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Zoccali C, Capasso G. Genetic biomarkers of cognitive impairment and dementia of potential interest in CKD patients. J Nephrol 2024:10.1007/s40620-024-02006-6. [PMID: 38970746 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-024-02006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
This review discusses genetic variants associated with cognitive dysfunction in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, emphasising the limited research in this area. Four studies have explored genetic markers of cognitive dysfunction in CKD, with findings suggesting shared genetic biomarkers between Alzheimer's Disease and CKD.Because of the limited specific research on genetic markers of cognitive dysfunction and dementia in CKD, we extracted data from the current literature studies on genetic markers in the general population that may be relevant to the CKD population. These markers include Apolipoprotein E (APOE), Complement Receptor 1 (CR1), Clusterin (CLU), Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1), Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), all of which are known to be associated with cognitive dysfunction and dementia in other populations. These genes play various roles in lipid metabolism, inflammation, Aβ clearance, and neuronal function, making them potential candidates for studying cognitive decline in CKD patients.CKD-specific research is needed to understand the role of these genetic markers in CKD-related cognitive dysfunction. Investigating how these genes influence cognitive decline in CKD patients could provide valuable insights into early detection, targeted interventions, and personalised treatment strategies. Overall, genetic studies to enhance our understanding and management of cognitive dysfunction in CKD represent a clinical research priority in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Zoccali
- Renal Research Institute, New York, USA.
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (Biogem), Ariano Irpino, Italy.
- Associazione Ipertensione Nefrologia Trapianto Renale (IPNET), c/o Nefrologia, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (Biogem), Ariano Irpino, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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2
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Singh MK, Shin Y, Ju S, Han S, Kim SS, Kang I. Comprehensive Overview of Alzheimer's Disease: Etiological Insights and Degradation Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6901. [PMID: 39000011 PMCID: PMC11241648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and affects millions of individuals globally. AD is associated with cognitive decline and memory loss that worsens with aging. A statistical report using U.S. data on AD estimates that approximately 6.9 million individuals suffer from AD, a number projected to surge to 13.8 million by 2060. Thus, there is a critical imperative to pinpoint and address AD and its hallmark tau protein aggregation early to prevent and manage its debilitating effects. Amyloid-β and tau proteins are primarily associated with the formation of plaques and neurofibril tangles in the brain. Current research efforts focus on degrading amyloid-β and tau or inhibiting their synthesis, particularly targeting APP processing and tau hyperphosphorylation, aiming to develop effective clinical interventions. However, navigating this intricate landscape requires ongoing studies and clinical trials to develop treatments that truly make a difference. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) across various cohorts identified 40 loci and over 300 genes associated with AD. Despite this wealth of genetic data, much remains to be understood about the functions of these genes and their role in the disease process, prompting continued investigation. By delving deeper into these genetic associations, novel targets such as kinases, proteases, cytokines, and degradation pathways, offer new directions for drug discovery and therapeutic intervention in AD. This review delves into the intricate biological pathways disrupted in AD and identifies how genetic variations within these pathways could serve as potential targets for drug discovery and treatment strategies. Through a comprehensive understanding of the molecular underpinnings of AD, researchers aim to pave the way for more effective therapies that can alleviate the burden of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhwa Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Songhyun Ju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Insug Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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3
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Batista AF, Khan KA, Papavergi MT, Lemere CA. The Importance of Complement-Mediated Immune Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:817. [PMID: 38255891 PMCID: PMC10815224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
As an essential component of our innate immune system, the complement system is responsible for our defense against pathogens. The complement cascade has complex roles in the central nervous system (CNS), most of what we know about it stems from its role in brain development. However, in recent years, numerous reports have implicated the classical complement cascade in both brain development and decline. More specifically, complement dysfunction has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is the most common form of dementia. Synapse loss is one of the main pathological hallmarks of AD and correlates with memory impairment. Throughout the course of AD progression, synapses are tagged with complement proteins and are consequently removed by microglia that express complement receptors. Notably, astrocytes are also capable of secreting signals that induce the expression of complement proteins in the CNS. Both astrocytes and microglia are implicated in neuroinflammation, another hallmark of AD pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of previously known and newly established roles for the complement cascade in the CNS and we explore how complement interactions with microglia, astrocytes, and other risk factors such as TREM2 and ApoE4 modulate the processes of neurodegeneration in both amyloid and tau models of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F. Batista
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.F.B.); (K.A.K.); (M.-T.P.)
| | - Khyrul A. Khan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.F.B.); (K.A.K.); (M.-T.P.)
| | - Maria-Tzousi Papavergi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.F.B.); (K.A.K.); (M.-T.P.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.F.B.); (K.A.K.); (M.-T.P.)
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4
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Fominykh V, Shadrin AA, Jaholkowski PP, Bahrami S, Athanasiu L, Wightman DP, Uffelmann E, Posthuma D, Selbæk G, Dale AM, Djurovic S, Frei O, Andreassen OA. Shared genetic loci between Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis: Crossroads between neurodegeneration and immune system. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106174. [PMID: 37286172 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including immune-linked genetic variants and molecular pathways, microglia and astrocytes. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated disease with genetic and environmental risk factors and neuropathological features. There are clinical and pathobiological similarities between AD and MS. Here, we investigated shared genetic susceptibility between AD and MS to identify putative pathological mechanisms shared between neurodegeneration and the immune system. METHODS We analysed GWAS data for late-onset AD (N cases = 64,549, N controls = 634,442) and MS (N cases = 14,802, N controls = 26,703). Gaussian causal mixture modelling (MiXeR) was applied to characterise the genetic architecture and overlap between AD and MS. Local genetic correlation was investigated with Local Analysis of [co]Variant Association (LAVA). The conjunctional false discovery rate (conjFDR) framework was used to identify the specific shared genetic loci, for which functional annotation was conducted with FUMA and Open Targets. RESULTS MiXeR analysis showed comparable polygenicities for AD and MS (approximately 1800 trait-influencing variants) and genetic overlap with 20% of shared trait-influencing variants despite negligible genetic correlation (rg = 0.03), suggesting mixed directions of genetic effects across shared variants. conjFDR analysis identified 16 shared genetic loci, with 8 having concordant direction of effects in AD and MS. Annotated genes in shared loci were enriched in molecular signalling pathways involved in inflammation and the structural organisation of neurons. CONCLUSIONS Despite low global genetic correlation, the current results provide evidence for polygenic overlap between AD and MS. The shared loci between AD and MS were enriched in pathways involved in inflammation and neurodegeneration, highlighting new opportunities for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Fominykh
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Alexey A Shadrin
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Piotr P Jaholkowski
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shahram Bahrami
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Douglas P Wightman
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emil Uffelmann
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychology, Section Complex Trait Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geir Selbæk
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Vestfold Hospital Trust, Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Tonsberg, Vestfold, Norway
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental disorders, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Informatics, Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental disorders, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Andrade-Guerrero J, Santiago-Balmaseda A, Jeronimo-Aguilar P, Vargas-Rodríguez I, Cadena-Suárez AR, Sánchez-Garibay C, Pozo-Molina G, Méndez-Catalá CF, Cardenas-Aguayo MDC, Diaz-Cintra S, Pacheco-Herrero M, Luna-Muñoz J, Soto-Rojas LO. Alzheimer's Disease: An Updated Overview of Its Genetics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043754. [PMID: 36835161 PMCID: PMC9966419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. It is classified as familial and sporadic. The dominant familial or autosomal presentation represents 1-5% of the total number of cases. It is categorized as early onset (EOAD; <65 years of age) and presents genetic mutations in presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), or the Amyloid precursor protein (APP). Sporadic AD represents 95% of the cases and is categorized as late-onset (LOAD), occurring in patients older than 65 years of age. Several risk factors have been identified in sporadic AD; aging is the main one. Nonetheless, multiple genes have been associated with the different neuropathological events involved in LOAD, such as the pathological processing of Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and Tau protein, as well as synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunctions, neurovascular alterations, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, among others. Interestingly, using genome-wide association study (GWAS) technology, many polymorphisms associated with LOAD have been identified. This review aims to analyze the new genetic findings that are closely related to the pathophysiology of AD. Likewise, it analyzes the multiple mutations identified to date through GWAS that are associated with a high or low risk of developing this neurodegeneration. Understanding genetic variability will allow for the identification of early biomarkers and opportune therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Andrade-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Alberto Santiago-Balmaseda
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Paola Jeronimo-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Isaac Vargas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Ana Ruth Cadena-Suárez
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad-Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuatitlan 53150, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Garibay
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico
| | - Glustein Pozo-Molina
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Claudia Fabiola Méndez-Catalá
- Laboratorio de Genética y Oncología Molecular, Laboratorio 5, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
| | - Maria-del-Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo
- Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Sofía Diaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Mar Pacheco-Herrero
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros 51000, Dominican Republic
| | - José Luna-Muñoz
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad-Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuatitlan 53150, Edomex, Mexico
- National Brain Bank-UNPHU, Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña, Santo Domingo 1423, Dominican Republic
- Correspondence: (J.L.-M.); (L.O.S.-R.); Tel.: +52-55-45-23-41-20 (J.L.-M.); +52-55-39-37-94-30 (L.O.S.-R.)
| | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Edomex, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.L.-M.); (L.O.S.-R.); Tel.: +52-55-45-23-41-20 (J.L.-M.); +52-55-39-37-94-30 (L.O.S.-R.)
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a genetically complex and heterogeneous disorder with multifaceted neuropathological features, including β-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation. Over the past decade, emerging evidence has implicated both beneficial and pathological roles for innate immune genes and immune cells, including peripheral immune cells such as T cells, which can infiltrate the brain and either ameliorate or exacerbate AD neuropathogenesis. These findings support a neuroimmune axis of AD, in which the interplay of adaptive and innate immune systems inside and outside the brain critically impacts the etiology and pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we discuss the complexities of AD neuropathology at the levels of genetics and cellular physiology, highlighting immune signaling pathways and genes associated with AD risk and interactions among both innate and adaptive immune cells in the AD brain. We emphasize the role of peripheral immune cells in AD and the mechanisms by which immune cells, such as T cells and monocytes, influence AD neuropathology, including microglial clearance of amyloid-β peptide, the key component of β-amyloid plaque cores, pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of microglia, astrogliosis, and their interactions with the brain vasculature. Finally, we review the challenges and outlook for establishing immune-based therapies for treating and preventing AD.
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7
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Guo F, Chen D, Zong Z, Wu W, Mo C, Zheng Z, Li J, Zhang X, Xiong D. Comprehensive analysis of aberrantly expressed circRNAs, mRNAs and lncRNAs in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Lab Anal 2023; 37:e24836. [PMID: 36597889 PMCID: PMC9937882 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The location of nasopharyngeal cancer is hidden, so it is difficult to diagnose at an early stage. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression profiles of circRNAs, mRNAs and IncRNAs and to provide some basis for further studies. METHODS Expression profiles of circRNAs, mRNAs, and lncRNAs were analyzed using microarray techniques. The differentially expressed ncRNA was calculated by bioinformatics. RESULTS A total of 3048 circRNAs, 2179 lncRNAs, and 2015 mRNAs were detected to be significantly differentially expressed in NPC. The most upregulated circRNAs, lncRNAs, and mRNAs were hsa-circ-0067562, NONHSAT232922.1, and HOXB13, respectively. And, the most downregulated circRNAs, lncRNAs, and mRNAs were hsa_circ_0078837, lnc-TTC8-4:3, and LTF, respectively. The number of upregulated DE lncRNAs was more than twice than those downregulated. Our data showed that 80.44% of pairs of lncRNAs and cis-mRNAs demonstrated positive correlations. For lncRNAs and trans-mRNAs pairs, 53.7% of pairs showed positive correlation. LncRNA-mediated cis regulation is a prevalent regulatory mode in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. CR1, LRMP and SORBS2 are predicted to be mediated not only by cis-acting lncRNA modes of action, but also by trans-acting lncRNA mechanisms. Additionally, we constructed a diagnostic prediction model with a high sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION Our study characterized the landscape of circRNAs, mRNAs and lncRNAs in NPC tissue and provided novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Guo
- School of MedicineAnhui University of Science and TechnologyHuainanChina,Medical Laboratory of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Dayang Chen
- Medical Laboratory of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Zengyan Zong
- School of MedicineAnhui University of Science and TechnologyHuainanChina,Medical Laboratory of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Wei Wu
- Medical Laboratory of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Chan Mo
- Medical Laboratory of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Zhou Zheng
- Medical Laboratory of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of OtorhinolaryngologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiuming Zhang
- School of MedicineAnhui University of Science and TechnologyHuainanChina,Medical Laboratory of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Dan Xiong
- School of MedicineAnhui University of Science and TechnologyHuainanChina,Medical Laboratory of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
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8
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Zarantonello A, Revel M, Grunenwald A, Roumenina LT. C3-dependent effector functions of complement. Immunol Rev 2023; 313:120-138. [PMID: 36271889 PMCID: PMC10092904 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
C3 is the central effector molecule of the complement system, mediating its multiple functions through different binding sites and their corresponding receptors. We will introduce the C3 forms (native C3, C3 [H2 O], and intracellular C3), the C3 fragments C3a, C3b, iC3b, and C3dg/C3d, and the C3 expression sites. To highlight the important role that C3 plays in human biological processes, we will give an overview of the diseases linked to C3 deficiency and to uncontrolled C3 activation. Next, we will present a structural description of C3 activation and of the C3 fragments generated by complement regulation. We will proceed by describing the C3a interaction with the anaphylatoxin receptor, followed by the interactions of opsonins (C3b, iC3b, and C3dg/C3d) with complement receptors, divided into two groups: receptors bearing complement regulatory functions and the effector receptors without complement regulatory activity. We outline the molecular architecture of the receptors, their binding sites on the C3 activation fragments, the cells expressing them, the diversity of their functions, and recent advances. With this review, we aim to give an up-to-date analysis of the processes triggered by C3 activation fragments on different cell types in health and disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zarantonello
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Margot Revel
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Grunenwald
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lubka T Roumenina
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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9
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Cheng J, Clayton JS, Acemel RD, Zheng Y, Taylor RL, Keleş S, Franke M, Boackle SA, Harley JB, Quail E, Gómez-Skarmeta JL, Ulgiati D. Regulatory Architecture of the RCA Gene Cluster Captures an Intragenic TAD Boundary, CTCF-Mediated Chromatin Looping and a Long-Range Intergenic Enhancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:901747. [PMID: 35769482 PMCID: PMC9235356 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.901747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Regulators of Complement Activation (RCA) gene cluster comprises several tandemly arranged genes with shared functions within the immune system. RCA members, such as complement receptor 2 (CR2), are well-established susceptibility genes in complex autoimmune diseases. Altered expression of RCA genes has been demonstrated at both the functional and genetic level, but the mechanisms underlying their regulation are not fully characterised. We aimed to investigate the structural organisation of the RCA gene cluster to identify key regulatory elements that influence the expression of CR2 and other genes in this immunomodulatory region. Using 4C, we captured extensive CTCF-mediated chromatin looping across the RCA gene cluster in B cells and showed these were organised into two topologically associated domains (TADs). Interestingly, an inter-TAD boundary was located within the CR1 gene at a well-characterised segmental duplication. Additionally, we mapped numerous gene-gene and gene-enhancer interactions across the region, revealing extensive co-regulation. Importantly, we identified an intergenic enhancer and functionally demonstrated this element upregulates two RCA members (CR2 and CD55) in B cells. We have uncovered novel, long-range mechanisms whereby autoimmune disease susceptibility may be influenced by genetic variants, thus highlighting the important contribution of chromatin topology to gene regulation and complex genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Joshua S. Clayton
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Rafael D. Acemel
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ye Zheng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Rhonda L. Taylor
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia,Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Sündüz Keleş
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Martin Franke
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Susan A. Boackle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States,Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - John B. Harley
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States,US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centre, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Elizabeth Quail
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia,School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - José Luis Gómez-Skarmeta
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Daniela Ulgiati
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia,*Correspondence: Daniela Ulgiati,
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10
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Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Favorable Cellular Target to Ameliorate Alzheimer’s Pathogenesis. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:6052932. [PMID: 35693110 PMCID: PMC9184163 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6052932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells serve as molecular sensors of the brain that play a role in physiological and pathological conditions. Under normal physiology, microglia are primarily responsible for regulating central nervous system homeostasis through the phagocytic clearance of redundant protein aggregates, apoptotic cells, damaged neurons, and synapses. Furthermore, microglial cells can promote and mitigate amyloid β phagocytosis and tau phosphorylation. Dysregulation of the microglial programming alters cellular morphology, molecular signaling, and secretory inflammatory molecules that contribute to various neurodegenerative disorders especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Furthermore, microglia are considered primary sources of inflammatory molecules and can induce or regulate a broad spectrum of cellular responses. Interestingly, in AD, microglia play a double-edged role in disease progression; for instance, the detrimental microglial effects increase in AD while microglial beneficiary mechanisms are jeopardized. Depending on the disease stages, microglial cells are expressed differently, which may open new avenues for AD therapy. However, the disease-related role of microglial cells and their receptors in the AD brain remain unclear. Therefore, this review represents the role of microglial cells and their involvement in AD pathogenesis.
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11
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Revuelta M, Urrutia J, Villarroel A, Casis O. Microglia-Mediated Inflammation and Neural Stem Cell Differentiation in Alzheimer's Disease: Possible Therapeutic Role of K V1.3 Channel Blockade. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:868842. [PMID: 35530176 PMCID: PMC9070300 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.868842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increase of deposits of amyloid β peptides in the extracellular matrix is landmark during Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) due to the imbalance in the production vs. clearance. This accumulation of amyloid β deposits triggers microglial activation. Microglia plays a dual role in AD, a protective role by clearing the deposits of amyloid β peptides increasing the phagocytic response (CD163, IGF-1 or BDNF) and a cytotoxic role, releasing free radicals (ROS or NO) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) in response to reactive gliosis activated by the amyloid β aggregates. Microglia activation correlated with an increase KV1.3 channels expression, protein levels and current density. Several studies highlight the importance of KV1.3 in the activation of inflammatory response and inhibition of neural progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. However, little is known about the pathways of this activation in neural stem cells differentiation and proliferation and the role in amyloid β accumulation. In recent studies using in vitro cells derived from mice models, it has been demonstrated that KV1.3 blockers inhibit microglia-mediated neurotoxicity in culture reducing the expression and production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α through the NF-kB and p38MAPK pathway. Overall, we conclude that KV1.3 blockers change the course of AD development, reducing microglial cytotoxic activation and increasing neural stem cell differentiation. However, further investigations are needed to establish the specific pathway and to validate the use of this blocker as therapeutic treatment in Alzheimer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Revuelta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Janire Urrutia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Alvaro Villarroel
- Instituto Biofisika, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Oscar Casis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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12
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Torvell M, Carpanini SM, Daskoulidou N, Byrne RAJ, Sims R, Morgan BP. Genetic Insights into the Impact of Complement in Alzheimer's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1990. [PMID: 34946939 PMCID: PMC8702080 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of complement activation products at sites of pathology in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains is well known. Recent evidence from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), combined with the demonstration that complement activation is pivotal in synapse loss in AD, strongly implicates complement in disease aetiology. Genetic variations in complement genes are widespread. While most variants individually have only minor effects on complement homeostasis, the combined effects of variants in multiple complement genes, referred to as the "complotype", can have major effects. In some diseases, the complotype highlights specific parts of the complement pathway involved in disease, thereby pointing towards a mechanism; however, this is not the case with AD. Here we review the complement GWAS hits; CR1 encoding complement receptor 1 (CR1), CLU encoding clusterin, and a suggestive association of C1S encoding the enzyme C1s, and discuss difficulties in attributing the AD association in these genes to complement function. A better understanding of complement genetics in AD might facilitate predictive genetic screening tests and enable the development of simple diagnostic tools and guide the future use of anti-complement drugs, of which several are currently in development for central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Torvell
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (M.T.); (S.M.C.); (N.D.); (R.A.J.B.)
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sarah M. Carpanini
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (M.T.); (S.M.C.); (N.D.); (R.A.J.B.)
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Nikoleta Daskoulidou
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (M.T.); (S.M.C.); (N.D.); (R.A.J.B.)
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Robert A. J. Byrne
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (M.T.); (S.M.C.); (N.D.); (R.A.J.B.)
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rebecca Sims
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK;
| | - B. Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute Cardiff, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (M.T.); (S.M.C.); (N.D.); (R.A.J.B.)
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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13
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Deep post-GWAS analysis identifies potential risk genes and risk variants for Alzheimer's disease, providing new insights into its disease mechanisms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20511. [PMID: 34654853 PMCID: PMC8519945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a genetically complex, multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. It affects more than 45 million people worldwide and currently remains untreatable. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many AD-associated common variants, only about 25 genes are currently known to affect the risk of developing AD, despite its highly polygenic nature. Moreover, the risk variants underlying GWAS AD-association signals remain unknown. Here, we describe a deep post-GWAS analysis of AD-associated variants, using an integrated computational framework for predicting both disease genes and their risk variants. We identified 342 putative AD risk genes in 203 risk regions spanning 502 AD-associated common variants. 246 AD risk genes have not been identified as AD risk genes by previous GWAS collected in GWAS catalogs, and 115 of 342 AD risk genes are outside the risk regions, likely under the regulation of transcriptional regulatory elements contained therein. Even more significantly, for 109 AD risk genes, we predicted 150 risk variants, of both coding and regulatory (in promoters or enhancers) types, and 85 (57%) of them are supported by functional annotation. In-depth functional analyses showed that AD risk genes were overrepresented in AD-related pathways or GO terms—e.g., the complement and coagulation cascade and phosphorylation and activation of immune response—and their expression was relatively enriched in microglia, endothelia, and pericytes of the human brain. We found nine AD risk genes—e.g., IL1RAP, PMAIP1, LAMTOR4—as predictors for the prognosis of AD survival and genes such as ARL6IP5 with altered network connectivity between AD patients and normal individuals involved in AD progression. Our findings open new strategies for developing therapeutics targeting AD risk genes or risk variants to influence AD pathogenesis.
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14
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Panitch R, Hu J, Chung J, Zhu C, Meng G, Xia W, Bennett DA, Lunetta KL, Ikezu T, Au R, Stein TD, Farrer LA, Jun GR. Integrative brain transcriptome analysis links complement component 4 and HSPA2 to the APOE ε2 protective effect in Alzheimer disease. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6054-6064. [PMID: 34480088 PMCID: PMC8758485 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying the protective effect of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε2 against Alzheimer disease (AD) are not well understood. We analyzed gene expression data derived from autopsied brains donated by 982 individuals including 135 APOE ɛ2/ɛ3 carriers. Complement pathway genes C4A and C4B were among the most significantly differentially expressed genes between ɛ2/ɛ3 AD cases and controls. We also identified an APOE ε2/ε3 AD-specific co-expression network enriched for astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells containing the genes C4A, C4B, and HSPA2. These genes were significantly associated with the ratio of phosphorylated tau at position 231 to total Tau but not with amyloid-β 42 level, suggesting this APOE ɛ2 related co-expression network may primarily be involved with tau pathology. HSPA2 expression was oligodendrocyte-specific and significantly associated with C4B protein. Our findings provide the first evidence of a crucial role of the complement pathway in the protective effect of APOE ε2 for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Panitch
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Junming Hu
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaeyoon Chung
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Congcong Zhu
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gaoyuan Meng
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Weiming Xia
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rhoda Au
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thor D Stein
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gyungah R Jun
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Preeti K, Sood A, Fernandes V. Metabolic Regulation of Glia and Their Neuroinflammatory Role in Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2527-2551. [PMID: 34515874 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-related neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized clinically by progressive memory loss and impaired cognitive function. Its progression occurs from neuronal synapse loss to amyloid pathology and Tau deposit which eventually leads to the compromised neuronal function. Neurons in central nervous tissue work in a composite and intricate network with the glia and vascular cells. Microglia and astrocytes are becoming the prime focus due to their involvement in various aspects of neurophysiology, such as trophic support to neurons, synaptic modulation, and brain surveillance. AD is also often considered as the sequela of prolonged metabolic dyshomeostasis. The neuron and glia have different metabolic profiles as cytosolic glycolysis and mitochondrial-dependent oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), especially under dyshomeostasis or with aging pertaining to their unique genetic built-up. Various efforts are being put in to decipher the role of mitochondrial dynamics regarding their trafficking, fission/fusion imbalance, and mitophagy spanning over both neurons and glia to improve aging-related brain health. The mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to activation in various signaling mechanisms causing metabolic reprogramming in glia cells, further accelerating AD-related pathogenic events. The glycolytic-dominant astrocytes switch to the neurotoxic phenotype, i.e., disease-associated astrocyte under metabolic stress. The microglia also transform from resting to reactive phenotype, i.e., disease-associated microglia. It may also exist in otherwise a misconception an M1, glycolytic, or M2, an OXPHOS-dependent phenotype. Further, glial transformation plays a vital role in regulating hallmarks of AD pathologies like synapse maintenance, amyloid, and Tau clearance. In this updated review, we have tried to emphasize the metabolic regulation of glial reactivity, mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, and their neuroinflammatory response in Alzheimer's progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Preeti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
| | - Anika Sood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Valencia Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
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16
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Woo E, Sansing LH, Arnsten AFT, Datta D. Chronic Stress Weakens Connectivity in the Prefrontal Cortex: Architectural and Molecular Changes. CHRONIC STRESS 2021; 5:24705470211029254. [PMID: 34485797 PMCID: PMC8408896 DOI: 10.1177/24705470211029254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to uncontrollable stress causes loss of spines and dendrites in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a recently evolved brain region that provides top-down regulation of thought, action, and emotion. PFC neurons generate top-down goals through recurrent excitatory connections on spines. This persistent firing is the foundation for higher cognition, including working memory, and abstract thought. However, exposure to acute uncontrollable stress drives high levels of catecholamine release in the PFC, which activates feedforward calcium-cAMP signaling pathways to open nearby potassium channels, rapidly weakening synaptic connectivity to reduce persistent firing. Chronic stress exposures can further exacerbate these signaling events leading to loss of spines and resulting in marked cognitive impairment. In this review, we discuss how stress signaling mechanisms can lead to spine loss, including changes to BDNF-mTORC1 signaling, calcium homeostasis, actin dynamics, and mitochondrial actions that engage glial removal of spines through inflammatory signaling. Stress signaling events may be amplified in PFC spines due to cAMP magnification of internal calcium release. As PFC dendritic spine loss is a feature of many cognitive disorders, understanding how stress affects the structure and function of the PFC will help to inform strategies for treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Woo
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lauren H Sansing
- Department of Neurology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amy F T Arnsten
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dibyadeep Datta
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA
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17
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Li K, Fu Z, Qi S, Luo X, Zeng Q, Xu X, Huang P, Zhang M, Calhoun VD. Polygenic Hazard Score Associated Multimodal Brain Networks Along the Alzheimer's Disease Continuum. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:725246. [PMID: 34539385 PMCID: PMC8446666 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.725246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a polygenic neurodegenerative disease. Identifying the neuroimaging phenotypes behind the genetic predisposition of AD is critical to the understanding of AD pathogenesis. Two major questions which previous studies have led to are: (1) should the general "polygenic hazard score" (PHS) be a good choice to identify the individual genetic risk for AD; and (2) should researchers also include inter-modality relationships in the analyses considering these may provide complementary information about the AD etiology. METHODS We collected 88 healthy controls, 77 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 22 AD patients to simulate the AD continuum included from the ADNI database. PHS-guided multimodal fusion was used to investigate the impact of PHS on multimodal brain networks in AD-continuum by maximizing both inter-modality association and reference-modality correlation. Fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations, gray matter (GM) volume, and amyloid standard uptake value ratios were included as neuroimaging features. Eventually, the changes in neuroimaging features along AD continuum were investigated, and relationships between cognitive performance and identified PHS associated multimodal components were established. RESULTS We found that PHS was associated with multimodal brain networks, which showed different functional and structural impairments under increased amyloid deposits. Notably, along with AD progression, functional impairment occurred before GM atrophy, amyloid deposition started from the MCI stage and progressively increased throughout the disease continuum. CONCLUSION PHS is associated with multi-facets of brain impairments along the AD continuum, including cognitive dysfunction, pathological deposition, which might underpin the AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaicheng Li
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia State University, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zening Fu
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia State University, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Shile Qi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingze Zeng
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopei Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiyu Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minming Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia State University, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Computer Science, Neuroscience Institute, and Physics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
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18
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Hanas JS, Hocker JRS, Vannarath CA, Lerner MR, Blair SG, Lightfoot SA, Hanas RJ, Couch JR, Hershey LA. Distinguishing Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Biochemical Phenotype Analysis Using a Novel Serum Profiling Platform: Potential Involvement of the VWF/ADAMTS13 Axis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050583. [PMID: 33946285 PMCID: PMC8145311 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to develop minimally invasive biomarker platforms to help in the identification and monitoring of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Assisting in the understanding of biochemical mechanisms as well as identifying potential novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets would be an added benefit of such platforms. This study utilizes a simplified and novel serum profiling platform, using mass spectrometry (MS), to help distinguish AD patient groups (mild and moderate) and controls, as well as to aid in understanding of biochemical phenotypes and possible disease development. A comparison of discriminating sera mass peaks between AD patients and control individuals was performed using leave one [serum sample] out cross validation (LOOCV) combined with a novel peak classification valuation (PCV) procedure. LOOCV/PCV was able to distinguish significant sera mass peak differences between a group of mild AD patients and control individuals with a p value of 10-13. This value became non-significant (p = 0.09) when the same sera samples were randomly allocated between the two groups and reanalyzed by LOOCV/PCV. This is indicative of physiological group differences in the original true-pathology binary group comparison. Similarities and differences between AD patients and traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients were also discernable using this novel LOOCV/PCV platform. MS/MS peptide analysis was performed on serum mass peaks comparing mild AD patients with control individuals. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that cell pathways/biochemical phenotypes affected in AD include those involving neuronal cell death, vasculature, neurogenesis, and AD/dementia/amyloidosis. Inflammation, autoimmunity, autophagy, and blood-brain barrier pathways also appear to be relevant to AD. An impaired VWF/ADAMTS13 vasculature axis with connections to F8 (factor VIII) and LRP1 and NOTCH1 was indicated and is proposed to be important in AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S. Hanas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.S.H.); (C.A.V.); (R.J.H.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.R.L.); (S.G.B.)
- Veterans Administration Hospital, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - James R. S. Hocker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.S.H.); (C.A.V.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Christian A. Vannarath
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.S.H.); (C.A.V.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Megan R. Lerner
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.R.L.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Scott G. Blair
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.R.L.); (S.G.B.)
| | | | - Rushie J. Hanas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.S.H.); (C.A.V.); (R.J.H.)
| | - James R. Couch
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.C.); (L.A.H.)
| | - Linda A. Hershey
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.R.C.); (L.A.H.)
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19
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Patel D, Zhang X, Farrell JJ, Chung J, Stein TD, Lunetta KL, Farrer LA. Cell-type-specific expression quantitative trait loci associated with Alzheimer disease in blood and brain tissue. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:250. [PMID: 33907181 PMCID: PMC8079392 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01373-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Because regulation of gene expression is heritable and context-dependent, we investigated AD-related gene expression patterns in cell types in blood and brain. Cis-expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping was performed genome-wide in blood from 5257 Framingham Heart Study (FHS) participants and in brain donated by 475 Religious Orders Study/Memory & Aging Project (ROSMAP) participants. The association of gene expression with genotypes for all cis SNPs within 1 Mb of genes was evaluated using linear regression models for unrelated subjects and linear-mixed models for related subjects. Cell-type-specific eQTL (ct-eQTL) models included an interaction term for the expression of "proxy" genes that discriminate particular cell type. Ct-eQTL analysis identified 11,649 and 2533 additional significant gene-SNP eQTL pairs in brain and blood, respectively, that were not detected in generic eQTL analysis. Of note, 386 unique target eGenes of significant eQTLs shared between blood and brain were enriched in apoptosis and Wnt signaling pathways. Five of these shared genes are established AD loci. The potential importance and relevance to AD of significant results in myeloid cell types is supported by the observation that a large portion of GWS ct-eQTLs map within 1 Mb of established AD loci and 58% (23/40) of the most significant eGenes in these eQTLs have previously been implicated in AD. This study identified cell-type-specific expression patterns for established and potentially novel AD genes, found additional evidence for the role of myeloid cells in AD risk, and discovered potential novel blood and brain AD biomarkers that highlight the importance of cell-type-specific analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanshi Patel
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John J Farrell
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaeyoon Chung
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thor D Stein
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Neuroinflammation and Hypothalamo-Pituitary Dysfunction: Focus of Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052686. [PMID: 33799967 PMCID: PMC7961958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has increased over the last years with an important impact on public health. Many preclinical and clinical studies identified multiple and heterogeneous TBI-related pathophysiological mechanisms that are responsible for functional, cognitive, and behavioral alterations. Recent evidence has suggested that post-TBI neuroinflammation is responsible for several long-term clinical consequences, including hypopituitarism. This review aims to summarize current evidence on TBI-induced neuroinflammation and its potential role in determining hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunctions.
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21
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Baidya F, Bohra M, Datta A, Sarmah D, Shah B, Jagtap P, Raut S, Sarkar A, Singh U, Kalia K, Borah A, Wang X, Dave KR, Yavagal DR, Bhattacharya P. Neuroimmune crosstalk and evolving pharmacotherapies in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology 2021; 162:160-178. [PMID: 32939758 PMCID: PMC7808166 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is characterized by gradual onset and limited availability of specific biomarkers. Apart from various aetiologies such as infection, trauma, genetic mutation, the interaction between the immune system and CNS is widely associated with neuronal damage in neurodegenerative diseases. The immune system plays a distinct role in disease progression and cellular homeostasis. It induces cellular and humoral responses, and enables tissue repair, cellular healing and clearance of cellular detritus. Aberrant and chronic activation of the immune system can damage healthy neurons. The pro-inflammatory mediators secreted by chief innate immune components, the complement system, microglia and inflammasome can augment cytotoxicity. Furthermore, these inflammatory mediators accelerate microglial activation resulting in progressive neuronal loss. Various animal studies have been carried out to unravel the complex pathology and ascertain biomarkers for these harmful diseases, but have had limited success. The present review will provide a thorough understanding of microglial activation, complement system and inflammasome generation, which lead the healthy brain towards neurodegeneration. In addition to this, possible targets of immune components to confer a strategic treatment regime for the alleviation of neuronal damage are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Baidya
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Mariya Bohra
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Aishika Datta
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Birva Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Priya Jagtap
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Swapnil Raut
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Ankan Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Upasna Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Anupom Borah
- Department of Life Science and BioinformaticsAssam UniversitySilcharAssamIndia
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Dileep R. Yavagal
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
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22
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Calabrò M, Rinaldi C, Santoro G, Crisafulli C. The biological pathways of Alzheimer disease: a review. AIMS Neurosci 2020; 8:86-132. [PMID: 33490374 PMCID: PMC7815481 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2021005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, mainly affecting older people, which severely impairs patients' quality of life. In the recent years, the number of affected individuals has seen a rapid increase. It is estimated that up to 107 million subjects will be affected by 2050 worldwide. Research in this area has revealed a lot about the biological and environmental underpinnings of Alzheimer, especially its correlation with β-Amyloid and Tau related mechanics; however, the precise molecular events and biological pathways behind the disease are yet to be discovered. In this review, we focus our attention on the biological mechanics that may lie behind Alzheimer development. In particular, we briefly describe the genetic elements and discuss about specific biological processes potentially associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Concetta Crisafulli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy
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23
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Lewcock JW, Schlepckow K, Di Paolo G, Tahirovic S, Monroe KM, Haass C. Emerging Microglia Biology Defines Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuron 2020; 108:801-821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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24
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Wang H, Shen Y, Chuang H, Chiu C, Ye Y, Zhao L. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: Microglia, Molecular Participants and Therapeutic Choices. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:659-674. [PMID: 31580243 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190503151648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the world's most common dementing illness. It is pathologically characterized by β-amyloid accumulation, extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles formation, and neuronal necrosis and apoptosis. Neuroinflammation has been widely recognized as a crucial process that participates in AD pathogenesis. In this review, we briefly summarized the involvement of microglia in the neuroinflammatory process of Alzheimer's disease. Its roles in the AD onset and progression are also discussed. Numerous molecules, including interleukins, tumor necrosis factor alpha, chemokines, inflammasomes, participate in the complex process of AD-related neuroinflammation and they are selectively discussed in this review. In the end of this paper from an inflammation- related perspective, we discussed some potential therapeutic choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yin Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haoyu Chuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tainan Municipal An-Nan Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Bei-Gang Hospital, Yun-Lin, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chengdi Chiu
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Youfan Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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25
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Role of Microglia in Modulating Adult Neurogenesis in Health and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186875. [PMID: 32961703 PMCID: PMC7555074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain, constituting the powerhouse of brain innate immunity. They originate from hematopoietic precursors that infiltrate the developing brain during different stages of embryogenesis, acquiring a phenotype characterized by the presence of dense ramifications. Microglial cells play key roles in maintaining brain homeostasis and regulating brain immune responses. They continuously scan and sense the brain environment to detect any occurring changes. Upon detection of a signal related to physiological or pathological processes, the cells are activated and transform to an amoeboid-like phenotype, mounting adequate responses that range from phagocytosis to secretion of inflammatory and trophic factors. The overwhelming evidence suggests that microglia are crucially implicated in influencing neuronal proliferation and differentiation, as well as synaptic connections, and thereby cognitive and behavioral functions. Here, we review the role of microglia in adult neurogenesis under physiological conditions, and how this role is affected in neurodegenerative diseases.
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26
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Kretzschmar GC, Antoniazzi AAH, Oliveira LC, Nisihara RM, Petzl-Erler ML, de Souza RLR, Boldt ABW. First Report of CR1 Polymorphisms and Soluble CR1 Levels Associated with Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD) in Latin America. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1338-1344. [PMID: 32388800 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The CR1 gene has been widely studied in Alzheimer's disease (AD), since its first association with the disease in 2009. Even after 11 years of this discovery, the role of this gene in AD has not yet been fully elucidated and the association of its variants was not validated in Latin American populations. We genotyped five CR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs rs6656401, rs3849266, rs2274567, rs4844610, and rs12034383) in up to 162 AD patients and 137 controls through PCR-SSP and iPLEX MassARRAY Platform (Sequenom), and measured soluble CR1 (sCR1) levels in plasma of 40 AD patients and 39 controls with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Homozygosity for haplotype rs3849266*C_rs2274567*A (CA/CA genotype) was associated with susceptibility to AD (OR = 2.94, p = 0.018). Patients presented higher sCR1 levels in plasma than controls (p = 0.038). Furthermore, patients that carry the rs2274567*G allele (p.1208Arg) presented higher sCR1 levels than A/A (p.1208His/His) homozygotes (p = 0.036). This is the first study to validate the association of CR1 polymorphisms with late-onset Alzheimer's disease, as well as to evaluate sCR1 levels in a Latin American population. SNPs present in the regulatory and coding regions of this gene may be playing a key role in the observed association, probably by interfering in Aβ plaques clearance. Inhibition may be due to the increase in local sCR1 levels observed in patients, which may result from polymorphisms leading to larger isoforms of CR1 and/or structural alterations of the protein that makes it less functional, as well as increased vesiculation of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Canalli Kretzschmar
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, 19071, Curitiba, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Angela Adriane Hanel Antoniazzi
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, 19071, Curitiba, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Luana Caroline Oliveira
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, 19071, Curitiba, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Renato Mitsunori Nisihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Pathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, 19071, Curitiba, 81531-980, Brazil
| | | | - Angelica Beate Winter Boldt
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, 19071, Curitiba, 81531-980, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Pathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
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27
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Kim DK, Han D, Park J, Choi H, Park JC, Cha MY, Woo J, Byun MS, Lee DY, Kim Y, Mook-Jung I. Deep proteome profiling of the hippocampus in the 5XFAD mouse model reveals biological process alterations and a novel biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-17. [PMID: 31727875 PMCID: PMC6856180 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0326-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is the most common type of dementia, is characterized by the deposition of extracellular amyloid plaques. To understand the pathophysiology of the AD brain, the assessment of global proteomic dynamics is required. Since the hippocampus is a major region affected in the AD brain, we performed hippocampal analysis and identified proteins that are differentially expressed between wild-type and 5XFAD model mice via LC-MS methods. To reveal the relationship between proteomic changes and the progression of amyloid plaque deposition in the hippocampus, we analyzed the hippocampal proteome at two ages (5 and 10 months). We identified 9,313 total proteins and 1411 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in 5- and 10-month-old wild-type and 5XFAD mice. We designated a group of proteins showing the same pattern of changes as amyloid beta (Aβ) as the Aβ-responsive proteome. In addition, we examined potential biomarkers by investigating secretory proteins from the Aβ-responsive proteome. Consequently, we identified vitamin K-dependent protein S (PROS1) as a novel microglia-derived biomarker candidate in the hippocampus of 5XFAD mice. Moreover, we confirmed that the PROS1 level in the serum of 5XFAD mice increases as the disease progresses. An increase in PROS1 is also observed in the sera of AD patients and shows a close correlation with AD neuroimaging markers in humans. Therefore, our quantitative proteome data obtained from 5XFAD model mice successfully predicted AD-related biological alterations and suggested a novel protein biomarker for AD. A protein newly implicated in Alzheimer’s disease could serve as a diagnostic biomarker or therapeutic target. A team led by Youngsoo Kim and Inhee Mook-Jung from Seoul National University, South Korea, analyzed all the proteins expressed in the hippocampus, the brain’s memory center, in mice with and without Alzheimer’s-like disease. They identified more than 1,400 proteins differentially expressed between the mouse model of Alzheimer’s and the normal mice. Among these were 36 secretory proteins that tended to increase their levels along with build-up of amyloid-beta, the protein found in clumps in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s. Many already had known links to Alzheimer’s, but the researchers also identified a novel protein called PROS1. Blood samples from Alzheimer’s patients also showed an increase in PROS1 levels, with a close correlation with amyloid-beta build-up in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kyu Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Proteomics Core Facility, Transdisciplinary Research and Collaboration, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joonho Park
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, College of Engineering, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Choi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon-Yong Cha
- LG Chem Life Science R&D Campus, Drug Discovery Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongmin Woo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, College of Engineering, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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28
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Dinet V, Petry KG, Badaut J. Brain-Immune Interactions and Neuroinflammation After Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1178. [PMID: 31780883 PMCID: PMC6861304 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the principal cause of death and disability in children and young adults. Clinical and preclinical research efforts have been carried out to understand the acute, life-threatening pathophysiological events happening after TBI. In the past few years, however, it was recognized that TBI causes significant morbidity weeks, months, or years after the initial injury, thereby contributing substantially to the overall burden of TBI and the decrease of life expectancy in these patients. Long-lasting sequels of TBI include cognitive decline/dementia, sensory-motor dysfunction, and psychiatric disorders, and most important for patients is the need for socio-economic rehabilitation affecting their quality of life. Cerebrovascular alterations have been described during the first week after TBI for direct consequence development of neuroinflammatory process in relation to brain edema. Within the brain-immune interactions, the complement system, which is a family of blood and cell surface proteins, participates in the pathophysiology process. In fact, the complement system is part of the primary defense and clearance component of innate and adaptive immune response. In this review, the complement activation after TBI will be described in relation to the activation of the microglia and astrocytes as well as the blood-brain barrier dysfunction during the first week after the injury. Considering the neuroinflammatory activity as a causal element of neurological handicaps, some major parallel lines of complement activity in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer pathologies with regard to cognitive impairment will be discussed for chronic TBI. A better understanding of the role of complement activation could facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Dinet
- INSERM U1029, Angiogenesis and Neuroinflammation Group, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Klaus G. Petry
- INSERM U1029, Angiogenesis and Neuroinflammation Group, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, Brain molecular Imaging Team, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
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29
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Nizami S, Hall‐Roberts H, Warrier S, Cowley SA, Di Daniel E. Microglial inflammation and phagocytosis in Alzheimer's disease: Potential therapeutic targets. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3515-3532. [PMID: 30740661 PMCID: PMC6715590 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the largest unmet medical needs is a disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, the role of microglia in disease, particularly AD, has gained great interest, following the identification of several disease risk-associated genes that are highly expressed in microglia. Microglia play a critical homeostatic role in the brain, with neuroinflammatory and phagocytic mechanisms being of particular importance. Here, we review the role of NLRP3, the complement system, and the triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) in modulating microglial functions. We have reviewed the targets, their molecular pathways and the therapeutic interventions aimed at modulating these targets, in the hope of discovering a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of AD. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohaib Nizami
- Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Hazel Hall‐Roberts
- Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sharat Warrier
- Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sally A. Cowley
- James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of PathologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Elena Di Daniel
- Alzheimer's Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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30
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Shi Y, Holtzman DM. Interplay between innate immunity and Alzheimer disease: APOE and TREM2 in the spotlight. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 18:759-772. [PMID: 30140051 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is more than a pure proteopathy. Chronic neuroinflammation stands out during the pathogenesis of the disease and in turn modulates disease progression. The central nervous system (CNS) is separated from the blood circulation by the blood-brain barrier. In Alzheimer disease, neuroinflammation heavily relies on innate immune responses that are primarily mediated by CNS-resident microglia. APOE (which encodes apolipoprotein E) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease, and APOE was recently shown to affect the disease in part through its immunomodulatory function. This function of APOE is likely linked to triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), which is expressed by microglia in the CNS. Here, we review the rapidly growing literature on the role of disease-associated microglia, TREM2 and APOE in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease and present an integrated view of innate immune function in Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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31
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Rana P, Franco EF, Rao Y, Syed K, Barh D, Azevedo V, Ramos RTJ, Ghosh P. Evaluation of the Common Molecular Basis in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3730. [PMID: 31366155 PMCID: PMC6695669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative disorders related to aging. Though several risk factors are shared between these two diseases, the exact relationship between them is still unknown. In this paper, we analyzed how these two diseases relate to each other from the genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic viewpoints. Using an extensive literature mining, we first accumulated the list of genes from major genome-wide association (GWAS) studies. Based on these GWAS studies, we observed that only one gene (HLA-DRB5) was shared between AD and PD. A subsequent literature search identified a few other genes involved in these two diseases, among which SIRT1 seemed to be the most prominent one. While we listed all the miRNAs that have been previously reported for AD and PD separately, we found only 15 different miRNAs that were reported in both diseases. In order to get better insights, we predicted the gene co-expression network for both AD and PD using network analysis algorithms applied to two GEO datasets. The network analysis revealed six clusters of genes related to AD and four clusters of genes related to PD; however, there was very low functional similarity between these clusters, pointing to insignificant similarity between AD and PD even at the level of affected biological processes. Finally, we postulated the putative epigenetic regulator modules that are common to AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratip Rana
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Edian F Franco
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem-PA 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Yug Rao
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Khajamoinuddin Syed
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal 721172, India
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rommel T J Ramos
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem-PA 66075-110, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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32
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Hu Y, Li M, Lu Q, Weng H, Wang J, Zekavat SM, Yu Z, Li B, Gu J, Muchnik S, Shi Y, Kunkle BW, Mukherjee S, Natarajan P, Naj A, Kuzma A, Zhao Y, Crane PK, Lu H, Zhao H. A statistical framework for cross-tissue transcriptome-wide association analysis. Nat Genet 2019; 51:568-576. [PMID: 30804563 PMCID: PMC6788740 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome-wide association analysis is a powerful approach to studying the genetic architecture of complex traits. A key component of this approach is to build a model to impute gene expression levels from genotypes by using samples with matched genotypes and gene expression data in a given tissue. However, it is challenging to develop robust and accurate imputation models with a limited sample size for any single tissue. Here, we first introduce a multi-task learning method to jointly impute gene expression in 44 human tissues. Compared with single-tissue methods, our approach achieved an average of 39% improvement in imputation accuracy and generated effective imputation models for an average of 120% more genes. We describe a summary-statistic-based testing framework that combines multiple single-tissue associations into a powerful metric to quantify the overall gene-trait association. We applied our method, called UTMOST (unified test for molecular signatures), to multiple genome-wide-association results and demonstrate its advantages over single-tissue strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Hu
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qiongshi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Haoyi Weng
- Division of Biostatistics, The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Seyedeh M Zekavat
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhaolong Yu
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Boyang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jianlei Gu
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sydney Muchnik
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian W Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam Naj
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistic, and the Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda Kuzma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hui Lu
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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33
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Sapkota S, Dixon RA. A Network of Genetic Effects on Non-Demented Cognitive Aging: Alzheimer's Genetic Risk (CLU + CR1 + PICALM) Intensifies Cognitive Aging Genetic Risk (COMT + BDNF) Selectively for APOEɛ4 Carriers. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:887-900. [PMID: 29480189 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trajectories of complex neurocognitive phenotypes in preclinical aging may be produced differentially through selective and interactive combinations of genetic risk. OBJECTIVE We organize three possible combinations into a "network" of genetic risk indices derived from polymorphisms associated with normal and impaired cognitive aging, as well as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specifically, we assemble and examine three genetic clusters relevant to non-demented cognitive trajectories: 1) Apolipoprotein E (APOE), 2) a Cognitive Aging Genetic Risk Score (CA-GRS; Catechol-O-methyltransferase + Brain-derived neurotrophic factor), and 3) an AD-Genetic Risk Score (AD-GRS; Clusterin + Complement receptor 1 + Phosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly protein). METHOD We use an accelerated longitudinal design (n = 634; age range = 55-95 years) to test whether AD-GRS (low versus high) moderates the effect of increasing CA-GRS risk on executive function (EF) performance and change as stratified by APOE status (ɛ4+ versus ɛ4-). RESULTS APOEɛ4 carriers with high AD-GRS had poorer EF performance at the centering age (75 years) and steeper 9-year decline with increasing CA-GRS but this association was not present in APOEɛ4 carriers with low AD-GRS. CONCLUSIONS APOEɛ4 carriers with high AD-GRS are at elevated risk of cognitive decline when they also possess higher CA-GRS risk. Genetic risk from both common cognitive aging and AD-related indices may interact in intensification networks to differentially predict (1) level and trajectories of EF decline and (2) potential selective vulnerability for transitions into impairment and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Sapkota
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Roger A Dixon
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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34
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Liu S, Suzuki H, Ito H, Korenaga T, Akatsu H, Meno K, Uchida K. Serum levels of proteins involved in amyloid-β clearance are related to cognitive decline and neuroimaging changes in mild cognitive impairment. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2019; 11:85-97. [PMID: 30671532 PMCID: PMC6335589 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance is important for damage prevention in Alzheimer's disease. We investigated the utility of Aβ clearance proteins as biomarkers for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods Serum apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, compliment protein C3 (C3), transthyretin, and cholesterol levels were measured in 273 subjects, and we analyzed the relationship between these levels and brain atrophy and cerebral blood flow in 63 clinically diagnosed mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and nondemented disease control subjects. Results ApoA-I and transthyretin levels and the active form of C3:native form of C3 ratio achieved an area under the curve of 0.89 (sensitivity: 83%, specificity: 90%) for detecting late mild cognitive impairment. Atrophy was associated with decreased apoA-I and high-density lipoprotein levels. Subjects with reduced cerebral blood flow had lower levels of active form of C3, apoA-I, high-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol. Low native form of C3 and high active form of C3 levels were found in the hippocampi of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Discussion Aβ clearance proteins in the serum are potential biomarkers for mild cognitive impairment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Department of Molecular Biological Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Tsukuba Industrial Liaison and Cooperative Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Suzuki
- Tsukuba Industrial Liaison and Cooperative Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Research Division, MCBI. Inc., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ito
- Tsukuba Industrial Liaison and Cooperative Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Research Division, MCBI. Inc., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tatsumi Korenaga
- Tsukuba Industrial Liaison and Cooperative Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Research Division, MCBI. Inc., Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Kohji Meno
- Tsukuba Industrial Liaison and Cooperative Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Research Division, MCBI. Inc., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Uchida
- Department of Molecular Biological Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Tsukuba Industrial Liaison and Cooperative Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-29-853-3210; Fax: +81-50-3730-7456.
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35
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Anderson SR, Vetter ML. Developmental roles of microglia: A window into mechanisms of disease. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:98-117. [PMID: 30444278 PMCID: PMC6328295 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are engineers of the central nervous system (CNS) both in health and disease. In addition to the canonical immunological roles of clearing damaging entities and limiting the spread of toxicity and death, microglia remodel the CNS throughout life. While they have been extensively studied in disease and injury, due to their highly variable functions, their precise role in these contexts still remains uncertain. Over the past decade, we have greatly expanded our understanding of microglial function, including their essential homeostatic roles during development. Here, we review these developmental roles, identify parallels in disease, and speculate whether developmental mechanisms re-emerge in disease and injury. Developmental Dynamics 248:98-117, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Anderson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Monica L Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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36
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Bachiller S, Jiménez-Ferrer I, Paulus A, Yang Y, Swanberg M, Deierborg T, Boza-Serrano A. Microglia in Neurological Diseases: A Road Map to Brain-Disease Dependent-Inflammatory Response. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:488. [PMID: 30618635 PMCID: PMC6305407 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia represent a specialized population of macrophages-like cells in the central nervous system (CNS) considered immune sentinels that are capable of orchestrating a potent inflammatory response. Microglia are also involved in synaptic organization, trophic neuronal support during development, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in the developing brain, myelin turnover, control of neuronal excitability, phagocytic debris removal as well as brain protection and repair. Microglial response is pathology dependent and affects to immune, metabolic. In this review, we will shed light on microglial activation depending on the disease context and the influence of factors such as aging, environment or cell-to-cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bachiller
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Itzia Jiménez-Ferrer
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Agnes Paulus
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Swanberg
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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37
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Marzi SJ, Leung SK, Ribarska T, Hannon E, Smith AR, Pishva E, Poschmann J, Moore K, Troakes C, Al-Sarraj S, Beck S, Newman S, Lunnon K, Schalkwyk LC, Mill J. A histone acetylome-wide association study of Alzheimer's disease identifies disease-associated H3K27ac differences in the entorhinal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1618-1627. [PMID: 30349106 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We quantified genome-wide patterns of lysine H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac) in entorhinal cortex samples from Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases and matched controls using chromatin immunoprecipitation and highly parallel sequencing. We observed widespread acetylomic variation associated with AD neuropathology, identifying 4,162 differential peaks (false discovery rate < 0.05) between AD cases and controls. Differentially acetylated peaks were enriched in disease-related biological pathways and included regions annotated to genes involved in the progression of amyloid-β and tau pathology (for example, APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and MAPT), as well as regions containing variants associated with sporadic late-onset AD. Partitioned heritability analysis highlighted a highly significant enrichment of AD risk variants in entorhinal cortex H3K27ac peak regions. AD-associated variable H3K27ac was associated with transcriptional variation at proximal genes including CR1, GPR22, KMO, PIM3, PSEN1, and RGCC. In addition to identifying molecular pathways associated with AD neuropathology, we present a framework for genome-wide studies of histone modifications in complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Marzi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Szi Kay Leung
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Eilis Hannon
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Adam R Smith
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ehsan Pishva
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremie Poschmann
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Karen Moore
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Claire Troakes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Safa Al-Sarraj
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephan Beck
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Katie Lunnon
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Mill
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
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38
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Sapkota S, Huan T, Tran T, Zheng J, Camicioli R, Li L, Dixon RA. Alzheimer's Biomarkers From Multiple Modalities Selectively Discriminate Clinical Status: Relative Importance of Salivary Metabolomics Panels, Genetic, Lifestyle, Cognitive, Functional Health and Demographic Risk Markers. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:296. [PMID: 30333744 PMCID: PMC6175993 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Among the neurodegenerative diseases of aging, sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent and perhaps the most feared. With virtually no success at finding pharmaceutical therapeutics for altering progressive AD after diagnosis, research attention is increasingly directed at discovering biological and other markers that detect AD risk in the long asymptomatic phase. Both early detection and precision preclinical intervention require systematic investigation of multiple modalities and combinations of AD-related biomarkers and risk factors. We extend recent unbiased metabolomics research that produced a set of metabolite biomarker panels tailored to the discrimination of cognitively normal (CN), cognitively impaired and AD patients. Specifically, we compare the prediction importance of these panels with five other sets of modifiable and non-modifiable AD risk factors (genetic, lifestyle, cognitive, functional health and bio-demographic) in three clinical groups. Method: The three groups were: CN (n = 35), mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 25), and AD (n = 22). In a series of three pairwise comparisons, we used machine learning technology random forest analysis (RFA) to test relative predictive importance of up to 19 risk biomarkers from the six AD risk domains. Results: The three RFA multimodal prediction analyses produced significant discriminating risk factors. First, discriminating AD from CN was the AD metabolite panel and two cognitive markers. Second, discriminating AD from MCI was the AD/MCI metabolite panel and two cognitive markers. Third, discriminating MCI from CN was the MCI metabolite panel and seven markers from four other risk modalities: genetic, lifestyle, cognition and functional health. Conclusions: Salivary metabolomics biomarker panels, supplemented by other risk markers, were robust predictors of: (1) clinical differences in impairment and dementia and even; (2) subtle differences between CN and MCI. For the latter, the metabolite panel was supplemented by biomarkers that were both modifiable (e.g., functional) and non-modifiable (e.g., genetic). Comparing, integrating and identifying important multi-modal predictors may lead to novel combinations of complex risk profiles potentially indicative of neuropathological changes in asymptomatic or preclinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Sapkota
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tao Huan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tran Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jiamin Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard Camicioli
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Roger A Dixon
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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39
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Complement receptor 1 gene (CR1) intragenic duplication and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Hum Genet 2018; 137:305-314. [PMID: 29675612 PMCID: PMC5937907 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1883-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) within and surrounding the complement receptor 1 (CR1) gene show some of the strongest genome-wide association signals with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Some studies have suggested that this association signal is due to a duplication allele (CR1-B) of a low copy repeat (LCR) within the CR1 gene, which increases the number of complement C3b/C4b-binding sites in the mature receptor. In this study, we develop a triplex paralogue ratio test assay for CR1 LCR copy number allowing large numbers of samples to be typed with a limited amount of DNA. We also develop a CR1-B allele-specific PCR based on the junction generated by an historical non-allelic homologous recombination event between CR1 LCRs. We use these methods to genotype CR1 and measure CR1-B allele frequency in both late-onset and early-onset cases and unaffected controls from the United Kingdom. Our data support an association of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease with the CR1-B allele, and confirm that this allele occurs most frequently on the risk haplotype defined by SNV alleles. Furthermore, regression models incorporating CR1-B genotype provide a better fit to our data compared to incorporating the SNV-defined risk haplotype, supporting the CR1-B allele as the variant underlying the increased risk of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease.
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40
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Sekiya M, Wang M, Fujisaki N, Sakakibara Y, Quan X, Ehrlich ME, De Jager PL, Bennett DA, Schadt EE, Gandy S, Ando K, Zhang B, Iijima KM. Integrated biology approach reveals molecular and pathological interactions among Alzheimer's Aβ42, Tau, TREM2, and TYROBP in Drosophila models. Genome Med 2018; 10:26. [PMID: 29598827 PMCID: PMC5875009 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-018-0530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral amyloidosis, neuroinflammation, and tauopathy are key features of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but interactions among these features remain poorly understood. Our previous multiscale molecular network models of AD revealed TYROBP as a key driver of an immune- and microglia-specific network that was robustly associated with AD pathophysiology. Recent genetic studies of AD further identified pathogenic mutations in both TREM2 and TYROBP. METHODS In this study, we systematically examined molecular and pathological interactions among Aβ, tau, TREM2, and TYROBP by integrating signatures from transgenic Drosophila models of AD and transcriptome-wide gene co-expression networks from two human AD cohorts. RESULTS Glial expression of TREM2/TYROBP exacerbated tau-mediated neurodegeneration and synergistically affected pathways underlying late-onset AD pathology, while neuronal Aβ42 and glial TREM2/TYROBP synergistically altered expression of the genes in synaptic function and immune modules in AD. CONCLUSIONS The comprehensive pathological and molecular data generated through this study strongly validate the causal role of TREM2/TYROBP in driving molecular networks in AD and AD-related phenotypes in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Sekiya
- 0000 0004 1791 9005grid.419257.cDepartment of Alzheimer’s Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi 474-8511 Japan
| | - Minghui Wang
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room 8-111, Box 1498, New York, NY 10029 USA ,0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cIcahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY USA
| | - Naoki Fujisaki
- 0000 0004 1791 9005grid.419257.cDepartment of Alzheimer’s Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi 474-8511 Japan ,0000 0001 0728 1069grid.260433.0Department of Experimental Gerontology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Sakakibara
- 0000 0004 1791 9005grid.419257.cDepartment of Alzheimer’s Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi 474-8511 Japan
| | - Xiuming Quan
- 0000 0004 1791 9005grid.419257.cDepartment of Alzheimer’s Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi 474-8511 Japan
| | - Michelle E. Ehrlich
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room 8-111, Box 1498, New York, NY 10029 USA ,0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Neurology, Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA ,0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- 0000 0001 2285 2675grid.239585.0Center for translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, The Neurological Institute of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.66859.34Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- 0000 0001 0705 3621grid.240684.cRush Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Department of Neurology, Rush University Medical Center, 1750 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room 8-111, Box 1498, New York, NY 10029 USA ,0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cIcahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Neurology, Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA ,0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Psychiatry and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA ,0000 0004 5907 0628grid.480949.8Center for NFL Neurological Care, Department of Neurology, New York, NY USA ,0000 0004 0420 1184grid.274295.fJames J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, New York, NY USA
| | - Kanae Ando
- 0000 0001 1090 2030grid.265074.2Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, Room 8-111, Box 1498, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, USA. .,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Koichi M. Iijima
- 0000 0004 1791 9005grid.419257.cDepartment of Alzheimer’s Disease Research, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi 474-8511 Japan ,0000 0001 0728 1069grid.260433.0Department of Experimental Gerontology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Zhan X, Stamova B, Sharp FR. Lipopolysaccharide Associates with Amyloid Plaques, Neurons and Oligodendrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease Brain: A Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29520228 PMCID: PMC5827158 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review proposes that lipopolysaccharide (LPS, found in the wall of all Gram-negative bacteria) could play a role in causing sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This is based in part upon recent studies showing that: Gram-negative E. coli bacteria can form extracellular amyloid; bacterial-encoded 16S rRNA is present in all human brains with over 70% being Gram-negative bacteria; ultrastructural analyses have shown microbes in erythrocytes of AD patients; blood LPS levels in AD patients are 3-fold the levels in control; LPS combined with focal cerebral ischemia and hypoxia produced amyloid-like plaques and myelin injury in adult rat cortex. Moreover, Gram-negative bacterial LPS was found in aging control and AD brains, though LPS levels were much higher in AD brains. In addition, LPS co-localized with amyloid plaques, peri-vascular amyloid, neurons, and oligodendrocytes in AD brains. Based upon the postulate LPS caused oligodendrocyte injury, degraded Myelin Basic Protein (dMBP) levels were found to be much higher in AD compared to control brains. Immunofluorescence showed that the dMBP co-localized with β amyloid (Aβ) and LPS in amyloid plaques in AD brain, and dMBP and other myelin molecules were found in the walls of vesicles in periventricular White Matter (WM). These data led to the hypothesis that LPS acts on leukocyte and microglial TLR4-CD14/TLR2 receptors to produce NFkB mediated increases of cytokines which increase Aβ levels, damage oligodendrocytes and produce myelin injury found in AD brain. Since Aβ1–42 is also an agonist for TLR4 receptors, this could produce a vicious cycle that accounts for the relentless progression of AD. Thus, LPS, the TLR4 receptor complex, and Gram-negative bacteria might be treatment or prevention targets for sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Let's make microglia great again in neurodegenerative disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:751-770. [PMID: 29027011 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
All of the common neurodegenerative disorders-Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and prion diseases-are characterized by accumulation of misfolded proteins that trigger activation of microglia; brain-resident mononuclear phagocytes. This chronic form of neuroinflammation is earmarked by increased release of myriad cytokines and chemokines in patient brains and biofluids. Microglial phagocytosis is compromised early in the disease process, obfuscating clearance of abnormal proteins. This review identifies immune pathologies shared by the major neurodegenerative disorders. The overarching concept is that aberrant innate immune pathways can be targeted for return to homeostasis in hopes of coaxing microglia into clearing neurotoxic misfolded proteins.
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Sun Q, Xie N, Tang B, Li R, Shen Y. Alzheimer's Disease: From Genetic Variants to the Distinct Pathological Mechanisms. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:319. [PMID: 29056900 PMCID: PMC5635057 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Being the most common cause of dementia, AD is a polygenic and neurodegenerative disease. Complex and multiple factors have been shown to be involved in its pathogenesis, of which the genetics play an indispensable role. It is widely accepted that discovery of potential genes related to the pathogenesis of AD would be of great help for the understanding of neurodegeneration and thus further promote molecular diagnosis in clinic settings. Generally, AD could be clarified into two types according to the onset age, the early-onset AD (EOAD) and the late-onset AD (LOAD). Progresses made by genetic studies on both EOAD and LOAD are believed to be essential not only for the revolution of conventional ideas but also for the revelation of new pathological mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis. Currently, albeit the genetics of LOAD is much less well-understood compared to EOAD due to its complicated and multifactorial essence, Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and next generation sequencing (NGS) approaches have identified dozens of novel genes that may provide insight mechanism of LOAD. In this review, we analyze functions of the genes and summarize the distinct pathological mechanisms of how these genes would be involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Sun
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Advanced Therapeutic Strategies for Brain Disorders and Center for Hormone Advanced Science and Education, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States
| | - Nina Xie
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rena Li
- Center for Advanced Therapeutic Strategies for Brain Disorders and Center for Hormone Advanced Science and Education, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Advanced Therapeutic Strategies for Brain Disorders and Center for Hormone Advanced Science and Education, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, United States.,Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China School of Life Sciences, Hefei, China.,Hefei Material Science at Microscale National Laboratory, Hefei, China
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Abstract
Microglia are brain-resident myeloid cells that mediate key functions to support the CNS. Microglia express a wide range of receptors that act as molecular sensors, which recognize exogenous or endogenous CNS insults and initiate an immune response. In addition to their classical immune cell function, microglia act as guardians of the brain by promoting phagocytic clearance and providing trophic support to ensure tissue repair and maintain cerebral homeostasis. Conditions associated with loss of homeostasis or tissue changes induce several dynamic microglial processes, including changes of cellular morphology, surface phenotype, secretory mediators, and proliferative responses (referred to as an "activated state"). Activated microglia represent a common pathological feature of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cumulative evidence suggests that microglial inflammatory activity in AD is increased while microglial-mediated clearance mechanisms are compromised. Microglia are perpetually engaged in a mutual interaction with the surrounding environment in CNS; thus, diverse microglial reactions at different disease stages may open new avenues for therapeutic intervention and modification of inflammatory activities. In this Review, the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of AD and the modulation of microglia activity as a therapeutic modality will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heela Sarlus
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Efthymiou AG, Goate AM. Late onset Alzheimer's disease genetics implicates microglial pathways in disease risk. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:43. [PMID: 28549481 PMCID: PMC5446752 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly heritable complex disease with no current effective prevention or treatment. The majority of drugs developed for AD focus on the amyloid cascade hypothesis, which implicates Aß plaques as a causal factor in the disease. However, it is possible that other underexplored disease-associated pathways may be more fruitful targets for drug development. Findings from gene network analyses implicate immune networks as being enriched in AD; many of the genes in these networks fall within genomic regions that contain common and rare variants that are associated with increased risk of developing AD. Of these genes, several (including CR1, SPI1, the MS4As, TREM2, ABCA7, CD33, and INPP5D) are expressed by microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain. We summarize the gene network and genetics findings that implicate that these microglial genes are involved in AD, as well as several studies that have looked at the expression and function of these genes in microglia and in the context of AD. We propose that these genes are contributing to AD in a non-Aß-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia G. Efthymiou
- Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029 USA
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Dos Santos LR, Pimassoni LHS, Sena GGS, Camporez D, Belcavello L, Trancozo M, Morelato RL, Errera FIV, Bueno MRP, de Paula F. Validating GWAS Variants from Microglial Genes Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 62:215-221. [PMID: 28477215 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that corresponds to most Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases. Inflammation is frequently related to AD, whereas microglial cells are the major phagocytes in the brain and mediate the removal of Aβ peptides. Microglial cell dsyregulation might contribute to the formation of amyloid plaques, a hallmark of AD. Genome-wide association studies have reported genetic loci associated with the inflammatory pathway involved in AD. Among them, rs3865444 CD33, rs3764650 ABCA7, rs6656401 CR1, and rs610932 MS4A6A variants in microglial genes are associated with LOAD. These variants are proposed to participate in the clearance of Aβ peptides. However, their association with LOAD was not validated in all case-control studies. Thus, the present work aimed to assess the involvement of CD33 (rs3865444), ABCA7 (rs3764650), CR1 (rs6656401), and MS4A6A (rs610932) with LOAD in a sample from southeastern Brazil. The genotype frequencies were assessed in 79 AD patients and 145 healthy elders matched for sex and age. We found that rs3865444 CD33 acts as a protective factor against LOAD. These results support a role for the inflammatory pathway in LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Ramos Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de CiênciasHumanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Prédio BárbaraWeinberg, Sala 102, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | | | - Geralda Gillian Silva Sena
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de CiênciasHumanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Prédio BárbaraWeinberg, Sala 102, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil.,Departamento de Educação Integrada em Saúde, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Daniela Camporez
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de CiênciasHumanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Prédio BárbaraWeinberg, Sala 102, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Luciano Belcavello
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de CiênciasHumanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Prédio BárbaraWeinberg, Sala 102, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Maíra Trancozo
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de CiênciasHumanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Prédio BárbaraWeinberg, Sala 102, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Renato Lírio Morelato
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Vitória, ES, Brazil.,Hospital da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Escola Superior de Ciências da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Flavia Imbroisi Valle Errera
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.,Escola Superior de Ciências da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Flavia de Paula
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de CiênciasHumanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Prédio BárbaraWeinberg, Sala 102, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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47
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Wang M, Roussos P, McKenzie A, Zhou X, Kajiwara Y, Brennand KJ, De Luca GC, Crary JF, Casaccia P, Buxbaum JD, Ehrlich M, Gandy S, Goate A, Katsel P, Schadt E, Haroutunian V, Zhang B. Integrative network analysis of nineteen brain regions identifies molecular signatures and networks underlying selective regional vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease. Genome Med 2016; 8:104. [PMID: 27799057 PMCID: PMC5088659 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-016-0355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. However, despite extensive clinical and genomic studies, the molecular basis of AD development and progression remains elusive. Methods To elucidate molecular systems associated with AD, we developed a large scale gene expression dataset from 1053 postmortem brain samples across 19 cortical regions of 125 individuals with a severity spectrum of dementia and neuropathology of AD. We excluded brain specimens that evidenced neuropathology other than that characteristic of AD. For the first time, we performed a pan-cortical brain region genomic analysis, characterizing the gene expression changes associated with a measure of dementia severity and multiple measures of the severity of neuropathological lesions associated with AD (neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) and constructing region-specific co-expression networks. We rank-ordered 44,692 gene probesets, 1558 co-expressed gene modules and 19 brain regions based upon their association with the disease traits. Results The neurobiological pathways identified through these analyses included actin cytoskeleton, axon guidance, and nervous system development. Using public human brain single-cell RNA-sequencing data, we computed brain cell type-specific marker genes for human and determined that many of the abnormally expressed gene signatures and network modules were specific to oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons. Analysis based on disease severity suggested that: many of the gene expression changes, including those of oligodendrocytes, occurred early in the progression of disease, making them potential translational/treatment development targets and unlikely to be mere bystander result of degeneration; several modules were closely linked to cognitive compromise with lesser association with traditional measures of neuropathology. The brain regional analyses identified temporal lobe gyri as sites associated with the greatest and earliest gene expression abnormalities. Conclusions This transcriptomic network analysis of 19 brain regions provides a comprehensive assessment of the critical molecular pathways associated with AD pathology and offers new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying selective regional vulnerability to AD at different stages of the progression of cognitive compromise and development of the canonical neuropathological lesions of AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-016-0355-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Psychiatry, JJ Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Andrew McKenzie
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Xianxiao Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yuji Kajiwara
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gabriele C De Luca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - John F Crary
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Michelle Ehrlich
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Departments of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Psychiatry, JJ Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.,Departments of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,The Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Departments of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,The Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Pavel Katsel
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Psychiatry, JJ Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Eric Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Psychiatry, JJ Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA. .,Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,The Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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48
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Alzheimer disease: modeling an Aβ-centered biological network. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:861-71. [PMID: 27021818 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In genetically complex diseases, the search for missing heritability is focusing on rare variants with large effect. Thanks to next generation sequencing technologies, genome-wide characterization of these variants is now feasible in every individual. However, a lesson from current studies is that collapsing rare variants at the gene level is often insufficient to obtain a statistically significant signal in case-control studies, and that network-based analyses are an attractive complement to classical approaches. In Alzheimer disease (AD), according to the prevalent amyloid cascade hypothesis, the pathology is driven by the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide. In past years, based on experimental studies, several hundreds of proteins have been shown to interfere with Aβ production, clearance, aggregation or toxicity. Thanks to a manual curation of the literature, we identified 335 genes/proteins involved in this biological network and classified them according to their cellular function. The complete list of genes, or its subcomponents, will be of interest in ongoing AD genetic studies.
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Abstract
The complement system is a major component of innate immunity and a potent driver of inflammation. It has key roles in host defense against pathogens but can also contribute to pathology by driving inflammation and cell damage in diverse diseases. Complement has emerged as an important factor in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases of the CNS and PNS, including infectious, autoimmune and degenerative disorders, and is increasingly implicated in neuropsychiatric disease. Establishing the roles and relevance of complement in disease pathogenesis has become ever more important in recent years as new drugs targeting the complement system have reached the clinic, and the potential for using complement analytes as disease biomarkers has been recognized. In this brief review, the author summarizes the evidence implicating complement in these diseases and outlines ways in which this new understanding can be used to aid diagnosis and improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Paul Morgan
- a Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF144XN, UK
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50
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Astrocyte-Microglia Cross Talk through Complement Activation Modulates Amyloid Pathology in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci 2016; 36:577-89. [PMID: 26758846 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2117-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Increasing evidence supports a role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously, we identified a neuron-glia signaling pathway whereby Aβ acts as an upstream activator of astroglial nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), leading to the release of complement C3, which acts on the neuronal C3a receptor (C3aR) to influence dendritic morphology and cognitive function. Here we report that astrocytic complement activation also regulates Aβ dynamics in vitro and amyloid pathology in AD mouse models through microglial C3aR. We show that in primary microglial cultures, acute C3 or C3a activation promotes, whereas chronic C3/C3a treatment attenuates, microglial phagocytosis and that the effect of chronic C3 exposure can be blocked by cotreatment with a C3aR antagonist and by genetic deletion of C3aR. We further demonstrate that Aβ pathology and neuroinflammation in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice are worsened by astroglial NF-κB hyperactivation and resulting C3 elevation, whereas treatment with the C3aR antagonist (C3aRA) ameliorates plaque load and microgliosis. Our studies define a complement-dependent intercellular cross talk in which neuronal overproduction of Aβ activates astroglial NF-κB to elicit extracellular release of C3. This promotes a pathogenic cycle by which C3 in turn interacts with neuronal and microglial C3aR to alter cognitive function and impair Aβ phagocytosis. This feedforward loop can be effectively blocked by C3aR inhibition, supporting the therapeutic potential of C3aR antagonists under chronic neuroinflammation conditions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The complement pathway is activated in Alzheimer's disease. Here we show that the central complement factor C3 secreted from astrocytes interacts with microglial C3a receptor (C3aR) to mediate β-amyloid pathology and neuroinflammation in AD mouse models. Our study provides support for targeting C3aR as a potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease.
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