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Du Y, Wang D, Katis VL, Zoeller EL, Qui M, Levey AI, Gileadi O, Fu H. Development of a Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ultra-high throughput screening assay for targeting SYK and FCER1G interaction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.11.598473. [PMID: 38915662 PMCID: PMC11195132 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.598473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor subunit gamma (FCER1G) interaction has a major role in the normal innate and adaptive immune responses, but dysregulation of this interaction is implicated in several human diseases, including autoimmune disorders, hematological malignancies, and Alzheimer's Disease. Development of small molecule chemical probes could aid in studying this pathway both in normal and aberrant contexts. Herein, we describe the miniaturization of a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay to measure the interaction between SYK and FCER1G in a 1536-well ultrahigh throughput screening (uHTS) format. The assay utilizes the His-SH2 domains of SYK, which are indirectly labeled with anti-His-terbium to serve as TR-FRET donor and a FITC-conjugated phosphorylated ITAM domain peptide of FCER1G to serve as acceptor. We have optimized the assay into 384-well HTS format and further miniaturized the assay into a 1536-well uHTS format. Robust assay performance has been achieved with a Z' factor > 0.8 and signal-to-background (S/B) ratio > 15. The utilization of this uHTS TR-FRET assay for compound screening has been validated by a pilot screening of 2,036 FDA-approved and bioactive compounds library. Several primary hits have been identified from the pilot uHTS. One compound, hematoxylin, was confirmed to disrupt the SYK/FECR1G interaction in an orthogonal protein-protein interaction assay. Thus, our optimized and miniaturized uHTS assay could be applied to future scaling up of a screening campaign to identify small molecule inhibitors targeting the SYK and FCER1G interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dongxue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vittorio L. Katis
- Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth L. Zoeller
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Min Qui
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Allan I. Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory Goizueta Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Opher Gileadi
- Alzheimer’s Research UK Oxford Drug Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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2
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Barbosa JA, Yang CT, Finatto AN, Cantarelli VS, de Oliveira Costa M. T-independent B-cell effect of agents associated with swine grower-finisher diarrhea. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:991-1001. [PMID: 38044397 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Swine dysentery, spirochetal colitis, and salmonellosis are production-limiting enteric diseases of global importance to the swine industry. Despite decades of efforts, mitigation of these diseases still relies on antibiotic therapy. A common knowledge gap among the 3 agents is the early B-cell response to infection in pigs. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the porcine B-cell response to Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Brachyspira hampsonii (virulent and avirulent strains), Brachyspira pilosicoli, and Salmonella Typhimurium, the agents of the syndromes mentioned above. Immortalized porcine B-cell line derived from a crossbred pig with lymphoma were co-incubated for 8 h with each pathogen, as well as E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a sham-inoculum (n = 3/treatment). B-cell viability following treatments was evaluated using trypan blue, and the expression levels of B-cell activation-related genes was profiled using reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Only S. Typhimurium and LPS led to increased B-cell mortality. B. pilosicoli downregulated B-lymphocyte antigen (CD19), spleen associated tyrosine Kinase (syk), tyrosine-protein kinase (lyn), and Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), and elicited no change in immunoglobulin-associated beta (CD79b) and swine leukocyte antigen class II (SLA-DRA) expression levels, when compared to the sham-inoculated group. In contrast, all other treatments significantly upregulated CD79b and stimulated responses in other B-cell downstream genes. These findings suggest that B. pilosicoli does not elicit an immediate T-independent B-cell response, nor does it trigger antigen-presenting mechanisms. All other agents activated at least one trigger within the T-independent pathways, as well as peptide antigen presenting mechanisms. Future research is warranted to verify these findings in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica A Barbosa
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Christine T Yang
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Arthur N Finatto
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Vinícius S Cantarelli
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Oliveira Costa
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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3
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Yin M, Smith JA, Chou M, Chan J, Jittayasothorn Y, Gould DB, Caspi RR, Anderson MS, DeFranco AL. Tracking the role of Aire in immune tolerance to the eye with a TCR transgenic mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2311487121. [PMID: 38261611 PMCID: PMC10835137 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311487121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Roughly one-half of mice with partial defects in two immune tolerance pathways (AireGW/+Lyn-/- mice) spontaneously develop severe damage to their retinas due to T cell reactivity to Aire-regulated interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). Single-cell T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of CD4+ T cells specific for a predominate epitope of IRBP showed a remarkable diversity of autoantigen-specific TCRs with greater clonal expansions in mice with disease. TCR transgenic mice made with an expanded IRBP-specific TCR (P2.U2) of intermediate affinity exhibited strong but incomplete negative selection of thymocytes. This negative selection was absent in IRBP-/- mice and greatly defective in AireGW/+ mice. Most P2.U2+/- mice and all P2.U.2+/-AireGW/+ mice rapidly developed inflammation of the retina and adjacent uvea (uveitis). Aire-dependent IRBP expression in the thymus also promoted Treg differentiation, but the niche for this fate determination was small, suggesting differences in antigen presentation leading to negative selection vs. thymic Treg differentiation and a stronger role for negative selection in preventing autoimmune disease in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianmian Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Marissa Chou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jackie Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | | | - Douglas B Gould
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bakar Aging Research Institute, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Anthony L DeFranco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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Tornillo G, Warrington L, Kendrick H, Higgins AT, Hay T, Beck S, Smalley MJ. Conditional in vivo deletion of LYN kinase has little effect on a BRCA1 loss-of-function-associated mammary tumour model. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050211. [PMID: 38149669 PMCID: PMC10846530 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
LYN kinase is expressed in BRCA1 loss-of-function-dependent mouse mammary tumours, in the cells of origin of such tumours, and in human breast cancer. Suppressing LYN kinase activity in BRCA1-defective cell lines as well as in in vitro cultures of Brca1-null mouse mammary tumours is deleterious to their growth. Here, we examined the interaction between LYN kinase and BRCA1 loss-of-function in an in vivo mouse mammary tumour model, using conditional knockout Brca1 and Lyn alleles. Comparison of Brca1 tumour cohorts showed little difference in mammary tumour formation between animals that were wild type, heterozygous or homozygous for the conditional Lyn allele, although this was confounded by factors including incomplete Lyn recombination in some tumours. RNA-sequencing analysis demonstrated that tumours with high levels of Lyn gene expression had a slower doubling time, but this was not correlated with levels of LYN staining in tumour cells themselves. Rather, high Lyn expression and slower tumour growth were likely a result of B-cell infiltration. The multifaceted role of LYN indicates that it is likely to present difficulties as a therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Tornillo
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Lauren Warrington
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Howard Kendrick
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Adam T. Higgins
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Trevor Hay
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Sam Beck
- Independent Anatomic Pathology Ltd, Calyx House, South Road, Taunton TA1 3DU, UK
| | - Matthew J. Smalley
- The European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
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5
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Brooks JF, Riggs J, Mueller JL, Mathenge R, Wholey WY, Yoda ST, Vykunta VS, Cheng W, Zikherman J. Molecular basis for potent B cell responses to antigen displayed on particles of viral size. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.15.528761. [PMID: 36824873 PMCID: PMC9949087 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.15.528761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although it has long been appreciated that multivalent antigens - and particularly viral epitope display - produce extremely rapid, robust, and T-independent humoral immune responses, the biochemical basis for such potency has been incompletely understood. Here we take advantage of a set of neutral liposomes of viral size that are engineered to display affinity mutants of the model antigen (Ag) hen egg lysozyme at precisely varied density. We show that particulate Ag display by liposomes induces highly potent B cell responses that are dose-and density-dependent but affinity-independent. Titrating dose of particulate, but not soluble, Ag reveals bimodal Erk phosphorylation and cytosolic calcium increases. Particulate Ag induces signal amplification downstream of the B cell receptor (BCR) by selectively evading LYN-dependent inhibitory pathways, but in vitro potency is independent of CD19. Importantly, Ag display on viral-sized particles signals independently of MYD88 and IRAK1/4, but activates NF- κ B robustly in a manner that mimics T cell help. Together, such biased signaling by particulate Ag promotes MYC expression and reduces the threshold required for B cell proliferation relative to soluble Ag. These findings uncover a molecular basis for highly sensitive B cell response to viral Ag display and remarkable potency of virus-like particle vaccines that is not merely accounted for by avidity and BCR cross-linking, and is independent of the contribution of B cell nucleic acid-sensing machinery.
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Gottschalk TA, Hall P, Tsantikos E, L’Estrange-Stranieri E, Hickey MJ, Hibbs ML. Loss of CD11b Accelerates Lupus Nephritis in Lyn-Deficient Mice Without Disrupting Glomerular Leukocyte Trafficking. Front Immunol 2022; 13:875359. [PMID: 35634296 PMCID: PMC9134083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.875359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex, heterogeneous autoimmune disease. A common manifestation, lupus nephritis, arises from immune complex deposition in the kidney microvasculature promoting leukocyte activation and infiltration, which triggers glomerular damage and renal dysfunction. CD11b is a leukocyte integrin mainly expressed on myeloid cells, and aside from its well-ascribed roles in leukocyte trafficking and phagocytosis, it can also suppress cytokine production and autoreactivity. Genome-wide association studies have identified loss-of-function polymorphisms in the CD11b-encoding gene ITGAM that are strongly associated with SLE and lupus nephritis; however, it is not known whether these polymorphisms act alone to induce disease or in concert with other risk alleles. Herein we show using Itgam-/- mice that loss of CD11b led to mild inflammatory traits, which were insufficient to trigger autoimmunity or glomerulonephritis. However, deficiency of CD11b in autoimmune-prone Lyn-deficient mice (Lyn-/-Itgam-/-) accelerated lupus-like disease, driving early-onset immune cell dysregulation, autoantibody production and glomerulonephritis, impacting survival. Migration of leukocytes to the kidney in Lyn-/- mice was unhindered by lack of CD11b. Indeed, kidney inflammatory macrophages were further enriched, neutrophil retention in glomerular capillaries was increased and kidney inflammatory cytokine responses were enhanced in Lyn-/-Itgam-/- mice. These findings indicate that ITGAM is a non-monogenic autoimmune susceptibility gene, with loss of functional CD11b exacerbating disease without impeding glomerular leukocyte trafficking when in conjunction with other pre-disposing genetic mutations. This highlights a primarily protective role for CD11b in restraining inflammation and autoimmune disease and provides a potential therapeutic avenue for lupus treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Gottschalk
- Leukocyte Signalling Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pamela Hall
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Evelyn Tsantikos
- Leukocyte Signalling Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elan L’Estrange-Stranieri
- Leukocyte Signalling Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael J. Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret L. Hibbs
- Leukocyte Signalling Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Margaret L. Hibbs,
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7
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Induction of Foxp3 and activation of Tregs by HSP gp96 for treatment of autoimmune diseases. iScience 2021; 24:103445. [PMID: 34877502 PMCID: PMC8633978 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Upregulation and stabilization of Foxp3 expression in Tregs are essential for regulating Treg function and immune homeostasis. In this study, gp96 immunization showed obvious therapeutic effects in a Lyn–/– mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Moreover, gp96 alleviated the initiation and progression of MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunization of gp96 increased Treg frequency, expansion, and suppressive function. Gene expression profiling identified the NF-κB family member p65 and c-Rel as the key transcription factors for enhanced Foxp3 expression in Treg by gp96. Mutant gp96 within its Toll-like receptor (TLR) binding domain, TLR2 knockout mice, and mice with cell-specific deletion of MyD88, were used to demonstrate that gp96 activated Tregs and induced Foxp3 expression via a TLR2-MyD88-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. Taken together, these results show that gp96 immunization restricted antibody-induced and Th-induced autoimmune diseases by integrating Treg expansion and activation, indicating its potential clinical usefulness against autoimmune diseases. SLE symptoms in Lyn–/– mice are ameliorated by gp96 immunization Tregs expanded by gp96 provide potential in suppressing Th-mediated EAE Gp96 promotes Treg proliferation, stability, and suppressive function Gp96 binds to and activates Treg in a TLR2-MyD88-NF-кB-Foxp3 pathway
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8
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Geraghty S, Koutsouveli V, Hall C, Chang L, Sacristan-Soriano O, Hill M, Riesgo A, Hill A. Establishment of Host-Algal Endosymbioses: Genetic Response to Symbiont Versus Prey in a Sponge Host. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6427630. [PMID: 34791195 PMCID: PMC8633732 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri and its Chlorella-like algal partner is an emerging model for studying animal: algal endosymbiosis. The sponge host is a tractable laboratory organism, and the symbiotic algae are easily cultured. We took advantage of these traits to interrogate questions about mechanisms that govern the establishment of durable intracellular partnerships between hosts and symbionts in facultative symbioses. We modified a classical experimental approach to discern the phagocytotic mechanisms that might be co-opted to permit persistent infections, and identified genes differentially expressed in sponges early in the establishment of endosymbiosis. We exposed algal-free E. muelleri to live native algal symbionts and potential food items (bacteria and native heat-killed algae), and performed RNA-Seq to compare patterns of gene expression among treatments. We found a relatively small but interesting suite of genes that are differentially expressed in the host exposed to live algal symbionts, and a larger number of genes triggered by host exposure to heat-killed algae. The upregulated genes in sponges exposed to live algal symbionts were mostly involved in endocytosis, ion transport, metabolic processes, vesicle-mediated transport, and oxidation–reduction. One of the host genes, an ATP-Binding Cassette transporter that is downregulated in response to live algal symbionts, was further evaluated for its possible role in the establishment of the symbiosis. We discuss the gene expression profiles associated with host responses to living algal cells in the context of conditions necessary for long-term residency within host cells by phototrophic symbionts as well as the genetic responses to sponge phagocytosis and immune-driven pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Geraghty
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, New Jersey, USA
| | - Vasiliki Koutsouveli
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Chelsea Hall
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Lillian Chang
- Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine, USA
| | - Oriol Sacristan-Soriano
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes (CEAB, CSIC), Blanes, Spain
| | - Malcolm Hill
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine, USA
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Madrid, Spain
| | - April Hill
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine, USA
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9
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Khan N, Hu Y, Lowell CA, Rothstein TL. Signal Integration by Translocation and Phosphorylation of PKCδ in the B Cell Alternate Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2288-2296. [PMID: 34588218 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B cell signaling for activation via the BCR occurs as an isolated event only in vitro; in real life, BCR signaling takes place within a complex milieu that involves interactions with agents that trigger additional receptors. Chief among these is IL-4. We have shown that BCR signaling is reprogrammed by IL-4 receptor engagement and that this reprogramming involves creation of a new, signalosome-independent, Lyn-dependent alternate signaling pathway in B cells isolated from BALB/cByJ mice. A unique aspect of the alternate pathway is protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) phosphorylation. In dissecting this pathway, we unexpectedly found that Lyn is associated with IL-4Rα, that IL-4 induces Lyn activation, and that Lyn immunoprecipitated from IL-4-treated B cells capably phosphorylates PKCδ in a cell-free system. However, PKCδ phosphorylation does not occur in the absence of BCR triggering in vivo. This raised the question of why IL-4 alone failed to produce PKCδ phosphorylation. We considered the possibility that Lyn and PKCδ may be spatially separated. As expected, before any treatment, Lyn is located primarily in the membrane fraction, whereas PKCδ is located mainly in the cytosol fraction. However, when anti-Ig follows IL-4 treatment, PKCδ is found in the membrane fraction and phosphorylated. This translocation of PKCδ to the membrane fraction is not affected by loss of Lyn, although PKCδ phosphorylation requires Lyn. Thus, PKCδ phosphorylation through the alternate pathway represents the result of signal integration, whereby neither IL-4 nor anti-Ig working alone produces this outcome, but together they achieve this result by Lyn activation (IL-4) and PKCδ translocation (IL-4 followed by anti-Ig).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Khan
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI
| | - Yongmei Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; and
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA; and
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI; .,Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI
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10
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Dang NN, Li XB, Zhang M, Han C, Fan XY, Huang SH. NLGN3 Upregulates Expression of ADAM10 to Promote the Cleavage of NLGN3 via Activating the LYN Pathway in Human Gliomas. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662763. [PMID: 34485271 PMCID: PMC8415229 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuron derived synaptic adhesion molecular neuroligin-3 (NLGN3) plays an important role in glioma growth. While the role of autocrine NLGN3 in glioma has not been well-studied. The expression of NLGN3 in glioma was detected using immunohistochemistry. We further explored its function and regulatory mechanism in U251 and U87 cells with high expression of NLGN3. Knockdown of endogenous NLGN3 significantly reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells and down-regulated the activity of the PI3K-AKT, ERK1/2, and LYN signaling pathways. In comparison, overexpression of NLGN3 yielded opposite results. Our results further demonstrate that LYN functions as a feedback mechanism to promote NLGN3 cleavage. This feedback regulation was achieved by upregulating the ADAM10 sheddase responsible for NLGN3 cleavage. Inhibition of ADAM10 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells; oppositely, the expression of ADAM10 was correlated with a higher likelihood of lower grade glioma (LGG) in the brain. Our study demonstrates that glioma-derived NLGN3 promotes glioma progression by upregulating activity of LYN and ADAM10, which in turn promote NLGN3 cleavage to form a positive feedback loop. This pathway may open a potential therapeutic window for the treatment of human glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Ning Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Han
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shu-Hong Huang
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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11
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CBL mutations drive PI3K/AKT signaling via increased interaction with LYN and PIK3R1. Blood 2021; 137:2209-2220. [PMID: 33512474 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (CBL) encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase and signaling adaptor that regulates receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. Recurrent CBL mutations occur in myeloid neoplasms, including 10% to 20% of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) cases, and selectively disrupt the protein's E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. CBL mutations have been associated with poor prognosis, but the oncogenic mechanisms and therapeutic implications of CBL mutations remain incompletely understood. We combined functional assays and global mass spectrometry to define the phosphoproteome, CBL interactome, and mechanism of signaling activation in a panel of cell lines expressing an allelic series of CBL mutations. Our analyses revealed that increased LYN activation and interaction with mutant CBL are key drivers of enhanced CBL phosphorylation, phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1) recruitment, and downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling in CBL-mutant cells. Signaling adaptor domains of CBL, including the tyrosine kinase-binding domain, proline-rich region, and C-terminal phosphotyrosine sites, were all required for the oncogenic function of CBL mutants. Genetic ablation or dasatinib-mediated inhibition of LYN reduced CBL phosphorylation, CBL-PIK3R1 interaction, and PI3K/AKT signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrated in vitro and in vivo antiproliferative efficacy of dasatinib in CBL-mutant cell lines and primary CMML. Overall, these mechanistic insights into the molecular function of CBL mutations provide rationale to explore the therapeutic potential of LYN inhibition in CBL-mutant myeloid malignancies.
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12
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Nataraja C, Dankers W, Flynn J, Lee JPW, Zhu W, Vincent FB, Gearing LJ, Ooi J, Pervin M, Cristofaro MA, Sherlock R, Hasnat MA, Harris J, Morand EF, Jones SA. GILZ Regulates the Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Protects Against End-Organ Damage in a Model of Lupus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652800. [PMID: 33889157 PMCID: PMC8056982 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) mimics many of the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids, suggesting it as a point of therapeutic intervention that could bypass GC adverse effects. We previously reported that GILZ down-regulation is a feature of human SLE, and loss of GILZ permits the development of autoantibodies and lupus-like autoimmunity in mice. To further query the contribution of GILZ to protection against autoimmune inflammation, we studied the development of the lupus phenotype in Lyn-deficient (Lyn-/-) mice in which GILZ expression was genetically ablated. In Lyn-/- mice, splenomegaly, glomerulonephritis, anti-dsDNA antibody titres and cytokine expression were exacerbated by GILZ deficiency, while other autoantibody titres and glomerular immune complex deposition were unaffected. Likewise, in patients with SLE, GILZ was inversely correlated with IL23A, and in SLE patients not taking glucocorticoids, GILZ was also inversely correlated with BAFF and IL18. This suggests that at the onset of autoimmunity, GILZ protects against tissue injury by modulating pro-inflammatory pathways, downstream of antibodies, to regulate the cycle of inflammation in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Champa Nataraja
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wendy Dankers
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Flynn
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacinta P W Lee
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wendy Zhu
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fabien B Vincent
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Linden J Gearing
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Hudson Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joshua Ooi
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mehnaz Pervin
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Megan A Cristofaro
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rochelle Sherlock
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Md Abul Hasnat
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James Harris
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric F Morand
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah A Jones
- Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Disease, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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13
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Mshaik R, Simonet J, Georgievski A, Jamal L, Bechoua S, Ballerini P, Bellaye PS, Mlamla Z, Pais de Barros JP, Geissler A, Francin PJ, Girodon F, Garrido C, Quéré R. HSP90 inhibitor NVP-BEP800 affects stability of SRC kinases and growth of T-cell and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:61. [PMID: 33737511 PMCID: PMC7973815 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL, B-ALL) are aggressive hematological malignancies characterized by an accumulation of immature T- or B-cells. Although patient outcomes have improved, novel targeted therapies are needed to reduce the intensity of chemotherapy and improve the prognosis of high-risk patients. Using cell lines, primary cells and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, we demonstrate that ALL cells viability is sensitive to NVP-BEP800, an ATP-competitive inhibitor of Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). Furthermore, we reveal that lymphocyte-specific SRC family kinases (SFK) are important clients of the HSP90 chaperone in ALL. When PDX mice are treated with NVP-BEP800, we found that there is a decrease in ALL progression. Together, these results demonstrate that the chaperoning of SFK by HSP90 is involved in the growth of ALL. These novel findings provide an alternative approach to target SRC kinases and could be used for the development of new treatment strategies for ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Mshaik
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - John Simonet
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Layla Jamal
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Shaliha Bechoua
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Ferdinand Cabanne, Hôpital Universitaire François Mitterrand, Dijon, France
| | - Paola Ballerini
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Simon Bellaye
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Zandile Mlamla
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Plateforme de Lipidomique, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Plateforme de Lipidomique, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Audrey Geissler
- Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire, CellImaP, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Francin
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique et Moléculaire, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Hôpital Universitaire François Mitterrand, Dijon, France
| | - François Girodon
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Universitaire François Mitterrand, Dijon, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Ronan Quéré
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
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14
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Colgan TJ, Moran PA, Archer LC, Wynne R, Hutton SA, McGinnity P, Reed TE. Evolution and Expression of the Immune System of a Facultatively Anadromous Salmonid. Front Immunol 2021; 12:568729. [PMID: 33717060 PMCID: PMC7952528 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.568729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates have evolved a complex immune system required for the identification of and coordinated response to harmful pathogens. Migratory species spend periods of their life-cycle in more than one environment, and their immune system consequently faces a greater diversity of pathogens residing in different environments. In facultatively anadromous salmonids, individuals may spend parts of their life-cycle in freshwater and marine environments. For species such as the brown trout Salmo trutta, sexes differ in their life-histories with females more likely to migrate to sea while males are more likely to stay and complete their life-cycle in their natal river. Salmonids have also undergone a lineage-specific whole genome duplication event, which may provide novel immune innovations but our current understanding of the differences in salmonid immune expression between the sexes is limited. We characterized the brown trout immune gene repertoire, identifying a number of canonical immune genes in non-salmonid teleosts to be duplicated in S. trutta, with genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Through genome-wide transcriptional profiling (“RNA-seq”) of male and female livers to investigate sex differences in gene expression amplitude and alternative splicing, we identified immune genes as being generally male-biased in expression. Our study provides important insights into the evolutionary consequences of whole genome duplication events on the salmonid immune gene repertoire and how the sexes differ in constitutive immune expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Colgan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Peter A Moran
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Louise C Archer
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Robert Wynne
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stephen A Hutton
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Philip McGinnity
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Marine Institute, Newport, Ireland
| | - Thomas E Reed
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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15
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Song S, De S, Nelson V, Chopra S, LaPan M, Kampta K, Sun S, He M, Thompson CD, Li D, Shih T, Tan N, Al-Abed Y, Capitle E, Aranow C, Mackay M, Clapp WL, Barnes BJ. Inhibition of IRF5 hyperactivation protects from lupus onset and severity. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:6700-6717. [PMID: 32897883 PMCID: PMC7685739 DOI: 10.1172/jci120288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a central mediator of innate and adaptive immunity. Genetic variations within IRF5 are associated with a risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and mice lacking Irf5 are protected from lupus onset and severity, but how IRF5 functions in the context of SLE disease progression remains unclear. Using the NZB/W F1 model of murine lupus, we show that murine IRF5 becomes hyperactivated before clinical onset. In patients with SLE, IRF5 hyperactivation correlated with dsDNA titers. To test whether IRF5 hyperactivation is a targetable function, we developed inhibitors that are cell permeable, nontoxic, and selectively bind to the inactive IRF5 monomer. Preclinical treatment of NZB/W F1 mice with an inhibitor attenuated lupus pathology by reducing serum antinuclear autoantibodies, dsDNA titers, and the number of circulating plasma cells, which alleviated kidney pathology and improved survival. Clinical treatment of MRL/lpr and pristane-induced lupus mice with an inhibitor led to significant reductions in dsDNA levels and improved survival. In ex vivo human studies, the inhibitor blocked SLE serum-induced IRF5 activation and reversed basal IRF5 hyperactivation in SLE immune cells. We believe this study provides the first in vivo clinical support for treating patients with SLE with an IRF5 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Song
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Saurav De
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Victoria Nelson
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Samin Chopra
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Margaret LaPan
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Kyle Kampta
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Shan Sun
- Center for Molecular Innovation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Mingzhu He
- Center for Molecular Innovation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Cherrie D Thompson
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Tiffany Shih
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Natalie Tan
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Center for Molecular Innovation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Eugenio Capitle
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cynthia Aranow
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Meggan Mackay
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - William L Clapp
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Betsy J Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Departments of Molecular Medicine and Pediatrics, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
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16
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Constitutive activation of Lyn kinase enhances BCR responsiveness, but not the development of CLL in Eµ-TCL1 mice. Blood Adv 2020; 4:6106-6116. [PMID: 33351104 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been improved dramatically by inhibitors targeting B-cell receptor (BCR)-associated kinases. The tyrosine kinase Lyn is a key modulator of BCR signaling and shows increased expression and activity in CLL. To evaluate the functional relevance of Lyn for CLL, we generated a conditional knockin mouse model harboring a gain-of-function mutation of the Lyn gene (LynY508F), which was specifically expressed in the B-cell lineage (Lynup-B). Kinase activity profiling revealed an enhanced responsiveness to BCR stimulation in Lynup-B B cells. When crossing Lynup-B mice with Eµ-TCL1 mice (TCL1tg/wt), a transgenic mouse model for CLL, the resulting TCL1tg/wt Lynup-B mice showed no significant change of hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, bone marrow infiltration, or overall survival when compared with TCL1tg/wt mice. Our data also suggested that TCL1 expression has partially masked the effect of the Lynup-B mutation, because the BCR response was only slightly increased in TCL1tg/wt Lynup-B compared with TCL1tg/wt. In contrast, TCL1tg/wt Lynup-B were protected at various degrees against spontaneous apoptosis in vitro and upon treatment with kinase inhibitors targeting the BCR. Collectively, and consistent with our previous data in a Lyn-deficient CLL model, these data lend further suggest that an increased activation of Lyn kinase in B cells does not appear to be a major driver of leukemia progression and the level of increased BCR responsiveness induced by Lynup-B is insufficient to induce clear changes to CLL pathogenesis in vivo.
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17
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Pierce CF, Brown VR, Olsen SC, Boggiatto P, Pedersen K, Miller RS, Speidel SE, Smyser TJ. Loci Associated With Antibody Response in Feral Swine ( Sus scrofa) Infected With Brucella suis. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:554674. [PMID: 33324693 PMCID: PMC7724110 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.554674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are a destructive invasive species widespread throughout the United States that disrupt ecosystems, damage crops, and carry pathogens of concern for the health of domestic stock and humans including Brucella suis-the causative organism for swine brucellosis. In domestic swine, brucellosis results in reproductive failure due to abortions and infertility. Contact with infected feral swine poses spillover risks to domestic pigs as well as humans, companion animals, wildlife, and other livestock. Genetic factors influence the outcome of infectious diseases; therefore, genome wide association studies (GWAS) of differential immune responses among feral swine can provide an understanding of disease dynamics and inform management to prevent the spillover of brucellosis from feral swine to domestic pigs. We sought to identify loci associated with differential antibody responses among feral swine naturally infected with B. suis using a case-control GWAS. Tissue, serum, and genotype data (68,516 bi-allelic single nucleotide polymorphisms) collected from 47 feral swine were analyzed in this study. The 47 feral swine were culture positive for Brucella spp. Of these 47, 16 were antibody positive (cases) whereas 31 were antibody negative (controls). Single-locus GWAS were performed using efficient mixed-model association eXpedited (EMMAX) methodology with three genetic models: additive, dominant, and recessive. Eight loci associated with seroconversion were identified on chromosome 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 18. Subsequent bioinformatic analyses revealed nine putative candidate genes related to immune function, most notably phagocytosis and induction of an inflammatory response. Identified loci and putative candidate genes may play an important role in host immune responses to B. suis infection, characterized by a detectable bacterial presence yet a differential antibody response. Given that antibody tests are used to evaluate brucellosis infection in domestic pigs and for disease surveillance in invasive feral swine, additional studies are needed to fully understand the genetic component of the response to B. suis infection and to more effectively translate estimates of Brucella spp. antibody prevalence among feral swine to disease control management action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney F Pierce
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Vienna R Brown
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Feral Swine Damage Management Program, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Steven C Olsen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paola Boggiatto
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kerri Pedersen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ryan S Miller
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Scott E Speidel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Timothy J Smyser
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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18
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Src Family Protein Kinase Controls the Fate of B Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Inflammation 2020; 44:423-433. [PMID: 33037966 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are more than 80 kinds of autoimmune diseases known at present, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as well as other disorders. Autoimmune diseases have a characteristic of immune responses directly attacking own tissues, leading to systematic inflammation and subsequent tissue damage. B cells play a vital role in the development of autoimmune diseases and differentiate into plasma cells or memory B cells to secrete high-affinity antibody or provide long-lasting function. Drugs targeting B cells show good therapeutic effects for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody). Src family protein kinases (SFKs) are believed to play important roles in a variety of cellular functions such as growth, proliferation, and differentiation of B cell via B cell antigen receptor (BCR). Lck/Yes-related novel protein tyrosine kinase (LYN), BLK (B lymphocyte kinase), and Fyn are three different kinds of SFKs mainly expressed in B cells. LYN has a dual role in the BCR signal. On the one hand, positive signals are beneficial to the development and maturation of B cells. On the other hand, LYN can also inhibit excessively activated B cells. BLK is involved in the proliferation, differentiation, and immune tolerance of B lymphocytes, and further affects the function of B cells, which may lead to autoreactive or regulatory cellular responses, increasing the risk of autoimmune diseases. Fyn may affect the development of autoimmune disorders via the differentiation of B cells in the early stage of B cell development. This article reviews the recent advances of SFKs in B lymphocytes in autoimmune diseases.
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19
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BAFF-driven NLRP3 inflammasome activation in B cells. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:820. [PMID: 33004801 PMCID: PMC7529748 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BAFF supports B-cell survival and homeostasis by activating the NF-κB pathway. While NF-κB is also involved in the priming signal of NLRP3 inflammasome, the role of BAFF in NLRP3 inflammasome regulation is unknown. Here we report BAFF engagement to BAFF receptor elicited both priming and activating signals for NLRP3 inflammasomes in primary B cells and B lymphoma cell lines. This induction of NLRP3 inflammasomes by BAFF led to increased NLRP3 and IL-1β expression, caspase-1 activation, IL-1β secretion, and pyroptosis. Mechanistically, BAFF activated NLRP3 inflammasomes by promoting the association of cIAP-TRAF2 with components of NLRP3 inflammasomes, and by inducing Src activity-dependent ROS production and potassium ion efflux. B-cell receptor (BCR) stimulation on the Lyn signaling pathway inhibited BAFF-induced Src activities and attenuated BAFF-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings reveal an additional function of BAFF in B-cell homeostasis that is associated with BCR activities.
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20
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Grasseau A, Boudigou M, Le Pottier L, Chriti N, Cornec D, Pers JO, Renaudineau Y, Hillion S. Innate B Cells: the Archetype of Protective Immune Cells. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:92-106. [PMID: 31183788 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The innate B cell (IBC) population is heterogeneous and involved in the primary immune response. IBC functions include a high ability to produce natural antibodies with IgM isotype, the elimination of apoptotic cells, and a capacity to be cognate help to T cells. Among IBC subsets, B-1 cells and marginal zone B cells are the main producers of IgM, act as rapid immune responders that may relocate to follicular lymphoid and differentiate to cytokine and antibody-secreting cells shortly after infection. IBCs functions are highly dependent on their localization site and the nature of their B cell receptor repertoire, suggesting a high plasticity range of different immune responses. In this review, we will describe the nature and functions of the different innate-like B cell subsets, first in mice and then in humans. Besides this, we will emphasize the strong ability of these cells to undertake different protective functions from the first line of defense against pathogens to the regulatory role of the broader immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Grasseau
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Marina Boudigou
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Laëtitia Le Pottier
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Nedra Chriti
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Divi Cornec
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Brest, Brest, France
| | - Sophie Hillion
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France. .,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Brest, Brest, France.
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21
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Figueiredo CR, Kalirai H, Sacco JJ, Azevedo RA, Duckworth A, Slupsky JR, Coulson JM, Coupland SE. Loss of BAP1 expression is associated with an immunosuppressive microenvironment in uveal melanoma, with implications for immunotherapy development. J Pathol 2020; 250:420-439. [PMID: 31960425 PMCID: PMC7216965 DOI: 10.1002/path.5384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) induces durable responses in many metastatic cancers. Metastatic uveal melanoma (mUM), typically occurring in the liver, is one of the most refractory tumours to ICIs and has dismal outcomes. Monosomy 3 (M3), polysomy 8q, and BAP1 loss in primary uveal melanoma (pUM) are associated with poor prognoses. The presence of tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) within pUM and surrounding mUM – and some evidence of clinical responses to adoptive TIL transfer – strongly suggests that UMs are indeed immunogenic despite their low mutational burden. The mechanisms that suppress TILs in pUM and mUM are unknown. We show that BAP1 loss is correlated with upregulation of several genes associated with suppressive immune responses, some of which build an immune suppressive axis, including HLA‐DR, CD38, and CD74. Further, single‐cell analysis of pUM by mass cytometry confirmed the expression of these and other markers revealing important functions of infiltrating immune cells in UM, most being regulatory CD8+ T lymphocytes and tumour‐associated macrophages (TAMs). Transcriptomic analysis of hepatic mUM revealed similar immune profiles to pUM with BAP1 loss, including the expression of IDO1. At the protein level, we observed TAMs and TILs entrapped within peritumoural fibrotic areas surrounding mUM, with increased expression of IDO1, PD‐L1, and β‐catenin (CTNNB1), suggesting tumour‐driven immune exclusion and hence the immunotherapy resistance. These findings aid the understanding of how the immune response is organised in BAP1− mUM, which will further enable functional validation of detected biomarkers and the development of focused immunotherapeutic approaches. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Figueiredo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of the Faculty of Medicine, MediCity Research Laboratory and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Helen Kalirai
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joseph J Sacco
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Wirral, UK
| | - Ricardo A Azevedo
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Duckworth
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joseph R Slupsky
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Judy M Coulson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sarah E Coupland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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22
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Markovics A, Toth DM, Glant TT, Mikecz K. Regulation of autoimmune arthritis by the SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase. Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:160. [PMID: 32586377 PMCID: PMC7318740 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) is known to exert negative regulatory effects on immune cell signaling. Mice with mutations in the Shp1 gene develop inflammatory skin disease and autoimmunity, but no arthritis. We sought to explore the role of SHP-1 in arthritis using an autoimmune mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. We generated Shp1 transgenic (Shp1-Tg) mice to study the impact of SHP-1 overexpression on arthritis susceptibility and adaptive immune responses. Methods SHP-1 gene and protein expression as well as tyrosine phosphatase activity were evaluated in spleen cells of transgenic and wild type (WT) mice. WT and Shp1-Tg (homozygous or heterozygous for the transgene) mice were immunized with human cartilage proteoglycan (PG) in adjuvant, and arthritis symptoms were monitored. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation level, net cytokine secretion, and serum anti-human PG antibody titers were measured in immune cells from WT and Shp1-Tg mice. WT mice were treated with regorafenib orally to activate SHP-1 either before PG-induced arthritis (PGIA) symptoms developed (preventive treatment) or starting at an early stage of disease (therapeutic treatment). Data were statistically analyzed and graphs created using GraphPad Prism 8.0.2 software. Results SHP-1 expression and tyrosine phosphatase activity were elevated in both transgenic lines compared to WT mice. While all WT mice developed arthritis after immunization, none of the homozygous Shp1-Tg mice developed the disease. Heterozygous transgenic mice, which showed intermediate PGIA incidence, were selected for further investigation. We observed differences in interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 production in vitro, but serum anti-PG antibody levels were not different between the genotypes. We also found decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins of the JAK/STAT pathway in T cells from PG-immunized Shp1-Tg mice. Regorafenib administration to WT mice prevented the development of severe PGIA or reduced disease severity when started after disease onset. Conclusions Resistance to arthritis in the presence of SHP-1 overexpression likely results from the impairment of tyrosine phosphorylation (deactivation) of key immune cell signaling proteins in the JAK/STAT pathway, due to the overwhelming tyrosine phosphatase activity of the enzyme in Shp1-Tg mice. Our study is the first to investigate the role of SHP-1 in autoimmune arthritis using animals overexpressing this phosphatase. Pharmacological activation of SHP-1 might be considered as a new approach to the treatment of autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Markovics
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison Street, Cohn Research Building, Room 741, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Daniel M Toth
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison Street, Cohn Research Building, Room 741, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Tibor T Glant
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison Street, Cohn Research Building, Room 741, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Katalin Mikecz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison Street, Cohn Research Building, Room 741, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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23
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Mahmud H, Mendez M, Mukhopadhyay B, Holter-Chakrabarty J, Ghosh AK. HSP90 overexpression potentiates the B-cell receptor and fibroblast growth factor receptor survival signals in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2037-2046. [PMID: 32547702 PMCID: PMC7275782 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is still an incurable disease despite aggressive chemotherapies including the B-cell receptor (BCR) targeted-inhibitors. Therefore, we assessed the expression status of key signal mediators of the BCR pathway in CLL cells. Indeed, we detected aberrantly elevated levels of CD79a, B-cell adaptor for PI3K (BCAP) and phospholipase C (PLC)γ2, key mediators of BCR signal, in CLL cells. As HSP90 is also overexpressed in CLL cells, we hypothesized that HSP90 could potentiate the BCR signal via stabilization of multiple key components of the BCR-signalosome. We found that HSP90 formed a multi-molecular complex with CD79a, BCAP, PLCγ2, LYN, SYK, Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) and AKT and that, pharmacologic inhibition or partial depletion of HSP90 reduced the expression of these signal mediators in CLL cells. In addition, our findings also demonstrated that HSP90 could stabilize the tyrosine phosphatase, PTPN22 which positively regulates AKT phosphorylation, and the constitutively active fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) in CLL cells. Finally, HSP90 inhibition induced apoptosis in CLL cells in a dose-dependent manner likely via downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins MCL-1 and XIAP, but not BCL2, reported to be overexpressed in CLL cells. In total, our findings suggest that HSP90-inhibition may sensitize the leukemic B-cells to BCR-targeted agents, particularly those become resistant to these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Mahmud
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Mariana Mendez
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Bedabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | | | - Asish K Ghosh
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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24
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Tibaldi E, Federti E, Matte A, Iatcenko I, Wilson AB, Riccardi V, Pagano MA, De Franceschi L. Oxidation Impacts the Intracellular Signaling Machinery in Hematological Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040353. [PMID: 32344529 PMCID: PMC7222375 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic coordination between kinases and phosphatases is crucial for cell homeostasis, in response to different stresses. The functional connection between oxidation and the intracellular signaling machinery still remains to be investigated. In the last decade, several studies have highlighted the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as modulators directly targeting kinases, phosphatases, and downstream modulators, or indirectly acting on cysteine residues on kinases/phosphatases resulting in protein conformational changes with modulation of intracellular signaling pathway(s). Translational studies have revealed the important link between oxidation and signal transduction pathways in hematological disorders. The intricate nature of intracellular signal transduction mechanisms, based on the generation of complex networks of different types of signaling proteins, revealed the novel and important role of phosphatases together with kinases in disease mechanisms. Thus, therapeutic approaches to abnormal signal transduction pathways should consider either inhibition of overactivated/accumulated kinases or homeostatic signaling resetting through the activation of phosphatases. This review discusses the progress in the knowledge of the interplay between oxidation and cell signaling, involving phosphatase/kinase systems in models of globally distributed hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tibaldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.T.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Enrica Federti
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
| | - Alessandro Matte
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
| | - Iana Iatcenko
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
| | - Anand B. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
| | - Veronica Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
| | - Mario Angelo Pagano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.T.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Lucia De Franceschi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (E.F.); (A.M.); (I.I.); (A.B.W.); (V.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-045-812-4401
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25
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Verstappen GM, Ice JA, Bootsma H, Pringle S, Haacke EA, de Lange K, van der Vries GB, Hickey P, Vissink A, Spijkervet FKL, Lessard CJ, Kroese FGM. Gene expression profiling of epithelium-associated FcRL4 + B cells in primary Sjögren's syndrome reveals a pathogenic signature. J Autoimmun 2020; 109:102439. [PMID: 32201227 PMCID: PMC7337041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
In primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), FcRL4+ B cells are present in inflamed salivary gland tissue, within or in close proximity to ductal epithelium. FcRL4 is also expressed by nearly all pSS-related mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) B cell lymphomas, linking FcRL4 expression to lymphomagenesis. Whether glandular FcRL4+ B cells are pathogenic, how these cells originate, and how they functionally differ from FcRL4- B cells in pSS is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the phenotype and function of FcRL4+ B cells in the periphery and parotid gland tissue of patients with pSS. First, circulating FcRL4+ B cells from 44 pSS and 54 non-SS-sicca patients were analyzed by flow cytometry. Additionally, RNA sequencing of FcRL4+ B cells sorted from parotid gland cell suspensions of 6 pSS patients was performed. B cells were sorted from cell suspensions as mini bulk (5 cells/well) based on the following definitions: CD19+CD27-FcRL4- ('naive'), CD19+CD27+FcRL4- ('memory'), and CD19+FcRL4+ B cells. We found that, although FcRL4+ B cells were not enriched in blood in pSS compared with non-SS sicca patients, these cells generally exhibited a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Genes coding for CD11c (ITGAX), T-bet (TBX21), TACI (TNFRSF13B), Src tyrosine kinases and NF-κB pathway-related genes were, among others, significantly upregulated in glandular FcRL4+ B cells versus FcRL4- B cells. Pathway analysis showed upregulation of B cell activation, cell cycle and metabolic pathways. Thus, FcRL4+ B cells in pSS exhibit many characteristics of chronically activated, pro-inflammatory B cells and their gene expression profile suggests increased risk of lymphomagenesis. We postulate that these cells contribute significantly to the epithelial damage seen in the glandular tissue and that FcRL4+ B cells are an important treatment target in pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenny M Verstappen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - John A Ice
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Hendrika Bootsma
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Pringle
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erlin A Haacke
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kim de Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben B van der Vries
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Genomics Coordination Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Hickey
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Arjan Vissink
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik K L Spijkervet
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher J Lessard
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Frans G M Kroese
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
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26
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Dai HP, Yin J, Li Z, Yang CX, Cao T, Chen P, Zong YH, Zhu MQ, Zhu XM, Xiao S, Wu DP, Tang XW. Rapid Molecular Response to Dasatinib in a Pediatric Relapsed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia With NCOR1-LYN Fusion. Front Oncol 2020; 10:359. [PMID: 32266142 PMCID: PMC7098965 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-like ALL) is associated with high rates of treatment failure and poor outcome. Activation of ABL/Src family kinases is found in ~10% of Ph-like ALL, which can be therapeutically targeted by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. LYN is a member of the ABL/Src-tyrosine kinase family. Somatic LYN rearrangements are found in 5 cases of hematopoietic malignancies so far, although none of them were treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Case presentation: A 6-year-old boy with relapsed B-ALL had no response to reinduction chemotherapy. He was then treated with the ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib and achieved complete remission within 2 weeks. Haploidentical allogenic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) was subsequently performed and maintenance therapy with dasatinib initiated 8 weeks post-transplantation. He has been in minimal residual disease negative remission for 10 months after allo-HSCT. Result: His bone marrow karyotype showed a balanced translocation between chromosomes 8 and 17, leading to a NCOR1-LYN fusion gene confirmed with sequencing. Conclusion: Although LYN overexpression is described in many AML and B-ALL patients, intragenic LYN rearrangement is a rare event. For the first time, we present evidence that dasatinib is effective in treating a pediatric B-ALL with NCOR-LYN fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ping Dai
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Yin
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zheng Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Tin Cao
- Sano Suzhou Precision Medicine Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Sano Suzhou Precision Medicine Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Yun-Hui Zong
- Sano Suzhou Precision Medicine Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Ming-Qing Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xia-Ming Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - De-Pei Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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27
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Tan C, Noviski M, Huizar J, Zikherman J. Self-reactivity on a spectrum: A sliding scale of peripheral B cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:37-60. [PMID: 31631352 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Efficient mechanisms of central tolerance, including receptor editing and deletion, prevent highly self-reactive B cell receptors (BCRs) from populating the periphery. Despite this, modest self-reactivity persists in (and may even be actively selected into) the mature B cell repertoire. In this review, we discuss new insights into mechanisms of peripheral B cell tolerance that restrain mature B cells from mounting inappropriate responses to endogenous antigens, and place recent work into historical context. In particular, we discuss new findings that have arisen from application of a novel in vivo reporter of BCR signaling, Nur77-eGFP, expression of which scales with the degree of self-reactivity in both monoclonal and polyclonal B cell repertoires. We discuss new and historical evidence that self-reactivity is not just tolerated, but actively selected into the peripheral repertoire. We review recent progress in understanding how dual expression of the IgM and IgD BCR isotypes on mature naive follicular B cells tunes responsiveness to endogenous antigen recognition, and discuss how this may be integrated with other features of clonal anergy. Finally, we discuss how expression of Nur77 itself couples chronic antigen stimulation with B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Tan
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Noviski
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Huizar
- School of Medicine, HHMI Medical Fellows Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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28
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Solouki S, August A, Huang W. Non-receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in autoimmunity and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:39-50. [PMID: 31082431 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by impaired immune tolerance towards self-antigens, leading to enhanced immunity to self by dysfunctional B cells and/or T cells. The activation of these cells is controlled by non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTKs), which are critical mediators of antigen receptor and cytokine receptor signaling pathways. NRTKs transduce, amplify and sustain activating signals that contribute to autoimmunity, and are counter-regulated by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). The function of and interaction between NRTKs and PTPs during the development of autoimmunity could be key points of therapeutic interference against autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the functions of NRTKs and PTPs involved in B cell receptor (BCR), T cell receptor (TCR), and cytokine receptor signaling pathways that contribute to autoimmunity, and discuss their targeting for therapeutic approaches against autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Solouki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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29
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Green barley mitigates cytotoxicity in human lymphocytes undergoing aggressive oxidative stress, via activation of both the Lyn/PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6005. [PMID: 30979953 PMCID: PMC6461650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a critical role in numerous diseases. Therefore, the pursuit of compounds with antioxidant activity remains critical. Green barley young leaves aqueous extract (GB) was tested for its capacity to ameliorate cellular oxidative stress, and its potential cytoprotective mechanism was partially elucidated. Through Folin-Ciocalteau and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) colorimetric assays, GB total phenolic content and free radical scavenging activity were found to be 59.91 ± 2.17 mg/L and 110.75 µg/ml (IC50), respectively. Using a live cell-based propidium iodide dye exclusion assay and flow cytometry, GB was found to display significant cytoprotection activity on three human lymphocytic cell lines exposed to an aggressive H2O2-induced oxidative stress. The molecular mechanism for GB cytoprotection activity was assessed via bead-based xMAP technology on the Luminex platform and western blot analysis. GB treatment resulted in activation of Lyn, Akt, and ERK1/2, suggesting that GB is able to mitigate the H2O2-induced oxidative stress via activation of both the Lyn/PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK pathways. Our findings support the notion that GB extract has the potential to be a valuable therapeutic agent and may serve to establish a strategy to discover potential compound(s) or biological extracts/mixtures to be incorporated as a treatment to prevent oxidative stress-related diseases.
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30
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Mansueto MS, Reens A, Rakhilina L, Chi A, Pan BS, Miller JR. A reevaluation of the spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) activation mechanism. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7658-7668. [PMID: 30923129 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a signaling node in many immune pathways and comprises two tandem Src homology (SH) 2 domains, an SH2-kinase linker, and a C-terminal tyrosine kinase domain. Two prevalent models of SYK activation exist. The "OR-gate" model contends that SYK can be fully activated by phosphorylation or binding of its SH2 domains to a dual-phosphorylated immune-receptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ppITAM). An alternative model proposes that SYK activation requires ppITAM binding and phosphorylation of the SH2-kinase linker by a SRC family kinase such as LYN proto-oncogene, SRC family tyrosine kinase (LYN). To evaluate these two models, we generated directly comparable unphosphorylated (upSYK) and phosphorylated (pSYK) proteins with or without an N-terminal glutathione S-transferase (GST) tag, resulting in monomeric or obligatory dimeric SYK, respectively. We assessed the ability of a ppITAM peptide and LYN to activate these SYK proteins. The ppITAM peptide strongly activated GST-SYK but was less effective in activating upSYK untagged with GST. LYN alone activated untagged upSYK to a greater extent than did ppITAM, and inclusion of both proteins rapidly and fully activated upSYK. Using immunoblot and phosphoproteomic approaches, we correlated the kinetics and order of site-specific SYK phosphorylation. Our results are consistent with the alternative model, indicating that ppITAM binding primes SYK for rapid LYN-mediated phosphorylation of Tyr-352 and then Tyr-348 of the SH2-kinase linker, which facilitates activation loop phosphorylation and full SYK activation. This gradual activation mechanism may also explain how SYK maintains ligand-independent tonic signaling, important for B-cell development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - An Chi
- Chemical Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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31
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Dakin SG, Colas RA, Newton J, Gwilym S, Jones N, Reid HAB, Wood S, Appleton L, Wheway K, Watkins B, Dalli J, Carr AJ. 15-Epi-LXA 4 and MaR1 counter inflammation in stromal cells from patients with Achilles tendinopathy and rupture. FASEB J 2019; 33:8043-8054. [PMID: 30916999 PMCID: PMC6593888 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900196r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation is poorly understood in Achilles tendon disorders. Herein, we investigated the bioactive lipid mediator profiles of tendon-derived stromal cells isolated from patients with Achilles tendinopathy (AT) or Achilles rupture (AR) under baseline and IL-1β–stimulated conditions. We also determined whether incubating these cells with 2 of the mediators produced by tendon-derived stromal cells, 15-epi-Lipoxin A4 (15-epi-LXA4) or maresin (MaR)-1, moderated their proinflammatory phenotype. Under baseline conditions, AT cells showed concurrent increased levels of proinflammatory eicosanoids and proresolving mediators compared with AR cells. IL-1β treatment induced profound prostaglandin E2 release in AR compared with AT cells. Incubation of IL-1β treated AT and AR tendon-derived stromal cells in 15-epi-LXA4 or MaR1 reduced proinflammatory eicosanoids and potentiated the release of proresolving mediators. These mediators also induced specialized proresolving mediator (SPM) biosynthetic enzymes arachidonate lipoxygenase (ALOX) 12 and ALOX15 and up-regulated the proresolving receptor ALX compared with vehicle-treated cells. Incubation in 15-epi-LXA4 or MaR1 also moderated the proinflammatory phenotype of AT and AR cells, regulating podoplanin, CD90, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1, IL-6, IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 5, and TLR4 and suppressed c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2/3, Lyn, STAT-3, and STAT-6 phosphokinase signaling. In summary, we identify proresolving mediators that are active in AT and AR and propose SPMs, including 15-epi-LXA4 or MaR1, as a potential strategy to counterregulate inflammatory processes in these cells.—Dakin, S. G., Colas, R. A., Newton, J., Gwilym, S., Jones, N., Reid, H. A. B., Wood, S., Appleton, L., Wheway, K., Watkins, B., Dalli, J., Carr, A. J. 15-Epi-LXA4 and MaR1 counter inflammation in stromal cells from patients with Achilles tendinopathy and rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie G Dakin
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Center, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Romain A Colas
- Lipid Mediator Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Newton
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Center, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Gwilym
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Center, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Jones
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Center, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hamish A B Reid
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Center, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Wood
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Center, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Appleton
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Center, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Wheway
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Center, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget Watkins
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Center, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- Lipid Mediator Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Carr
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Center, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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32
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Hayakawa K, Li YS, Shinton SA, Bandi SR, Formica AM, Brill-Dashoff J, Hardy RR. Crucial Role of Increased Arid3a at the Pre-B and Immature B Cell Stages for B1a Cell Generation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:457. [PMID: 30930899 PMCID: PMC6428705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lin28b+Let7− axis in fetal/neonatal development plays a role in promoting CD5+ B1a cell generation as a B-1 B cell developmental outcome. Here we identify the Let7 target, Arid3a, as a crucial molecular effector of the B-1 cell developmental program. Arid3a expression is increased at pro-B cell stage and markedly increased at pre-B and immature B cell stages in the fetal/neonatal liver B-1 development relative to that in the Lin28b−Let7+ adult bone marrow (BM) B-2 cell development. Analysis of B-lineage restricted Lin28b transgenic (Tg) mice, Arid3a knockout and Arid3a Tg mice, confirmed that increased Arid3a allows B cell generation without requiring surrogate light chain (SLC) associated pre-BCR stage, and prevents MHC class II cell expression at the pre-B and newly generated immature B cell stages, distinct from pre-BCR dependent B development with MHC class II in adult BM. Moreover, Arid3a plays a crucial role in supporting B1a cell generation. The increased Arid3a leads higher Myc and Bhlhe41, and lower Siglec-G and CD72 at the pre-B and immature B cell stages than normal adult BM, to allow BCR signaling induced B1a cell generation. Arid3a-deficiency selectively blocks the development of B1a cells, while having no detectable effect on CD5− B1b, MZ B, and FO B cell generation resembling B-2 development outcome. Conversely, enforced expression of Arid3a by transgene is sufficient to promote the development of B1a cells from adult BM. Under the environment change between birth to adult, altered BCR repertoire in increased B1a cells occurred generated from adult BM. However, crossed with B1a-restricted VH/D/J IgH knock-in mice allowed to confirm that SLC-unassociated B1a cell increase and CLL/lymphoma generation can occur in aged from Arid3a increased adult BM. These results confirmed that in fetal/neonatal normal mice, increased Arid3a at the pre-B cell and immature B cell stages is crucial for generating B1a cells together with the environment for self-ligand reactive BCR selection, B1a cell maintenance, and potential for development of CLL/Lymphoma in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hayakawa
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yue-Sheng Li
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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33
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Verstegen NJM, Unger PPA, Walker JZ, Nicolet BP, Jorritsma T, van Rijssel J, Spaapen RM, de Wit J, van Buul JD, Ten Brinke A, van Ham SM. Human B Cells Engage the NCK/PI3K/RAC1 Axis to Internalize Large Particles via the IgM-BCR. Front Immunol 2019; 10:415. [PMID: 30930895 PMCID: PMC6425997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicate that large antigen-containing particles induce potent T cell-dependent high-affinity antibody responses. These responses require large particle internalization after recognition by the B cell receptor (BCR) on B cells. However, the molecular mechanisms governing BCR-mediated internalization remain unclear. Here we use a high-throughput quantitative image analysis approach to discriminate between B cell particle binding and internalization. We systematically show, using small molecule inhibitors, that human B cells require a SYK-dependent IgM-BCR signaling transduction via PI3K to efficiently internalize large anti-IgM-coated particles. IgM-BCR-mediated activation of PI3K involves both the adaptor protein NCK and the co-receptor CD19. Interestingly, we here reveal a strong NCK-dependence without profound requirement of the co-receptor CD19 in B cell responses to large particles. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the IgM-BCR/NCK signaling event facilitates RAC1 activation to promote actin cytoskeleton remodeling necessary for particle engulfment. Thus, we establish NCK/PI3K/RAC1 as an attractive IgM-BCR signaling axis for biological intervention to prevent undesired antibody responses to large particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J M Verstegen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter-Paul A Unger
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Julia Z Walker
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Benoit P Nicolet
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tineke Jorritsma
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jos van Rijssel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robbert M Spaapen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jelle de Wit
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anja Ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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34
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Wiedemann A, Lino AC, Dörner T. B cell subset distribution in human bone marrow is stable and similar in left and right femur: An instructive case. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212525. [PMID: 30794605 PMCID: PMC6386263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) is, in addition to being the site of B cell development, a tissue that harbors long-lived plasma cells (PC), the cells that protect the body against foreign antigens by continuous production of antibodies. Nothing is known about the long-term stability and functionality of both B cells and PC in the BM at the individual donor level since repeated sampling possibilities outside of oncology are scarce. Here, we had the opportunity to obtain BM samples from a patient undergoing bilateral total hip arthroplasty half a year apart. We observed that the frequencies of the analyzed B cell and PC subsets were similar despite a time of six months in between and sampling on left and right side of the body. Additionally, B cell receptor stimulation led to comparable results. Our data suggest that composition and functionality of B cells are stable in the BM of adults at the individual donor level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Wiedemann
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Andreia C. Lino
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
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35
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Zhang Q, Meng X, Qin G, Xue X, Dang N. Lyn Kinase Promotes the Proliferation of Malignant Melanoma Cells through Inhibition of Apoptosis and Autophagy via the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. J Cancer 2019; 10:1197-1208. [PMID: 30854129 PMCID: PMC6400685 DOI: 10.7150/jca.28908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a malignant tumor of cutaneous melanocytes that is characterized by high grade malignancy, rapid progression and high mortality. Thus far, its specific etiological mechanism has been unclear. In this study, we discovered that Lyn kinase expression was up-regulated in melanoma tissues and cells. The function of Lyn was determined by knocking down its expression with a lentivirus containing Lyn shRNA and upregulating its expression with pcDNA3.1-Lyn in the melanoma cell lines M14 and A375. The results showed that Lyn knockdown could significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasiveness through its inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy via the PI3K/Akt pathway in melanoma cell lines. This was further confirmed by treatment with PI3K inhibitor BEZ235. Up-regulation of Lyn promoted the expression of p-Akt and Cyclin D1. Additionally, we investigated the effects of Lyn inhibitor Bafetinib on melanoma cells and the results were consistent with Lyn knockdown. Collectively, our results indicated that Lyn plays a carcinogenic role in multiple cellular functions during melanoma development through regulating apoptosis and autophagy via the PI3K/Akt pathway and may be a valuable potential target for the clinical treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Dermatology, No. 960 Hospital of The Chinese People's Liberation Army, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xianguang Meng
- Department of Dermatology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guojing Qin
- Department of Dermatology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaotong Xue
- Department of Dermatology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ningning Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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36
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Fang MM, Barman PK, Thiruppathi M, Mirza RE, McKinney RD, Deng J, Christman JW, Du X, Fukai T, Ennis WJ, Koh TJ, Ushio-Fukai M, Urao N. Oxidant Signaling Mediated by Nox2 in Neutrophils Promotes Regenerative Myelopoiesis and Tissue Recovery following Ischemic Damage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2414-2426. [PMID: 30201810 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic tissue damage activates hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the bone marrow (BM)-generating myeloid cells, and persistent HSPC activity may drive chronic inflammation and impair tissue recovery. Although increased reactive oxygen species in the BM regulate HSPC functions, their roles in myelopoiesis of activated HSPCs and subsequent tissue recovery during ischemic damage are not well understood. In this paper, we report that deletion of Nox2 NADPH oxidase in mice results in persistent elevations in BM HSPC activity and levels of inflammatory monocytes/macrophages in BM and ischemic tissue in a model of hindlimb ischemia. Ischemic tissue damage induces oxidants in BM such as elevations of hydrogen peroxide and oxidized phospholipids, which activate redox-sensitive Lyn kinase in a Nox2-dependent manner. Moreover, during tissue recovery after ischemic injury, this Nox2-ROS-Lyn kinase axis is induced by Nox2 in neutrophils that home to the BM, which inhibits HSPC activity and inflammatory monocyte generation and promotes tissue regeneration after ischemic damage. Thus, oxidant signaling in the BM mediated by Nox2 in neutrophils regulates myelopoiesis of HSPCs to promote regeneration of damaged tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milie M Fang
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Pijus K Barman
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Muthusamy Thiruppathi
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Rita E Mirza
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Ronald D McKinney
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Jing Deng
- Department of Medicine, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210.,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - John W Christman
- Department of Medicine, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210.,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Xiaoping Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Tohru Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912.,Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904
| | - William J Ennis
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | - Timothy J Koh
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Norifumi Urao
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612; .,Department of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612
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37
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Giovannone N, Liang J, Antonopoulos A, Geddes Sweeney J, King SL, Pochebit SM, Bhattacharyya N, Lee GS, Dell A, Widlund HR, Haslam SM, Dimitroff CJ. Galectin-9 suppresses B cell receptor signaling and is regulated by I-branching of N-glycans. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3287. [PMID: 30120234 PMCID: PMC6098069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes are coated with a layer of heterogeneous carbohydrates (glycans) that modulate immune function, in part by governing specific interactions with glycan-binding proteins (lectins). Although nearly all membrane proteins bear glycans, the identity and function of most of these sugars on leukocytes remain unexplored. Here, we characterize the N-glycan repertoire (N-glycome) of human tonsillar B cells. We observe that naive and memory B cells express an N-glycan repertoire conferring strong binding to the immunoregulatory lectin galectin-9 (Gal-9). Germinal center B cells, by contrast, show sharply diminished binding to Gal-9 due to upregulation of I-branched N-glycans, catalyzed by the β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase GCNT2. Functionally, we find that Gal-9 is autologously produced by naive B cells, binds CD45, suppresses calcium signaling via a Lyn-CD22-SHP-1 dependent mechanism, and blunts B cell activation. Thus, our findings suggest Gal-9 intrinsically regulates B cell activation and may differentially modulate BCR signaling at steady state and within germinal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Giovannone
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - J Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - A Antonopoulos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J Geddes Sweeney
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S L King
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S M Pochebit
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - N Bhattacharyya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - G S Lee
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - A Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - H R Widlund
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - C J Dimitroff
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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38
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Novel role of prostate apoptosis response-4 tumor suppressor in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2018; 131:2943-2954. [PMID: 29695515 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-813931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4), a proapoptotic tumor suppressor protein, is downregulated in many cancers including renal cell carcinoma, glioblastoma, endometrial, and breast cancer. Par-4 induces apoptosis selectively in various types of cancer cells but not normal cells. We found that chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells from human patients and from Eµ-Tcl1 mice constitutively express Par-4 in greater amounts than normal B-1 or B-2 cells. Interestingly, knockdown of Par-4 in human CLL-derived Mec-1 cells results in a robust increase in p21/WAF1 expression and decreased growth due to delayed G1-to-S cell-cycle transition. Lack of Par-4 also increased the expression of p21 and delayed CLL growth in Eμ-Tcl1 mice. Par-4 expression in CLL cells required constitutively active B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, as inhibition of BCR signaling with US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs caused a decrease in Par-4 messenger RNA and protein, and an increase in apoptosis. In particular, activities of Lyn, a Src family kinase, spleen tyrosine kinase, and Bruton tyrosine kinase are required for Par-4 expression in CLL cells, suggesting a novel regulation of Par-4 through BCR signaling. Together, these results suggest that Par-4 may play a novel progrowth rather than proapoptotic role in CLL and could be targeted to enhance the therapeutic effects of BCR-signaling inhibitors.
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39
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DeFranco AL. Multilayer Control of B Cell Activation by the B Cell Antigen Receptor: Following Themes Initiated With Bill Paul. Front Immunol 2018; 9:739. [PMID: 29740430 PMCID: PMC5925841 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes the work I did in Bill Paul's lab as a postdoctoral fellow between 1979 and 1983, and to a lesser extent puts that work in the context of other work on B cell activation and antibody responses that was going on in Bill's lab at that time and shortly beforehand, including the discovery of interleukin 4. In addition, this work describes the subsequent and continuing work in my own lab following-up on themes I began during my time working directly with Bill. A particular emphasis was on understanding the biochemical mechanisms of signaling by the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) to the interior of the B cell. Some of the studies from my lab related to the regulation of BCR signaling by Lyn are described in relationship to the lymphocyte tuning hypothesis put forth by Grossman and Paul in 1992 and subsequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. DeFranco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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40
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New Gene Markers for Metabolic Processes and Homeostasis in Porcine Buccal Pouch Mucosa during Cells Long Term-Cultivation-A Primary Culture Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041027. [PMID: 29596348 PMCID: PMC5979461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral mucosal tissue is a compound structure composed of morphologically and physiologically different cell types. The morphological modification involves genetically determined lifespan, which may be recognized as the balance between cell survival and apoptosis. Although the biochemical processes and pathways in oral mucosa, with special regards to drug transport, delivery, and metabolism, are well known, the cellular physiological homeostasis in this tissue requires further investigation. The porcine buccal pouch mucosal cells (BPMCs) collected from 20 pubertal crossbred Landrace gilts, were used in this study. Immediately after recovery, the oral mucosa was separated micro-surgically, and treated enzymatically. The dispersed cells were transferred into primary in vitro culture systems for a long-term cultivation of 30 days. After each step of in vitro culture (IVC), the cells were collected for isolation of total RNA at 24 h, 7, 15, and 30 days of IVC. While the expression was analyzed for days 7, 15, and 30, the 24th hour was used as a reference for outcome calibration. The gene expression profile was determined using Affymetrix microarray assays and necessary procedures. In results, we observed significant up-regulation of SCARB1, PTGS2, DUSP5, ITGB3, PLK2, CCL2, TGFB1, CCL8, RFC4, LYN, ETS1, REL, LIF, SPP1, and FGER1G genes, belonging to two ontological groups, namely "positive regulation of metabolic process", and "regulation of homeostatic process" at 7 day of IVC as compared to down-regulation at days 15 and 30. These findings suggest that the metabolic processes and homeostatic regulations are much more intense in porcine mucosal cells at day 7 of IVC. Moreover, the increased expression of marker genes, for both of these ontological groups, may suggest the existence of not only "morphological lifespan" during tissue keratinization, but also "physiological checkpoint" dedicated to metabolic processes in oral mucosa. This knowledge may be useful for preclinical experiments with drugs delivery and metabolism in both animals and humans.
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Noviski M, Mueller JL, Satterthwaite A, Garrett-Sinha LA, Brombacher F, Zikherman J. IgM and IgD B cell receptors differentially respond to endogenous antigens and control B cell fate. eLife 2018. [PMID: 29521626 PMCID: PMC5897097 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Naive B cells co-express two BCR isotypes, IgM and IgD, with identical antigen-binding domains but distinct constant regions. IgM but not IgD is downregulated on autoreactive B cells. Because these isotypes are presumed to be redundant, it is unknown how this could impose tolerance. We introduced the Nur77-eGFP reporter of BCR signaling into mice that express each BCR isotype alone. Despite signaling strongly in vitro, IgD is less sensitive than IgM to endogenous antigen in vivo and developmental fate decisions are skewed accordingly. IgD-only Lyn-/- B cells cannot generate autoantibodies and short-lived plasma cells (SLPCs) in vivo, a fate thought to be driven by intense BCR signaling induced by endogenous antigens. Similarly, IgD-only B cells generate normal germinal center, but impaired IgG1+ SLPC responses to T-dependent immunization. We propose a role for IgD in maintaining the quiescence of autoreactive B cells and restricting their differentiation into autoantibody secreting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Noviski
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - James L Mueller
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Anne Satterthwaite
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, United States
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town & Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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Satterthwaite AB. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase, a Component of B Cell Signaling Pathways, Has Multiple Roles in the Pathogenesis of Lupus. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1986. [PMID: 29403475 PMCID: PMC5786522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of adaptive immune tolerance to nucleic acid-containing antigens. The resulting autoantibodies form immune complexes that promote inflammation and tissue damage. Defining the signals that drive pathogenic autoantibody production is an important step in the development of more targeted therapeutic approaches for lupus, which is currently treated primarily with non-specific immunosuppression. Here, we review the contribution of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), a component of B and myeloid cell signaling pathways, to disease in murine lupus models. Both gain- and loss-of-function genetic studies have revealed that Btk plays multiple roles in the production of autoantibodies. These include promoting the activation, plasma cell differentiation, and class switching of autoreactive B cells. Small molecule inhibitors of Btk are effective at reducing autoantibody levels, B cell activation, and kidney damage in several lupus models. These studies suggest that Btk may promote end-organ damage both by facilitating the production of autoantibodies and by mediating the inflammatory response of myeloid cells to these immune complexes. While Btk has not been associated with SLE in GWAS studies, SLE B cells display signaling defects in components both upstream and downstream of Btk consistent with enhanced activation of Btk signaling pathways. Taken together, these observations indicate that limiting Btk activity is critical for maintaining B cell tolerance and preventing the development of autoimmune disease. Btk inhibitors, generally well-tolerated and approved to treat B cell malignancy, may thus be a useful therapeutic approach for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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43
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Elenitoba-Johnson KSJ, Lim MS. New Insights into Lymphoma Pathogenesis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2017; 13:193-217. [PMID: 29140757 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lymphomas represent clonal proliferations of lymphocytes that are broadly classified based upon their maturity (peripheral or mature versus precursor) and lineage (B cell, T cell, and natural killer cell). Insights into the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in lymphoma impact the classification of lymphoma and have significant implications for the diagnosis and clinical management of patients. Serial scientific and technologic advances over the last 30 years in immunology, cytogenetics, molecular biology, gene expression profiling, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, and, more recently, next-generation sequencing have contributed to greatly enhance our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms in lymphoma. Novel and emerging concepts that challenge our previously accepted paradigms about lymphoma biology and how these impact diagnosis, molecular testing, disease monitoring, drug development, and personalized and precision medicine for lymphoma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojo S J Elenitoba-Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , .,Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Megan S Lim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , .,Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Myers DR, Zikherman J, Roose JP. Tonic Signals: Why Do Lymphocytes Bother? Trends Immunol 2017; 38:844-857. [PMID: 28754596 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s it has been known that B and T lymphocytes exhibit low-level, constitutive signaling in the basal state (tonic signaling). These lymphocytes display a range of affinity for self, which in turn generates a range of tonic signaling. Surprisingly, what signaling pathways are active in the basal state and the functional relevance of the observed tonic signaling heterogeneity remain open questions today. Here we summarize what is known about the mechanistic and functional details of tonic signaling. We highlight recent advances that have increased our understanding of how the amount of tonic signal impacts immune function, describing novel tools that have moved the field forward and toward a molecular understanding of tonic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darienne R Myers
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeroen P Roose
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Suthers AN, Sarantopoulos S. TLR7/TLR9- and B Cell Receptor-Signaling Crosstalk: Promotion of Potentially Dangerous B Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:775. [PMID: 28751890 PMCID: PMC5507964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are capable of receptor-mediated responses to foreign antigens. Recognition of microbial-derived nucleic acid (NA) by toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 9 in B cells has been substantiated. Endogenous NA released from damaged or dying cells can also be immunogenic in certain contexts and can incite aberrant activation of B cells. When TLR-driven B cell receptor (BCR)-activated B cells are not properly constrained, pathologic autoantibodies are produced. It is also clear that endosomal TLR7/TLR9 can operate in conjunction with BCR. In addition to BCR signaling, a balance between TLR7 and TLR9 is pivotal in the development of B cell autoreactivity. While TLR9 is important in normal memory B cell responses through BCR, TLR9 activation has been implicated in autoantibody production. Paradoxically, TLR9 also plays known protective roles against autoimmunity by directly and indirectly inhibiting TLR7-mediated autoantibody production. Herein, we summarize literature supporting mechanisms underpinning the promotion of pathological BCR-activated B cells by TLR7 and TLR9. We focus on the literature regarding known points of TLR7/TLR9 and BCR crosstalk. Data also suggest that the degree of TLR responsiveness relies on alterations of certain intrinsic B-cell signaling molecules and is also context specific. Because allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a high NA and B cell-activating factor environment, we conclude that B cell studies of synergistic TLR-BCR signaling in human diseases like chronic graft-versus-host disease are warranted. Further understanding of the distinct molecular pathways mediating TLR-BCR synergy will lead to the development of therapeutic strategies in autoimmune disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Suthers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Stefanie Sarantopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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Gill R, McCabe MJ, Rosenspire AJ. Low level exposure to inorganic mercury interferes with B cell receptor signaling in transitional type 1 B cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 330:22-29. [PMID: 28668464 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) has been implicated as a factor contributing to autoimmune disease in animal models and humans. However the mechanism by which this occurs has remained elusive. Since the discovery of B cells it has been appreciated by immunologists that during the normal course of B cell development, some immature B cells must be generated that produce immunoglobulin reactive to self-antigens (auto-antibodies). However in the course of normal development, the vast majority of immature auto-reactive B cells are prevented from maturing by processes collectively known as tolerance. Autoimmune disease arises when these mechanisms of tolerance are disrupted. In the B cell compartment, it is firmly established that tolerance depends in part upon negative selection of self-reactive immature (transitional type 1) B cells. In these cells negative selection depends upon signals generated by the B Cell Receptor (BCR), in the sense that those T1 B cells who's BCRs most strongly bind to, and so generate the strongest signals to self-antigens are neutralized. In this report we have utilized multicolor phosphoflow cytometry to show that in immature T1 B cells Hg attenuates signal generation by the BCR through mechanisms that may involve Lyn, a key tyrosine kinase in the BCR signal transduction pathway. We suggest that exposure to low, environmentally relevant levels of Hg, disrupts tolerance by interfering with BCR signaling in immature B cells, potentially leading to the appearance of mature auto-reactive B cells which have the ability to contribute to auto-immune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gill
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - M J McCabe
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - A J Rosenspire
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors (CURES), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
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Tibaldi E, Pagano MA, Frezzato F, Trimarco V, Facco M, Zagotto G, Ribaudo G, Pavan V, Bordin L, Visentin A, Zonta F, Semenzato G, Brunati AM, Trentin L. Targeted activation of the SHP-1/PP2A signaling axis elicits apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Haematologica 2017; 102:1401-1412. [PMID: 28619847 PMCID: PMC5541874 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.155747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyn, a member of the Src family of kinases, is a key factor in the dysregulation of survival and apoptotic pathways of malignant B cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. One of the effects of Lyn’s action is spatial and functional segregation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 into two pools, one beneath the plasma membrane in an active state promoting pro-survival signals, the other in the cytosol in an inhibited conformation and unable to counter the elevated level of cytosolic tyrosine phosphorylation. We herein show that SHP-1 activity can be elicited directly by nintedanib, an agent also known as a triple angiokinase inhibitor, circumventing the phospho-S591-dependent inhibition of the phosphatase, leading to the dephosphorylation of pro-apoptotic players such as procaspase-8 and serine/threonine phosphatase 2A, eventually triggering apoptosis. Furthermore, the activation of PP2A by using MP07-66, a novel FTY720 analog, stimulated SHP-1 activity via dephosphorylation of phospho-S591, which unveiled the existence of a positive feedback signaling loop involving the two phosphatases. In addition to providing further insights into the molecular basis of this disease, our findings indicate that the PP2A/SHP-1 axis may emerge as an attractive, novel target for the development of alternative strategies in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tibaldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Angelo Pagano
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Frezzato
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Trimarco
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Padua, Italy
| | - Monica Facco
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zagotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ribaudo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Valeria Pavan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Luciana Bordin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Visentin
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Zonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Livio Trentin
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Padua, Italy
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Hemon P, Renaudineau Y, Debant M, Le Goux N, Mukherjee S, Brooks W, Mignen O. Calcium Signaling: From Normal B Cell Development to Tolerance Breakdown and Autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 53:141-165. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8607-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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49
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Rawlings DJ, Metzler G, Wray-Dutra M, Jackson SW. Altered B cell signalling in autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:421-436. [PMID: 28393923 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has provided new insights into how altered B cell-intrinsic signals - through the B cell receptor (BCR) and key co-receptors - function together to promote the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. These combined signals affect B cells at two distinct stages: first, in the selection of the naive repertoire; and second, during extrafollicular or germinal centre activation responses. Thus, dysregulated signalling can lead to both an altered naive BCR repertoire and the generation of autoantibody-producing B cells. Strikingly, high-affinity autoantibodies predate and predict disease in several autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus. This Review summarizes how, rather than being a downstream consequence of autoreactive T cell activation, dysregulated B cell signalling can function as a primary driver of many human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Genita Metzler
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Michelle Wray-Dutra
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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50
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Borzęcka-Solarz K, Dembińska J, Hromada-Judycka A, Traczyk G, Ciesielska A, Ziemlińska E, Świątkowska A, Kwiatkowska K. Association of Lyn kinase with membrane rafts determines its negative influence on LPS-induced signaling. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1147-1159. [PMID: 28228554 PMCID: PMC5391190 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-09-0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and triggers proinflammatory reactions of macrophages. TLR4 signaling is negatively regulated by Lyn tyrosine kinase, provided the kinase accumulates in membrane rafts as a result of palmitoylation, the catalytic activity, and SH2- and SH3-mediated intermolecular interactions. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the component of Gram-negative bacteria that activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to trigger proinflammatory responses. We examined the involvement of Lyn tyrosine kinase in TLR4 signaling of macrophages, distinguishing its catalytic activity and intermolecular interactions. For this, a series of Lyn-GFP constructs bearing point mutations in particular domains of Lyn were overexpressed in RAW264 macrophage-like cells or murine peritoneal macrophages, and their influence on LPS-induced responses was analyzed. Overproduction of wild-type or constitutively active Lyn inhibited production of TNF-α and CCL5/RANTES cytokines and down-regulated the activity of NFκB and IRF3 transcription factors in RAW264 cells. The negative influence of Lyn was nullified by point mutations of Lyn catalytic domain or Src homology 2 (SH2) or SH3 domains or of the cysteine residue that undergoes LPS-induced palmitoylation. Depending on the cell type, overproduction of those mutant forms of Lyn could even up-regulate LPS-induced responses, and this effect was reproduced by silencing of endogenous Lyn expression. Simultaneously, the Lyn mutations blocked its LPS-induced accumulation in the raft fraction of RAW264 cells. These data indicate that palmitoylation, SH2- and SH3-mediated intermolecular interactions, and the catalytic activity of Lyn are required for its accumulation in rafts, thereby determining the negative regulation of TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Borzęcka-Solarz
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Justyna Dembińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Aneta Hromada-Judycka
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Gabriela Traczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Anna Ciesielska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Ewelina Ziemlińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Anna Świątkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kwiatkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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