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Meza Guzman LG, Hyland CD, Bidgood GM, Leong E, Shen Z, Goh W, Rautela J, Vince JE, Nicholson SE, Huntington ND. CD45 limits early Natural Killer cell development. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:58-70. [PMID: 37855066 PMCID: PMC10952700 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The clinical development of Natural Killer (NK) cell-mediated immunotherapy marks a milestone in the development of new cancer therapies and has gained traction due to the intrinsic ability of the NK cell to target and kill tumor cells. To fully harness the tumor killing ability of NK cells, we need to improve NK cell persistence and to overcome suppression of NK cell activation in the tumor microenvironment. The trans-membrane, protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45, regulates NK cell homeostasis, with the genetic loss of CD45 in mice resulting in increased numbers of mature NK cells. This suggests that CD45-deficient NK cells might display enhanced persistence following adoptive transfer. However, we demonstrate here that adoptive transfer of CD45-deficiency did not enhance NK cell persistence in mice, and instead, the homeostatic disturbance of NK cells in CD45-deficient mice stemmed from a developmental defect in the progenitor population. The enhanced maturation within the CD45-deficient NK cell compartment was intrinsic to the NK cell lineage, and independent of the developmental defect. CD45 is not a conventional immune checkpoint candidate, as systemic loss is detrimental to T and B cell development, compromising the adaptive immune system. Nonetheless, this study suggests that inhibition of CD45 in progenitor or stem cell populations may improve the yield of in vitro generated NK cells for adoptive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth G Meza Guzman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Craig D Hyland
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Grace M Bidgood
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Evelyn Leong
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Zihan Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Wilford Goh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Jai Rautela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - James E Vince
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Sandra E Nicholson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVICAustralia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
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2
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Lu M, Lee Y, Lillehoj HS. Evolution of developmental and comparative immunology in poultry: The regulators and the regulated. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:104525. [PMID: 36058383 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Avian has a unique immune system that evolved in response to environmental pressures in all aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses, including localized and circulating lymphocytes, diversity of immunoglobulin repertoire, and various cytokines and chemokines. All of these attributes make birds an indispensable vertebrate model for studying the fundamental immunological concepts and comparative immunology. However, research on the immune system in birds lags far behind that of humans, mice, and other agricultural animal species, and limited immune tools have hindered the adequate application of birds as disease models for mammalian systems. An in-depth understanding of the avian immune system relies on the detailed studies of various regulated and regulatory mediators, such as cell surface antigens, cytokines, and chemokines. Here, we review current knowledge centered on the roles of avian cell surface antigens, cytokines, chemokines, and beyond. Moreover, we provide an update on recent progress in this rapidly developing field of study with respect to the availability of immune reagents that will facilitate the study of regulatory and regulated components of poultry immunity. The new information on avian immunity and available immune tools will benefit avian researchers and evolutionary biologists in conducting fundamental and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Youngsub Lee
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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Xiao L, Yang Z, Lin S. Identification of hub genes and transcription factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis complicated with atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4677. [PMID: 35304503 PMCID: PMC8933589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the overlapping key genes, pathway networks and transcription factors (TFs) related to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and atherosclerosis. The gene expression profiles of RA and atherosclerosis were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between RA and atherosclerosis were identified. The biological roles of common DEGs were explored through enrichment analysis. Hub genes were identified using protein–protein interaction networks. TFs were predicted using Transcriptional Regulatory Relationships Unraveled by Sentence Based Text Mining (TRRUST) database. The hub genes and TFs were validated with other datasets. The networks between TFs and hub genes were constructed by CytoScape software. A total of 131 DEGs (all upregulated) were identified. Functional enrichment analyses indicated that DEGs were mostly enriched in leukocyte migration, neutrophil activation, and phagocytosis. CytoScape demonstrated 12 hub genes and one gene cluster module. Four of the 12 hub genes (CSF1R, CD86, PTPRC, and CD53) were validated by other datasets. TRRUST predicted two TFs, including Spi-1 proto-oncogene (SPI1) and RUNX family transcription factor 1(RUNX1). The expression of RUNX1 was validated with another dataset. Our study explored the common pathogenesis of RA and atherosclerosis. These results may guide future experimental research and clinical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xiao
- Department of Rheumatology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Hainan, 570311, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Hainan, 570311, China
| | - Shudian Lin
- Department of Rheumatology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Hainan, 570311, China.
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Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein Down-Regulates Expression of Src-Homology 2 Domain Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase by Modulating Promoter DNA Methylation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122514. [PMID: 34960785 PMCID: PMC8709277 DOI: 10.3390/v13122514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major causative pathogen associated with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The main virion component, the core (C) protein, has been implicated in several aspects of HCV pathology including oncogenesis and immune subversion. Here we show that expression of the C protein induced specific tyrosine phosphorylation of the TCR-related signaling proteins ZAP-70, LAT and PLC-γ in the T cells. Stable expression of the C protein specifically reduced Src homology domain 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) mRNA and protein accumulation. Quantitative CpG methylation analysis revealed a distinct CpG methylation pattern at the SHP-1 gene promoter in the C protein expressing cells that included specific hypermethylation of the binding site for Sp1 transcription factor. Collectively, our results suggest that HCV may suppress immune responses and facilitate its own persistence by deregulating phosphotyrosine signaling via repressive epigenetic CpG modification at the SHP-1 promoter in the T cells.
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Raiter A, Zlotnik O, Lipovetsky J, Mugami S, Dar S, Lubin I, Sharon E, Cohen CJ, Yerushalmi R. A novel role for an old target: CD45 for breast cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1929725. [PMID: 34104545 PMCID: PMC8158046 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1929725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer subtypes have not shown significant response to current immunomodulatory therapies. Although most subtypes are treatable, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive highly metastatic cancer, comprising 10-20% of breast cancers, remains an unmet medical need. New strategies are needed in order to overcome flaws in the responsiveness to current TNBC therapies. Our aims were: first, to determine the efficacy of a novel immunomodulatory peptide, C24D, on TNBC and second, to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which C24D induces immune-modulating tumor killing. Using mass spectrometry analysis, we identified CD45 as the C24D binding receptor. In vitro and in vivo TNBC models were used to assess the efficacy of C24D in reversing TNBC-induced immunosuppression and in triggering immune-modulated tumor cell killing. The CD45 signal transduction pathway was evaluated by western blot and FACS analyses. We revealed that addition of PBMCs from healthy female donors to TNBC cells results in a cascade of suppressive CD45 intracellular signals. On binding to CD45's extra-cellular domain on TNBC-suppressed leukocytes, the C24D peptide re-activates the Src family of tyrosine kinases, resulting in specific tumor immune response. In vitro, immune reactivation by C24D results in an increase of CD69+ T and CD69+ NK cells, triggering specific killing of TNBC cells. In vivo, C24D induced CD8+ and activated CD56+ tumor infiltrated cells, resulting in tumor apoptosis. Our results should renew interest in molecules targeting CD45, such as the C24D peptide, as a novel strategy for TNBC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annat Raiter
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
- CONTACT Annat Raiter Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva49100, Israel
| | - Oran Zlotnik
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Surgery Department, Breast Cancer Unit, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Julia Lipovetsky
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Shany Mugami
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Shira Dar
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Ido Lubin
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Eran Sharon
- Surgery Department, Breast Cancer Unit, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Cyrille J. Cohen
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, the Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Rinat Yerushalmi
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Breast Cancer Unit, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
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Xia M, Wu Q, Chen P, Qian C. Regulatory T Cell-Related Gene Biomarkers in the Deterioration of Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:661709. [PMID: 34095251 PMCID: PMC8172618 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.661709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have shown to be protective against the development of atherosclerosis, a major pathological cause for cardiovascular events. Here, we aim to explore the roles of Tregs-related genes in atherosclerosis deterioration. Methods and Results: We downloaded the gene expression profile of 29 atherosclerotic samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus database with an accession number of GSE28829. The abundance of Tregs estimated by the CIBERSORT algorithm was negatively correlated with the atherosclerotic stage. Using the limma test and correlation analysis, a total of 159 differentially expressed Tregs-related genes (DETregRGs) between early and advanced atherosclerotic plaques were documented. Functional annotation analysis using the DAVID tool indicated that the DETregRGs were mainly enriched in inflammatory responses, immune-related mechanisms, and pathways such as complement and coagulation cascades, platelet activation, leukocyte trans-endothelial migration, vascular smooth muscle contraction, and so on. A protein-protein interaction network of the DETregRGs was then constructed, and five hub genes (PTPRC, C3AR1, CD53, TLR2, and CCR1) were derived from the network with node degrees ≥20. The expression patterns of these hub DETregRGs were further validated in several independent datasets. Finally, a single sample scoring method was used to build a gene signature for the five DETregRGs, which could distinguish patients with myocardial infarction from those with stable coronary disease. Conclusion: The results of this study will improve our understanding about the Tregs-associated molecular mechanisms in the progression of atherosclerosis and facilitate the discovery of novel biomarkers for acute cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xia
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qingmeng Wu
- Healthcare-Associated Infections Control Center, The Affiliated Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Alon D, Paitan Y, Robinson E, Ganor N, Lipovetsky J, Yerushalmi R, Cohen CJ, Raiter A. Downregulation of CD45 Signaling in COVID-19 Patients Is Reversed by C24D, a Novel CD45 Targeting Peptide. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:675963. [PMID: 34414199 PMCID: PMC8369232 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.675963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD45, the predominant transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase in leukocytes, is required for the efficient induction of T cell receptor signaling and activation. We recently reported that the CD45-intracellular signals in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients are inhibited. We also reported that C24D, an immune modulating therapeutic peptide, binds to CD45 on immune-suppressed cells and resets the functionality of the immune system via the CD45 signaling pathway. Various studies have demonstrated that also viruses can interfere with the functions of CD45 and that patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) are immune-suppressed. Given the similarity between the role of CD45 in viral immune suppression and our findings on TNBC, we hypothesized that the C24D peptide may have a similar "immune-resetting" effect on PBMCs from COVID-19 patients as it did on PBMCs from TNBC patients. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the CD45/TCR intracellular signaling in PBMCs from ten COVID-19 patients vs. PBMCs from ten healthy volunteers. Herein, we report our findings, demonstrating the immune reactivating effect of C24D via the phosphorylation of the tyrosine 505 and 394 in Lck, the tyrosine 493 in ZAP-70 and the tyrosine 172 in VAV-1 proteins in the CD45 signaling pathway. Despite the relatively small number of patients in this report, the results demonstrate that C24D rescued CD45 signaling. Given the central role played by CD45 in the immune system, we suggest CD45 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Alon
- Department of Medicine A, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yossi Paitan
- Microbiology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Eyal Robinson
- Department of Medicine B, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Nirit Ganor
- Microbiology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Julia Lipovetsky
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Rinat Yerushalmi
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Cyrille J. Cohen
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, The Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Annat Raiter
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
- *Correspondence: Annat Raiter ;
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8
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Gao T, Lin J, Zhang C, Zhu H, Zheng X. Is intracellular Staphylococcus aureus associated with recurrent infection in a rat model of open fracture? Bone Joint Res 2020; 9:71-76. [PMID: 32435457 PMCID: PMC7229308 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.92.bjr-2019-0201.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The purpose of this study was to determine whether intracellular Staphylococcus aureus is associated with recurrent infection in a rat model of open fracture. Methods After stabilizing with Kirschner wire, we created a midshaft femur fracture in Sprague-Dawley rats and infected the wound with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged S. aureus. After repeated debridement and negative swab culture was achieved, the isolation of GFP-containing cells from skin, bone marrow, and muscle was then performed. The composition and viability of intracellular S. aureus in isolated GFP-positive cells was assessed. We suppressed the host immune system and observed whether recurrent infection would occur. Finally, rats were assigned to one of six treatment groups (a combination of antibiotic treatment and implant removal/retention). The proportion of successful eradication was determined. Results Green fluorescent protein-containing cells were successfully isolated after the swab culture was negative from skin (n = 0, 0%), muscle (n = 10, 100%), and bone marrow (n = 10, 100%) of a total of ten rats. The phagocytes were predominant in GFP-positive cells from muscle (73%) and bone marrow (81%) with a significantly higher viability of intracellular S. aureus (all p-values < 0.001). The recurrent infection occurred in up to 75% of rats after the immunosuppression. The proportion of successful eradication was not associated with implant retention or removal, and the efficacy of linezolid in eradicating intracellular S. aureus is significantly higher than that of vancomycin. Conclusion Intracellular S. aureus is associated with recurrent infection in the rat model of open fracture. Usage of linezolid, a membrane-permeable antibiotic, is an effective strategy against intracellular S. aureus. Cite this article:Bone Joint Res. 2020;9(2):71–76.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqing Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyi Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianyou Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Wu D, Huo M, Chen X, Zhang Y, Qiao Y. Mechanism of tanshinones and phenolic acids from Danshen in the treatment of coronary heart disease based on co-expression network. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:28. [PMID: 32020855 PMCID: PMC7076864 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The tanshinones and phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza (also named Danshen) have been confirmed for the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD), but the action mechanisms remain elusive. Methods In the current study, the co-expression protein interaction network (Ce-PIN) was used to illustrate the differences between the tanshinones and phenolic acids of Danshen in the treatment of CHD. By integrating the gene expression profile data and protein-protein interactions (PPIs) data, the Ce-PINs of tanshinones and phenolic acids were constructed. Then, the Ce-PINs were analyzed by gene ontology enrichment analyzed based on the optimal algorithm. Results It turned out that Danshen is able to treat CHD by regulating the blood circulation, immune response and lipid metabolism. However, phenolic acids may regulate the blood circulation by Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), Endothelin-1 receptor (EDNRA), Endothelin-1 receptor (EDNRB), Kininogen-1 (KNG1), tanshinones may regulate the blood circulation by Guanylate cyclase soluble subunit alpha-1 (GUCY1A3) and Guanylate cyclase soluble subunit beta-1 (GUCY1B3). In addition, both the phenolic acids and tanshinones may regulate the immune response or inflammation by T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4 (CD4), Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C (PTPRC). Conclusion Through the same targets of the same biological process and different targets of the same biological process, the tanshinones and phenolic acids synergistically treat coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Wu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of TCM-Information Engineering, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Mengqi Huo
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of TCM-Information Engineering, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of TCM-Information Engineering, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of TCM-Information Engineering, Beijing, 100102, China.
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Center of TCM-Information Engineering, Beijing, 100102, China.
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Iżykowska K, Przybylski GK, Gand C, Braun FC, Grabarczyk P, Kuss AW, Olek-Hrab K, Bastidas Torres AN, Vermeer MH, Zoutman WH, Tensen CP, Schmidt CA. Genetic rearrangements result in altered gene expression and novel fusion transcripts in Sézary syndrome. Oncotarget 2018; 8:39627-39639. [PMID: 28489605 PMCID: PMC5503638 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sézary syndrome (SS) is an aggressive, leukemic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma variant. Molecular pathogenesis of SS is still unclear despite many studies on genetic alterations, gene expression and epigenetic regulations. Through whole genome and transcriptome next generation sequencing nine Sézary syndrome patients were analyzed in terms of copy number variations and rearrangements affecting gene expression. Recurrent copy number variations were detected within 8q (MYC, TOX), 17p (TP53, NCOR1), 10q (PTEN, FAS), 2p (DNMT3A), 11q (USP28), 9p (CAAP1), but no recurrent rearrangements were identified. However, expression of five genes involved in rearrangements (TMEM244, EHD1, MTMR2, RNF123 and TOX) was altered in all patients. Fifteen rearrangements detected in Sézary syndrome patients and SeAx resulted in an expression of new fusion transcripts, nine of them were in frame (EHD1-CAPN12, TMEM66-BAIAP2, MBD4-PTPRC, PTPRC-CPN2, MYB-MBNL1, TFG-GPR128, MAP4K3-FIGLA, DCP1A-CCL27, MBNL1-KIAA2018) and five resulted in ectopic expression of fragments of genes not expressed in normal T-cells (BAIAP2, CPN2, GPR128, CAPN12, FIGLA). Our results not only underscored the genomic complexity of the Sézary cancer cell genome but also showed an unpreceded large variety of novel gene rearrangements resulting in fusions transcripts and ectopically expressed genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Gand
- Clinic for Internal Medicine C, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Floriane C Braun
- Clinic for Internal Medicine C, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Piotr Grabarczyk
- Clinic for Internal Medicine C, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas W Kuss
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Karolina Olek-Hrab
- Department of Dermatology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Maarten H Vermeer
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem H Zoutman
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis P Tensen
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christian A Schmidt
- Clinic for Internal Medicine C, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Generation and characterisation of decellularised human corneal limbus. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 256:547-557. [PMID: 29392398 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-3904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Limbal epithelial stem cells (LESC) reside in a niche in the corneo-scleral transition zone. Deficiency leads to pain, corneal opacity, and eventually blindness. LESC transplantation of ex-vivo expanded human LESC on a carrier such as human amniotic membrane is a current treatment option. We evaluated decellularised human limbus (DHL) as a potential carrier matrix for the transplantation of LESC. METHODS Human corneas were obtained from the local eye bank. The limbal tissue was decellularised by sodium desoxychelate and DNase solution and sterilised by γ-irradiation. Native limbus- and DHL-surface structures were assessed by scanning electron microscopy and collagen ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy. Presence and preservation of limbal basement membrane proteins in native limbus and DHL were analysed immunohistochemically. Absence of DNA after decellularisation was assessed by Feulgen staining and DNA quantification. Presence of immune cells was explored by CD45 staining, and potential cytotoxicity was tested using a cell viability assay. RESULTS In the DHL, the DNA content was reduced from 1.5 ± 0.3 μg/mg to 0.15 ± 0.01 μg/mg; the three-dimensional structure and the arrangement of the collagen fibrils were preserved. Main basement membrane proteins such as collagen IV, laminin, and fibronectin were still present after decellularisation and γ-irradiation. CD45-expressing cells were evident neither in the native limbus nor in the DHL. DHL did not convey cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the limbus provides a tissue specific morphology and three-dimensionality consisting of particular ECM proteins. It therefore represents a substantial component of the stem cell niche. The DHL provides a specific limbal niche surrounding, and might serve as an easily producible carrier matrix for LESC transplantation.
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Earl DC, Ferrell PB, Leelatian N, Froese JT, Reisman BJ, Irish JM, Bachmann BO. Discovery of human cell selective effector molecules using single cell multiplexed activity metabolomics. Nat Commun 2018; 9:39. [PMID: 29295987 PMCID: PMC5750220 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovering bioactive metabolites within a metabolome is challenging because there is generally little foreknowledge of metabolite molecular and cell-targeting activities. Here, single-cell response profiles and primary human tissue comprise a response platform used to discover novel microbial metabolites with cell-type-selective effector properties in untargeted metabolomic inventories. Metabolites display diverse effector mechanisms, including targeting protein synthesis, cell cycle status, DNA damage repair, necrosis, apoptosis, or phosphoprotein signaling. Arrayed metabolites are tested against acute myeloid leukemia patient bone marrow and molecules that specifically targeted blast cells or nonleukemic immune cell subsets within the same tissue biopsy are revealed. Cell-targeting polyketides are identified in extracts from biosynthetically prolific bacteria, including a previously unreported leukemia blast-targeting anthracycline and a polyene macrolactam that alternates between targeting blasts or nonmalignant cells by way of light-triggered photochemical isomerization. High-resolution cell profiling with mass cytometry confirms response mechanisms and is used to validate initial observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Earl
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - P Brent Ferrell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, D-3100 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Nalin Leelatian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, D-2220 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Jordan T Froese
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Benjamin J Reisman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Jonathan M Irish
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, D-2220 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Brian O Bachmann
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
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Advani G, Lim YC, Catimel B, Lio DSS, Ng NLY, Chüeh AC, Tran M, Anasir MI, Verkade H, Zhu HJ, Turk BE, Smithgall TE, Ang CS, Griffin M, Cheng HC. Csk-homologous kinase (Chk) is an efficient inhibitor of Src-family kinases but a poor catalyst of phosphorylation of their C-terminal regulatory tyrosine. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:29. [PMID: 28784162 PMCID: PMC5547543 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) and Csk-homologous kinase (Chk) are the major endogenous inhibitors of Src-family kinases (SFKs). They employ two mechanisms to inhibit SFKs. First, they phosphorylate the C-terminal tail tyrosine which stabilizes SFKs in a closed inactive conformation by engaging the SH2 domain in cis. Second, they employ a non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism involving direct binding of Csk and Chk to the active forms of SFKs that is independent of phosphorylation of their C-terminal tail. Csk and Chk are co-expressed in many cell types. Contributions of the two mechanisms towards the inhibitory activity of Csk and Chk are not fully clear. Furthermore, the determinants in Csk and Chk governing their inhibition of SFKs by the non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism are yet to be defined. Methods We determined the contributions of the two mechanisms towards the inhibitory activity of Csk and Chk both in vitro and in transduced colorectal cancer cells. Specifically, we assayed the catalytic activities of Csk and Chk in phosphorylating a specific peptide substrate and a recombinant SFK member Src. We employed surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy to measure the kinetic parameters of binding of Csk, Chk and their mutants to a constitutively active mutant of the SFK member Hck. Finally, we determined the effects of expression of recombinant Chk on anchorage-independent growth and SFK catalytic activity in Chk-deficient colorectal cancer cells. Results Our results revealed Csk as a robust enzyme catalysing phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail tyrosine of SFKs but a weak non-catalytic inhibitor of SFKs. In contrast, Chk is a poor catalyst of SFK tail phosphorylation but binds SFKs with high affinity, enabling it to efficiently inhibit SFKs with the non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism both in vitro and in transduced colorectal cancer cells. Further analyses mapped some of the determinants governing this non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism of Chk to its kinase domain. Conclusions SFKs are activated by different upstream signals to adopt multiple active conformations in cells. SFKs adopting these conformations can effectively be constrained by the two complementary inhibitory mechanisms of Csk and Chk. Furthermore, the lack of this non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism accounts for SFK overactivation in the Chk-deficient colorectal cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-017-0186-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gahana Advani
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Cell Signalling Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ya Chee Lim
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Bruno Catimel
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Daisy Sio Seng Lio
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Cell Signalling Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Nadia L Y Ng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Cell Signalling Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Anderly C Chüeh
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mai Tran
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mohd Ishtiaq Anasir
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Heather Verkade
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Benjamin E Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas E Smithgall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Heung-Chin Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Bio21 Biotechnology and Molecular Science Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Cell Signalling Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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14
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Huleihel L, Sellares J, Cardenes N, Álvarez D, Faner R, Sakamoto K, Yu G, Kapetanaki MG, Kaminski N, Rojas M. Modified mesenchymal stem cells using miRNA transduction alter lung injury in a bleomycin model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L92-L103. [PMID: 28385811 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00323.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although different preclinical models have demonstrated a favorable role for bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (B-MSC) in preventing fibrosis, this protective effect is not observed with late administration of these cells, when fibrotic changes are consolidated. We sought to investigate whether the late administration of B-MSCs overexpressing microRNAs (miRNAs) let-7d (antifibrotic) or miR-154 (profibrotic) could alter lung fibrosis in a murine bleomycin model. Using lentiviral vectors, we transduced miRNAs (let-7d or miR-154) or a control sequence into human B-MSCs. Overexpression of let-7d or miR-154 was associated with changes in the mesenchymal properties of B-MSCs and in their cytokine expression. Modified B-MSCs were intravenously administered to mice at day 7 after bleomycin instillation, and the mice were euthanized at day 14 Bleomycin-injured animals that were treated with let-7d cells were found to recover quicker from the initial weight loss compared with the other treatment groups. Interestingly, animals treated with miR-154 cells had the lowest survival rate. Although a slight reduction in collagen mRNA levels was observed in lung tissue from let-7d mice, no significant differences were observed in Ashcroft score and OH-proline. However, the distinctive expression in cytokines and CD45-positive cells in the lung suggests that the differential effects observed in both miRNA mice groups were related to an effect on the immunomodulation function. Our results establish the use of miRNA-modified mesenchymal stem cells as a potential future research in lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luai Huleihel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jacobo Sellares
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Clínic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Institut Investigacions Biomèdiques, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Nayra Cardenes
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Diana Álvarez
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rosa Faner
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Institut Investigacions Biomèdiques, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Koji Sakamoto
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Guoying Yu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Maria G Kapetanaki
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; .,The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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15
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Khan MA. T regulatory cell mediated immunotherapy for solid organ transplantation: A clinical perspective. Mol Med 2017; 22:892-904. [PMID: 27878210 PMCID: PMC5319206 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2016.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T regulatory cells (Tregs) play a vital role in suppressing heightened immune responses, and thereby promote a state of immunological tolerance. Tregs modulate both innate and adaptive immunity, which make them a potential candidate for cell-based immunotherapy to suppress uncontrolled activation of graft specific inflammatory cells and their toxic mediators. These grafts specific inflammatory cells (T effector cells) and other inflammatory mediators (Immunoglobulins, active complement mediators) are mainly responsible for graft vascular deterioration followed by acute/chronic rejection. Treg mediated immunotherapy is under investigation to induce allospecific tolerance in various ongoing clinical trials in organ transplant recipients. Treg immunotherapy is showing promising results but the key issues regarding Treg immunotherapy are not yet fully resolved including their mechanism of action, and specific Treg cell phenotype responsible for a state of tolerance. This review highlights the involvement of various subsets of Tregs during immune suppression, novelty of Tregs functions, effects on angiogenesis, emerging technologies for effective Treg expansion, plasticity and safety associated with clinical applications. Altogether this information will assist in designing single/combined Treg mediated therapies for successful clinical trials in solid organ transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Afzal Khan
- Comparative Medicine Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 11211
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16
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Stress and neuroinflammation: a systematic review of the effects of stress on microglia and the implications for mental illness. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1637-50. [PMID: 26847047 PMCID: PMC4828495 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Psychosocial stressors are a well-documented risk factor for mental illness. Neuroinflammation, in particular elevated microglial activity, has been proposed to mediate this association. A number of preclinical studies have investigated the effect of stress on microglial activity. However, these have not been systematically reviewed before. OBJECTIVES This study aims to systematically review the effects of stress on microglia, as indexed by the histological microglial marker ionised calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1), and consider the implications of these for the role of stress in the development of mental disorders. METHODS A systematic review was undertaken using pre-defined search criteria on PubMed and EMBASE. Inclusion and data extraction was agreed by two independent researchers after review of abstracts and full text. RESULTS Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. These used seven different psychosocial stressors, including chronic restraint, social isolation and repeated social defeat in gerbils, mice and/or rats. The hippocampus (11/18 studies) and prefrontal cortex (13/18 studies) were the most frequently studied areas. Within the hippocampus, increased Iba-1 levels of between 20 and 200 % were reported by all 11 studies; however, one study found this to be a duration-dependent effect. Of those examining the prefrontal cortex, ∼75 % found psychosocial stress resulted in elevated Iba-1 activity. Elevations were also consistently seen in the nucleus accumbens, and under some stress conditions in the amygdala and paraventricular nucleus. CONCLUSIONS There is consistent evidence that a range of psychosocial stressors lead to elevated microglial activity in the hippocampus and good evidence that this is also the case in other brain regions. These effects were seen with early-life/prenatal stress, as well as stressors in adulthood. We consider these findings in terms of the two-hit hypothesis, which proposes that early-life stress primes microglia, leading to a potentiated response to subsequent stress. The implications for understanding the pathoaetiology of mental disorders and the development of new treatments are also considered.
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17
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Kuban-Jankowska A, Gorska M, Jaremko L, Jaremko M, Tuszynski JA, Wozniak M. The physiological concentration of ferrous iron (II) alters the inhibitory effect of hydrogen peroxide on CD45, LAR and PTP1B phosphatases. Biometals 2015; 28:975-86. [PMID: 26407665 PMCID: PMC4635172 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-015-9882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is an important regulator of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity via reversible oxidation. However, the role of iron in this reaction has not been yet elucidated. Here we compare the influence of hydrogen peroxide and the ferrous iron (reagent for Fenton reaction) on the enzymatic activity of recombinant CD45, LAR, PTP1B phosphatases and cellular CD45 in Jurkat cells. The obtained results show that ferrous iron (II) is potent inhibitor of CD45, LAR and PTP1B, but the inhibitory effect is concentration dependent. We found that the higher concentrations of ferrous iron (II) increase the inactivation of CD45, LAR and PTP1B phosphatase caused by hydrogen peroxide, but the addition of the physiological concentration (500 nM) of ferrous iron (II) has even a slightly preventive effect on the phosphatase activity against hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Gorska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lukasz Jaremko
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Michal Wozniak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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18
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Rossotti M, Tabares S, Alfaya L, Leizagoyen C, Moron G, González-Sapienza G. Streamlined method for parallel identification of single domain antibodies to membrane receptors on whole cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1397-404. [PMID: 25819371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to their minimal size, high production yield, versatility and robustness, the recombinant variable domains (nanobodies) of camelid single chain antibodies are valued affinity reagents for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. While their preparation against purified antigens is straightforward, the generation of nanobodies to difficult targets such as multi-pass or complex membrane cell receptors remains challenging. Here we devised a platform for high throughput identification of nanobodies to cell receptor based on the use of a biotin handle. METHODS Using a biotin-acceptor peptide tag, the in vivo biotinylation of nanobodies in 96 well culture blocks was optimized allowing their parallel analysis by flow cytometry and ELISA, and their direct use for pull-down/MS target identification. RESULTS The potential of this strategy was demonstrated by the selection and characterization of panels of nanobodies to Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18), MHC II and the mouse Ly-5 leukocyte common antigen (CD45) receptors, from a VHH library obtained from a llama immunized with mouse bone marrow derived dendritic cells. By on and off switching of the addition of biotin, the method also allowed the epitope binning of the selected Nbs directly on cells. CONCLUSIONS This strategy streamlines the selection of potent nanobodies to complex antigens, and the selected nanobodies constitute ready-to-use biotinylated reagents. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This method will accelerate the discovery of nanobodies to cell membrane receptors which comprise the largest group of drug and analytical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Rossotti
- Cátedra de Inmunología, DEPBIO, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Tabares
- Cátedra de Inmunología, DEPBIO, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Alfaya
- Cátedra de Inmunología, DEPBIO, Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Gabriel Moron
- Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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19
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Rong J, Yin J, Su Z. Natural antisense RNAs are involved in the regulation of CD45 expression in autoimmune diseases. Lupus 2015; 24:235-9. [PMID: 25381328 DOI: 10.1177/0961203314558856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase that is specifically expressed in hematopoietic cells and can initiate signal transduction via the dephosphorylation of tyrosine. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encode distinct isoforms, which indicate different functional states of CD45. Among these variants, CD45RO, which contains neither exon 4, 5, or 6, is over-expressed in lymphocytes in autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and type I diabetes. The CD45 RO serves as a marker of the immune response activity and lymphocyte development. Previous studies have indicated that exon splicing is generally correlated with local hypermethylated DNA and acetylated histone modification, while autoimmune diseases are commonly associated with global hypomethylation and histone deacetylation in lymphocytes. Thus, the question arises of how exons 4, 5, and 6 of CD45RO are excluded under the status of global DNA hypomethylation and histone deacetylation in these autoimmune diseases. On the basis of the analyses of the context sequence of CD45 and its natural antisense RNA in GenBank, we proposed that the long noncoding RNA encoded by the natural antisense gene of CD45 contributes to the expressional regulation of the CD45RO splicing variant via recruitment of DNA methyltransferase and histone modification modulators specific to the sense gene CD45; thus, it is associated with the over-expression of CD45RO and the functional regulation of lymphocytes in the pathogenic development of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rong
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - J Yin
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - Z Su
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou Guangdong, China
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20
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Allam G, Alsulaimani AA, Alghamdi H, Alswat H, Edrees BM, Ahmad I, Nasr A. Changes in the levels of cytokines in both diabetic/non-diabetic type I children living in a moderate altitude area in Saudi Arabia. High Alt Med Biol 2014; 15:380-7. [PMID: 25167161 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2014.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of living in moderate altitude area on pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines profile (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-4) among type I diabetic (T1D) and non- T1D children compared with those living at sea level area. A prospective clinical study was carried out at pediatric outpatient endocrine clinics in Taif City, which is a moderate altitude area in Saudi Arabia, that stands about 1800-2000 meters above sea-level; and in Mecca City, which is a sea level area, that lies in the middle west of Saudi Arabia. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) percentage was estimated and cytokine measurements were performed in sera by flow cytometry using Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) technology. In this study we included 600 children who were consecutively enrolled (sex and age were matched). The HbA1c was statistically significantly higher in children living in moderate altitude compared to those living at sea level (overall p<0.001). Furthermore, T1D patients had higher values of serum cytokine levels (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-10) in comparison to non-T1D control group (overall p<0.001). In conclusion, the data of the present study clearly showed that in both T1D and non-T1D children, moderate altitude-natives expressed high HbA1c and both pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Type I diabetic children living in moderate altitude or at sea level showed elevated levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-10 than control subjects. Glycemic control in non-diabetic children was affected by living in moderate altitude, however, HbA1c significantly increased in diabetic children living in moderate altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Allam
- 1 High Altitude Research Center, Taif University , Taif, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Arien-Zakay H, Gincberg G, Nagler A, Cohen G, Liraz-Zaltsman S, Trembovler V, Alexandrovich AG, Matok I, Galski H, Elchalal U, Lelkes PI, Lazarovici P, Shohami E. Neurotherapeutic effect of cord blood derived CD45+ hematopoietic cells in mice after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:1405-16. [PMID: 24640955 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still an unmet need. Cell therapy by human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) has shown promising results in animal models of TBI and is under evaluation in clinical trials. HUCB contains different cell populations but to date, only mesenchymal stem cells have been evaluated for therapy of TBI. Here we present the neurotherapeutic effect, as evaluated by neurological score, using a single dose of HUCB-derived mononuclear cells (MNCs) upon intravenous (IV) administration one day post-trauma in a mouse model of closed head injury (CHI). Delayed (eight days post-trauma) intracerebroventricular administration of MNCs showed improved neurobehavioral deficits thereby extending the therapeutic window for treating TBI. Further, we demonstrated for the first time that HUCB-derived pan-hematopoietic CD45 positive (CD45(+)) cells, isolated by magnetic sorting and characterized by expression of CD45 and CD11b markers (96-99%), improved the neurobehavioral deficits upon IV administration, which persisted for 35 days. The therapeutic effect was in a direct correlation to a reduction in the lesion volume and decreased by pre-treatment of the cells with anti-human-CD45 antibody. At the site of brain injury, 1.5-2 h after transplantation, HUCB-derived cells were identified by near infrared scanning and immunohistochemistry using anti-human-CD45 and anti-human-nuclei antibodies. Nerve growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor levels were differentially expressed in both ipsilateral and contralateral brain hemispheres, thirty-five days after CHI, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These findings indicate the neurotherapeutic potential of HUCB-derived CD45(+) cell population in a mouse model of TBI and propose their use in the clinical setting of human TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Arien-Zakay
- 1 School of Pharmacy Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem, Israel
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Le Page A, Fortin C, Garneau H, Allard N, Tsvetkova K, Tan CTY, Larbi A, Dupuis G, Fülöp T. Downregulation of inhibitory SRC homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) leads to recovery of T cell responses in elderly. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:2. [PMID: 24405902 PMCID: PMC3896791 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-12-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune responses are generally impaired in aged mammals. T cells have been extensively studied in this context due to the initial discovery of their reduced proliferative capacity with aging. The decreased responses involve altered signaling events associated with the early steps of T cell activation. The underlying causes of these changes are not fully understood but point to alterations in assembly of the machinery for T cell activation. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that the T cell pool in elderly subjects displayed reduced functional capacities due to altered negative feedback mechanisms that participate in the regulation of the early steps of T cell activation. Such conditions tip the immune balance in favor of altered T cell activation and a related decreased response in aging. RESULTS We present evidence that the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, a key regulator of T cell signal transduction machinery is, at least in part, responsible for the impaired T cell activation in aging. We used tyrosine-specific mAbs and Western blot analysis to show that a deregulation of the Csk/PAG loop in activated T cells from elderly individuals favored the inactive form of tyrosine-phosphorylated Lck (Y505). Confocal microscopy analysis revealed that the dynamic movements of these regulatory proteins in lipid raft microdomains was altered in T cells of aged individuals. Enzymic assays showed that SHP-1 activity was upregulated in T cells of aged donors, in contrast to young subjects. Pharmacological inhibition of SHP-1 resulted in recovery of TCR/CD28-dependent lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production of aged individuals to levels approaching those of young donors. Significant differences in the active (Y394) and inactive (Y505) phosphorylation sites of Lck in response to T cell activation were observed in elderly donors as compared to young subjects, independently of CD45 isoform expression. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the role of SHP-1 in T cell activation extends to its increased effect in negative feedback in aging. Modulation of SHP-1 activity could be a target to restore altered T cell functions in aging. These observations could have far reaching consequences for improvement of immunosenescence and its clinical consequences such as infections, altered response to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tamas Fülöp
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 1036 rue Belvedere sud, Sherbrooke, J1H 4C4, Quebec, Canada.
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Rizzo D, Lotay A, Gachard N, Marfak I, Faucher JL, Trimoreau F, Guérin E, Bordessoule D, Jaccard A, Feuillard J. Very low levels of surface CD45 reflect CLL cell fragility, are inversely correlated with trisomy 12 and are associated with increased treatment-free survival. Am J Hematol 2013; 88:747-53. [PMID: 23733486 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been suggested that the percentage of smudge cells on blood smears from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) could predict overall survival. However, smudge cells are a cytological artifact influenced by multiple physical factors not related to CLL. To identify simple parameters reflecting CLL cell fragility, we studied CD45 expression in a series of 66 patients with Binet stage A CLL. Decreased CD45 expression was specific for CLL cells when compared to 44 patients with a leukemic phase of B-cell non Hodgkin lymphoma and 42 control B-cells. CD45 expression was markedly decreased for all patients with CLL with high percentages of smudge cells. CLL cells with the lowest CD45 expression were the most sensitive to osmotic shock. Very low levels of CD45 expression were significantly associated with lack of CD38 expression, absence of trisomy 12, and with increased treatment free survival time. Altogether, these results demonstrate that low levels of CD45 expression are specific to CLL cells and reflect cell fragility, suggesting that this is an important intrinsic biological feature that determines disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angad Lotay
- UMR CNRS 7276, Faculty of Medicine; Limoges; France
| | | | | | - Jean-Luc Faucher
- Laboratory of Hematology; University Hospital Dupuytren; Limoges; France
| | - Franck Trimoreau
- Laboratory of Hematology; University Hospital Dupuytren; Limoges; France
| | - Estelle Guérin
- Laboratory of Hematology; University Hospital Dupuytren; Limoges; France
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Akerman L, Ludvigsson J, Casas R. Low C-peptide levels and decreased expression of TNF and CD45 in children with high risk of type 1 diabetes. Clin Immunol 2013; 148:4-15. [PMID: 23644451 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients have numeral and functional defects in peripheral immune cells, but the pre-diabetic period is fairly uncharacterized. Our aim was to analyze expression of immunological markers in T1D high risk children and relate it to clinical/immunological parameters. Children from ABIS (All Babies in Southeast Sweden) with ≥2 diabetes related autoantibodies were considered at high risk. Age-matched controls and new-onset T1D patients were included. Expression of genes related to immune cell function and different arms of the immune system was assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using PCR array. Risk children had lower TNF and CD45, and although there were few differences between the groups, expression of many genes differed when comparing children with regard to residual insulin secretion. Hence, expression of immune related genes seemed related not only to the autoimmune process but rather to residual β-cell function, which was decreased already during the pre-diabetic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Akerman
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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25
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Genome expression analysis of nonproliferating intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium unravels an acid pH-dependent PhoP-PhoQ response essential for dormancy. Infect Immun 2012; 81:154-65. [PMID: 23090959 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01080-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide expression analyses have provided clues on how Salmonella proliferates inside cultured macrophages and epithelial cells. However, in vivo studies show that Salmonella does not replicate massively within host cells, leaving the underlying mechanisms of such growth control largely undefined. In vitro infection models based on fibroblasts or dendritic cells reveal limited proliferation of the pathogen, but it is presently unknown whether these phenomena reflect events occurring in vivo. Fibroblasts are distinctive, since they represent a nonphagocytic cell type in which S. enterica serovar Typhimurium actively attenuates intracellular growth. Here, we show in the mouse model that S. Typhimurium restrains intracellular growth within nonphagocytic cells positioned in the intestinal lamina propria. This response requires a functional PhoP-PhoQ system and is reproduced in primary fibroblasts isolated from the mouse intestine. The fibroblast infection model was exploited to generate transcriptome data, which revealed that ∼2% (98 genes) of the S. Typhimurium genome is differentially expressed in nongrowing intracellular bacteria. Changes include metabolic reprogramming to microaerophilic conditions, induction of virulence plasmid genes, upregulation of the pathogenicity islands SPI-1 and SPI-2, and shutdown of flagella production and chemotaxis. Comparison of relative protein levels of several PhoP-PhoQ-regulated functions (PagN, PagP, and VirK) in nongrowing intracellular bacteria and extracellular bacteria exposed to diverse PhoP-PhoQ-inducing signals denoted a regulation responding to acidic pH. These data demonstrate that S. Typhimurium restrains intracellular growth in vivo and support a model in which dormant intracellular bacteria could sense vacuolar acidification to stimulate the PhoP-PhoQ system for preventing intracellular overgrowth.
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Khalili S, Liu Y, Kornete M, Roescher N, Kodama S, Peterson A, Piccirillo CA, Tran SD. Mesenchymal stromal cells improve salivary function and reduce lymphocytic infiltrates in mice with Sjögren's-like disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38615. [PMID: 22685592 PMCID: PMC3369846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice develop Sjögren's-like disease (SS-like) with loss of saliva flow and increased lymphocytic infiltrates in salivary glands (SGs). There are recent reports using multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as a therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases due to their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities. This paper proposed a combined immuno- and cell-based therapy consisting of: A) an injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) to eradicate autoreactive T lymphocytes, and B) transplantations of MSCs to reselect lymphocytes. The objective of this was to test the effectiveness of CD45(-)/TER119(-) cells (MSCs) in re-establishing salivary function and in reducing the number of lymphocytic infiltrates (foci) in SGs. The second objective was to study if the mechanisms underlying a decrease in inflammation (focus score) was due to CFA, MSCs, or CFA+MSCs combined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Donor MSCs were isolated from bones of male transgenic eGFP mice. Eight week-old female NOD mice received one of the following treatments: insulin, CFA, MSC, or CFA+MSC (combined therapy). Mice were followed for 14 weeks post-therapy. CD45(-)/TER119(-) cells demonstrated characteristics of MSCs as they were positive for Sca-1, CD106, CD105, CD73, CD29, CD44, negative for CD45, TER119, CD11b, had high number of CFU-F, and differentiated into osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes. Both MSC and MSC+CFA groups prevented loss of saliva flow and reduced lymphocytic infiltrations in SGs. Moreover, the influx of T and B cells decreased in all foci in MSC and MSC+CFA groups, while the frequency of Foxp3(+) (T(reg)) cell was increased. MSC-therapy alone reduced inflammation (TNF-α, TGF-β), but the combination of MSC+CFA reduced inflammation and increased the regenerative potential of SGs (FGF-2, EGF). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The combined use of MSC+CFA was effective in both preventing saliva secretion loss and reducing lymphocytic influx in salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Khalili
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Younan Liu
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mara Kornete
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and FOCIS Centre of Excellence, Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nienke Roescher
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shohta Kodama
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Alan Peterson
- Molecular Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A. Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and FOCIS Centre of Excellence, Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon D. Tran
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Kim DK, Lillehoj HS, Lee SH, Dominowski P, Yancey RJ, Lillehoj EP. Effects of novel vaccine/adjuvant complexes on the protective immunity against Eimeria acervulina and transcriptome profiles. Avian Dis 2012; 56:97-109. [PMID: 22545534 DOI: 10.1637/9720-031711-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY. This study investigated the ability of two novel adjuvant formulations, QCDC (Quil A/cholesterol/DDA/ Carbopol) and QCDCR (QCDC/Bay R1005), in combination with a recombinant profilin vaccine, to modulate host protective immunity and to alter gene expression during experimental avian coccidiosis. Vaccination with profilin plus QCDCR significantly reduced the severity of intestinal lesions and increased mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in infected chickens compared with immunization with profilin alone or profilin plus QCDC. Immunization with profilin plus QCDC or profilin plus QCDCR increased body weight gain but had no effect on fecal oocyst shedding of chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina compared with birds vaccinated with profilin alone. The results of global gene expression analysis revealed that, compared with PBS controls, (a) chickens vaccinated with profilin alone had 71 up-regulated and 56 down-regulated mRNA transcripts, (b) chickens immunized with profilin plus QCDC had 198 up-regulated and 247 down-regulated mRNAs, and (c) birds immunized with profilin plus QCDCR had 210 up-regulated and 267 down-regulated mRNAs. Compared with birds vaccinated with profilin alone, (a) chickens given profilin plus QCDC had 60 up-regulated and 104 down-regulated transcripts and (b) chickens immunized with profilin plus QCDCR had 103 up-regulated and 130 down-regulated mRNAs. Finally, chickens vaccinated with profilin plus QCDCR had 193 up-regulated and 204 down-regulated transcripts compared with birds given profilin plus QCDC. Biological function and network analysis revealed that the majority of altered transcripts were encoded by immune-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duk Kyung Kim
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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28
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Lorenz U. Protein tyrosine phosphatase assays. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2011; Chapter 11:Unit 11.7. [PMID: 21462163 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1107s93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins play a critical role in many processes of the immune system, from early development to fully differentiated effector function. Since the opposing actions of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) determine the steady-state level of tyrosine phosphorylation on a given protein, it is often important for mechanistic studies to determine the specific activities of PTKs and PTPs. PTPs are defined by their enzymatic activity that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine residues. This unit focuses on methods to determine the enzymatic activity of PTPs. While there are many varieties of PTP assays, the focus in this unit is on immune complex PTP assays, which do not require elaborate biochemical purifications and are commonly used to test the activities of specific PTPs in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Lorenz
- The Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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29
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Abstract
CD26 is a 110-kDa surface glycoprotein with intrinsic dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) activity that is expressed on various cell types and has many biological functions. An important aspect of CD26 biology is its peptidase activity and its functional and physical association with molecules with key roles in human immunological programs. CD26 role in immune regulation has been extensively characterized, with recent findings elucidating its link age with signaling pathways and structures involved in T cell activation a well as antigen-presenting cell-T cell interaction, being a marker of diseas behavior clinically as well as playing an important role in autoimmune pathogenesis and development. Through the use of various experimental approaches and agents to influence CD26/DPPIV expression and activity, such as anti-CD26 antibodies, CD26/DPPIV chemical inhibitors, siRNAs to inhibit CD26 expression, overexpressing CD26 transfectants, soluble CD26 molecules and proteomic approach, we have shown that CD26 interacts with structures with essential cellular functions in T cell responses. We will review emerging data that suggest CD26 may be an appropriate therapeutic target for the treatment of selected immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ohnuma
- Division of Rheumatology and Allergy, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Haycocks NG, Lawrence L, Cain JW, Zhao XF. Optimizing antibody panels for efficient and cost-effective flow cytometric diagnosis of acute leukemia. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2011; 80:221-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Role of wettability and nanoroughness on interactions between osteoblast and modified silicon surfaces. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:771-8. [PMID: 20807595 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of new biomaterials is a constant in regenerative medicine. A biomaterial's surface properties, such as wettability, roughness, surface energy, surface charge, chemical functionalities and composition, are determinants of cell adhesion and subsequent tissue behavior. Thus, the main aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between changes in wettability without topographical variation and the response of osteoblast-like cells. For this purpose oxidized silicon surfaces were methylated to different degrees. Additionally, the influence of nanoroughness, and the subsequent effect of hysteresis on cell behavior, was also analyzed. In this case oxidized silicon pieces were etched with caustic solutions to produce different degrees of nanoroughness. Axisymmetric drop-shape analysis and atomic force microscopy confirmed that the proposed surface treatments increased the nanometer roughness and/or the water contact angles. MG-63 osteoblast-like cells were cultured on the altered surfaces to study proliferation, and for ultrastructural analysis and immunocytochemical characterization. Increasing the nanometer surface roughness or water contact angle enhanced osteoblast behavior in terms of cell morphology, proliferation and immunophenotype, the effect provoked by methylation being more significant than that caused by nanoroughness.
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Ji C, Min F, Liang W, Chen Y, Pan S, Bin L, Chen S, Wei Z, He T, Gu Y, Zhang J. Construction of tissue-engineered corpus cavernosum with muscle-derived stem cells and transplantation in vivo. BJU Int 2010; 107:1638-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kozian A, Schilling T, Röcken C, Breitling C, Hachenberg T, Hedenstierna G. Increased Alveolar Damage After Mechanical Ventilation in a Porcine Model of Thoracic Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2010; 24:617-23. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Dupéré-Minier G, Desharnais P, Bernier J. Involvement of tyrosine phosphatase CD45 in apoptosis. Apoptosis 2010; 15:1-13. [PMID: 19856105 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD45 is a transmembrane molecule with phosphatase activity expressed in all nucleated haematopoietic cells and plays a major role in immune cells. It is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that is essential for antigen-receptor-mediated signal transduction by regulating Src family members that initiate TCR signaling. CD45 is being attributed a new emerging role as an apoptosis regulator. Cross-linking of the extracellular portion of the CD45 by monoclonal antibodies and by galectin-1, can induce apoptosis in T and B cells. Interestingly, this phosphatase has also been involved in nuclear apoptosis induced by mitochondrial perturbing agents. Furthermore, it is involved in apoptosis induced by HIV-1. CD45 defect is implicated in various diseases such as severe-combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), lymphoma and multiple myelomas. The understanding of the mechanisms by which CD45 regulates apoptosis would be very useful in disease treatment.
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35
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Saunders AE, Johnson P. Modulation of immune cell signalling by the leukocyte common tyrosine phosphatase, CD45. Cell Signal 2010; 22:339-48. [PMID: 19861160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD45 is a leukocyte specific transmembrane glycoprotein and a receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP). CD45 can be expressed as several alternatively spliced isoforms that differ in the extracellular domain. The isoforms are regulated in a cell type and activation state-dependent manner, yet their function has remained elusive. The Src family kinase members Lck and Lyn are key substrates for CD45 in T and B lymphocytes, respectively. CD45 lowers the threshold of antigen receptor signalling, which impacts T and B cell activation and development. CD45 also regulates antigen triggered Fc receptor signalling in mast cells and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling in dendritic cells, thus broadening the role of CD45 to other recognition receptors involved in adaptive and innate immunity. In addition, CD45 can affect immune cell adhesion and migration and can modulate cytokine production and signalling. Here we review what is known about the substrate specificity and regulation of CD45 and summarise its effect on immune cell signalling pathways, from its established role in T and B antigen receptor signalling to its emerging role regulating innate immune cell recognition and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Saunders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Oliveira FL, Chammas R, Ricon L, Fermino ML, Bernardes ES, Hsu DK, Liu FT, Borojevic R, El-Cheikh MC. Galectin-3 regulates peritoneal B1-cell differentiation into plasma cells. Glycobiology 2009; 19:1248-58. [PMID: 19696234 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular galectin-3 participates in the control of B2 lymphocyte migration and adhesion and of their differentiation into plasma cells. Here, we analyzed the role of galectin-3 in B1-cell physiology and the balance between B1a and B1b lymphocytes in the peritoneal cavity. In galectin-3(-/-) mice, the total number of B1a lymphocytes was lower, while B1b lymphocyte number was higher as compared to wild-type mice. The differentiation of B1a cells into plasma cells was associated with their abnormal adhesion and location on the mesentery. The B220 and CD43, constitutively expressed by B1 lymphocytes, were respectively up- and downregulated in galectin-3(-/-) mice. Mononuclear cells were strongly adhered to the mesenteric membranes of both CD43(-/-) and galectin-3(-/-) mice, but in contrast to CD43(-/-) mice, the accumulation of B1 cells in peritoneal membranes in galectin-3(-/-) mice was accompanied by their functional differentiation into plasma cells. We have shown that in the absence of galectin-3, B1-cell differentiation into plasma cells is favored and the dynamic equilibrium of B1-cell populations in the peritoneum is maintained through a compensatory increase in B1b lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe L Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Chow KU, Nowak D, Trepohl B, Hochmuth S, Schneider B, Hoelzer D, Mitrou PS, Bergmann L, Ottmann OG, Boehrer S. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor AMN107 (Nilotinib) exhibits off-target effects in lymphoblastic cell lines. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 48:1379-88. [PMID: 17613767 DOI: 10.1080/10428190701385181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aminopyrimidine inhibitor AMN107 (Nilotinib) was rationally designed to antagonize the aberrant tyrosine kinase activity of Bcr-Abl-positive cells. We here evaluated, whether AMN107 is also able to induce apoptosis in Bcr-Abl-negative cells of lymphatic origin. The B-cell lines DOHH-2 and WSU-NHL and the T-cell lines Jurkat and HUT78 were incubated with increasing amounts of AMN107 corresponding to clinically achievable dosages. Subsequently, induced molecular changes were assessed by FACS analysis, Western blot, and enzyme activity assays. Although AMN107 exhibited only a minor apoptosis-inducing effect in the T-cell lines, it exerted a considerable, dose-dependent cytotoxicity in the B-cell lines. Using selective caspase-inhibitors, we show that apoptosis in responder cell lines critically relies on activation of caspase-6 and caspase-9. Cell lines sensitive and resistant towards AMN107 can be discriminated by their differential expression of Src-kinases. Although the AMN107-sensitive cell lines DOHH-2 and WSU-NHL exhibited low or no expression of the Src-kinases Lck, phosphorylated Lck, and Yes with a concomitant high expression of Hck, Lyn, and phosphorylated Lyn, the expression pattern of these kinases was inverse in the AMN107-resistant T-cell lines. In conclusion, this is the first report providing evidence that activity of AMN107 is not restricted to Bcr-Abl, c-Kit, or PDGFR-positive cells, but also extends to lymphatic cell lines of B-cell origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Uwe Chow
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology and Oncology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Hospital. Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Wu L, Bijian K, Shen SH, Shen SS. CD45 recruits adapter protein DOK-1 and negatively regulates JAK-STAT signaling in hematopoietic cells. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2167-77. [PMID: 19481264 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been extensively documented that CD45 positively regulates T cell receptor-mediated signaling through the activation of Src-family kinases. The mechanism whereby CD45 negatively regulates the JAK/STAT pathway, however, has not been fully elucidated. Here we describe the mechanism by which CD45 negatively regulates the JAK/STAT pathway through the recruitment of the inhibitory molecule Downstream of Kinase 1 (DOK-1) in hematopoietic cells. We present evidences that CD45 recruits DOK-1 to associate with tyrosine-phosphorylated DOK-1, and that the DOK-1-Y296F mutant completely abrogates its interaction with CD45. Moreover, CD45 expression is required for DOK-1 targeting to the plasma membrane in response to anti-CD3 stimulation. Functional studies further showed that stable expression of DOK-1 in K562 cells markedly decreased both JAK-2 and STAT-3/5 phosphorylation following IL-3 and IFN-alpha stimulation. Likewise, stable expression of DOK-1 in Jurkat cells significantly decreased JAK-2 phosphorylation. Similarly, both IL-3 and IFN-alpha-induced JAK-2 phosphorylations were significantly increased in CD45 deficient Jurkat cells. Consistently, silencing of the DOK-1 gene resulted in rescue of MAP kinases and JAKs activities in CD45 positive Jurkat cells. Accordingly, CD45 recruits adaptor DOK-1 to the proximal plasma membrane to serve as a downstream effector, resulting in negative regulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangtang Wu
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Vares G, Wang B, Shang Y, Ohyama H, Tanaka K, Nakajima T, Nenoi M, Hayata I. Adaptive response in embryogenesis: vi. Comparative microarray analysis of gene expressions in mouse fetuses. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:70-86. [PMID: 19205986 DOI: 10.1080/09553000802635039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure of sublethal doses of ionizing radiation can induce protective mechanisms against a subsequent higher dose irradiation. This phenomenon, called radiation-induced adaptive response (AR), has been described in a wide range of biological models. We previously demonstrated the existence of AR in mice during late organogenesis. In this study, we investigated molecular mechanisms underlying AR in this model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using DNA microarrays, we performed a global analysis of transcriptome regulations in adapted and non-adapted cells collected from whole mouse fetuses, after in utero exposure to priming irradiation. RESULTS We identified AR-specific gene modulations. Our results suggested the involvement of signal transduction and Tumor protein (p53)-related pathways in the induction of AR. CONCLUSIONS Our results are in agreement with previous investigations showing that AR could be dependant on p53 activity. The observed gene modulations may also have possible consequences for subsequent developmental process of the fetus. This is the first report of AR-specific modulations at the molecular level in utero, which could serve as a basis for subsequent studies aimed at understanding AR in this model and possible long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vares
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
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40
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Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins play a critical role for many T-cell functions. The opposing actions of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) determine the level of tyrosine phosphorylation at any time. It is well accepted that PTKs are essential during T-cell signaling; however, the role and importance of PTPs are much less known and appreciated. Both transmembrane and cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatases have been identified in T cells and shown to regulate T-cell responses. This review focuses on the roles of the two cytoplasmic PTPs, the Src-homology 2 domain (SH2)-containing SHP-1 and SHP-2, in T-cell signaling, development, differentiation, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology and The Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0734, USA.
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41
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Hermiston ML, Zikherman J, Zhu JW. CD45, CD148, and Lyp/Pep: critical phosphatases regulating Src family kinase signaling networks in immune cells. Immunol Rev 2009; 228:288-311. [PMID: 19290935 PMCID: PMC2739744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is central to normal immune cell function. Disruption of the equilibrium between PTK and PTP activity can result in immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, or malignancy. Src family kinases (SFKs) play a central role in both immune cell function and disease due to their proximal position in numerous signal transduction cascades including those emanating from integrin, T and B-cell antigen receptors, Fc, growth factor, and cytokine receptors. Given that tight regulation of SFKs activity is critical for appropriate responses to stimulation of these various signaling pathways, it is perhaps not surprising that multiple PTPs are involved in their regulation. Here, we focus on the role of three phosphatases, CD45, CD148, and LYP/PEP, which are critical regulators of SFKs in hematopoietic cells. We review our current understanding of their structures, expression, functions in different hematopoietic cell subsets, regulation, and putative roles in disease. Finally, we discuss remaining questions that must be addressed if we are to have a clearer understanding of the coordinated regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation and signaling networks in hematopoietic cells and how they could potentially be manipulated therapeutically in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Hermiston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-2413, Fax: 415-502-5127,
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-4115, Fax: 502-5081, ;
| | - Jing W. Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-4115, Fax: 502-5081, ;
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42
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Riley RS, Williams D, Ross M, Zhao S, Chesney A, Clark BD, Ben-Ezra JM. Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy: a pathologist's perspective. II. interpretation of the bone marrow aspirate and biopsy. J Clin Lab Anal 2009; 23:259-307. [PMID: 19774631 PMCID: PMC6648980 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow examination has become increasingly important for the diagnosis and treatment of hematologic and other illnesses. Morphologic evaluation of the bone marrow aspirate and biopsy has recently been supplemented by increasingly sophisticated ancillary assays, including immunocytochemistry, cytogenetic analysis, flow cytometry, and molecular assays. With our rapidly expanding knowledge of the clinical and biologic diversity of leukemia and other hematologic neoplasms, and an increasing variety of therapeutic options, the bone marrow examination has became more critical for therapeutic monitoring and planning optimal therapy. Sensitive molecular techniques, in vitro drug sensitivity testing, and a number of other special assays are available to provide valuable data to assist these endeavors. Fortunately, improvements in bone marrow aspirate and needle technology has made the procurement of adequate specimens more reliable and efficient, while the use of conscious sedation has improved patient comfort. The procurement of bone marrow specimens was reviewed in the first part of this series. This paper specifically addresses the diagnostic interpretation of bone marrow specimens and the use of ancillary techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Riley
- Medical College of Virginia Hospitals of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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43
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Wong NKY, Lai JCY, Birkenhead D, Shaw AS, Johnson P. CD45 down-regulates Lck-mediated CD44 signaling and modulates actin rearrangement in T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7033-43. [PMID: 18981123 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine phosphatase CD45 dephosphorylates the negative regulatory tyrosine of the Src family kinase Lck and plays a positive role in TCR signaling. In this study we demonstrate a negative regulatory role for CD45 in CD44 signaling leading to actin rearrangement and cell spreading in activated thymocytes and T cells. In BW5147 T cells, CD44 ligation led to CD44 and Lck clustering, which generated a reduced tyrosine phosphorylation signal in CD45(+) T cells and a more sustained, robust tyrosine phosphorylation signal in CD45(-) T cells. This signal resulted in F-actin ring formation and round spreading in the CD45(+) cells and polarized, elongated cell spreading in CD45(-) cells. The enhanced signal in the CD45(-) cells was consistent with enhanced Lck Y394 phosphorylation compared with the CD45(+) cells where CD45 was recruited to the CD44 clusters. This enhanced Src family kinase-dependent activity in the CD45(-) cells led to PI3K and phospholipase C activation, both of which were required for elongated cell spreading. We conclude that CD45 induces the dephosphorylation of Lck at Y394, thereby preventing sustained Lck activation and propose that the amplitude of the Src family kinase-dependent signal regulates the outcome of CD44-mediated signaling to the actin cytoskeleton and T cell spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson K Y Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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44
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Vacaresse N, Møller B, Danielsen EM, Okada M, Sap J. Activation of c-Src and Fyn kinases by protein-tyrosine phosphatase RPTPalpha is substrate-specific and compatible with lipid raft localization. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:35815-24. [PMID: 18948260 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807964200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) function in multiple signaling pathways, raising the question of how appropriate regulation and substrate choice are achieved. SFK activity is modulated by several protein-tyrosine phosphatases, among which RPTPalpha and SHP2 are the best established. We studied how RPTPalpha affects substrate specificity and regulation of c-Src and Fyn in response to epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor. We find that RPTPalpha, in a growth factor-specific manner, directs the specificity of these kinases toward a specific subset of SFK substrates, particularly the focal adhesion protein Paxillin and the lipid raft scaffolding protein Cbp/PAG. A significant fraction of RPTPalpha is present in lipid rafts, where its targets Fyn and Cbp/PAG reside, and growth factor-mediated SFK activation within this compartment is strictly dependent on RPTPalpha. Forced concentration of RPTPalpha into lipid rafts is compatible with activation of Fyn. Finally, RPTPalpha-induced phosphorylation of Paxillin and Cbp/PAG induces recruitment of the SFK inhibitory kinase Csk, indicative of negative feedback loops limiting SFK activation by RPTPalpha. Our findings indicate that individual SFK-controlling PTPs play important and specific roles in dictating SFK substrate specificity and regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vacaresse
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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45
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Dexamethasone augments CXCR4-mediated signaling in resting human T cells via the activation of the Src kinase Lck. Blood 2008; 113:575-84. [PMID: 18840710 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-04-151803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DM) is a synthetic member of the glucocorticoid (GC) class of hormones that possesses anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant activity and is commonly used to treat chronic inflammatory disorders, severe allergies, and other disease states. Although GCs are known to mediate well-defined transcriptional effects via GC receptors (GCR), there is increasing evidence that GCs also initiate rapid nongenomic signaling events in a variety of cell types. Here, we report that DM induces the phosphorylation of Lck and the activation of other downstream mediators, including p59Fyn, Zap70, Rac1, and Vav in resting but not activated human T cells. DM treatment also augments CXCL12-mediated signaling in resting T cells through its cell surface receptor, CXCR4 resulting in the enhanced actin polymerization, Rac activation, and cell migration on ligand exposure. Lck was found to be a critical intermediate in these DM-induced signaling activities. Moreover, DM-mediated Lck phosphorylation in T cells was dependent on the presence of both the GCR and the CD45 molecule. Overall, these results elucidate additional nongenomic effects of DM and the GCR on resting human T cells, inducing Lck and downstream kinase activation and augmenting chemokine signaling and function.
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46
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Yang J, Hills D, Taylor E, Pfeffer K, Ure J, Medvinsky A. Transgenic tools for analysis of the haematopoietic system: Knock-in CD45 reporter and deletor mice. J Immunol Methods 2008; 337:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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47
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The cytoplasmic tail of CD45 is released from activated phagocytes and can act as an inhibitory messenger for T cells. Blood 2008; 112:1240-8. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-02-138131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCD45 is the prototypic transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), which is expressed on all nucleated hematopoietic cells and plays a central role in the integration of environmental signals into immune cell responses. Here we report an alternative function for the intracellular domain of CD45. We dis-covered that CD45 is sequentially cleaved by serine/metalloproteinases and γ-secretases during activation of human monocytes and granulocytes by fungal stimuli or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate but not by other microbial stimuli. Proteolytic processing of CD45 occurred upon activation of monocytes or granulocytes but not of T cells, B cells, or dendritic cells and resulted in a 95-kDa fragment of the cytoplasmic tail of CD45 (ct-CD45). ct-CD45 was released from monocytes and granulocytes upon activation-induced cell death. Binding studies with ct-CD45 revealed a counter-receptor on preactivated T cells. Moreover, T-cell proliferation induced by dendritic cells or CD3 antibodies was inhibited in the presence of ct-CD45. Taken together, the results of our study demonstrate that fragments of the intracellular domain of CD45 from human phagocytes can function as intercellular regulators of T-cell activation.
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48
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Desharnais P, Dupéré-Minier G, Hamelin C, Devine P, Bernier J. Involvement of CD45 in DNA fragmentation in apoptosis induced by mitochondrial perturbing agents. Apoptosis 2008; 13:197-212. [PMID: 18157742 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CD45 is a type I transmembrane molecule with phosphatase activity which comprises up to 10% of the cell surface area in nucleated haematopoietic cells. We have previously demonstrated the absence of nuclear apoptosis in CD45-negative T cells after chemical-induced apoptosis. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of CD45 in nuclear apoptosis. In contrast to wild type CD45-positive T cells, the CD45-deficient T cell lines are resistant to the induction of DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation following tributyltin (TBT) or H2O2 exposure, but not to cycloheximide-induced apoptosis. CD45 transfection in deficient cell lines led to the restoration of chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation following TBT exposure. In both CD45-positive and negative T cell lines, TBT exposure mediates intracellular calcium mobilization, caspase-3 activation and DFF45 cleavage. Moreover, DNA fragmentation was also induced by TBT in cells deficient in expression of p56lck, ZAP-70 and SHP-1. Subcellular partitioning showed a decrease in nuclear localisation of caspase-3 and DFF40. Together, these results demonstrate for the first time, that CD45 expression plays a key role in internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation processes during apoptosis. CD45 activity or its substrates' activity, appears to be located downstream of caspase-3 activation and plays a role in retention of DFF40 in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Desharnais
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 1B7
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49
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Fuss H, Dubitzky W, Downes CS, Kurth MJ. Deactivation of Src family kinases: hypothesis testing using a Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis of systems-level properties. J Comput Biol 2008; 14:1185-200. [PMID: 17990979 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2007.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family tyrosine kinases play a key role in many cellular signalling networks, but due to the high complexity of these networks their precise function remains elusive. Many factors involved in Src regulation, such as specific kinases and phosphatases, are still unknown. Mathematical models have been constructed to improve the understanding of the system and its dynamic behavior. Using a computational random parameter search, we characterized and compared the dynamics of three alternative models in order to assess their likelihoods. For this, we investigated how systems-level properties such as bistability and excitable behavior relate to kinetic and physiological parameters and how robust these properties were. Our results suggest the existence of a putative negative feedback loop in the Src system. A previously suggested role for PTPalpha in the deactivation of Src was not supported by the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Fuss
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland.
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Jackson
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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