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Kornuta CA, Langellotti CA, Bidart JE, Soria I, Quattrocchi V, Gammella M, Cheuquepán Valenzuela F, Mignaqui AC, Ferraris S, Charleston B, Hecker YP, Moore DP, Zamorano PI. A plasmid encoding the extracellular domain of CD40 ligand and Montanide™ GEL01 as adjuvants enhance the immunogenicity and the protection induced by a DNA vaccine against BoHV-1. Vaccine 2021; 39:1007-1017. [PMID: 33446386 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines are capable of inducing humoral and cellular immunity, and are important to control bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), an agent of the bovine respiratory disease complex. In previous work, a DNA plasmid that encodes a secreted form of BoHV-1 glycoprotein D (pCIgD) together with commercial adjuvants provided partial protection against viral challenge of bovines. In this work, we evaluate new molecules that could potentiate the DNA vaccine. We show that a plasmid encoding a soluble CD40 ligand (CD40L) and the adjuvant Montanide™ GEL01 (GEL01) activate in vitro bovine afferent lymph dendritic cells (ALDCs). CD40L is a co-stimulating molecule, expressed transiently on activated CD4+ T cells and, to a lesser extent, on activated B cells and platelets. The interaction with its receptor, CD40, exerts effects on the presenting cells, triggering responses in the immune system. GEL01 was designed to improve transfection of DNA vaccines. We vaccinated cattle with: pCIgD; pCIgD-GEL01; pCIgD with GEL01 and CD40L plasmid (named pCIgD-CD40L-GEL01) or with pCIneo vaccines. The results show that CD40L plasmid with GEL01 improved the pCIgD DNA vaccine, increasing anti-BoHV-1 total IgGs, IgG1, IgG2 subclasses, and neutralizing antibodies in serum. After viral challenge, bovines vaccinated with pCIgD-GEL01-CD40L showed a significant decrease in viral excretion and clinical score. On the other hand, 80% of animals in group pCIgD-GEL01-CD40L presented specific anti-BoHV-1 IgG1 antibodies in nasal swabs. In addition, PBMCs from pCIgD-CD40L-GEL01 had the highest percentage of animals with a positive lymphoproliferative response against the virus and significant differences in the secretion of IFNγ and IL-4 by mononuclear cells, indicating the stimulation of the cellular immune response. Overall, the results demonstrate that a plasmid expressing CD40L associated with the adjuvant GEL01 improves the efficacy of a DNA vaccine against BoHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alejandra Kornuta
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Ana Langellotti
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Esteban Bidart
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ivana Soria
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Quattrocchi
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Gammella
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Felipe Cheuquepán Valenzuela
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS), Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Ana Clara Mignaqui
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB, INTA-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | | | | | - Yanina Paola Hecker
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS), Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Dadin Prando Moore
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS), Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Patricia Inés Zamorano
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Barale C, Russo I. Influence of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors on Platelet Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020623. [PMID: 31963572 PMCID: PMC7014042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are key players in the thrombotic processes. The alterations of platelet function due to the occurrence of metabolic disorders contribute to an increased trend to thrombus formation and arterial occlusion, thus playing a major role in the increased risk of atherothrombotic events in patients with cardiometabolic risk factors. Several lines of evidence strongly correlate metabolic disorders such as obesity, a classical condition of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose homeostasis with cardiovascular diseases. The presence of these clinical features together with hypertension and disturbed microhemorrheology are responsible for the prothrombotic tendency due, at least partially, to platelet hyperaggregability and hyperactivation. A number of clinical platelet markers are elevated in obese and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients, including the mean platelet volume, circulating levels of platelet microparticles, oxidation products, platelet-derived soluble P-selectin and CD40L, thus contributing to an intersection between obesity, inflammation, and thrombosis. In subjects with insulin resistance and T2DM some defects depend on a reduced sensitivity to mediators—such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin—playing a physiological role in the control of platelet aggregability. Furthermore, other alterations occur only in relation to hyperglycemia. In this review, the main cardiometabolic risk factors, all components of metabolic syndrome involved in the prothrombotic tendency, will be taken into account considering some of the mechanisms involved in the alterations of platelet function resulting in platelet hyperactivation.
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Huang YQ, Jie LI, Chen JY, Tang ST, Huang C, Feng YQ. The relationship between soluble CD40 ligand level and atherosclerosis in white-coat hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2017; 32:40-45. [DOI: 10.1038/s41371-017-0016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Connor R, Jones LD, Qiu X, Thakar J, Maggirwar SB. Frontline Science: c-Myc regulates P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 expression in monocytes during HIV-1 infection. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:953-964. [PMID: 28663244 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.6hi0217-043r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte extravasation is a crucial feature of the normal immune response to disease and infection and is implicated in various pathologies during chronic inflammatory disease. P-Selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is critical for leukocyte extravasation; however, despite extensive study, it remains unclear how its expression is regulated, which in turn, impedes a more precise understanding of how its expression level affects transmigration. To investigate the regulation of PSGL-1, 60 subjects, with or without HIV infection, were recruited and PSGL-1 expression in monocytes was measured. PSGL-1 was found to be up-regulated on leukocytes from HIV-infected individuals, and the physiologically relevant mediators soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) and glutamate were able to induce PSGL-1 transcription in human monocytes ex vivo. HIV-1 induced PSGL-1 induction, and its dependence on CD40L was validated further by use of the mouse-tropic HIV (EcoHIV) mouse model of HIV infection in C57BL/6 and CD40L knockout (KO) mice. To investigate crosstalk between the signaling cascades induced by CD40L and glutamate that lead to PSGL-1 induction, a network-based, discrete dynamic model was developed. The model reveals the MAPK pathway and oxidative stress as critical mediators of crosstalk between CD40L and glutamate-induced pathways. Importantly, the model predicted induction of the c-Myc transcription factor upon cotreatment, which was validated using transcriptomic data and pharmacologic inhibition of c-Myc. This study suggests a novel systems serology approach for translational research and reveals a mechanism for PSGL-1 transcriptional regulation, which might be leveraged to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Connor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Letitia D Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Xing Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Juilee Thakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA; .,Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sanjay B Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA;
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Yuan M, Zhang L, You F, Zhou J, Ma Y, Yang F, Tao L. MiR-145-5p regulates hypoxia-induced inflammatory response and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes by targeting CD40. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 431:123-131. [PMID: 28281187 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-2982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence indicates that inflammation and apoptosis are involved in the development of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In this study, we sought to investigate the specific role and the underlying regulatory mechanism of miR-145-5p in myocardial ischemic injury. H9c2 cardiac cells were exposed to hypoxia to establish a model of myocardial hypoxic/ischemic injury. We found that miR-145-5p was notably down-regulated, while CD40 expression was highly elevated in H9c2 cells following exposure to acute hypoxia. Additionally, hypoxia markedly enhanced the inflammatory response, as reflected by an increase in the secretion of the cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, whereas the introduction of miR-145-5p effectively suppressed inflammatory factor production triggered by hypoxia. Furthermore, we observed hypoxia stimulation significantly augmented apoptosis accompanied by a decrease in the expression of Bcl-2 and an increase in the expression of Bax, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9. However, augmentation of miR-145-5p led to a dramatic prevention of hypoxia-induced apoptosis. Importantly, we identified CD40 as a direct target of miR-145-5p. Interestingly, the depletion of CD40 with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) apparently repressed the production of inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis in the setting of acute hypoxic treated. Taken together, these data demonstrated that miR-145-5p may function as a cardiac-protective molecule in myocardial ischemic injury by ameliorating inflammation and apoptosis via negative regulation of CD40. The study gives evidence that miR-145-5p provides an interesting strategy for protecting cardiomyocytes from hypoxia-induced inflammatory response and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Changle Xi 17, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei You
- Department of Cardiology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Changle Xi 17, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjiang Ma
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Yang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Changle Xi 17, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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6
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Abstract
The anoxemia theory proposes that an imbalance between the demand for and supply of oxygen in the arterial wall is a key factor in the development of atherosclerosis. There is now substantial evidence that there are regions within the atherosclerotic plaque in which profound hypoxia exists; this may fundamentally change the function, metabolism, and responses of many of the cell types found within the developing plaque and whether the plaque will evolve into a stable or unstable phenotype. Hypoxia is characterized in molecular terms by the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α, a subunit of the heterodimeric nuclear transcriptional factor HIF-1 and a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. The expression of HIF-1 is localized to perivascular tissues, inflammatory macrophages, and smooth muscle cells adjacent to the necrotic core of atherosclerotic lesions and regulates several genes that are important to vascular function including vascular endothelial growth factor, nitric oxide synthase, endothelin-1, and erythropoietin. This review summarizes the effects of hypoxia on the functions of cells involved in atherogenesis and the evidence for its potential importance from experimental models and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon A A Ferns
- 1 Department of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Lamia Heikal
- 1 Department of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
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7
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Jansen MF, Hollander MR, van Royen N, Horrevoets AJ, Lutgens E. CD40 in coronary artery disease: a matter of macrophages? Basic Res Cardiol 2016; 111:38. [PMID: 27146510 PMCID: PMC4856717 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-016-0554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD), is the leading cause of mortality in the western world, with developing countries showing a similar trend. With the increased understanding of the role of the immune system and inflammation in coronary artery disease, it was shown that macrophages play a major role in this disease. Costimulatory molecules are important regulators of inflammation, and especially, the CD40L-CD40 axis is of importance in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Although it was shown that CD40 can mediate macrophage function, its exact role in macrophage biology has not gained much attention in cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the goal of this review is to give an overview on the role of macrophage-specific CD40 in cardiovascular disease, with a focus on coronary artery disease. We will discuss the function of CD40 on the macrophage and its (proposed) role in the reduction of atherosclerosis, the reduction of neointima formation, and the stimulation of arteriogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs F Jansen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits R Hollander
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels van Royen
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J Horrevoets
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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8
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Li L, Liu N, Dai X, Yan H, Zhang L, Xing L, Wang Y, Wang Y. Development of a dual screening strategy to identify pro-angiogenic compounds from natural products: application on Tongmai Yangxin Pills. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19212b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment and application the dual-screening strategy to screen pro-angiogenic compounds from natural products for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lailai Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research
- Key Laboratory of Formula of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin 300193
| | - Ningning Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research
- Key Laboratory of Formula of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin 300193
| | - Xiangdong Dai
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research
- Key Laboratory of Formula of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin 300193
| | - Haifeng Yan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research
- Key Laboratory of Formula of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin 300193
| | - Ling Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Leilei Xing
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research
- Key Laboratory of Formula of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin 300193
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research
- Key Laboratory of Formula of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin 300193
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9
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Yuan M, Fu H, Ren L, Wang H, Guo W. Soluble CD40 ligand promotes macrophage foam cell formation in the etiology of atherosclerosis. Cardiology 2015; 131:1-12. [PMID: 25825037 DOI: 10.1159/000374105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High levels of soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) in the circulation have been suggested as an important indicator of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes. In the present study, we explored the role of sCD40L in the formation of foam cells. METHODS Lipid deposition and foam cell formation was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and Nile Red staining, respectively. Gene expressions were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. The interaction between CD40 and sCD40L were blocked by CD40 small interfering RNA or anti-CD40 antibody. RESULTS sCD40L significantly increased lipid deposition and foam cell formation associated with upregulation of scavenger receptor type A and CD36. Additionally, sCD40L increased adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1 and cholesterol efflux, and activated NF-κB in macrophages. sCD40L promoted foam cell formation via CD40 ligation and disruption of the ligation between CD40 and CD40L either by small interfering RNA or by a blocking anti-CD40 antibody apparently inhibiting foam cell formation in response to sCD40L. CONCLUSION Our data suggests a novel insight into the role of sCD40L in foam cell formation during atherosclerosis, which further confirms the importance of sCD40L in atherosclerosis and as a target for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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10
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Kosacka M, Brzecka A, Piesiak P, Korzeniewska A, Jankowska R. Soluble ligand CD40 and uric acid as markers of atheromatosis in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 839:55-60. [PMID: 25315617 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2014_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk of atheromatosis in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), as based on the concentration of the pro-atherogenic soluble CD40L ligand (sCD40L) in relation to the level of uric acid. The serum levels of sCD40L and uric acid were measured in 79 OSA patients (mean apnea/hypopnea index - AHI 34.4 ± 20.9) and in 40 healthy controls. We found that sCD40L was higher in the OSA patients with hyperuricemia than that in the patients with uric acid in the normal range (sCD40L: 9.0 ng/ml vs. 8.0 ng/ml, respectively, p < 0.05). There was a positive association of sCD40L with AHI (p = 0.01) and a negative one with the mean minimal nocturnal SaO₂(p < 0.05). Uric acid correlated negatively with the mean and minimal SaO₂and positively with the oxygen desaturation index (p < 0.05). OSA patients with hyperuricemia also had a higher prevalence of hypertension and ischemic heart disease. We conclude that OSA patients with increased uric acid concentration have increased risk of atheromatosis, as indicated by a higher level of soluble pro-atherogenic ligand CD40, and a higher prevalence of cardiovascular adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kosacka
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Cancer, Wroclaw Medical University, 105 Grabiszynska St., Wroclaw, 53-439, Poland,
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Spencer JL, Bhatia VN, Whelan SA, Costello CE, McComb ME. STRAP PTM: Software Tool for Rapid Annotation and Differential Comparison of Protein Post-Translational Modifications. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2013; 44:13.22.1-36. [PMID: 25422678 PMCID: PMC4240648 DOI: 10.1002/0471250953.bi1322s44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The identification of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) is an increasingly important component of proteomics and biomarker discovery, but very few tools exist for performing fast and easy characterization of global PTM changes and differential comparison of PTMs across groups of data obtained from liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry experiments. STRAP PTM (Software Tool for Rapid Annotation of Proteins: Post-Translational Modification edition) is a program that was developed to facilitate the characterization of PTMs using spectral counting and a novel scoring algorithm to accelerate the identification of differential PTMs from complex data sets. The software facilitates multi-sample comparison by collating, scoring, and ranking PTMs and by summarizing data visually. The freely available software (beta release) installs on a PC and processes data in protXML format obtained from files parsed through the Trans-Proteomic Pipeline. The easy-to-use interface allows examination of results at protein, peptide, and PTM levels, and the overall design offers tremendous flexibility that provides proteomics insight beyond simple assignment and counting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean L. Spencer
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of
Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Room 504, Boston, MA 02118-2526, Phone:
617-638-4537
| | - Vivek N. Bhatia
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of
Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Room 504, Boston, MA 02118-2526, Phone:
617-638-6760
| | - Stephen A. Whelan
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of
Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Room 504, Boston, MA 02118-2526, Phone:
617-638-6760
| | - Catherine E. Costello
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of
Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Room 507, Boston, MA 02118-2526, Phone:
617-638-6490
| | - Mark E. McComb
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Center, Boston University School of
Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Room 511, Boston, MA 02118-2526, Phone:
617-638-4280
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12
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Obulesu M, Jhansilakshmi M. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: an understanding of physiology and pathology. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:227-35. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.831852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Zhang B, Wu T, Chen M, Zhou Y, Yi D, Guo R. The CD40/CD40L system: a new therapeutic target for disease. Immunol Lett 2013; 153:58-61. [PMID: 23892087 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of CD40/CD40 ligand (CD40L) interactions in atherothrombosis, in the response of the immune system to pathogens and in thrombosis is now widely accepted. A role for CD40-CD40L interactions has been identified in atherosclerosis (AS), and such interactions are known to destabilize atherosclerotic plaques by inducing the expression of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, matrix metalloproteinases and pro-coagulant factors. CD40/CD40L interactions have also been implicated in immune system disorders. Recent studies have suggested that CD40/CD40L interactions regulate oxidative stress and affect various signaling pathways in both the immunological and the cardiovascular systems. Here, we discuss the current drugs that target the CD40/CD40L system, as understanding the roles and regulations of CD40/CD40L-mediated signal pathways by these drugs could facilitate the development of therapeutics that target diverse diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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ZHAO RENPING, SUN LI, LIN SENSEN, BAI XIANSHU, YU BOYANG, YUAN SHENGTAO, ZHANG LUYONG. The saponin monomer of dwarf lilyturf tuber, DT-13, inhibits angiogenesis under hypoxia and normoxia via multi-targeting activity. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1379-86. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Liu R, Guo C, Yang C, Xu D, Wang C. VEGF165 attenuates the Th17/Treg imbalance that exists when transplanting allogeneic skeletal myoblasts to treat acute myocardial infarction. Inflamm Res 2012; 62:69-79. [PMID: 22996192 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether Th17/Treg imbalance exists, and whether VEGF(165) attenuates the imbalance in allogeneic skeletal myoblast transplantation (allo-SMT) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS On days 1, 2, 4, and 7 after allo-SMT, the percentages and ratios of Th17 and Treg cells were analyzed by flow cytometry in three groups-the AMI group, the AMI-S group (allo-SMT) and the AMI-V group (with VEGF(165) treatment). Subsequently, related proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines and key transcription factors, ROR-γt mRNA and Foxp3 mRNA expression, were examined by Bio-plex and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS On days 1, 2, 4, and 7, the percentage of Tregs, related cytokine concentrations and transcript factor Foxp3 mRNA in the AMI-S group were lower than those in the AMI group, while those in the AMI-V group were higher than those in the AMI group. However, the percentage of Th17 cells, related cytokine concentrations and ROR-γt mRNA in the AMI-S group were higher than those in the AMI group; those in the AMI-V group were lower than those in the AMI group. Compared with the AMI group, the ratios of Th17/Treg cells significantly increased in the AMI-S group and decreased in the AMI-V group. CONCLUSIONS Th17/Treg imbalance participated in the formation and development of the inflammatory and immune response after allo-SMT. However, transfected VEGF(165) was able to relieve the severity of the Th17/Treg imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Liu X, Xue Y, Ding T, Sun J. Enhancement of proinflammatory and procoagulant responses to silica particles by monocyte-endothelial cell interactions. Part Fibre Toxicol 2012; 9:36. [PMID: 22985792 PMCID: PMC3502427 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-9-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inorganic particles, such as drug carriers or contrast agents, are often introduced into the vascular system. Many key components of the in vivo vascular environment include monocyte-endothelial cell interactions, which are important in the initiation of cardiovascular disease. To better understand the effect of particles on vascular function, the present study explored the direct biological effects of particles on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and monocytes (THP-1 cells). In addition, the integrated effects and possible mechanism of particle-mediated monocyte-endothelial cell interactions were investigated using a coculture model of HUVECs and THP-1 cells. Fe₃O₄ and SiO₂ particles were chosen as the test materials in the present study. RESULTS The cell viability data from an MTS assay showed that exposure to Fe₃O₄ or SiO₂ particles at concentrations of 200 μg/mL and above significantly decreased the cell viability of HUVECs, but no significant loss in viability was observed in the THP-1 cells. TEM images indicated that with the accumulation of SiO₂ particles in the cells, the size, structure and morphology of the lysosomes significantly changed in HUVECs, whereas the lysosomes of THP-1 cells were not altered. Our results showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation; the production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β; and the expression of CD106, CD62E and tissue factor in HUVECs and monocytes were significantly enhanced to a greater degree in the SiO₂-particle-activated cocultures compared with the individual cell types alone. In contrast, exposure to Fe₃O₄ particles had no impact on the activation of monocytes or endothelial cells in monoculture or coculture. Moreover, using treatment with the supernatants of SiO₂-particle-stimulated monocytes or HUVECs, we found that the enhancement of proinflammatory response by SiO₂ particles was not mediated by soluble factors but was dependent on the direct contact between monocytes and HUVECs. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis showed that SiO₂ particles could markedly increase CD40L expression in HUVECs. Our data also demonstrated that the stimulation of cocultures with SiO₂ particles strongly enhanced c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and NF-κB activation in both HUVECs and THP-1 cells, whereas the phosphorylation of p38 was not affected. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that SiO₂ particles can significantly augment proinflammatory and procoagulant responses through CD40-CD40L-mediated monocyte-endothelial cell interactions via the JNK/NF-κB pathway, which suggests that cooperative interactions between particles, endothelial cells, and monocytes may trigger or exacerbate cardiovascular dysfunction and disease, such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis. These findings also indicate that the monocyte-endothelial cocultures represent a sensitive in vitro model system to assess the potential toxicity of particles and provide useful information that may help guide the future design and use of inorganic particles in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Shanghai Biomaterials Research & Testing Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 427 Ju-men Road, Shanghai 200023, China
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The involvement of the CD40-CD40L pathway in activated platelet-induced changes in HUVEC COX-2 and PPARα expression. Inflammation 2012; 35:1184-90. [PMID: 22219050 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We aim to determine the extent of the CD40-CD40L pathway involvement in activated platelet-induced changes in human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs). Activated platelets were co-incubated with HUVECs in the presence or absence of CD40LmAb. HUVECs were also directly stimulated with rhCD40L. HUVEC endothelial cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) expression was then assessed. To estimate COX-2 activity, PGE2 concentration was determined. PPARα activity was assessed using a nuclear factor activity kit. Co-incubation with activated platelets increased HUVEC COX-2 and PPARα mRNA expression (P < 0.01). The addition of CD40L mAb significantly attenuated these increases in mRNA and protein (both P < 0.01). Direct stimulation by rhCD40L increased HUVEC COX-2 mRNA and protein (P < 0.05) but did not significantly change the expression of PPARα mRNA and protein. CD40LmAb significantly decreased (P < 0.05) and rhCD40L significantly (P < 0.01) increased COX-2 enzymatic activity, but had almost no effects on PPARα binding activity. Activated platelets may increase HUVEC COX-2 expression and activity partly through the CD40-CD40L pathway.
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Shigeta A, Tada Y, Wang JY, Ishizaki S, Tsuyusaki J, Yamauchi K, Kasahara Y, Iesato K, Tanabe N, Takiguchi Y, Sakamoto A, Tokuhisa T, Shibuya K, Hiroshima K, West J, Tatsumi K. CD40 amplifies Fas-mediated apoptosis: a mechanism contributing to emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L141-51. [PMID: 22610351 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00337.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive apoptosis and prolonged inflammation of alveolar cells are associated with the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. We aimed to determine whether CD40 affects alveolar epithelial cells and endothelial cells, with regard to evoking apoptosis and inflammation. Mice were repeatedly treated with agonistic-anti CD40 antibody (Ab), with or without agonistic-anti Fas Ab, and evaluated for apoptosis and inflammation in lungs. Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells and alveolar epithelial cells were treated with agonistic anti-CD40 Ab and/or anti-Fas Ab to see their direct effect on apoptosis and secretion of proinflammatory molecules in vitro. Furthermore, plasma soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) level was evaluated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In mice, inhaling agonistic anti-CD40 Ab induced moderate alveolar enlargement. CD40 stimulation, in combination with anti-Fas Ab, induced significant emphysematous changes and increased alveolar cell apoptosis. CD40 stimulation also enhanced IFN-γ-mediated emphysematous changes, not via apoptosis induction, but via inflammation with lymphocyte accumulation. In vitro, Fas-mediated apoptosis was enhanced by CD40 stimulation and IFN-γ in endothelial cells and by CD40 stimulation in epithelial cells. CD40 stimulation induced secretion of CCR5 ligands in endothelial cells, enhanced with IFN-γ. Plasma sCD40L levels were significantly increased in patients with COPD, inversely correlating to the percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 s and positively correlating to low attenuation area score by CT scan, regardless of smoking history. Collectively CD40 plays a contributing role in the development of pulmonary emphysema by sensitizing Fas-mediated apoptosis in alveolar cells and increasing the secretion of proinflammatory chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Shigeta
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
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Tkacova R, Ukropec J, Skyba P, Ukropcova B, Pobeha P, Kurdiova T, Joppa P, Klimes I, Tkac I, Gasperikova D. Increased adipose tissue expression of proinflammatory CD40, MKK4 and JNK in patients with very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 81:386-93. [PMID: 20699612 DOI: 10.1159/000319957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD40, a transmembrane receptor of the tumor necrosis factor gene superfamily, is activated in response to cellular stress, including hypoxia, and orchestrates the process of inflammation via secondary messengers such as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinases (JNK). OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that CD40, MKK4 and JNK expression is increased in the adipose tissue of patients with very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS In 20 patients with stable COPD, lung function was assessed using body plethysmography, and samples of subcutaneous adipose tissue were analyzed using real-time PCR. Body composition, including fat mass index (FMI), was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. RESULTS 12 patients in GOLD stage I-III (age 61.6 ± 8.6 years, 4 females, mean partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, PaO(2), 9.38 ± 0.21 kPa) were compared to 8 patients in GOLD stage IV (age 62.6 ± 6.3 years, all male, mean PaO(2) 7.70 ± 0.37 kPa). Compared to patients in GOLD stage I-III, patients in GOLD stage IV had lower FMI (p = 0.004), being associated with significantly higher adipose tissue expression of CD40, MKK4 and JNK [ΔΔCt: 2.55 (1.99, 4.40) vs. 1.87 (1.63, 2.23), p = 0.013; 5.19 (3.13, 5.96) vs. 2.98 (2.82, 3.86), p = 0.002; 9.01 (5.12, 11.41) vs. 4.65 (4.42, 6.26), p = 0.001, respectively]. Log-transformed CD40, MKK4 and JNK expression was significantly inversely related to PaO(2), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of proinflammatory CD40, MKK4 and JNK gene expression in adipose tissue in very severe COPD raises the possibility of a role of chronic systemic hypoxia in the pathogenesis of adipose tissue inflammation in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruzena Tkacova
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Safarik University and L. Pasteur Teaching Hospital, Kosice, Slovakia.
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Giunta B, Rezai-Zadeh K, Tan J. Impact of the CD40-CD40L dyad in Alzheimer's disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2010; 9:149-55. [PMID: 20205645 DOI: 10.2174/187152710791012099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
As the number of elderly individuals rises, Alzheimer's disease (AD), marked by amyloid-beta deposition, neurofibrillary tangle formation, and low-level neuroinflammation, is expected to lead to an ever-worsening socioeconomic burden. AD pathoetiologic mechanisms are believed to involve chronic microglial activation. This phenomenon is associated with increased expression of membrane-bound CD40 with its cognate ligand, CD40 ligand (CD40L), as well as increased circulating levels of soluble forms of CD40 (sCD40) and CD40L (sCD40L). Here, we review the role of this inflammatory dyad in the pathogenesis of AD. In addition, we examine potential therapeutic strategies such as statins, flavonoids, and human umbilical cord blood transplantation, all of which have been shown to modulate CD40-CD40L interaction in mouse models of AD. Importantly, therapeutic approaches focusing on CD40-CD40L dyad regulation, either alone or in combination with amyloid-beta immunotherapy, may provide for a safe and effective AD prophylaxis or treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Giunta
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Institute for Research in Psychiatry Neuroimmunology Laboratory, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33613, USA.
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Chakrabarti S, Rizvi M, Morin K, Garg R, Freedman JE. The role of CD40L and VEGF in the modulation of angiogenesis and inflammation. Vascul Pharmacol 2010; 53:130-7. [PMID: 20546942 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been growing interest in deciphering the role of angiogenesis in the progression of atherogenesis. Importantly, CD40-CD40L interactions are of significant relevance because of their involvement in both angiogenesis and atherosclerotic development. Previously, we have shown that recombinant soluble CD40 ligand (rsCD40L) stimulates auto-inflammatory CD40L synthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in vascular cells. In the current study, we demonstrate that redox-mediated CD40-CD40L interaction can enhance vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis, endothelial migration, and actin polymerization processes. Interestingly, the addition of exogenous VEGF leads to cleavage of de novo CD40L produced in endothelial cells following rsCD40L treatment. Using inhibitor and silencing RNA-based experiments, it was observed that VEGF-induced protease, calpain 2, was responsible for the cleavage of de novo CD40L. While our in vivo experiments using a matrigel plug assay indicate a VEGF and CD40L induced enhancement of angiogenesis, our studies also identify a novel mechanism by which VEGF can abrogate CD40L-mediated inflammation. Together, these studies reveal a new pathway by which VEGF-CD40L interactions can regulate the angiogenic and inflammatory process depending on the specific environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Chakrabarti
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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22
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2010; 17:177-85. [PMID: 20190584 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283382286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Expression of CD40 and CD40L in gastric cancer tissue and its clinical significance. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3900-3917. [PMID: 19865524 PMCID: PMC2769148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10093900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To study expression of CD40 and CD40L in gastric cancer tissue we assessed gastric cancer patients admitted to the Department of Gastroenterology of The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and control subjects. Gastric cancer and normal (from around tumours) tissue samples were obtained from patients. Venous blood samples (gastric cancer and ulcer groups) were drawn on the morning of the day before surgery for the measurement of peripheral sCD40L. The expression of CD40 in gastric carcinoma specimens was examined immuno-histochemically. The clinicopathological factors, including age, sex, tumor size, gross appearance, degree of cellular differentiation, histological classification, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, peritoneal dissemination, and TNM stage were analyzed according to the different expression of CD40. The results indicated a high CD40 expression in gastric cancer tissues. This positive expression of CD40 revealed a significant (P < 0.05) correlation with lymphatic metastasis and tumor TNM stage in gastric cancer patients. It is concluded that higher CD40 expression existed in expanding type tumors and could play an important role in clinical diagnosis of gastric cancer patients.
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Abstract
Some 15-20% of the population over the age of 65 years suffer from dementia, currently one of the leading causes of death behind cardiovascular diseases, cancer and cerebrovascular diseases. The major forms of dementia share in common overactivation of the CD40-CD40-L complex, leading to high levels of proinflammatory cytokine production by immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), including microglia and astrocytes. Consequently, both neuronal survival and signaling are negatively affected, leading to the characteristic progressive loss of higher cortical functions. We have reviewed the literature concerning the involvement of this complex in the pathology of three major forms of dementia: Alzheimer's-type, HIV-associated and vascular dementia. This is followed by a discussion of current preclinical and clinical therapies that may influence this interaction, and thus point the way toward a future neuroimmunological approach to inhibiting the effects of CD40-CD40-L in neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Giunta
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Institute for Research in Psychiatry Neuroimmunology Laboratory, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - K.P. Figueroa
- Department of Neurosurgery Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - T. Town
- Department of Neurosurgery Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - J. Tan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Rashid Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
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