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Scairati R, Auriemma RS, Del Vecchio G, Di Meglio S, Pivonello R, Colao A. Prolactin effects on the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest 2024; 54:e14190. [PMID: 38470045 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolactin (PRL) is a pituitary hormone promoting lactation in response to the suckling reflex. Beyond its well-known effects, novel tissue-specific and metabolic functions of PRL are emerging. AIMS To dissect PRL as a critical mediator of whole-body gluco-insulinemic sensitivity. METHODS PubMed-based search with the following terms 'prolactin', 'glucose metabolism', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus', 'type 1 diabetes mellitus', 'gestational diabetes mellitus' was performed. DISCUSSION The identification of the PRL-glucose metabolism network poses the basis for unprecedented avenues of research in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2, as well as of gestational diabetes. In this regard, it is of timely relevance to define properly the homeostatic PRL serum levels since glucose metabolism could be influenced by the circulating amount of the hormone. RESULTS This review underscores the basic mechanisms of regulation of pancreatic β-cell functions by PRL and provides a revision of articles which have investigated the connection between PRL unbalancing and diabetes mellitus. Future studies are needed to elucidate the burden and the role of PRL in the regulation of glucose metabolism and determine the specific PRL threshold that may impact the management of diabetes. CONCLUSION A careful evaluation and context-driven interpretation of PRL levels (e.g., pregnancy, PRL-secreting pituitary adenomas, drug-related hyper- and hypoprolactinemia) could be critical for the correct screening and management of glucometabolic disorders, such as type 1 or 2 as well as gestational diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Scairati
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Renata Simona Auriemma
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Guendalina Del Vecchio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Di Meglio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia, Andrologia e Nutrizione, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Ramos-Martínez E, Ramos-Martínez I, Valencia J, Ramos-Martínez JC, Hernández-Zimbrón L, Rico-Luna A, Pérez-Campos E, Pérez-Campos Mayoral L, Cerbón M. Modulatory role of prolactin in type 1 diabetes. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2022; 44:79-88. [PMID: 35852366 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have been reported to have elevated prolactin levels and a possible relationship between prolactin levels and the development of the disease has been proposed. However, some studies show that prolactin mediates beneficial functions in beta cells. Therefore, we review information on the roles of prolactin in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Content
Here we summarize the functions of prolactin in the immune system and in pancreatic beta cells, in addition, we describe studies related to PRL levels, its regulation and alterations of secretion in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Summary
Studies in murine models have shown that prolactin protects beta cells from apoptosis, stimulates their proliferation and promotes pancreatic islet revascularization. In addition, some studies in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have shown that elevated prolactin levels correlate with better disease control.
Outlook
Prolactin treatment appears to be a promising strategy to improve beta-cell vascularization and proliferation in transplantation and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Ramos-Martínez
- Facultad de Química , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Ivan Ramos-Martínez
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Jorge Valencia
- Endocrine Research Unit , UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Juan Carlos Ramos-Martínez
- Cardiology Department , Hospital General Regional Lic Ignacio Garcia Tellez IMSS , Mérida , Yucatán , México
| | - Luis Hernández-Zimbrón
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Licenciatura en Optometría, Unidad León , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Anaiza Rico-Luna
- Facultad de Química , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | | | - Laura Pérez-Campos Mayoral
- Research Centre Medicine UNAM-UABJO. Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de Oaxaca , Oaxaca , México
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana. Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
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Duc Nguyen H, Oh H, Yu BP, Hoang NMH, Jo WH, Young Chung H, Kim MS. Associations between Prolactin, Diabetes, and Cognitive Impairment: A Literature Review. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:856-873. [PMID: 34963126 DOI: 10.1159/000521653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Converging evidence indicates prolactin (PRL) and diabetes play an important role in the pathophysiology of cognitive impairment. However, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the effects of PRL and diabetes on cognitive impairment. SUMMARY We summarize and review the available literature and current knowledge of the association between PRL and diabetes on aspects of cognitive impairment. KEY MESSAGES The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway is central to the molecular mechanisms underlying how PRL and diabetes interact in cognitive impairment. Further work is needed to identify the interaction between PRL and diabetes, especially in the molecular aspects of cognitive impairment, which can suggest novel strategies for cognitive dysfunction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Hojin Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Pal Yu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ngoc Minh Hong Hoang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
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4
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Nalla A, Ringholm L, Sørensen SN, Damm P, Mathiesen ER, Nielsen JH. Possible mechanisms involved in improved beta cell function in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04569. [PMID: 32904239 PMCID: PMC7452446 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is known to be associated with an increased demand for insulin that is normally compensated by an increased beta cell mass and insulin secretion. Recent studies have suggested enhanced beta cell function during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes (T1D). To explore the possible mechanisms behind enhanced beta cell function during pregnancy in women with T1D we investigated the impact of circulating factors in serum from nine women from each group of pregnant women with and without T1D, after pregnancy and non-diabetic non-pregnant women on rat islet cell proliferation and apoptosis, and on T-lymphocyte activation. In addition, circulating levels of pancreatic hormones and selected cytokines and adipokines were measured. Rat islet cell proliferation was higher in serum from pregnant women with T1D (p < 0.05) compared to T1D women after pregnancy. Apoptosis in INS-1E cell was lower (p < 0.05) in serum from pregnant women with T1D compared to T1D women after pregnancy. T-lymphocyte cell (Jurkat) proliferation was reduced by serum from pregnant women without T1D only (p < 0.05). Higher C-peptide levels and lower levels of ghrelin, IL-6, MCP-1, IL-8 and adipsin were observed in pregnant women with T1D compared to T1D women after pregnancy. In conclusion, the improved beta cell function in women with T1D during pregnancy may be due to lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines and/or higher levels of pregnancy-associated growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarnadh Nalla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Corresponding author.
| | - Lene Ringholm
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Departments of Endocrinology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Nørskov Sørensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Damm
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Departments of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Reinhardt Mathiesen
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Departments of Endocrinology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Høiriis Nielsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Andreone L, Gimeno ML, Perone MJ. Interactions Between the Neuroendocrine System and T Lymphocytes in Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:229. [PMID: 29867762 PMCID: PMC5966545 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that there is a fine-tuned bidirectional communication between the immune and neuroendocrine tissues in maintaining homeostasis. Several types of immune cells, hormones, and neurotransmitters of different chemical nature are involved as communicators between organs. Apart of being key players of the adaptive arm of the immune system, it has been recently described that T lymphocytes are involved in the modulation of metabolism of several tissues in health and disease. Diabetes may result mainly from lack of insulin production (type 1 diabetes) or insufficient insulin and insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes), both influenced by genetic and environmental components. Herein, we discuss accumulating data regarding the role of the adaptive arm of the immune system in the pathogenesis of diabetes; including the action of several hormones and neurotransmitters influencing on central and peripheral T lymphocytes development and maturation, particularly under the metabolic burden triggered by diabetes. In addition, we comment on the role of T-effector lymphocytes in adipose and liver tissues during diabetes, which together enhances pancreatic β-cell stress aggravating the disease.
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Alkharusi A, Mirecki-Garrido M, Ma Z, Zadjali F, Flores-Morales A, Nyström T, Castrillo A, Bjorklund A, Norstedt G, Fernandez-Pérez L. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) deletion protects against multiple low dose streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes in adult male mice. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 26:67-76. [PMID: 26562042 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2015-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes type 1 is characterized by the failure of beta cells to produce insulin. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are important regulators of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. Previous studies have shown that GH can prevent the development of type I diabetes in mice and that SOCS2 deficiency mimics a state of increased GH sensitivity. METHODOLOGY The elevated sensitivity of SOCS2-/- mice to GH and possibly to PRL was the rationale to analyze the effects of multiple low dose streptozotocin (MLDSTZ)-induced diabetes in SOCS2-/- mice. RESULTS We show that 6-month-old SOCS2-/- mice, but not 2-month-old mice, were less sensitive to MLDSTZ-induced diabetes, compared to controls. MLDSTZ treatment induced glucose intolerance in both SOCS2+/+ and SOCS2-/- mice, as shown by glucose tolerance tests, with SOCS2+/+ mice showing a more marked intolerance, compared to SOCS2-/- mice. Furthermore, insulin tolerance tests showed that the SOCS2-/- mice have an improved hypoglycemic response to exogenous insulin, compared to SOCS2+/+ mice. Moreover, in isolated islets, lipotoxic effects on insulin release could partly be overcome by ligands, which bind to GH or PRL receptors. CONCLUSION Knockdown of SOCS2 makes mice less sensitive to MLDSTZ. These results are consistent with the proposal that elimination of SOCS2 in pancreatic islets creates a state of β-cell hypersensitivity to GH/PRL that mimics events in pregnancy, and which is protective against MLDSTZ-induced type I diabetes in mice. SOCS2-dependent control of β-cell survival may be of relevance to islet regeneration and survival in transplantation.
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Gao P, Jiao Y, Xiong Q, Wang CY, Gerling I, Gu W. Genetic and Molecular Basis of QTL of Diabetes in Mouse: Genes and Polymorphisms. Curr Genomics 2011; 9:324-37. [PMID: 19471607 PMCID: PMC2685644 DOI: 10.2174/138920208785133253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic study has been conducted of all available reports in PubMed and OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) to examine the genetic and molecular basis of quantitative genetic loci (QTL) of diabetes with the main focus on genes and polymorphisms. The major question is, What can the QTL tell us? Specifically, we want to know whether those genome regions differ from other regions in terms of genes relevant to diabetes. Which genes are within those QTL regions, and, among them, which genes have already been linked to diabetes? whether more polymorphisms have been associated with diabetes in the QTL regions than in the non-QTL regions. Our search revealed a total of 9038 genes from 26 type 1 diabetes QTL, which cover 667,096,006 bp of the mouse genomic sequence. On one hand, a large number of candidate genes are in each of these QTL; on the other hand, we found that some obvious candidate genes of QTL have not yet been investigated. Thus, the comprehensive search of candidate genes for known QTL may provide unexpected benefit for identifying QTL genes for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Campbell Clinic and Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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8
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Ji RC, Eshita Y, Xing L, Miura M. Multiple expressions of lymphatic markers and morphological evolution of newly formed lymphatics in lymphangioma and lymph node lymphangiogenesis. Microvasc Res 2010; 80:195-201. [PMID: 20382171 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The rapid evolution of reliable technology combined with increasing number of specific markers for lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) facilitates the investigation of lymphangiogenesis in developing and diseased tissues. Here, we injected incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) peritoneally into BALB/c and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice to induce lymphangioma and found atypical lymphatic accumulations with intervening fibrous tissue and lymphoid aggregates. Lymphatic markers, LYVE-1 and podoplanin, were used to specifically define the morphological features of the neoplastic lymphatics. The NOD mice (affected by an autoimmune disorder) had fewer and smaller lymphangiomas than the BALB/c mice. Injection of IFA in the footpad skin of the mice also disturbed draining regional lymph node lymphangiogenesis and caused enlargement of popliteal lymph nodes. Molecular analyses of the LECs indicated potential interventions for lymphangioma through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A/-C/-D and their receptors, VEGF receptors-2/-3, and Prox-1 signaling pathways. These findings represent an important link between multiple factors and lymphatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Cheng Ji
- Department of Human Anatomy, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan.
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Arulmozhi DK, Kurian R, Bodhankar SL, Veeranjaneyulu A. Metabolic effects of various antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic agents on a high-fat diet and multiple low-dose streptozocin (MLDS) mouse model of diabetes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:1167-73. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.9.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Insulin resistance and subsequent insulin secretory defect are two main features of type 2 diabetes and associated metabolic disorders. The animal models of type 2 diabetes are very complex and are as heterogeneous as the disease. We have evaluated the effect of various antidiabetic and lipid lowering agents (fenofibrate, rosiglitazone, glimepiride, metformin and simvastatin) on the metabolic abnormalities induced by combining a high-fat diet and multiple low-dose streptozocin (MLDS) in mice. Male Swiss albino mice were orally treated with the above agents and fed with a diet containing high fat for 28 days. On day 15 the animals were injected intraperitoneally with low-dose streptozocin (40 mg kg−1), which was administered for five consecutive days. At the end of the 28-day treatment plasma metabolic parameters (glucose, triglyceride and immunoreactive insulin) were estimated. The antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic agents exhibited differential effects on these metabolic parameters. With the exception of fenofibrate all these agents reduced the plasma glucose levels, and the effects of metformin and rosiglitazone on glucose were found to be statistically significant. Although the effect of the test drugs on cholesterol was modest, a significant decrease in triglyceride levels was observed with sub-chronic treatment with these agents. Interestingly, glimepiride mildly elevated the insulin levels while the other antidiabetics and hypolipidaemics reduced the insulin levels, with metformin and rosiglitazone exhibiting statistically significant effects on insulin. To our knowledge this is the first report on the effect of various peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor modulators and newer antidiabetics on the metabolic effects induced by the combined high-fat diet and MLDS model of type 2 diabetes in Swiss albino mice. The results suggested the complexity of the hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia induced by the high-fat diet and MLDS mouse model, and their correction by various antidiabetics and antihyperlipidaemics may have involved diverse mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakshinamoorty Kandasamy Arulmozhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Pune 411 038, India
- Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Rubin Kurian
- Department of Pharmacology, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Pune 411 038, India
| | - Subodh L Bodhankar
- Department of Pharmacology, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Pune 411 038, India
| | - Addepalli Veeranjaneyulu
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, NMIMS University, VL Mehta Road, Vile Parle (E), Mumbai, India
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Manna P, Ghosh J, Das J, Sil PC. Streptozotocin induced activation of oxidative stress responsive splenic cell signaling pathways: protective role of arjunolic acid. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 244:114-29. [PMID: 20053369 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Present study investigates the beneficial role of arjunolic acid (AA) against the alteration in the cytokine levels and simultaneous activation of oxidative stress responsive signaling pathways in spleen under hyperglycemic condition. Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (at a dose of 70 mg/kg body weight, injected in the tail vain). STZ administration elevated the levels of IL-2 as well as IFN-gamma and attenuated the level of TNF-alpha in the sera of diabetic animals. In addition, hyperglycemia is also associated with the increased production of intracellular reactive intermediates resulting with the elevation in lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and reduction in intracellular antioxidant defense. Investigating the oxidative stress responsive cell signaling pathways, increased expressions (immunoreactive concentrations) of phosphorylated p65 as well as its inhibitor protein phospho IkappaBalpha and phosphorylated mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been observed in diabetic spleen tissue. Studies on isolated splenocytes revealed that hyperglycemia caused disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, elevation in the concentration of cytosolic cytochrome c as well as activation of caspase 3 leading to apoptotic cell death. Histological examination revealed that diabetic induction depleted the white pulp scoring which is in agreement with the reduced immunological response. Treatment with AA prevented the hyperglycemia and its associated pathogenesis in spleen tissue. Results suggest that AA might act as an anti-diabetic and immunomodulatory agent against hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Manna
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VIIM, Calcutta-700054, West Bengal, India
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Thorvaldson L, Sandler S. Factors influencing the regulation of cytokine balance during islet transplantation in mice. Transpl Immunol 2009; 20:186-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Hässler S, Peltonen L, Sandler S, Winqvist O. Aire deficiency causes increased susceptibility to streptozotocin-induced murine type 1 diabetes. Scand J Immunol 2008; 67:569-80. [PMID: 18399912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aire-deficient mice are a model of the human monogenic disorder autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I (APS I) characterized by a progressive autoimmune destruction of multiple endocrine glands such as the adrenal cortex, the parathyroids and the beta-cells of the pancreas. The disease is caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene, a putative transcription factor expressed in thymic medullary epithelial cells and in antigen-presenting cells of the myeloid lineage in peripheral lymphoid organs. As Aire(-/-) mice do not spontaneously develop endocrinopathies, we wanted to evaluate the autoimmune multiple low-dose streptozotocin (MLDSTZ) diabetes model in Aire(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, Aire heterozygote mice were most susceptible to MLDSTZ-induced diabetes, whereas Aire(-/-) mice displayed an intermediate sensitivity to diabetes. Furthermore, Aire(-/-) macrophages produced higher levels of TNF-alpha and lower levels of IL-10 following streptozotocin stimulation, and Aire(-/-) mice developed a higher frequency of islet cells autoantibodies as a sign of increased activation. However, the number of islet infiltrating F4/80(+) Aire(-/-) macrophages was significantly decreased which was attributed to an increased susceptibility to streptozotocin cytotoxicity of Aire(-/-) macrophages. In conclusion, Aire(-/-) macrophages display an increased activation after STZ stimuli, but suffer from increased susceptibility to STZ cytotoxicity. These results support an important function of Aire in the control of peripheral tolerance through myeloid antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hässler
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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