q3 sameness and therapeutic performance of long-acting PLGA microspheres. The fundamental understanding gained on polymer properties will make a critical contribution to the development of quality control strategies as well as to future regulatory guidance on the evaluation of such complex drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wan
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs CT 06269, United States
| | - Janki V Andhariya
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs CT 06269, United States
| | - Quanying Bao
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs CT 06269, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- FDA/CDER, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Silver Spring MD 20993, United States
| | - Yuan Zou
- FDA/CDER, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Silver Spring MD 20993, United States
| | - Diane J Burgess
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs CT 06269, United States.
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18
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Abuhamdan RM, Al-Anati BH, Al Thaher Y, Shraideh ZA, Alkawareek MY, Abulateefeh SR. Aqueous core microcapsules as potential long-acting release systems for hydrophilic drugs. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120926. [PMID: 34303818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have previously optimized the internal phase separation process to give rise to aqueous core microcapsules with polymeric shells composed of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) or poly(lactide) (PLA). In this study, the ability of these microcapsules to act as controlled release platforms of the model hydrophilic drug phenobarbital sodium was tested. Furthermore, the effect of the initial amounts of drug and water added to the system during microcapsule synthesis was investigated. Finally, the effect of varying polymer properties such as end functionalities, molecular weights, and lactide to glycolide ratios, on the characteristics of the produced microcapsules was studied. This was done by utilizing seven different grades of the polyester polymers. It was demonstrated that, within certain limits, drug loading is nearly proportional to the initial amounts of drug and water. Furthermore, drug encapsulation studies demonstrated that ester termination and increases in polymeric molecular weight result in lower drug loading and encapsulation efficiency. Moreover, drug release studies demonstrated that ester termination, increases in molecular weight, and increases in the lactide to glycolide ratio all result in slower drug release; this grants the ability to tailor the drug release duration from a few days to several weeks. In conclusion, such minor variations in polymer characteristics and formulation composition can result in dramatic changes in the properties of the produced microcapsules. These changes can be fine-tuned to obtain desirable long-acting microcapsules capable of encapsulating a variety of hydrophilic drugs which can be used in a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bayan H Al-Anati
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Yazan Al Thaher
- School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman 19392, Jordan
| | - Ziad A Shraideh
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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19
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Garner J, Skidmore S, Hadar J, Park H, Park K, Kuk Jhon Y, Qin B, Wang Y. Analysis of semi-solvent effects for PLGA polymers. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120627. [PMID: 33915188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/01/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) polymers (PLGAs) have been used in many clinical formulations of injectable, long-acting formulations. Frequently, PLGAs having different lactide:glycolide (L:G) ratios, molecular weights (MWs), end-groups, and molecular structures have been used individually or in mixtures. To understand the properties of existing formulations made of PLGAs and to develop new formulations, understanding PLGA properties is essential. Yet, the separation of individual PLGA components from a mixture and their characterization has been challenging due to an incomplete understanding of PLGAs. This study focuses on separating PLGAs based on their molecular properties, such as L:G ratio, molecular weight, and comonomer sequence. The separation of PLGAs exploits the use of semi-solvents that dissolve only PLGAs having lactide contents (L%) above a certain threshold. More semi-solvents have been identified that show a specific transition L% between 50 and 100%. The mechanism study of semi-solvents indicates that semi-solvents, in general, prefer PLGAs with relatively higher L%, lower molecular weight, and higher G-L sequences as opposed to G-G sequences. The examination of a series of esters and ketones indicates that a solvent with lower molar volume is more effective as a semi-solvent. At a similar molar volume, esters are more effective than ketones in dissolving PLGAs with the same L:G ratio. The ability to separate and identify PLGA fractions allows better characterization of existing formulations and higher flexibility in designing new injectable, long-acting PLGA formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kinam Park
- Akina, Inc., West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Young Kuk Jhon
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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20
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Degradable polymeric vehicles for postoperative pain management. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1367. [PMID: 33649338 PMCID: PMC7921139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective control of pain management has the potential to significantly decrease the need for prescription opioids following a surgical procedure. While extended release products for pain management are available commercially, the implementation of a device that safely and reliably provides extended analgesia and is sufficiently flexible to facilitate a diverse array of release profiles would serve to advance patient comfort, quality of care and compliance following surgical procedures. Herein, we review current polymeric systems that could be utilized in new, controlled post-operative pain management devices and highlight where opportunities for improvement exist.
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21
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Key Factor Study for Generic Long-Acting PLGA Microspheres Based on a Reverse Engineering of Vivitrol ®. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051247. [PMID: 33669152 PMCID: PMC7975983 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) has approved only a negligible number of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-based microsphere formulations, indicating the difficulty in developing a PLGA microsphere. A thorough understanding of microsphere formulations is essential to meet the challenge of developing innovative or generic microspheres. In this study, the key factors, especially the key process factors of the marketed PLGA microspheres, were revealed for the first time via a reverse engineering study on Vivitrol® and verified by the development of a generic naltrexone-loaded microsphere (GNM). Qualitative and quantitative similarity with Vivitrol®, in terms of inactive ingredients, was accomplished by the determination of PLGA. Physicochemical characterization of Vivitrol® helped to identify the critical process parameters in each manufacturing step. After being prepared according to the process parameters revealed by reverse engineering, the GNM demonstrated similarity to Vivitrol® in terms of quality attributes and in vitro release (f2 = 65.3). The research on the development of bioequivalent microspheres based on the similar technology of Vivitrol® will benefit the development of other generic or innovative microspheres.
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22
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Patel SK, Greene AC, Desai SM, Rothstein S, Basha IT, MacPherson JS, Wang Y, Zou Y, Shehabeldin M, Sfeir CS, Little SR, Rohan LC. Biorelevant and screening dissolution methods for minocycline hydrochloride microspheres intended for periodontal administration. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120261. [PMID: 33486044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is no compendial-level method to assess dissolution of particulate systems administered in the periodontal pocket. This work seeks to develop dissolution methods for extended release poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres applied in the periodontal pocket. Arestin®, PLGA microspheres containing minocycline hydrochloride (MIN), is indicated for reduction of pocket depth in adult periodontitis. Utilizing Arestin® as a model product, two dissolution methods were developed: a dialysis set-up using USP apparatus 4 and a novel apparatus fabricated to simulate in vivo environment of the periodontal pocket. In the biorelevant method, the microspheres were dispersed in 250 μL of simulated gingival crevicular fluid (sGCF) which was enclosed in a custom-made dialysis enclosure. sGCF was continuously delivered to the device at a biorelevant flow rate and was collected daily for drug content analysis using UPLC. Both methods could discriminate release characteristics of a panel of MIN-loaded PLGA microspheres that differed in composition and process conditions. A mechanistic model was developed, which satisfactorily explained the release profiles observed using both dissolution methods. The developed methods may have the potential to be used as routine quality control tools to ensure batch-to-batch consistency and to support evaluation of bioequivalence for periodontal microspheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravan Kumar Patel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ashlee C Greene
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stuti M Desai
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Iman Taj Basha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James Scott MacPherson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, CDER, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Silver Springs, MD, USA
| | - Yuan Zou
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, CDER, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Silver Springs, MD, USA
| | - Mostafa Shehabeldin
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles S Sfeir
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven R Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa C Rohan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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23
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Park K, Otte A, Sharifi F, Garner J, Skidmore S, Park H, Jhon YK, Qin B, Wang Y. Formulation composition, manufacturing process, and characterization of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. J Control Release 2021; 329:1150-1161. [PMID: 33148404 PMCID: PMC7904638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Injectable long-acting formulations, specifically poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) based systems, have been used to deliver drugs systemically for up to 6 months. Despite the benefits of using this type of long-acting formulations, the development of clinical products and the generic versions of existing formulations has been slow. Only about two dozen formulations have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration during the last 30 years. Furthermore, less than a dozen small molecules have been incorporated and approved for clinical use in PLGA-based formulations. The limited number of clinically used products is mainly due to the incomplete understanding of PLGA polymers and the various variables involved in the composition and manufacturing process. Numerous process parameters affect the formulation properties, and their intricate interactions have been difficult to decipher. Thus, it is necessary to identify all the factors affecting the final formulation properties and determine the main contributors to enable control of each factor independently. The composition of the formulation and the manufacturing processes determine the essential property of each formulation, i.e., in vivo drug release kinetics leading to their respective pharmacokinetic profiles. Since the pharmacokinetic profiles can be correlated with in vitro release kinetics, proper in vitro characterization is critical for both batch-to-batch quality control and scale-up production. In addition to in vitro release kinetics, other in vitro characterization is essential for ensuring that the desired formulation is produced, resulting in an expected pharmacokinetic profile. This article reviews the effects of a selected number of parameters in the formulation composition, manufacturing process, and characterization of microparticle systems. In particular, the emphasis is focused on the characterization of surface morphology of PLGA microparticles, as it is a manifestation of the formulation composition and the manufacturing process. Also, the implication of the surface morphology on the drug release kinetics is examined. The information described here can also be applied to in situ forming implants and solid implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinam Park
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Andrew Otte
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Farrokh Sharifi
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - John Garner
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Sarah Skidmore
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Haesun Park
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Young Kuk Jhon
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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24
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Ramirez JC, Flores-Villaseñor SE, Vargas-Reyes E, Herrera-Ordonez J, Torres-Rincón S, Peralta-Rodríguez RD. Preparation of PDLLA and PLGA nanoparticles stabilized with PVA and a PVA-SDS mixture: Studies on particle size, degradation and drug release. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Ghosh D, Williams RO. Just how prevalent are peptide therapeutic products? A critical review. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119491. [PMID: 32622810 PMCID: PMC10655677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
How prevalent are peptide therapeutic products? How innovative are the formulations used to deliver peptides? This review provides a critical analysis of therapeutic peptide products and the formulations approved by the United States Food and Drug administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and the Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA). This review also provides an in-depth analysis of dosage forms and administration routes for delivering peptide therapeutics, including injectables, oral dosage forms, and other routes of administration. We discuss the function of excipients in parenteral formulations in detail, since most peptide therapeutics are parenterally administered. We provide case studies of alternate delivery routes and dosage forms. Based on our analysis, therapeutic peptides administered as injectables remain the most commonly used dosage forms, particularly in the form of subcutaneous, intravenous, or intramuscular injections. In addition, therapeutic peptides are formulated to achieve prolonged release, often through the use of polymer carriers. The limited number of oral therapeutic peptide products and their poor absorption and subsequent low bioavailability indicate a need for new technologies to broaden the formulation design space. Therapeutic peptide products may also be delivered through other administration routes, including intranasal, implant, and sublingual routes. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of how therapeutic peptides are now formulated and administered is essential to improve peptide delivery, improve patient compliance, and reduce the healthcare burden for these crucial therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hairui Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Debadyuti Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Robert O Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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26
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Garner J, Hadar J, Skidmore S, Jessmon F, Immel R, Tyler A, Park K. Narrow molecular weight margins for the thermogelling property of polyester–polyether block copolymers in aqueous solutions. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John Garner
- Akina, Inc. 3495 Kent Avenue West Lafayette Indiana 47906
| | - Justin Hadar
- Akina, Inc. 3495 Kent Avenue West Lafayette Indiana 47906
| | - Sarah Skidmore
- Akina, Inc. 3495 Kent Avenue West Lafayette Indiana 47906
| | - Faye Jessmon
- Akina, Inc. 3495 Kent Avenue West Lafayette Indiana 47906
| | - Rebecca Immel
- Akina, Inc. 3495 Kent Avenue West Lafayette Indiana 47906
| | - Amie Tyler
- Akina, Inc. 3495 Kent Avenue West Lafayette Indiana 47906
| | - Kinam Park
- Akina, Inc. 3495 Kent Avenue West Lafayette Indiana 47906
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and PharmaceuticsPurdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907
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27
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Beck-Broichsitter M. Comparative in vitro degradation of surface-eroding poly(alkylene carbonate)s. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Zhang C, Yang L, Wan F, Bera H, Cun D, Rantanen J, Yang M. Quality by design thinking in the development of long-acting injectable PLGA/PLA-based microspheres for peptide and protein drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119441. [PMID: 32442645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adopting the Quality by Design (QbD) approach in the drug development process has transformed from "nice-to-do" into a crucial and required part of the development, ensuring the quality of pharmaceutical products throughout their whole life cycles. This review is discussing the implementation of the QbD thinking into the production of long-acting injectable (LAI) PLGA/PLA-based microspheres for the therapeutic peptide and protein drug delivery. Various key elements of the QbD approaches are initially elaborated using Bydureon®, a commercial product of LAI PLGA/PLA-based microspheres, as a classical example. Subsequently, the factors influencing the release patterns and the stability of the peptide and protein drugs are discussed. This is followed by a summary of the state-of-the-art of manufacturing LAI PLGA/PLA-based microspheres and the related critical process parameters (CPPs). Finally, a landscape of generic product development of LAI PLGA/PLA-based microspheres is reviewed including some major challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqian Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Liang Yang
- CSPC ZhongQi Pharmaceutical Technology (Shijiazhuang) Company, Ltd, Huanghe Road 226, 050035 Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hriday Bera
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Dongmei Cun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mingshi Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, 110016 Shenyang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Zhou J, Walker J, Ackermann R, Olsen K, Hong JKY, Wang Y, Schwendeman SP. Effect of Manufacturing Variables and Raw Materials on the Composition-Equivalent PLGA Microspheres for 1-Month Controlled Release of Leuprolide. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1502-1515. [PMID: 32074448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The 1-month Lupron Depot (LD) is a 75/25 acid-capped poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microsphere product encapsulating water-soluble leuprolide acetate with no generic products available in the U.S. Composition-equivalent PLGA microsphere formulations to the LD as a function of raw material and manufacturing variables were developed by using the solvent evaporation encapsulation method. The following variables were adjusted: polymer supplier/polymerization type, gelatin supplier/bloom number, polymer concentration, first homogenization speed and time, volume of primary water phase, second homogenization time, volume of secondary water phase, and stirring rate. The loading and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of leuprolide and gelatin were determined to identify a large number of composition-equivalent formulations within a ±10% specification of the LD. Key physical-chemical properties of the formulations (e.g., morphology, particle size distribution, glass transition temperature (Tg), residual moisture and solvent, and porosity) were characterized to determine the effect of manufacturing variables on the product attributes. The EE of gelatin across all formulations prepared (101 ± 1%) was observed to be much higher than the EE of leuprolide (57 ± 1%). Judicious adjustment of polymer concentration, second homogenization time, and volume of second water phase was key to achieving high EE of leuprolide, although EE higher than 70% was not easily achievable owing to the difficulty of emulsifying highly viscous primary emulsion into homogeneous small droplets that could prevent peptide loss during the second homogenization under the conditions and equipment used. The in vitro release kinetics of the formulations was highly similar to the LD in a zero-order manner after ∼20% initial burst release, indicating a critical role of the composition on peptide release in this formulation. The characterization of composition-equivalent formulations described here could be useful for further development of generic leuprolide PLGA microspheres and for guiding decisions on the influence of process variables on product physicochemical attributes and release performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jennifer Walker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rose Ackermann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Karl Olsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Justin K Y Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Steven P Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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30
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Tang W, Fang F, Liu K, Huang Z, Li H, Yin Y, Wang J, Wang G, Wei L, Ou Y, Wang Y. Aligned Biofunctional Electrospun PLGA-LysoGM1 Scaffold for Traumatic Brain Injury Repair. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:2209-2218. [PMID: 33455302 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to poor regenerative capabilities of the brain, a treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI) presents a serious challenge to modern medicine. Biofunctional scaffolds that can support neuronal growth, guide neurite elongation, and re-establish impaired brain tissues are urgently needed. To this end, we developed an aligned biofunctional scaffold (aPLGA-LysoGM1), in which poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) was functionalized with sphingolipid ceramide N-deacylase (SCDase)-hydrolyzed monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (LysoGM1) and electrospinning was used to form an aligned fibrous network. As a ganglioside of neuronal membranes, the functionalized LysoGM1 endows the scaffold with unique biological properties favoring the growth of neuron and regeneration of injured brain tissues. Moreover, we found that the aligned PLGA-LysoGM1 fibers acted as a topographical cue to guide neurite extension, which is critical for organizing the formation of synaptic networks (neural networks). Systematic in vitro studies demonstrated that the aligned biofunctional scaffold promotes neuronal viability, neurite outgrowth, and synapse formation and also protects neurons from pressure-related injury. Additionally, in a rat TBI model, we demonstrated that the implantation of aPLGA-LysoGM1 scaffold supported recovery from brain injury, as more endogenous neurons were found to migrate and infiltrate into the defect zone compared with alternative scaffold. These results suggest that the aligned biofunctional aPLGA-LysoGM1 scaffold represents a promising therapeutic strategy for brain tissue regeneration following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Guocheng Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liyu Wei
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yun Ou
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Maintenance for Mechanical Equipment, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.,Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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31
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Yin Y, Wang J, Yang M, Du R, Pontrelli G, McGinty S, Wang G, Yin T, Wang Y. Penetration of the blood-brain barrier and the anti-tumour effect of a novel PLGA-lysoGM1/DOX micelle drug delivery system. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:2946-2960. [PMID: 31994576 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08741a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatment of glioma and other central nervous system (CNS) diseases is hindered by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A novel nano-delivery vehicle system composed of PLGA-lysoGM1/DOX micelles was developed to cross the BBB for CNS treatment. We have shown that doxorubicin (DOX) as a model drug encapsulated in PLGA-lysoGM1 micelles can achieve up to 3.8% loading efficiency and 61.6% encapsulation efficiency by the orthogonal test design. Our in vitro experiments demonstrated that PLGA-lysoGM1/DOX micelles had a slow and sustainable drug release under physiological conditions and exhibited a high cellular uptake through the macropinocytosis and the autophagy/lysosomal pathways. In vivo experimental studies in zebrafish and mice confirmed that PLGA-lysoGM1/DOX micelles could cross the BBB and be specifically accumulated in the brain. Moreover, an excellent anti-glioma effect was observed in intracranial glioma-bearing rats. Therefore, PLGA-lysoGM1/DOX micelles not only effectively can cross the BBB, but our results also suggest that they have great potential for anti-glioma therapy and other central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Meng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Ruolin Du
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Giuseppe Pontrelli
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo - CNR, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Sean McGinty
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Tieying Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China. and Medical School of Chongqing University, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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32
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Hadar J, Skidmore S, Garner J, Park H, Park K, Wang Y, Qin B, Jiang XJ, Kozak D. Method matters: Development of characterization techniques for branched and glucose-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) polymers. J Control Release 2020; 320:484-494. [PMID: 32027937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Defining the qualitative sameness of parenteral formulations comprised of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) requires assays of the relevant properties of polymer from each formulation. Gel-permeation chromatography with quaternary detection (GPC-4D) has been previously applied to other polymers, and the relevant mathematical parameters for their characterization are available; however, such parameters have not been described for branched PLGA polymers. Little information is available for the determination of glucose within glucose-PLGA (Glu-PLGA) branched polymers. This study describes the experimental methods of defining the mathematical parameters for characterization of branched PLGA polymers and the validation of these parameters using known branched-PLGA standards. The glucose, used as an initiator, was tracked through the synthesis of Glu-PLGA by both 13C NMR and enzymatic analysis. The analytical determination of the relevant parameters defining Glu-PLGA, such as the branching number, and the presence of glucose, requires the use of appropriate procedures experimentally validated in a systematic manner. The procedures described in this study were developed for characterization of Glu-PLGA with the lactide:glycolide (L:G) ratio of 55:45 used in Sandostatin® LAR. The procedures can also be used for characterization of Glu-PLGAs made of different L:G ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Hadar
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Sarah Skidmore
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - John Garner
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Haesun Park
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Kinam Park
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Yan Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xiaohui Jeff Jiang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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33
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Janich C, Friedmann A, Martins de Souza e Silva J, Santos de Oliveira C, de Souza LE, Rujescu D, Hildebrandt C, Beck-Broichsitter M, Schmelzer CEH, Mäder K. Risperidone-Loaded PLGA-Lipid Particles with Improved Release Kinetics: Manufacturing and Detailed Characterization by Electron Microscopy and Nano-CT. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E665. [PMID: 31835353 PMCID: PMC6956012 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For parenteral controlled drug release, the desired zero order release profile with no lag time is often difficult to achieve. To overcome the undesired lag time of the current commercial risperidone controlled release formulation, we developed PLGA-lipid microcapsules (MCs) and PLGA-lipid microgels (MGs). The lipid phase was composed of middle chain triglycerides (MCT) or isopropylmyristate (IPM). Hydroxystearic acid was used as an oleogelator. The three-dimensional inner structure of Risperidone-loaded MCs and MGs was assessed by using the invasive method of electron microscopy with focused ion beam cutting (FIB-SEM) and the noninvasive method of high-resolution nanoscale X-ray computed tomography (nano-CT). FIB-SEM and nano-CT measurements revealed the presence of highly dispersed spherical structures around two micrometres in size. Drug release kinetics did strongly depend on the used lipid phase and the presence or absence of hydroxystearic acid. We achieved a nearly zero order release without a lag time over 60 days with the MC-MCT formulation. In conclusion, the developed lipid-PLGA microparticles are attractive alternatives to pure PLGA-based particles. The advantages include improved release profiles, which can be easily tuned by the lipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Janich
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.J.); (L.E.d.S.)
| | - Andrea Friedmann
- Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (A.F.); (C.E.H.S.)
| | | | | | - Ligia E. de Souza
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.J.); (L.E.d.S.)
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Christian Hildebrandt
- MilliporeSigma a Business of Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; (C.H.); (M.B.-B.)
| | | | - Christian E. H. Schmelzer
- Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (A.F.); (C.E.H.S.)
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (C.J.); (L.E.d.S.)
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34
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Hadar J, Skidmore S, Garner J, Park H, Park K, Wang Y, Qin B, Jiang X. Characterization of branched poly(lactide-co-glycolide) polymers used in injectable, long-acting formulations. J Control Release 2019; 304:75-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Park K, Skidmore S, Hadar J, Garner J, Park H, Otte A, Soh BK, Yoon G, Yu D, Yun Y, Lee BK, Jiang X, Wang Y. Injectable, long-acting PLGA formulations: Analyzing PLGA and understanding microparticle formation. J Control Release 2019; 304:125-134. [PMID: 31071374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Injectable, long-acting depot formulations based on poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) have been used clinically since 1989. Despite 30 years of development, however, there are only 19 different drugs in PLGA formulations approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The difficulty in developing depot formulations stems in large part from the lack of a clear molecular understanding of PLGA polymers and a mechanistic understanding of PLGA microparticles formation. The difficulty is readily apparent by the absence of approved PLGA-based generic products, limiting access to affordable medicines to all patients. PLGA has been traditionally characterized by its molecular weight, lactide:glycolide (L:G) ratio, and end group. Characterization of non-linear PLGA, such as star-shaped glucose-PLGA, has been difficult due to the shortcomings in analytical methods typically used for PLGA. In addition, separation of a mixture of different PLGAs has not been previously identified, especially when only their L:G ratios are different while the molecular weights are the same. New analytical methods were developed to determine the branch number of star-shaped PLGAs, and to separate PLGAs based on L:G ratios regardless of the molecular weight. A deeper understanding of complex PLGA formulations can be achieved with these new characterization methods. Such methods are important for further development of not only PLGA depot formulations with controllable drug release kinetics, but also generic formulations of current brand-name products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinam Park
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Sarah Skidmore
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Justin Hadar
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - John Garner
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Haesun Park
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Andrew Otte
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Bong Kwan Soh
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Gwangheum Yoon
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dijia Yu
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yeonhee Yun
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Byung Kook Lee
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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Skidmore S, Hadar J, Garner J, Park H, Park K, Wang Y, Jiang XJ. Complex sameness: Separation of mixed poly(lactide-co-glycolide)s based on the lactide:glycolide ratio. J Control Release 2019; 300:174-184. [PMID: 30853529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) has been used for making injectable, long-acting depot formulations for the last three decades. An in depth understanding of PLGA polymers is critical for development of depot formulations as their properties control drug release kinetics. To date, about 20 PLGA-based formulations have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) through new drug applications, and none of them have generic counterparts on the market yet. The lack of generic PLGA products is partly due to difficulties in reverse engineering. A generic injectable PLGA product is required to establish qualitative and quantitative (Q1/Q2) sameness of PLGA to that of a reference listed drug (RLD) to obtain an approval from the FDA. Conventional characterizations of PLGA used in a formulation rely on measuring the molecular weight by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) based on polystyrene molecular weight standards, and determining the lactide:glycolide (L: G) ratio by 1H NMR and the end-group by 13C NMR. These approaches, however, may not be suitable or sufficient, if a formulation has more than one type of PLGA, especially when they have similar molecular weights, but different L:G ratios. Accordingly, there is a need to develop new assay methods for separating PLGAs possessing different L:G ratios when used in a drug product and characterizing individual PLGAs. The current work identifies a series of semi-solvents which exhibit varying degrees of PLGA solubility depending on the L:G ratio of the polymer. A good solvent dissolves PLGAs with all L:G ratios ranging from 50:50 to 100:0. A semi-solvent dissolves PLGAs with only certain L:G ratios. Almost all semi-solvents identified in this study increase their PLGA solubility as the L:G ratio increases, i.e., the lactide content increases. This lacto-selectivity, favoring higher L:G ratios, has been applied for separating individual PLGAs in a given depot formulation, leading to analysis of each type of PLGA. This semi-solvent method allows a simple, practical bench-top separation of PLGAs of varying L:G ratios. This method enables isolation and identification of individual PLGAs from a complex mixture that is critical for the quality control of PLGA formulations, as well as reverse engineering for generic products to establish the Q1/Q2 sameness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Skidmore
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Justin Hadar
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - John Garner
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Haesun Park
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Kinam Park
- Akina, Inc., 3495 Kent Avenue, Suite A200, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Yan Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xiaohui Jeff Jiang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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Lionberger RA. Innovation for Generic Drugs: Science and Research Under the Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2012. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 105:878-885. [PMID: 30648739 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory science is science and research intended to improve decision making in a regulatory framework. Improvements in decision making can be in both accuracy (making better decisions) and in efficiency (making faster decisions). Science and research supported by the Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2012 (GDUFA) have focused on two innovative methodologies that work together to enable new approaches to development and review of generic drugs: quantitative models and advanced in vitro product characterization. Quantitative models faithfully represent current scientific understanding. They are tools pharmaceutical scientists and clinical pharmacologists use for making better and faster product development decisions. Advances in the in vitro product comparisons provide the measurements of product differences that are the critical input into the models. This paper outlines four areas where science and research funded by GDUFA support synergistic use of models and characterization at critical decision points during generic drug product development and review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Lionberger
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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38
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Abulateefeh SR, Alkawareek MY, Alkilany AM. Tunable sustained release drug delivery system based on mononuclear aqueous core-polymer shell microcapsules. Int J Pharm 2019; 558:291-298. [PMID: 30641178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and poly(d,l-lactide) (PLA) polymers were used successfully in the preparation of polymer shell microcapsules with mononuclear aqueous cores by the internal phase separation method. These microcapsules were prepared with varying amounts of polymer and water and loaded with fluorescein sodium as a model water soluble drug. Evaluation of drug loading and encapsulation efficiency reveals an optimum polymer to water ratio of around 1:3. Prepared PLGA and PLA microcapsules exhibit sustained drug release over 7 and 49 days, respectively. Drug release from both microcapsule types follow zero order kinetics over the first 90% release. Further tuning of release rate is found possible by preparing microcapsules with mixtures of PLGA and PLA polymers at varying ratios. These results suggest that aqueous core-PLGA and PLA microcapsules would be promising platforms for a wide range of sustained drug delivery systems for many hydrophilic drugs.
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王 俊, 张 辉, 曾 庆. [Synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymer of PLGA-b-(PEI-co-PEG) and characterization of the self-assembled cationic micelles]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:1139-1146. [PMID: 30377107 PMCID: PMC6744189 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.09.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize a biodegradable and minimally cytotoxic amphiphilic block copolymer of PLGA-b-(PEI-co- PEG) and study its micellization behavior. METHODS PLGA was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization. The cross-linked copolymer of PEI-co-PEG was synthesized from the low-molecular-weight polyethyleneimine (PEI, 1800 D) and hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, 2000 D). PLGA-b-(PEI-co-PEG) was synthesized by dehydration condensation reaction of PLGA and water soluble PEI-co-PEG. The biodegradability of PEI-co-PEG was evaluated according to the molecular weight change after incubation at 37 ℃ for different time. The cytotoxicity of PLGA- b-(PEI-co-PEG) and PEI-co-PEG in MCF-7 cells was determined by MTT assay. The cationic PLGA-b-(PEI-co-PEG) micelles were prepared by standard dialysis method. The particle size and Zeta potential of the micelles were measured by a Malvern laser particle size analyzer. Micelle/insulin complexes were prepared by simple mixing method and their morphology were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The fluorescence quenching method was used to determine the stability of the micelle/insulin complexes at different salt concentrations. RESULTS Amphiphilic block copolymer of PLGA-b-(PEI-co-PEG) was successfully synthesized. The half-life of PEI-co-PEG degradation in PBS at 37 ℃ was about 48 h. The 50% cell inhibiting concentration (IC50) of PLGA-b-(PEIco- PEG) and PEI-co-PEG in MCF-7 cells were 1375.7 μg/mL and 425.1 μg/mL, respectively. The micelles of PLGA-b-(PEI-co- PEG) (particle size: 99.5±2.61 nm, Zeta potential: 52.9±2.38 mV) were complexed with insulin via electrostatic interaction and formed nanoscale micelle/insulin complexes. The dissociation rate of micelle/insulin complexes in 150 mmol/L NaCl solution was 27.6%. CONCLUSIONS The synthesized PEI-co-PEG shows good degradability in vitro. The cytotoxicity of PLGA-b-(PEI-co- PEG) is significantly lower than PEI-co-PEG, and PLGA-b-(PEI-co-PEG) micelle/insulin complexes have good salt- resistant stability in physiological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- 俊 王
- 南方医科大学药学院 药用生物材料课题组,广东 广州 510515Biomaterial Research Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学药学院 广东省新药筛选重点实验室,广东 广州 510515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 辉武 张
- 南方医科大学药学院 广东省新药筛选重点实验室,广东 广州 510515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学药学院 抗肿瘤药物药理学课题组,广东 广州 510515Cancer Therapeutics & Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 庆冰 曾
- 南方医科大学药学院 药用生物材料课题组,广东 广州 510515Biomaterial Research Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学药学院 广东省新药筛选重点实验室,广东 广州 510515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Bee SL, Hamid ZAA, Mariatti M, Yahaya BH, Lim K, Bee ST, Sin LT. Approaches to Improve Therapeutic Efficacy of Biodegradable PLA/PLGA Microspheres: A Review. POLYM REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2018.1437547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Ling Bee
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Z. A. Abdul Hamid
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M. Mariatti
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - B. H. Yahaya
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Keemi Lim
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Soo-Tueen Bee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lee Tin Sin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Effect of particle size, polydispersity and polymer degradation on progesterone release from PLGA microparticles: Experimental and mathematical modeling. Int J Pharm 2018; 536:360-369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang Q, Guo N, Sun Y, Li X, Yang H. Absolute quantification of poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) in microspheres using quantitative 1H NMR spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 146:273-278. [PMID: 28898763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The complex nature and the manufacturing process of poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), a key component of PLGA-based microspheres, have made the quantification of this copolymer difficult. The main purpose of the current study was to investigate the potential of three different methods for the quantitative analysis of the PLGA content of clinical products. In this regard, leuprorelin acetate microspheres from different vendors were chosen as templates to validate quantitative 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (qHNMR) spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods qHNMR proved to be an excellent and rapid PLGA quantification method compared to the other two. The recovery value was 99.12% and the linearity correlation coefficient was 0.9999. The results obtained from the qHNMR method were found to match the data provided by the vendor, suggesting that qHNMR can be utilized as a reliable quality control and inspection tool for PLGA-based clinical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Ningzi Guo
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Yue Sun
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Huaxin Yang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 31, Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102629, China.
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