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Muneer A, Wang L, Xie L, Zhang F, Wu B, Mei L, Lenarcic EM, Feng EH, Song J, Xiong Y, Yu X, Wang C, Jain K, Strahl BD, Cook JG, Wan YY, Moorman NJ, Song H, Jin J, Chen X. Non-canonical function of histone methyltransferase G9a in the translational regulation of chronic inflammation. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1525-1541.e7. [PMID: 37858336 PMCID: PMC11095832 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel translation-regulatory function of G9a, a histone methyltransferase and well-understood transcriptional repressor, in promoting hyperinflammation and lymphopenia; two hallmarks of endotoxin tolerance (ET)-associated chronic inflammatory complications. Using multiple approaches, we demonstrate that G9a interacts with multiple translation regulators during ET, particularly the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methyltransferase METTL3, to co-upregulate expression of certain m6A-modified mRNAs that encode immune-checkpoint and anti-inflammatory proteins. Mechanistically, G9a promotes m6A methyltransferase activity of METTL3 at translational/post-translational level by regulating its expression, its methylation, and its cytosolic localization during ET. Additionally, from a broader view extended from the G9a-METTL3-m6A translation regulatory axis, our translatome proteomics approach identified numerous "G9a-translated" proteins that unite the networks associated with inflammation dysregulation, T cell dysfunction, and systemic cytokine response. In sum, we identified a previously unrecognized function of G9a in protein-specific translation that can be leveraged to treat ET-related chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Muneer
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ling Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Liu Mei
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Erik M Lenarcic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Emerald Hillary Feng
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Juan Song
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yan Xiong
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xufen Yu
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Charles Wang
- Center for Genomics, Division of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Kanishk Jain
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brian D Strahl
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeanette Gowen Cook
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yisong Y Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nathaniel John Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Nikiforov NG, Kirichenko TV, Kubekina MV, Chegodaev YS, Zhuravlev AD, Ilchuk LA, Nikolaeva MA, Arefieva AS, Popov MA, Verkhova SS, Bagheri Ekta M, Orekhov AN. Macrophages derived from LPS-stimulated monocytes from individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis were characterized by increased pro-inflammatory activity. Cytokine 2023; 172:156411. [PMID: 37918051 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is characterized by chronic inflammation in the vascular wall. Currently the violation of immune tolerance of innate immune cells is considered as a possible mechanism of chronification of inflammation. The aim of this study is to assess the inflammatory activity and tolerance of monocytes and macrophages in subclinical atherosclerosis. METHODS A total of 55 individuals free from clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis-associated cardiovascular disease with a presence or absence of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries were included in this study. CD14+ monocytes were isolated from individuals' blood and stimulated with a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on day 1 or with double doses of LPS on day 1 and day 6. The secretion of cytokines TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and CCL2 were evaluated using ELISA. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that macrophages derived from LPS-stimulated monocytes in individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis exhibited increased secretion of IL-6, IL-10 and CCL2, which was associated with intima-media thickness, body mass index, but not with individuals' age. Moreover, macrophages from individuals with atherosclerotic plaques exhibited impaired tolerance towards the second LPS stimulation manifested by elevated secretion of the chemoattractant CCL2. CONCLUSION Increased secretion of these cytokines by macrophages may contribute to chronic local inflammation in the vascular wall by recruiting other immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita G Nikiforov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia; Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova str., 119334 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Tatiana V Kirichenko
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V Kubekina
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova str., 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yegor S Chegodaev
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander D Zhuravlev
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid A Ilchuk
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova str., 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina A Nikolaeva
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alla S Arefieva
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 4 Oparina str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Popov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI), 61/2, Shchepkin Street, 129110 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana S Verkhova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mariam Bagheri Ekta
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, The Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Osennyaya Street 4-1-207, 121609 Moscow, Russia
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Low R, Ha SD, Sleapnicov N, Maneesh P, Kim SO. Prolonged Inhibition of the MEK1/2-ERK Signaling Axis Primes Interleukin-1 Beta Expression through Histone 3 Lysine 9 Demethylation in Murine Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14428. [PMID: 37833877 PMCID: PMC10572145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages undergo different cellular states upon activation that can be hyporesponsive (tolerated) or hyperresponsive (primed or trained) to subsequent stimuli. Epigenetic modifications are known to play key roles in determining these cellular states. However, little is known about the role of signaling pathways that lead to these epigenetic modifications. Here, we examined the effects of various inhibitors targeting key signaling pathways induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on tolerance and priming in murine macrophages. We found that a prolonged inhibition (>18 h) of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)1/2-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling axis reversed tolerance and primed cells in expressing interleukin (IL)-1β and other inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, and CXCL10. The ectopic expression of catalytically active and inactive MEK1 mutants suppressed and enhanced IL-1β expression, respectively. A transcriptomic analysis showed that cells primed by the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 expressed higher levels of gene sets associated with immune responses and cytokine/chemokine production, but expressed lower levels of genes with cell cycle progression, chromosome organization, and heterochromatin formation than non-primed cells. Of interest, the mRNA expressions of the histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methyltransferase Suv39h1 and the H3K9 methylation reader Cbx5 were substantially suppressed, whereas the H3K9 demethylase Kdm7a was enhanced, suggesting a role of the MEK1/2-ERK signaling axis in H3K9 demethylation. The H3K9 trimethylation levels in the genomic regions of IL-1β, TNFα, and CXCL10 were decreased by U0126. Also, the H3K9 methyltransferase inhibitor BIX01294 mimicked the U0126 training effects and the overexpression of chromobox homolog (CBX)5 prevented the U0126 training effects in both RAW264.7 cells and bone-marrow-derived macrophages. Collectively, these data suggest that the prolonged inhibition of the MEK1/2-ERK signaling axis reverses tolerance and primed macrophages likely through decreasing the H3K9 methylation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sung Ouk Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada; (R.L.); (S.-D.H.); (N.S.); (P.M.)
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4
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Bulgakova ID, Svitich OA, Zverev VV. Mechanisms of Toll-like receptor tolerance induced by microbial ligands. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND IMMUNOBIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Some microorganisms can develop tolerance. On the one hand, it allows pathogenic microbes to escape immune surveillance, on the other hand, it provides the possibility to microbiota representatives to colonize different biotopes and build a symbiotic relationship with the host. Complex regulatory interactions between innate and adaptive immune systems as well as stimulation by antigens help microbes control and maintain immunological tolerance. An important role in this process belongs to innate immune cells, which recognize microbial components through pattern-recognition receptors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent the main class of these receptors. Despite the universality of the activated signaling pathways, different cellular responses are induced by interaction of TLRs with microbiota representatives and pathogenic microbes, and they vary during acute and chronic infection. The research on mechanisms underlying the development of TLR tolerance is significant, as the above receptors are involved in a wide range of infectious and noninfectious diseases; they also play an important role in development of allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. The knowledge of TLR tolerance mechanisms can be critically important for development of TLR ligand-based therapeutic agents for treatment and prevention of multiple diseases.
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5
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Xu J, Gao C, He Y, Fang X, Sun D, Peng Z, Xiao H, Sun M, Zhang P, Zhou T, Yang X, Yu Y, Li R, Zou X, Shu H, Qiu Y, Zhou X, Yuan S, Yao S, Shang Y. NLRC3 expression in macrophage impairs glycolysis and host immune defense by modulating the NF-κB-NFAT5 complex during septic immunosuppression. Mol Ther 2023; 31:154-173. [PMID: 36068919 PMCID: PMC9840117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairment of innate immune cell function and metabolism underlies immunosuppression in sepsis; however, a promising therapy to orchestrate this impairment is currently lacking. In this study, high levels of NOD-like receptor family CARD domain containing-3 (NLRC3) correlated with the glycolytic defects of monocytes/macrophages from septic patients and mice that developed immunosuppression. Myeloid-specific NLRC3 deletion improved macrophage glycolysis and sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Mechanistically, NLRC3 inhibits nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 binding to nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5), which further controls the expression of glycolytic genes and proinflammatory cytokines of immunosuppressive macrophages. This is achieved by decreasing NF-κB activation-co-induced by TNF-receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-and decreasing transcriptional co-activator p300 activity by inducing NLRC3 sequestration of mTOR and p300. Genetic inhibition of NLRC3 disrupted the NLRC3-mTOR-p300 complex and enhanced NF-κB binding to the NFAT5 promoter in concert with p300. Furthermore, intrapulmonary delivery of recombinant adeno-associated virus harboring a macrophage-specific NLRC3 deletion vector significantly improved the defense of septic mice that developed immunosuppression upon secondary intratracheal bacterial challenge. Collectively, these findings indicate that NLRC3 mediates critical aspects of innate immunity that contribute to an immunocompromised state during sepsis and identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqian Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chenggang Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yajun He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiangzhi Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Deyi Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhekang Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hairong Xiao
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Miaomiao Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ruiting Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaojing Zou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Huaqing Shu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan 43007, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan 43007, China
| | - Shiying Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shanglong Yao
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - You Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Maheshwari A. Innate Immune Memory in Macrophages. NEWBORN (CLARKSVILLE, MD.) 2023; 2:60-79. [PMID: 37206580 PMCID: PMC10193650 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-11002-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages have been recognized as the primary mediators of innate immunity starting from embryonic/fetal development. Macrophage-mediated defenses may not be as antigen-specific as adaptive immunity, but increasing information suggests that these responses do strengthen with repeated immunological triggers. The concept of innate memory in macrophages has been described as "trained immunity" or "innate immune memory (IIM)." As currently understood, this cellular memory is rooted in epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming. The recognition of IIM may be particularly important in the fetus and the young neonate who are yet to develop protective levels of adaptive immunity, and could even be of preventive/therapeutic importance in many disorders. There may also be a possibility of therapeutic enhancement with targeted vaccination. This article presents a review of the properties, mechanisms, and possible clinical significance of macrophage-mediated IIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Maheshwari
- Founding Chairman, Global Newborn Society, Clarksville, Maryland, United States of America
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7
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Umair M, Jabbar S, Zhaoxin L, Jianhao Z, Abid M, Khan KUR, Korma SA, Alghamdi MA, El-Saadony MT, Abd El-Hack ME, Cacciotti I, AbuQamar SF, El-Tarabily KA, Zhao L. Probiotic-Based Bacteriocin: Immunity Supplementation Against Viruses. An Updated Review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:876058. [PMID: 36033850 PMCID: PMC9402254 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.876058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are a major cause of severe, fatal diseases worldwide. Recently, these infections have increased due to demanding contextual circumstances, such as environmental changes, increased migration of people and product distribution, rapid demographic changes, and outbreaks of novel viruses, including the COVID-19 outbreak. Internal variables that influence viral immunity have received attention along with these external causes to avert such novel viral outbreaks. The gastrointestinal microbiome (GIM), particularly the present probiotics, plays a vital role in the host immune system by mediating host protective immunity and acting as an immune regulator. Bacteriocins possess numerous health benefits and exhibit antagonistic activity against enteric pathogens and immunobiotics, thereby inhibiting viral infections. Moreover, disrupting the homeostasis of the GIM/host immune system negatively affects viral immunity. The interactions between bacteriocins and infectious viruses, particularly in COVID-19, through improved host immunity and physiology are complex and have not yet been studied, although several studies have proven that bacteriocins influence the outcomes of viral infections. However, the complex transmission to the affected sites and siRNA defense against nuclease digestion lead to challenging clinical trials. Additionally, bacteriocins are well known for their biofunctional properties and underlying mechanisms in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. However, few studies have shown the role of probiotics-derived bacteriocin against viral infections. Thus, based on the results of the previous studies, this review lays out a road map for future studies on bacteriocins for treating viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Saqib Jabbar
- Food Science Research Institute (FSRI), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Lu Zhaoxin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhang Jianhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Institute of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Kashif-Ur R. Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Sameh A. Korma
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mashail A. Alghamdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed T. El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Ilaria Cacciotti
- Department of Engineering, INSTM RU, University of Rome “Niccolò Cusano”, Rome, Italy
| | - Synan F. AbuQamar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled A. El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Liqing Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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8
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Austermann J, Roth J, Barczyk-Kahlert K. The Good and the Bad: Monocytes' and Macrophages' Diverse Functions in Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121979. [PMID: 35741108 PMCID: PMC9222172 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are central players of the innate immune response and play a pivotal role in the regulation of inflammation. Thereby, they actively participate in all phases of the immune response, from initiating inflammation and triggering the adaptive immune response, through to the clearance of cell debris and resolution of inflammation. In this review, we described the mechanisms of monocyte and macrophage adaptation to rapidly changing microenvironmental conditions and discussed different forms of macrophage polarization depending on the environmental cues or pathophysiological condition. Therefore, special focus was placed on the tight regulation of the pro- and anti-inflammatory immune response, and the diverse functions of S100A8/S100A9 proteins and the scavenger receptor CD163 were highlighted, respectively. We paid special attention to the function of pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages under pathological conditions.
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9
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Schubert M, Kluge S, Brunner E, Pace S, Birringer M, Werz O, Lorkowski S. The α-tocopherol-derived long-chain metabolite α-13'-COOH mediates endotoxin tolerance and modulates the inflammatory response via MAPK and NFκB pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 178:83-96. [PMID: 34848369 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The long-chain metabolites of (LCM) vitamin E are proposed as the active regulatory metabolites of vitamin E providing, with their anti-inflammatory properties, an explanatory approach for the inconsistent effects of vitamin E on inflammatory-driven diseases. We examined the modulation of cytokine expression and release from macrophages, a fundamental process in many diseases, to gain insights into the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the α-tocopherol-derived LCM α-13'-COOH. METHODS AND RESULTS Suppressed gene expression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (Ccl2), tumor necrosis factor (Tnf), and interleukin (Il) 6 in response to lipopolysaccharides by 24 h pre-treatment with α-13'-COOH in RAW264.7 macrophages was revealed using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Further, reduced secretion of IL1β and CCL2 was found in this setup using flow cytometry. In contrast, 1 h pre-treatment suppressed only CCL2. Consequent gene expression analysis within 24 h of α-13'-COOH treatment revealed the induction of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) negative feedback regulators including the 'master regulators' dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (Dusp1/Mkp1) and tumor necrosis factor induced protein 3 (Tnfaip3/A20). Approaches with immunoblots and chemical antagonists suggest a feedback induction via activation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK and NFκB pathways. CONCLUSIONS CCL2 is suppressed in murine macrophages by α-13'-COOH and the indirect suppression of MAPK and NFκB pathways is likely a relevant process contributing to anti-inflammatory actions of α-13'-COOH. These results improve the understanding of the effects of α-13'-COOH and provide a basis for new research strategies in the context of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schubert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elena Brunner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Simona Pace
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Birringer
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Consumer Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Fulda, Germany; Regionales Innovationszentrum Gesundheit und Lebensqualität (RIGL), Fulda, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany; Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.
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10
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Tuong ZK, Stewart BJ, Guo SA, Clatworthy MR. Epigenetics and tissue immunity-Translating environmental cues into functional adaptations. Immunol Rev 2021; 305:111-136. [PMID: 34821397 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing appreciation that many innate and adaptive immune cell subsets permanently reside within non-lymphoid organs, playing a critical role in tissue homeostasis and defense. The best characterized are macrophages and tissue-resident T lymphocytes that work in concert with organ structural cells to generate appropriate immune responses and are functionally shaped by organ-specific environmental cues. The interaction of tissue epithelial, endothelial and stromal cells is also required to attract, differentiate, polarize and maintain organ immune cells in their tissue niche. All of these processes require dynamic regulation of cellular transcriptional programmes, with epigenetic mechanisms playing a critical role, including DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications. A failure to appropriately regulate immune cell transcription inevitably results in inadequate or inappropriate immune responses and organ pathology. Here, with a focus on the mammalian kidney, an organ which generates differing regional environmental cues (including hypersalinity and hypoxia) due to its physiological functions, we will review the basic concepts of tissue immunity, discuss the technologies available to profile epigenetic modifications in tissue immune cells, including those that enable single-cell profiling, and consider how these mechanisms influence the development, phenotype, activation and function of different tissue immune cell subsets, as well as the immunological function of structural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Kelvin Tuong
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Benjamin J Stewart
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Shuang Andrew Guo
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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11
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Ahrends T, Aydin B, Matheis F, Classon CH, Marchildon F, Furtado GC, Lira SA, Mucida D. Enteric pathogens induce tissue tolerance and prevent neuronal loss from subsequent infections. Cell 2021; 184:5715-5727.e12. [PMID: 34717799 PMCID: PMC8595755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls several intestinal functions including motility and nutrient handling, which can be disrupted by infection-induced neuropathies or neuronal cell death. We investigated possible tolerance mechanisms preventing neuronal loss and disruption in gut motility after pathogen exposure. We found that following enteric infections, muscularis macrophages (MMs) acquire a tissue-protective phenotype that prevents neuronal loss, dysmotility, and maintains energy balance during subsequent challenge with unrelated pathogens. Bacteria-induced neuroprotection relied on activation of gut-projecting sympathetic neurons and signaling via β2-adrenergic receptors (β2AR) on MMs. In contrast, helminth-mediated neuroprotection was dependent on T cells and systemic production of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 by eosinophils, which induced arginase-expressing MMs that prevented neuronal loss from an unrelated infection located in a different intestinal region. Collectively, these data suggest that distinct enteric pathogens trigger a state of disease or tissue tolerance that preserves ENS number and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Ahrends
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Begüm Aydin
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fanny Matheis
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cajsa H Classon
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - François Marchildon
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gláucia C Furtado
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sérgio A Lira
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Zubair K, You C, Kwon G, Kang K. Two Faces of Macrophages: Training and Tolerance. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111596. [PMID: 34829825 PMCID: PMC8615871 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are present in almost all body tissues. They detect and quickly respond to “environmental signals” in the tissue. Macrophages have been associated with numerous beneficial roles, such as host defense, wound healing, and tissue regeneration; however, they have also been linked to the development of diverse illnesses, particularly cancers and autoimmune disorders. Complex signaling, epigenetic, and metabolic pathways drive macrophage training and tolerance. The induced intracellular program differs depending on the type of initial stimuli and the tissue microenvironment. Due to the essential roles of macrophages in homeostatic and their association with the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, recent studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms of macrophage training and tolerance. This review discusses the role of factors involved in macrophage training and tolerance, along with the current studies in human diseases.
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13
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Pradhan K, Yi Z, Geng S, Li L. Development of Exhausted Memory Monocytes and Underlying Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2021; 12:778830. [PMID: 34777396 PMCID: PMC8583871 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.778830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic inflammation and immuno-suppression are cardinal features of exhausted monocytes increasingly recognized in septic patients and murine models of sepsis. However, underlying mechanisms responsible for the generation of exhausted monocytes have not been addressed. In this report, we examined the generation of exhausted primary murine monocytes through prolonged and repetitive challenges with high dose bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We demonstrated that repetitive LPS challenges skew monocytes into the classically exhausted Ly6Chi population, and deplete the homeostatic non-classical Ly6Clo population, reminiscent of monocyte exhaustion in septic patients. scRNAseq analyses confirmed the expansion of Ly6Chi monocyte cluster, with elevation of pathogenic inflammatory genes previously observed in human septic patients. Furthermore, we identified CD38 as an inflammatory mediator of exhausted monocytes, associated with a drastic depletion of cellular NAD+; elevation of ROS; and compromise of mitochondria respiration, representative of septic monocytes. Mechanistically, we revealed that STAT1 is robustly elevated and sustained in LPS-exhausted monocytes, dependent upon the TRAM adaptor of the TLR4 pathway. TRAM deficient monocytes are largely resistant to LPS-mediated exhaustion, and retain the non-classical homeostatic features. Together, our current study addresses an important yet less-examined area of monocyte exhaustion, by providing phenotypic and mechanistic insights regarding the generation of exhausted monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisha Pradhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ziyue Yi
- Graduate Program of Genetics, Biotechnology and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Shuo Geng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Liwu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Graduate Program of Genetics, Biotechnology and Computational Biology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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14
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Natoli G, Pileri F, Gualdrini F, Ghisletti S. Integration of transcriptional and metabolic control in macrophage activation. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e53251. [PMID: 34328708 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages react to microbial and endogenous danger signals by activating a broad panel of effector and homeostatic responses. Such responses entail rapid and stimulus-specific changes in gene expression programs accompanied by extensive rewiring of metabolism, with alterations in chromatin modifications providing one layer of integration of transcriptional and metabolic regulation. A systematic and mechanistic understanding of the mutual influences between signal-induced metabolic changes and gene expression is still lacking. Here, we discuss current evidence, controversies, knowledge gaps, and future areas of investigation on how metabolic and transcriptional changes are dynamically integrated during macrophage activation. The cross-talk between metabolism and inflammatory gene expression is in part accounted for by alterations in the production, usage, and availability of metabolic intermediates that impact the macrophage epigenome. In addition, stimulus-inducible gene expression changes alter the production of inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide, that in turn modulate the activity of metabolic enzymes thus determining complex regulatory loops. Critical issues remain to be understood, notably whether and how metabolic rewiring can bring about gene-specific (as opposed to global) expression changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino Natoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Pileri
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Gualdrini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Ghisletti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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15
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Munford RS, Weiss JP, Lu M. Biochemical transformation of bacterial lipopolysaccharides by acyloxyacyl hydrolase reduces host injury and promotes recovery. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17842-17851. [PMID: 33454018 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.015254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals can sense the presence of microbes in their tissues and mobilize their own defenses by recognizing and responding to conserved microbial structures (often called microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs)). Successful host defenses may kill the invaders, yet the host animal may fail to restore homeostasis if the stimulatory microbial structures are not silenced. Although mice have many mechanisms for limiting their responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major Gram-negative bacterial MAMP, a highly conserved host lipase is required to extinguish LPS sensing in tissues and restore homeostasis. We review recent progress in understanding how this enzyme, acyloxyacyl hydrolase (AOAH), transforms LPS from stimulus to inhibitor, reduces tissue injury and death from infection, prevents prolonged post-infection immunosuppression, and keeps stimulatory LPS from entering the bloodstream. We also discuss how AOAH may increase sensitivity to pulmonary allergens. Better appreciation of how host enzymes modify LPS and other MAMPs may help prevent tissue injury and hasten recovery from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Munford
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Jerrold P Weiss
- Inflammation Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mingfang Lu
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Endotoxin Tolerance in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Macrophages, In Vitro: A Case-Control Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090896. [PMID: 32967278 PMCID: PMC7554856 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are implicated in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). This study examined the environmentally conditioned responses of AAA macrophages to inflammatory stimuli. Plasma- and blood-derived monocytes were separated from the whole blood of patients with AAA (30–45 mm diameter; n = 33) and sex-matched control participants (n = 44). Increased concentrations of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant biomarkers were detected in the plasma of AAA patients, consistent with systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. However, in monocyte-derived macrophages, a suppressed cytokine response was observed in AAA compared to the control following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) 26.9 ± 3.3 vs. 15.5 ± 3.2 ng/mL, p < 0.05; IL-6 3.2 ± 0.6 vs. 1.4 ± 0.3 ng/mL, p < 0.01). LPS-stimulated production of 8-isoprostane, a biomarker of oxidative stress, was also markedly lower in AAA compared to control participants. These findings are consistent with developed tolerance in human AAA macrophages. As Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been implicated in tolerance, macrophages were examined for changes in TLR4 expression and distribution. Although TLR4 mRNA and protein expression were unaltered in AAA, cytosolic internalization of receptors and lipid rafts was found. These findings suggest the inflamed, pro-oxidant AAA microenvironment favors macrophages with an endotoxin-tolerant-like phenotype characterized by a diminished capacity to produce pro-inflammatory mediators that enhance the immune response.
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17
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Thorenoor N, Kawasawa YI, Gandhi CK, Floros J. Sex-Specific Regulation of Gene Expression Networks by Surfactant Protein A (SP-A) Variants in Alveolar Macrophages in Response to Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1290. [PMID: 32670284 PMCID: PMC7326812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A) in addition to its surfactant-related functions interacts with alveolar macrophages (AM), the guardian cells of innate immunity in the lungs, and regulates many of its functions under basal condition and in response to various pressures, such as infection and oxidative stress. The human SP-A locus consists of two functional genes, SFTPA1 and SFTPA2, and one pseudogene. The functional genes encode human SP-A1 and SP-A2 proteins, respectively, and each has been identified with several genetic variants. SP-A variants differ in their ability to regulate lung function mechanics and survival in response to bacterial infection. Here, we investigated the effect of hSP-A variants on the AM gene expression profile in response to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. We used four humanized transgenic (hTG) mice that each carried SP-A1 (6A2, 6A4) or SP-A2 (1A0, 1A3), and KO. AM gene expression profiling was performed after 6 h post-infection. We found: (a) significant sex differences in the expression of AM genes; (b) in response to infection, 858 (KO), 196 (6A2), 494 (6A4), 276 (1A0), and 397 (1A3) genes were identified (P < 0.05) and some of these were differentially expressed with ≥2 fold, specific to either males or females; (c) significant SP-A1 and SP-A2 variant-specific differences in AM gene expression; (d) via Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), key pathways and molecules were identified that had direct interaction with TP53, TNF, and cell cycle signaling nodes; (e) of the three pathways (TNF, TP-53, and cell cycle signaling nodes) studied here, all variants except SP-A2 (1A3) female, showed significance for at least 2 of these pathways, and KO male showed significance for all three pathways; (f) validation of key molecules exhibited variant-specific significant differences in the expression between sexes and a similarity in gene expression profile was observed between KO and SP-A1. These results reveal for the first time a large number of biologically relevant functional pathways influenced in a sex-specific manner by SP-A variants in response to infection. These data may assist in studying molecular mechanisms of SP-A-mediated AM gene regulation and potentially identify novel therapeutic targets for K. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithyananda Thorenoor
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.,Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Yuka Imamura Kawasawa
- Pharmacology & Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Chintan K Gandhi
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Joanna Floros
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.,Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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18
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Erlich JR, To EE, Liong S, Brooks R, Vlahos R, O'Leary JJ, Brooks DA, Selemidis S. Targeting Evolutionary Conserved Oxidative Stress and Immunometabolic Pathways for the Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:993-1013. [PMID: 32008371 PMCID: PMC7426980 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Up until recently, metabolism has scarcely been referenced in terms of immunology. However, emerging evidence has shown that immune cells undergo an adaptation of metabolic processes, known as the metabolic switch. This switch is key to the activation, and sustained inflammatory phenotype in immune cells, which includes the production of cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that underpin infectious diseases, respiratory and cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, as well as cancer. Recent Advances: There is a burgeoning body of evidence that immunometabolism and redox biology drive infectious diseases. For example, influenza A virus (IAV) utilizes endogenous ROS production via NADPH oxidase (NOX)2-containing NOXs and mitochondria to circumvent antiviral responses. These evolutionary conserved processes are promoted by glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle that drive inflammation. Such metabolic products involve succinate, which stimulates inflammation through ROS-dependent stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, promoting interleukin-1β production by the inflammasome. In addition, itaconate has recently gained significant attention for its role as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant metabolite of the TCA cycle. Critical Issues: The molecular mechanisms by which immunometabolism and ROS promote viral and bacterial pathology are largely unknown. This review will provide an overview of the current paradigms with an emphasis on the roles of immunometabolism and ROS in the context of IAV infection and secondary complications due to bacterial infection such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. Future Directions: Molecular targets based on metabolic cell processes and ROS generation may provide novel and effective therapeutic strategies for IAV and associated bacterial superinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Erlich
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Eunice E. To
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Stella Liong
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Robert Brooks
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - John J. O'Leary
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Sir Patrick Dun's Laboratory, Central Pathology Laboratory, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Doug A. Brooks
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Coombe Women and Infants' University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
- Address correspondence to: Prof. Stavros Selemidis, Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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19
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Suppression of Staphylococcus aureus Superantigen-Independent Interferon Gamma Response by a Probiotic Polysaccharide. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00661-19. [PMID: 31932326 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00661-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that causes a variety of diseases. Bloodstream infection is the most severe, with mortality rates reaching 20 to 50%. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) from the probiotic Bacillus subtilis reduces bacterial burden and inflammation during S. aureus bloodstream infection in mice. Protection is due, in part, to hybrid macrophages that restrict S. aureus growth through reactive oxygen species and to limiting superantigen-induced T cell activation and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production during infection. A decrease in IFN-γ production was observed within 24 h after infection, and here, we investigated how EPS abrogates its production. We discovered that S. aureus uses a rapid, superantigen-independent mechanism to induce host IFN-γ and that this is mediated by interleukin-12 (IL-12) activation of NK cells. Furthermore, we found that EPS limits IFN-γ production by modulating host immunity in a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent manner, a signaling pathway that is required for EPS-mediated protection from S. aureus infection in vivo We conclude that EPS protects hosts from acute bloodstream S. aureus infection not only by inducing macrophages that restrict S. aureus growth and inhibit superantigen-activated T cells but also by limiting NK cell production of IFN-γ after S. aureus infection in a TLR4-dependent manner.
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20
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Zhou M, Aziz M, Denning NL, Yen HT, Ma G, Wang P. Extracellular CIRP induces macrophage endotoxin tolerance through IL-6R-mediated STAT3 activation. JCI Insight 2020; 5:133715. [PMID: 32027619 PMCID: PMC7141386 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP) is a damage-associated molecular pattern, whose effect on macrophages is not entirely elucidated. Here we identified that eCIRP promotes macrophage endotoxin tolerance. Septic mice had higher serum levels of eCIRP; this was associated with a reduced ex vivo immune response of their splenocytes to LPS. Pretreatment of macrophages with recombinant murine CIRP (rmCIRP) resulted in a tolerance to LPS stimulation as demonstrated by a reduction of TNF-α production. We found that eCIRP increased phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) in macrophages. A STAT3 inhibitor, Stattic, rescued macrophages from rmCIRP-induced tolerance by restoring the release of TNF-α in response to LPS stimulation. We discovered strong binding affinity between eCIRP and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) as revealed by Biacore, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and their colocalization in macrophages by immunostaining assays. Blockade of IL-6R with its neutralizing Ab inhibited eCIRP-induced p-STAT3 and restored LPS-stimulated TNF-α release in macrophages. Incubation of macrophages with rmCIRP skewed them toward an M2 phenotype, while treatment with anti-IL-6R Ab prevented rmCIRP-induced M2 polarization. Thus, we have demonstrated that eCIRP activates p-STAT3 via a novel receptor, IL-6R, to promote macrophage endotoxin tolerance. Targeting eCIRP appears to be a new therapeutic option to correct immune tolerance in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Zhou
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Naomi-Liza Denning
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Department of Surgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Hao-Ting Yen
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Gaifeng Ma
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Department of Surgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, New York, USA
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21
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Gold Nanoparticles Modulate BCG-Induced Innate Immune Memory in Human Monocytes by Shifting the Memory Response towards Tolerance. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020284. [PMID: 31979412 PMCID: PMC7072314 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune memory is characterized by a modulation in the magnitude with which innate immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages respond to potential dangers, subsequent to previous exposure to the same or unrelated agents. In this study, we have examined the capacity of gold nanoparticles (AuNP), which are already in use for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes, to modulate the innate memory induced by bacterial agents. The induction of innate memory was achieved in vitro by exposing human primary monocytes to bacterial agents (lipopolysaccharide -LPS-, or live Bacille Calmette-Guérin -BCG) in the absence or presence of AuNP. After the primary activation, cells were allowed to return to a resting condition, and eventually re-challenged with LPS. The induction of memory was assessed by comparing the response to the LPS challenge of unprimed cells with that of cells primed with bacterial agents and AuNP. The response to LPS was measured as the production of inflammatory (TNFα, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-1Ra). While ineffective in directly inducing innate memory per se, and unable to influence LPS-induced tolerance memory, AuNP significantly affected the memory response of BCG-primed cells, by inhibiting the secondary response in terms of both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factor production. The reprogramming of BCG-induced memory towards a tolerance type of reactivity may open promising perspectives for the use of AuNP in immunomodulatory approaches to autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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22
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Dahiya S, Onteru SK, Singh D. Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase attenuates endotoxin-mediated tolerance in granulosa cells through kynurenine pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11931-11940. [PMID: 30983018 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) have been shown to have innate immune capabilities, which modulate their native endocrine functions through toll-like receptors (TLRs). We have recently shown that GCs exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1.0 µg/mL) transiently regulate proinflammatory cytokine expression (interleukin 1β [IL-1β], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α) through chromatin remodeling. In the present study, we have demonstrated that GCs become tolerant to LPS on repeated exposure of LPS. To understand the mechanism of this endotoxin tolerance (ET) phenomenon in buffalo GCs, we have further studied the genome-wide transcriptomic analyses in buffalo GCs (unpublished data) and identified indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) gene, known to be involved in tryptophan catabolism, was found to be highly upregulated in endotoxin-tolerant GCs. Real-time gene expression analyses also showed similar results. Further analyses of tryptophan and tryptophan metabolite, kynurenine, showed that tryptophan was found to be depleted with the accumulation of kynurenine in the endotoxin-tolerant GCs. The effect of IDO1 induced ET was reversed when cells were pretreated with IDO1 inhibitor (1-methyl tryptophan, 1 mM). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the role of IDO1 gene in ET in GCs mimicked by repeated endotoxin exposure in vitro. In summary, the present study convincingly demonstrated that the tryptophan catabolism, through the kynurenine pathway, plays a crucial role as an immunomodulatory mechanism of ET in GCs. The finding could be exploited in developing potential therapeutics to treat impaired GCs function due to the ET underlying prolonged uterine or systemic infection leads to accumulation of endotoxin in follicular fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Dahiya
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics, and Systems Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Suneel Kumar Onteru
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics, and Systems Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Dheer Singh
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics, and Systems Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
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23
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Dahiya S, Kumari S, Rani P, Onteru SK, Singh D. Postpartum uterine infection & ovarian dysfunction. Indian J Med Res 2018; 148:S64-S70. [PMID: 30964082 PMCID: PMC6469370 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_961_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Postpartum uterine infections such as metritis, endometritis and mastitis have been considered as underlying causes for ovarian dysfunction in mammals. Almost all mammals, particularly dairy animals are susceptible to postpartum uterine infections, resulting in impaired fertility and economic loss. One of the factors for low fertility in females is ovarian dysfunction, which is exhibited as impaired growth and function of ovarian follicles by the postpartum infection. Immune system of mammals provides a host defence mechanism against pathogenic microbes through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and forming inflammasomes. Like immune cells, ovarian granulosa cells also exhibit a similar pattern of cytokine gene expressions on exposure to PAMPs. Genome-wide transcriptomic approaches explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune function of buffalo granulosa cells during endotoxin exposure. Understanding the molecular mechanism of ovarian dysfunction due to uterine infection would be helpful to implement various strategies to handle the adverse effects of postpartum uterine disease on fertility by developing potential therapeutics. Therefore, this article focuses on key factors that are responsible for postpartum infection and particularly summarizes the molecular mechanism of infection underlying the ovarian dysfunction in dairy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Dahiya
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Suman Kumari
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Payal Rani
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Suneel Kumar Onteru
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Dheer Singh
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
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24
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Liu D, Cao S, Zhou Y, Xiong Y. Recent advances in endotoxin tolerance. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:56-70. [PMID: 30246452 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxin tolerance is defined as a reduced capacity of a cell to respond endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) challenge after an initial encounter with endotoxin in advance. The body becomes tolerant to subsequent challenge with a lethal dose of endotoxin and cytokines release and cell/tissue damage induced by inflammatory reaction are significantly reduced in the state of endotoxin tolerance. The main characteristics of endotoxin tolerance are downregulation of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Therefore, endotoxin tolerance is often regarded as the regulatory mechanism of the host against excessive inflammation. Endotoxin tolerance is a complex pathophysiological process and involved in multiple cellular signal pathways, receptor alterations, and biological molecules. However, the exact mechanism remains elusive up to date. To better understand the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance, it is crucial to investigate the comprehensive cellular signal pathways, signaling proteins, cell surface molecules, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and other mediators. Endotoxin tolerance plays an important role in reducing the mortality of sepsis, endotoxin shock, and other endotoxin-related diseases. Recent reports indicated that endotoxin tolerance is also related to other diseases such as cystic fibrosis, acute coronary syndrome, liver ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cancer. The aim of this review is to discuss the recent advances in endotoxin tolerance mainly based on the cellular and molecular mechanisms by outline the current state of the knowledge of the involvement of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathways, negative regulate factor, microRNAs, apoptosis, chromatin modification, and gene reprogramming of immune cells in endotoxin tolerance. We hope to provide a new idea and scientific basis for the rational treatment of endotoxin-related diseases such as endotoxemia, sepsis, and endotoxin shock clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yejiang Zhou
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuxia Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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25
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MiR-146a induction by cyanobacterial lipopolysaccharide antagonist (CyP) mediates endotoxin cross-tolerance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11367. [PMID: 30054544 PMCID: PMC6063882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29820-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin tolerance is a phenomenon characterized by a reduced capacity of monocytes and macrophages to respond to repeated stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which has been suggested to represent a way of controlling the intensity and duration of innate immune response. During endotoxin tolerance, monocytes undergo functional re-programming primarily by epigenetic regulation. Recently, micro-RNA (miR)-146a has been demonstrated to be the major player of the negative regulation of the pro-inflammatory response, affecting TNF-α production. In this study, we have employed CyP, a cyanobacterial LPS antagonist acting on TLR4-MD2 complex, for priming human monocytes and evaluating their response to a subsequent challenge with E. coli LPS. Results show that CyP is able to induce cross-tolerance to E. coli LPS by inhibiting TNF-α production. The mechanism of action is mediated by a specific induction of miR-146a and reduction of IRAK1 and TRAF6 expressions in human monocytes by CyP priming. Up-regulation of miR-146a by CyP alone, affects subsequent cell response in term of TNF-α production even when monocytes are incubated with other TLR ligands, as lipoteichoic acid (LTA), thus confirming miR-146a as a critical player mediating TNF-α regulation during cross-tolerance with CyP.
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26
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Zhou Y, Xia Q, Wang X, Fu S. Endotoxin Tolerant Dendritic Cells Suppress Inflammatory Responses in Splenocytes via Interleukin-1 Receptor Associated Kinase (IRAK)-M and Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PDL-1). Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:4798-4806. [PMID: 29995830 PMCID: PMC6069485 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis causes the highest mortality in non-cardiovascular intensive care units worldwide. Recent research has demonstrated that the late phase of sepsis, characterized as septic immunosuppression, is the central pathophysiological mechanism of immune dysfunction. Investigating the suppressive mechanism of immune cells may identify possible targets for therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used LPS 2-hit model for dendritic cells (DCs) to establish endotoxin tolerance, and co-cultured with splenocytes. Co-culture responses and gene expressions were evaluated. RESULTS Endotoxin tolerant DCs showed irresponsiveness in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and expressed negative regulator genes of inflammation. When co-cultured with splenocytes, suppression of inflammatory responses and T cells apoptosis were observed with elevated expression of IRAK-M and PDL-1, and interference and neutralization of these 2 molecules led to partly reversed suppression of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Our research found direct regulation of endotoxin tolerant DCs to other immune cells and suggested a possible mechanism via IRAK-M and PDL-1. This may inform research on septic immunosuppression and suggests possible therapeutic targets for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Qin Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Universit, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Shukun Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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27
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Khatami M. Cancer; an induced disease of twentieth century! Induction of tolerance, increased entropy and 'Dark Energy': loss of biorhythms (Anabolism v. Catabolism). Clin Transl Med 2018; 7:20. [PMID: 29961900 PMCID: PMC6026585 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-018-0193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of health involves a synchronized network of catabolic and anabolic signals among organs/tissues/cells that requires differential bioenergetics from mitochondria and glycolysis (biological laws or biorhythms). We defined biological circadian rhythms as Yin (tumoricidal) and Yang (tumorigenic) arms of acute inflammation (effective immunity) involving immune and non-immune systems. Role of pathogens in altering immunity and inducing diseases and cancer has been documented for over a century. However, in 1955s decision makers in cancer/medical establishment allowed public (current baby boomers) to consume million doses of virus-contaminated polio vaccines. The risk of cancer incidence and mortality sharply rose from 5% (rate of hereditary/genetic or innate disease) in 1900s, to its current scary status of 33% or 50% among women and men, respectively. Despite better hygiene, modern detection technologies and discovery of antibiotics, baby boomers and subsequent 2–3 generations are sicker than previous generations at same age. American health status ranks last among other developed nations while America invests highest amount of resources for healthcare. In this perspective we present evidence that cancer is an induced disease of twentieth century, facilitated by a great deception of cancer/medical establishment for huge corporate profits. Unlike popularized opinions that cancer is 100, 200 or 1000 diseases, we demonstrate that cancer is only one disease; the severe disturbances in biorhythms (differential bioenergetics) or loss of balance in Yin and Yang of effective immunity. Cancer projects that are promoted and funded by decision makers are reductionist approaches, wrong and unethical and resulted in loss of millions of precious lives and financial toxicity to society. Public vaccination with pathogen-specific vaccines (e.g., flu, hepatitis, HPV, meningitis, measles) weakens, not promotes, immunity. Results of irresponsible projects on cancer sciences or vaccines are increased population of drug-dependent sick society. Outcome failure rates of claimed ‘targeted’ drugs, ‘precision’ or ‘personalized’ medicine are 90% (± 5) for solid tumors. We demonstrate that aging, frequent exposures to environmental hazards, infections and pathogen-specific vaccines and ingredients are ‘antigen overload’ for immune system, skewing the Yin and Yang response profiles and leading to induction of ‘mild’, ‘moderate’ or ‘severe’ immune disorders. Induction of decoy or pattern recognition receptors (e.g., PRRs), such as IRAK-M or IL-1dRs (‘designer’ molecules) and associated genomic instability and over-expression of growth promoting factors (e.g., pyruvate kinases, mTOR and PI3Ks, histamine, PGE2, VEGF) could lead to immune tolerance, facilitating cancer cells to hijack anabolic machinery of immunity (Yang) for their increased growth requirements. Expression of constituent embryonic factors would negatively regulate differentiation of tumor cells through epithelial–mesenchymal-transition and create “dual negative feedback loop” that influence tissue metabolism under hypoxic conditions. It is further hypothesized that induction of tolerance creates ‘dark energy’ and increased entropy and temperature in cancer microenvironment allowing disorderly cancer proliferation and mitosis along with increased glucose metabolism via Crabtree and Pasteur Effects, under mitophagy and ribophagy, conditions that are toxic to host survival. Effective translational medicine into treatment requires systematic and logical studies of complex interactions of tumor cells with host environment that dictate clinical outcomes. Promoting effective immunity (biological circadian rhythms) are fundamental steps in correcting host differential bioenergetics and controlling cancer growth, preventing or delaying onset of diseases and maintaining public health. The author urges independent professionals and policy makers to take a closer look at cancer dilemma and stop the ‘scientific/medical ponzi schemes’ of a powerful group that control a drug-dependent sick society before all hopes for promoting public health evaporate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Khatami
- Inflammation, Aging and Cancer, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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28
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Seeley JJ, Baker RG, Mohamed G, Bruns T, Hayden MS, Deshmukh SD, Freedberg DE, Ghosh S. Induction of innate immune memory via microRNA targeting of chromatin remodelling factors. Nature 2018; 559:114-119. [PMID: 29950719 PMCID: PMC6044474 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to microbial products, e.g. lipopolysaccharide (LPS),
can induce a form of innate immune memory that blunts subsequent responses to
unrelated pathogens (“LPS tolerance”). Sepsis, which continues
to have a high mortality rate, is a dysregulated, systemic immune response to
disseminated infection. In some patients, this results in a period of
immunosuppression (“immunoparalysis”)1 with reduced inflammatory cytokine
output2, increased
secondary infection3, and
increased risk of organ failure and mortality4. LPS tolerance recapitulates several key features of
sepsis-associated immunosuppression5. Although various epigenetic changes have been observed in
tolerized macrophages6–8, the molecular basis for
tolerance, immunoparalysis, and other forms of innate immune memory has remained
unclear. Here, we performed a screen for tolerance-associated microRNAs (miRNAs)
and identified miR-221/222 as regulators of the functional reprogramming of
macrophages during LPS tolerization. Prolonged stimulation with LPS in mice
leads to Increased expression of miR-221/222, which regulates brahma-related
gene 1 (Brg1) causing transcriptional silencing of a subset of
inflammatory genes that depend on SWI/SNF- (SWItch/Sucrose
Non-Fermentable) and STAT- (signal transducer and activator of
transcription) mediated chromatin remodeling, and promotes tolerance. In sepsis
patients, increased miR-221/222 expression correlates with immunoparalysis and
increased organ damage. Hence our results show that specific microRNAs can
regulate macrophage tolerization and may serve as biomarkers of immunoparalysis
and poor prognosis in sepsis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Seeley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca G Baker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ghait Mohamed
- The Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Tony Bruns
- The Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthew S Hayden
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Section of Dermatology, Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Sachin D Deshmukh
- The Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel E Freedberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive & Liver Disease, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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29
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Butcher SK, O'Carroll CE, Wells CA, Carmody RJ. Toll-Like Receptors Drive Specific Patterns of Tolerance and Training on Restimulation of Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:933. [PMID: 29867935 PMCID: PMC5960718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerance is a long-recognized property of macrophages that leads to an altered response to repeated or chronic exposure to endotoxin. The physiological role of tolerance is to limit the potential damage to host tissue that may otherwise result from prolonged production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Tolerance is induced by all toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands tested to date, however, tolerance induced by the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is by far the best studied. LPS tolerance involves a global transcriptional shift from a pro-inflammatory response toward one characterized by the expression of anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution factors. Although largely reversible, LPS-tolerance leads to a hybrid macrophage activation state that is pro-inflammatory in nature, but possesses distinct regulatory anti-inflammatory features. Remarkably, a comparative transcriptomic analysis of tolerance induced by different TLR ligands has not previously been reported. Here, we describe the transcriptomic profiles of mouse macrophages tolerized with ligands for TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR 9. While we identified TLR-specific transcriptional profiles in macrophages tolerized with each ligand, tolerance induced by TLR4 represented an archetype pattern, such that each gene tolerized by any of the TLRs tested was also found to be tolerized by TLR4. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are not universally suppressed in all tolerant cells, but distinct patterns of cytokine expression distinguished TLR-specific tolerance. Analysis of gene regulatory regions revealed specific DNA sequence motifs associated with distinct states of TLR tolerance, implicating previously identified as well as novel transcriptional regulators of tolerance in macrophages. These data provide a basis for the future exploitation of TLR-specific tolerant states to achieve therapeutic re-programming of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne K Butcher
- Centre for Stem Cell Systems, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Christine A Wells
- Centre for Stem Cell Systems, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruaidhrí J Carmody
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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30
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Boraschi D, Italiani P. Innate Immune Memory: Time for Adopting a Correct Terminology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:799. [PMID: 29725331 PMCID: PMC5917086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Boraschi
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Inflammation, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Italiani
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Inflammation, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
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31
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Murase M, Kawasaki T, Hakozaki R, Sueyoshi T, Putri DDP, Kitai Y, Sato S, Ikawa M, Kawai T. Intravesicular Acidification Regulates Lipopolysaccharide Inflammation and Tolerance through TLR4 Trafficking. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Maurer K, Ramen S, Shi L, Song L, Sullivan KE. Rapid induction of expression by LPS is accompanied by favorable chromatin and rapid binding of c-Jun. Mol Immunol 2018; 95:99-106. [PMID: 29433067 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The response to infection is managed in mammals by a coordinated immune response. Innate responses are rapid and hard wired and have been demonstrated to be regulated at the level of chromatin accessibility. This study examined primary human monocyte responses to LPS as a model of innate responses to bacteria. We utilized inhibitors of chromatin modifying enzymes to understand the inter-relationships of the chromatin complexes regulating transcription. Multiplex digital gene detection was utilized to quantitate changes in mRNA levels for genes induced by LPS. In the first 30 min, genes that were highly induced by LPS as a group exhibited minimal effect of the chemical inhibitors of chromatin modifications. At 60 min, the more highly expressed genes were markedly more inhibitable. The effects of the inhibitors were almost entirely concordant in spite of different mechanisms of action. Two focus groups of genes with either high LPS inducibility at 30 min or high LPS inducibility at 60 min (but not at 30 min) were further examined by ChIP assay. NFκB p65 binding was increased at the promoters of 30- and 60-min highly inducible genes equivalently. Binding of c-Jun was increased after LPS in the 30-min inducible gene set but not the 60-min inducible gene set. H3K4me3 and H4ac were not detectably altered by LPS stimulation. Baseline H3K4me3 and H4ac were higher in the 30-min highly inducible gene set compared to the 60-min highly inducible gene set. NFκB and JNK inhibitors led to diminished H4ac after LPS. The effects of DRB and C646 were greater for LPS-induced IL6 transcription at 30 min and LPS-stimulated H4ac compared to TNF where transcription was largely unaffected by the inhibitors. In conclusion, genes with very rapidly induced expression after LPS exhibited more favorable chromatin characteristics at baseline and were less inhibitable than genes induced at the later time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Maurer
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Swathi Ramen
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lihua Shi
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li Song
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen E Sullivan
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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33
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Desai J, Steiger S, Anders HJ. Molecular Pathophysiology of Gout. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:756-768. [PMID: 28732688 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Three contradictory clinical presentations of gout have puzzled clinicians and basic scientists for some time: first, the crescendo of sterile inflammation in acute gouty arthritis; second, its spontaneous resolution, despite monosodium urate (MSU) crystal persistence in the synovium; and third, immune anergy to MSU crystal masses observed in tophaceous or visceral gout. Here, we provide an update on the molecular pathophysiology of these gout manifestations, namely, how MSU crystals can trigger the auto-amplification loop of necroinflammation underlying the crescendo of acute gouty arthritis. We also discuss new findings, such as how aggregating neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) might drive the resolution of arthritis and how these structures, together with granuloma formation, might support immune anergy, but yet promote tissue damage and remodeling during tophaceous gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyaysi Desai
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Steiger
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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34
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Chiariotti L, Coretti L, Pero R, Lembo F. Epigenetic Alterations Induced by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 879:91-105. [PMID: 26659265 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24738-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the principal bacterial products known to elicit inflammation. Cells of myeloid lineage such as monocytes and macrophages, but also epithelial cells give rise to an inflammatory response upon LPS stimulation. This phenomenon implies reprogramming of cell specific gene expression that can occur through different mechanisms including epigenetic modifications. Given their intrinsic nature, epigenetic modifications may be involved both in the acute response to LPS and in the establishment of a preconditioned genomic state (epigenomic memory) that may potentially influence the host response to further contacts with microorganisms. Information has accumulated during the last years aimed at elucidating the epigenetic mechanisms which underlie the cellular LPS response. These findings, summarized in this chapter, will hopefully be a good basis for a definition of the complete cascade of LPS-induced epigenetic events and their biological significance in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Chiariotti
- Department of Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy. .,Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale IEOS, C.N.R., EPIGEN Laboratories, Naples, Italy.
| | - Lorena Coretti
- Department of Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale IEOS, C.N.R., EPIGEN Laboratories, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaela Pero
- Department of Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Lembo
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale IEOS, C.N.R., EPIGEN Laboratories, Naples, Italy. .,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
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35
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Endothelial cell tolerance to lipopolysaccharide challenge is induced by monophosphoryl lipid A. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 130:451-61. [PMID: 26669797 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Prior exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produces a reduced or "tolerant" inflammatory response to subsequent challenges with LPS, however the potent pro-inflammatory effects of LPS limit its clinical benefit. The adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) is a weak toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist that induces negligible inflammation but retains potent immunomodulatory properties. We postulated that pre-treatment with MPLA would inhibit the inflammatory response of endothelial cells to secondary LPS challenge. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), were exposed to MPLA (10 μg/ml), LPS (100 ng/ml) or vehicle control. HUVECs were then washed and maintained in culture for 24 h before being challenged with LPS (100 ng/ml). Supernatants were collected and examined for cytokine production in the presence or absence of siRNA inhibitors of critical TLR4 signalling proteins. Pre-treatment with MPLA attenuated interleukin (IL)-6 production to secondary LPS challenge to a similar degree as LPS. The application of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) siRNA dramatically reduced MPLA-induced tolerance while TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) siRNA had no effect. The tolerant phenotype in endothelial cells was associated with reduced IκB kinase (IKK), p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and enhanced IL-1 receptor associated kinase-M (IRAK-M) expression for LPS-primed HUVECs, but less so in MPLA primed cells. Instead, MPLA-primed HUVECs demonstrated enhanced p-extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. In contrast with leucocytes in which tolerance is largely TRIF-dependent, MyD88 signalling mediated endotoxin tolerance in endothelial cells. Most importantly, MPLA, a vaccine adjuvant with a wide therapeutic window, induced tolerance to LPS in endothelial cells.
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Chiu CC, Wu WS. Investigation of microRNAs in mouse macrophage responses to lipopolysaccharide-stimulation by combining gene expression with microRNA-target information. BMC Genomics 2015; 16 Suppl 12:S13. [PMID: 26680554 PMCID: PMC4682375 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-16-s12-s13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors, which stimulated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), induces the releasing of many kinds of proinflammatory cytokines to activate subsequent immune responses. Plenty of studies have also indicated the importance of TLR-signalling on the avoidance of excessive inflammation, tissue repairing and the return to homeostasis after infection and tissue injury. The significance of TLR-signalling attracts many attentions on the regulatory mechanisms since several years ago. However, as newly discovered regulators, how and how many different microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate TLR-signalling pathway are still unclear. Results By integrating several microarray datasets and miRNA-target information datasets, we identified 431 miRNAs and 498 differentially expressed target genes in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with LPS-stimulation. Cooperative miRNA network were constructed by calculating targets overlap scores, and a sub-network finding algorithm was used to identify cooperative miRNA modules. Finally, 17 and 8 modules are identified in the cooperative miRNA networks composed of miRNAs up-regulate and down-regulate genes, respectively. Conclusions We used gene expression data of mouse macrophage stimulated by LPS and miRNA-target information to infer the regulatory mechanism of miRNAs on LPS-induced signalling pathway. Also, our results suggest that miRNAs can be important regulators of LPS-induced innate immune response in BMDMs.
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Dunster JL. The macrophage and its role in inflammation and tissue repair: mathematical and systems biology approaches. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 8:87-99. [PMID: 26459225 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are central to the inflammatory response and its ability to resolve effectively. They are complex cells that adopt a range of subtypes depending on the tissue type and stimulus that they find themselves under. This flexibility allows them to play multiple, sometimes opposing, roles in inflammation and tissue repair. Their central role in the inflammatory process is reflected in macrophage dysfunction being implicated in chronic inflammation and poorly healing wounds. In this study, we discuss recent attempts to model mathematically and computationally the macrophage and how it partakes in the complex processes of inflammation and tissue repair. There are increasing data describing the variety of macrophage phenotypes and their underlying transcriptional programs. Dynamic mathematical and computational models are an ideal way to test biological hypotheses against experimental data and could aid in understanding this multi-functional cell and its potential role as an attractive therapeutic target for inflammatory conditions and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Dunster
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research and School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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38
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Study of the activated macrophage transcriptome. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:575-80. [PMID: 26439118 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome analysis is a powerful modern tool to study possible alterations of gene expression associated with human diseases. It turns out to be especially promising for evaluation of gene expression changes in immunopathology, as immune cells have flexible gene expression patterns that can be switched in response to infection, inflammatory stimuli and exposure to various cytokines. In particular, macrophage polarization towards pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes can be successfully studied using the modern transcriptome analysis approaches. The two mostly used techniques for transcriptome analysis are microarray and next generation sequencing. In this review we will provide an overview of known gene expression changes associated with immunopathology and discuss the advantage and limitations of different methods of transcriptome analysis.
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Schultze JL. Reprogramming of macrophages--new opportunities for therapeutic targeting. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 26:10-5. [PMID: 26426255 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are key players of tissue homeostasis and are cells involved in all major human diseases including infections, tumors, western life-style associated diseases and even neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, specifically targeting macrophages seems to be an attractive therapeutic approach, yet such strategies have not been successfully translated to the clinic. An important hallmark of macrophages is their astounding plasticity and their capacity to integrate microenvironmental signals to perform distinct biological functions. Understanding the cellular programming of macrophages during such events will be a fundamental pre-requisite to develop targeted therapeutic approaches in human diseases. Here, I highlight recent findings of how macrophage activation is regulated and how one can envision much more specific approaches of targeting macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Str. 31, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Shi L, Song L, Maurer K, Sharp J, Zhang Z, Sullivan KE. Endotoxin tolerance in monocytes can be mitigated by α2-interferon. J Leukoc Biol 2015. [PMID: 26206900 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0914-450rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin tolerance is characterized by diminished expression of inflammatory cytokines after sequential exposure to Toll-like receptor stimuli. Many mechanisms contribute to tolerance; however, chromatin remodeling appears to be the most significant regulator. The type II interferon, IFN-γ, has been recognized as being able to reverse or abrogate the establishment of tolerance. Type I interferons have not been investigated previously, and they bind a distinct receptor. We found that α2-interferon was able to abrogate or diminish tolerance by endotoxin, as defined by measuring mRNA levels at recognized tolerance targets. We also found that α2-interferon treatment during tolerization was associated with increased H3K4me3 and H3K4me2 levels at promoters of tolerance targets in THP1 cells. These marks were normalized after exposure of the cells to α2-interferon. Interferon regulatory factor 1 is a transcription factor activated and induced by types I and II interferons. We found recruitment of this transcription factor paralleled tolerance and inhibition of tolerance at target genes. Therefore, there are at least 2 distinct pathways by which endotoxin tolerance may be mitigated. A type I interferon, in spite of binding to a different receptor, was just as able to inhibit tolerance as the type II interferon and also appeared to act by modifying chromatin at tolerance target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Shi
- *Division of Allergy Immunology and The Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Li Song
- *Division of Allergy Immunology and The Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly Maurer
- *Division of Allergy Immunology and The Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James Sharp
- *Division of Allergy Immunology and The Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- *Division of Allergy Immunology and The Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathleen E Sullivan
- *Division of Allergy Immunology and The Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Bergenfelz C, Larsson AM, von Stedingk K, Gruvberger-Saal S, Aaltonen K, Jansson S, Jernström H, Janols H, Wullt M, Bredberg A, Rydén L, Leandersson K. Systemic Monocytic-MDSCs Are Generated from Monocytes and Correlate with Disease Progression in Breast Cancer Patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127028. [PMID: 25992611 PMCID: PMC4439153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are highly immunosuppressive myeloid cells, which increase in cancer patients. The molecular mechanism behind their generation and function is unclear. Whereas granulocytic-MDSCs correlate with poor overall survival in breast cancer, the presence and relevance of monocytic-MDSCs (Mo-MDSCs) is unknown. Here we report for the first time an enrichment of functional blood Mo-MDSCs in breast cancer patients before they acquire a typical Mo-MDSC surface phenotype. A clear population of Mo-MDSCs with the typical cell surface phenotype (CD14(+)HLA-DR(low/-)CD86(low/-)CD80(low/-)CD163(low/-)) increased significantly first during disease progression and correlated to metastasis to lymph nodes and visceral organs. Furthermore, monocytes, comprising the Mo-MDSC population, from patients with metastatic breast cancer resemble the reprogrammed immunosuppressive monocytes in patients with severe infections, both by their surface and functional phenotype but also at their molecular gene expression profile. Our data suggest that monitoring the Mo-MDSC levels in breast cancer patients may represent a novel and simple biomarker for assessing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bergenfelz
- Center for Molecular Pathology, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, Skåne University Hospital (SUS), Lund University (LU), 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sofia Gruvberger-Saal
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, LU, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristina Aaltonen
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, LU, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Jansson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, LU, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Helena Jernström
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, LU, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Helena Janols
- Department of Infectious Diseases, SUS, LU, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marlene Wullt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, SUS, LU, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Bredberg
- Medical Microbiology, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, SUS, LU, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lisa Rydén
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences LU, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Leandersson
- Center for Molecular Pathology, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, Skåne University Hospital (SUS), Lund University (LU), 20502 Malmö, Sweden
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Kovach MA, Stringer KA, Bunting R, Wu X, San Mateo L, Newstead MW, Paine R, Standiford TJ. Microarray analysis identifies IL-1 receptor type 2 as a novel candidate biomarker in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Res 2015; 16:29. [PMID: 25849954 PMCID: PMC4339297 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a disease associated with a high mortality rate. The initial phase is characterized by induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and influx of circulating inflammatory cells, including macrophages which play a pivotal role in the innate and adaptive immune responses to injury. Growing evidence points to phenotypic heterogeneity and plasticity between various macrophage activation states. Methods In this study, gene expression in alveolar macrophages and circulating leukocytes from healthy control subjects and patients with ARDS was assessed by mRNA microarray analysis. Results Both alveolar macrophages and circulating leukocytes demonstrated up-regulation of genes encoding chemotactic factors, antimicrobial peptides, chemokine receptors, and matrix metalloproteinases. Two genes, the pro-inflammatory S100A12 and the anti-inflammatory IL-1 decoy receptor IL-1R2 were significantly induced in both cell populations in ARDS patients, which was confirmed by protein quantification. Although S100A12 levels did not correlate with disease severity, there was a significant association between early plasma levels of IL-1R2 and APACHE III scores at presentation. Moreover, higher levels of IL-1R2 in plasma were observed in non-survivors as compared to survivors at later stages of ARDS. Conclusions These results suggest a hybrid state of alveolar macrophage activation in ARDS, with features of both alternative activation and immune tolerance/deactivation.. Furthermore, we have identified a novel plasma biomarker candidate in ARDS that correlates with the severity of systemic illness and mortality. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-015-0190-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Hydroxysafflor yellow A ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice via modulating toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:649-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hussen J, Frank C, Düvel A, Koy M, Schuberth HJ. The chemokine CCL5 induces selective migration of bovine classical monocytes and drives their differentiation into LPS-hyporesponsive macrophages in vitro. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 47:169-177. [PMID: 25064684 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Human and mouse studies indicate distinct roles of selected chemokines for monocyte subset attraction. We therefore analyzed the still unknown sensitivity and response of bovine monocyte subsets toward two monocyte-attracting chemokines (CCL2, CCL5). Only CCL5 induced a significant Ca(2+)influx and migration response in bovine monocytes, with classical and intermediate monocytes being significantly stimulated and attracted compared to nonclassical monocytes. The presence of CCL5 during in vitro macrophage differentiation did not alter their capacity to phagocytize or to generate reactive oxygen species upon stimulation with E. coli. However, macrophages differentiated in the presence of CCL5 displayed an altered phenotype with significantly less expressed CD14 and MHC class II molecules, whereas CD16 was upregulated. Moreover, CCL5-differentiated macrophages displayed a reduced upregulation of CXCL8, ARG1, IL6 and IL10 mRNA. Taken together, CCL5 but not CCL2 mainly attract bovine classical monocytes and promote their differentiation into LPS-hypo-responsive macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Constanze Frank
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Düvel
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany; HIPRA Deutschland GmbH, Feldstraße 21, D-40479 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mirja Koy
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
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Fallarino F, Pallotta MT, Matino D, Gargaro M, Orabona C, Vacca C, Mondanelli G, Allegrucci M, Boon L, Romani R, Talesa VN, Puccetti P, Grohmann U. LPS-conditioned dendritic cells confer endotoxin tolerance contingent on tryptophan catabolism. Immunobiology 2014; 220:315-21. [PMID: 25278421 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells with a bipolar nature. Depending on environmental factors, DCs will promote either inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a ligand of Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and a most potent proinflammatory stimulus, is responsible for complex signaling events in different cell types, including DCs. LPS effects range from protective inflammation-capable of counteracting growth and dissemination of gram-negative bacteria - to hyperacute detrimental responses, as it occurs in endotoxic shock. Consistent with the plasticity of TLR4 signaling, a low dosage of LPS will induce a regulatory response capable of protecting mice against a subsequent, otherwise lethal challenge ('endotoxin tolerance'). By examining CD11c(+) DCs ('conventional' DCs, or cDCs), we investigated whether DC flexibility in promoting either inflammation or tolerance can be differentially affected by single vs. repeated exposure to LPS in vitro. cDCs stimulated twice with LPS expressed high levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) - one of the most effective mediator of anti-inflammatory activity by DCs - and of TGF-β, an immunoregulatory cytokine capable of upregulating IDO1 expression and function. In contrast, a single exposure to LPS failed to upregulate IDO1, and it was instead associated with high-level production of IL-6, a cytokine that promotes inflammation and proteolysis of IDO1. When adoptively transferred in vivo, only cDCs on double endotoxin exposure greatly improved the outcome of an otherwise lethal LPS challenge. The protective effect required that the transferred cDCs be fully competent for IDO1 and the host for TGF-β production. Thus cDCs, conditioned by LPS in vitro to mimic an endotoxin-tolerant state, can protect recipients from endotoxic shock, pointing to adoptive transfer of tolerance as a new option for controlling potentially harmful responses to TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria T Pallotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Davide Matino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmine Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Allegrucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Rita Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Bioceros, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo N Talesa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Bioceros, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Aggarwal NR, Tsushima K, Eto Y, Tripathi A, Mandke P, Mock JR, Garibaldi BT, Singer BD, Sidhaye VK, Horton MR, King LS, D'Alessio FR. Immunological priming requires regulatory T cells and IL-10-producing macrophages to accelerate resolution from severe lung inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:4453-4464. [PMID: 24688024 PMCID: PMC4001810 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Overwhelming lung inflammation frequently occurs following exposure to both direct infectious and noninfectious agents and is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. In that context, immunomodulatory strategies may be used to limit severity of impending organ damage. We sought to determine whether priming the lung by activating the immune system, or immunological priming, could accelerate resolution of severe lung inflammation. We assessed the importance of alveolar macrophages, regulatory T cells, and their potential interaction during immunological priming. We demonstrate that oropharyngeal delivery of low-dose LPS can immunologically prime the lung to augment alveolar macrophage production of IL-10 and enhance resolution of lung inflammation induced by a lethal dose of LPS or by Pseudomonas bacterial pneumonia. IL-10-deficient mice did not achieve priming and were unable to accelerate lung injury resolution. Depletion of lung macrophages or regulatory T cells during the priming response completely abrogated the positive effect of immunological priming on resolution of lung inflammation and significantly reduced alveolar macrophage IL-10 production. Finally, we demonstrated that oropharyngeal delivery of synthetic CpG-oligonucleotides elicited minimal lung inflammation compared with low-dose LPS but nonetheless primed the lung to accelerate resolution of lung injury following subsequent lethal LPS exposure. Immunological priming is a viable immunomodulatory strategy used to enhance resolution in an experimental acute lung injury model with the potential for therapeutic benefit against a wide array of injurious exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Aggarwal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Kenji Tsushima
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Yoshiki Eto
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Pooja Mandke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Jason R Mock
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Brian T Garibaldi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Benjamin D Singer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Venkataramana K Sidhaye
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Maureen R Horton
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Landon S King
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Franco R D'Alessio
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
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Günther J, Vogt N, Hampel K, Bikker R, Page S, Müller B, Kandemir J, Kracht M, Dittrich-Breiholz O, Huber R, Brand K. Identification of two forms of TNF tolerance in human monocytes: differential inhibition of NF-κB/AP-1- and PP1-associated signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3143-55. [PMID: 24574500 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis of TNF tolerance is poorly understood. In human monocytes we detected two forms of TNF refractoriness, as follows: absolute tolerance was selective, dose dependently affecting a small group of powerful effector molecules; induction tolerance represented a more general phenomenon. Preincubation with a high TNF dose induces both absolute and induction tolerance, whereas low-dose preincubation predominantly mediates absolute tolerance. In cells preincubated with the high TNF dose, we observed blockade of IκBα phosphorylation/proteolysis and nuclear p65 translocation. More prominent in cells preincubated with the high dose, reduced basal IκBα levels were found, accompanied by increased IκBα degradation, suggesting an increased IκBα turnover. In addition, a nuclear elevation of p50 was detected in tolerant cells, which was more visible following high-dose preincubation. TNF-induced phosphorylation of p65-Ser(536), p38, and c-jun was inhibited, and basal inhibitory p65-Ser(468) phosphorylation was increased in tolerant cells. TNF tolerance induced by the low preincubation dose is mediated by glycogen synthesis kinase-3, whereas high-dose preincubation-mediated tolerance is regulated by A20/glycogen synthesis kinase-3 and protein phosphatase 1-dependent mechanisms. To our knowledge, we present the first genome-wide analysis of TNF tolerance in monocytic cells, which differentially inhibits NF-κB/AP-1-associated signaling and shifts the kinase/phosphatase balance. These forms of refractoriness may provide a cellular paradigm for resolution of inflammation and may be involved in immune paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Günther
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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Günthner R, Kumar VRS, Lorenz G, Anders HJ, Lech M. Pattern-recognition receptor signaling regulator mRNA expression in humans and mice, and in transient inflammation or progressive fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18124-47. [PMID: 24009023 PMCID: PMC3794773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell type-, organ-, and species-specific expression of the pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are well described but little is known about the respective expression profiles of their negative regulators. We therefore determined the mRNA expression levels of A20, CYLD, DUBA, ST2, CD180, SIGIRR, TANK, SOCS1, SOCS3, SHIP, IRAK-M, DOK1, DOK2, SHP1, SHP2, TOLLIP, IRF4, SIKE, NLRX1, ERBIN, CENTB1, and Clec4a2 in human and mouse solid organs. Humans and mice displayed significant differences between their respective mRNA expression patterns of these factors. Additionally, we characterized their expression profiles in mononuclear blood cells upon bacterial endotoxin, which showed a consistent induction of A20, SOCS3, IRAK-M, and Clec4a2 in human and murine cells. Furthermore, we studied the expression pattern in transient kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury versus post-ischemic atrophy and fibrosis in mice. A20, CD180, ST2, SOCS1, SOCS3, SHIP, IRAK-M, DOK1, DOK2, IRF4, CENTB1, and Clec4a2 were all induced, albeit at different times of injury and repair. Progressive fibrosis was associated with a persistent induction of these factors. Thus, the organ- and species-specific expression patterns need to be considered in the design and interpretation of studies related to PRR-mediated innate immunity, which seems to be involved in tissue injury, tissue regeneration and in progressive tissue scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Günthner
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, Nephrology Center, University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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MicroRNA-146a and RBM4 form a negative feed-forward loop that disrupts cytokine mRNA translation following TLR4 responses in human THP-1 monocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:532-40. [PMID: 23897118 PMCID: PMC3770753 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Within hours after its initiation, the severe systemic inflammatory response of sepsis shifts to an adaptive anti-inflammatory state with coincident immunosuppression. This anti-inflammatory phenotype is characterized by diminished proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in response to toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation with bacterial endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin tolerance/adaptation. Our and other studies have established that gene-specific reprogramming following TLR4 responses independently represses transcription and translation of proinflammatory genes such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). We also previously demonstrated that TNFα and interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA translation is repressed in endotoxin-adapted THP-1 human monocytes by an miRNA-based mechanism involving the argonaute family protein argonaute 2 (Ago2). Here, we further define the molecular nature of reprogramming translation by showing that TLR4-induced microRNA-146 promotes a feed-forward loop that modifies the subcellular localization of the RNA-binding protein RBM4 (RNA-binding motif protein 4) and promotes its interaction with Ago2. This interaction results in the assembly of a translation-repressor complex that disrupts TNFα and IL-6 cytokine synthesis in endotoxin-adapted THP-1 monocytes. This novel molecular path prevents the phosphorylation of RBM4 on serine-309 by p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), which leads to RBM4 accumulation in the cytosol and interaction with Ago2. We further find that microRNA-146a knockdown by antagomirs or protein phosphatase inhibition by okadaic acid increases p38 MAPK phosphorylation and results in RBM4 serine-309 phosphorylation and nuclear relocalization, which disrupts RBM4 and Ago2 interactions and restores TLR4-dependent synthesis of TNFα and IL-6. We conclude that miR-146a has a diverse and critical role in limiting an excessive acute inflammatory reaction.
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Prediction of novel genes associated with negative regulators of toll-like receptors-induced inflammation based on endotoxin tolerance. Inflammation 2013; 35:1889-99. [PMID: 22843012 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Prior exposure of innate immune cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has caused them to be refractory to further endotoxin stimulation, also termed endotoxin tolerance (ET). Bacterial LPS signals through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, which was thought to enable the innate immune system to deal with invasive pathogens and to restrain systemic inflammation efficiently. We established a robust model of ET and determined the level of TNF-α and IL-6 in cultured human monocytes. Then, microarray assay was applied to assess gene expression in this model. The results showed that 356 non-tolerizable genes were differentially expressed at a high level in tolerant monocytes. The genes selected were classified into several categories based on gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway database. And then literature annotations, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and functional consistency were applied to analyze the non-tolerizable genes. Finally, the microarray results were verified by quantitative real-time PCR of seven representative genes, including the two candidate genes, Spry2 and Smurf2, which were supposed to play a critical role in TLRs-induced inflammation based on literature retrieval. Our results would provide useful information for further analysis of regulating TLRs-induced inflammation, and would facilitate the study of associated mechanisms.
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