1
|
Wang T, Rathee A, Pemberton PA, Lood C. Exogenous serpin B1 restricts immune complex-mediated NET formation via inhibition of a chymotrypsin-like protease and enhances microbial phagocytosis. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107533. [PMID: 38971315 PMCID: PMC11327461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune complex (IC)-driven formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is a major contributing factor to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Exogenous recombinant human serpin B1 (rhsB1) can regulate NET formation; however, its mechanism(s) of action is currently unknown as is its ability to regulate IC-mediated NET formation and other neutrophil effector functions. To investigate this, we engineered or post-translationally modified rhsB1 proteins that possessed specific neutrophil protease inhibitory activities and pretreated isolated neutrophils with them prior to inducing NET formation with ICs derived from patients with SLE, PMA, or the calcium ionophore A23187. Neutrophil activation and phagocytosis assays were also performed with rhsB1 pretreated and IC-activated neutrophils. rhsB1 dose-dependently inhibited NET formation by all three agents in a process dependent on its chymotrypsin-like inhibitory activity, most likely cathepsin G. Only one variant (rhsB1 C344A) increased surface levels of neutrophil adhesion/activation markers on IC-activated neutrophils and boosted intracellular ROS production. Further, rhsB1 enhanced complement-mediated neutrophil phagocytosis of opsonized bacteria but not ICs. In conclusion, we have identified a novel mechanism of action by which exogenously administered rhsB1 inhibits IC, PMA, and A2138-mediated NET formation. Cathepsin G is a well-known contributor to autoimmune disease but to our knowledge, this is the first report implicating it as a potential driver of NET formation. We identified the rhsB1 C334A variant as a candidate protein that can suppress IC-mediated NET formation, boost microbial phagocytosis, and potentially impact additional neutrophil effector functions including ROS-mediated microbial killing in phagolysosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Arpit Rathee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Christian Lood
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao G, Liu R, Wu D, Gao D, Lv Y, Xu X, Fu B, Lin Z, Wang T, He A, Bai J. Risk score constructed with neutrophil extracellular traps-related genes predicts prognosis and immune microenvironment in multiple myeloma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1365460. [PMID: 38919521 PMCID: PMC11196624 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1365460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM) exhibits considerable heterogeneity in treatment responses and survival rates, even when standardized care is administered. Ongoing efforts are focused on developing prognostic models to predict these outcomes more accurately. Recently, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have emerged as a potential factor in MM progression, sparking investigation into their role in prognostication. Methods In this study, a multi-gene risk scoring model was constructed using the intersection of NTEs and differentially expressed genes (DEGs), applying the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression model. A nomogram was established, and the prognostic model's effectiveness was determined via Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA). The ESTIMATE algorithm and immune-related single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) were employed to evaluate the level of immune infiltration. The sensitivity of chemotherapy drugs was assessed using the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) database. Ultimately, the presence of the detected genes was confirmed through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis in MM cell specimens. Results 64 NETs-DEGs were yielded, and through univariate Cox regression and LASSO regression analysis, we constructed a risk score composed of six genes: CTSG, HSPE1, LDHA, MPO, PINK1, and VCAM1. MM patients in three independent datasets were classified into high- and low-risk groups according to the risk score. The overall survival (OS) of patients in the high-risk group was significantly reduced compared to the low-risk group. Furthermore, the risk score was an independent predictive factor for OS. In addition, interactions between the risk score, immune score, and immune cell infiltration were investigated. Further analysis indicated that patients in the high-risk group were more sensitive to a variety of chemotherapy and targeted drugs, including bortezomib. Moreover, the six genes provided insights into the progression of plasma cell disorders. Conclusion This study offers novel insights into the roles of NETs in prognostic prediction, immune status, and drug sensitivity in MM, serving as a valuable supplement and enhancement to existing grading systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gongzhizi Gao
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dandan Gao
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yang Lv
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuezhu Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bingjie Fu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zujie Lin
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Aili He
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics & Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of hematological diseases, Xi’an, China
| | - Ju Bai
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of hematological diseases, Xi’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leborgne NG, Devisme C, Kozarac N, Berenguer Veiga I, Ebert N, Godel A, Grau-Roma L, Scherer M, Plattet P, Thiel V, Zimmer G, Taddeo A, Benarafa C. Neutrophil proteases are protective against SARS-CoV-2 by degrading the spike protein and dampening virus-mediated inflammation. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174133. [PMID: 38470488 PMCID: PMC11128203 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have highlighted the crucial role of host proteases for viral replication and the immune response. The serine proteases furin and TMPRSS2 and lysosomal cysteine proteases facilitate viral entry by limited proteolytic processing of the spike (S) protein. While neutrophils are recruited to the lungs during COVID-19 pneumonia, little is known about the role of the neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) cathepsin G (CatG), elastase (NE), and proteinase 3 (PR3) on SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication. Furthermore, the current paradigm is that NSPs may contribute to the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19. Here, we show that these proteases cleaved the S protein at multiple sites and abrogated viral entry and replication in vitro. In mouse models, CatG significantly inhibited viral replication in the lung. Importantly, lung inflammation and pathology were increased in mice deficient in NE and/or CatG. These results reveal that NSPs contribute to innate defenses against SARS-CoV-2 infection via proteolytic inactivation of the S protein and that NE and CatG limit lung inflammation in vivo. We conclude that therapeutic interventions aiming to reduce the activity of NSPs may interfere with viral clearance and inflammation in COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G.F. Leborgne
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
| | - Christelle Devisme
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
| | - Nedim Kozarac
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Inês Berenguer Veiga
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
| | - Nadine Ebert
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
| | - Aurélie Godel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
| | | | - Melanie Scherer
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, and
| | - Philippe Plattet
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, and
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (MCID), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (MCID), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
| | - Adriano Taddeo
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
| | - Charaf Benarafa
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (MCID), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang X, Shi Z, Wang X, Yang Y, Sun D, Zhu B, Song F, Zhu X, Ding S, Zou Y, Xiao C, Yang X. Disruption of Histamine-H 1R signaling exacerbates cardiac microthrombosis after periodontal disease via TLR4/NFκB-p65 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110774. [PMID: 37567012 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that is highly correlated with cardiovascular disease(CVD). Histamine has been proven to participate in the pathophysiological processes of cardiovascular disease and oral inflammation. However, the role of histamine in the development of cardiac microthrombosis caused by periodontal disease has not been fully elucidated. We established a murine periodontal inflammation model by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). In order to examine the effect of histamine/H1R signaling on cardiac injury after periodontal disease, we used histidine decarboxylase- knockout (HDC-/-) mice and histamine 1 receptor (H1R) antagonist. Our results demonstrated that LPS-induced periodontal inflammation significantly increased CD11b+Gr-1+ neutrophils in the peripheral blood and myocardial interstitium. Histamine deficiency resulted in further increases in P. gingivalis, neutrophils, inflammatory cytokines, and cardiac microthrombosis in the myocardium of HDC-/- mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Mechanistic analysis showed that blocking H1R could synergistically interact with LPS, further increasing the phosphorylation of p65, exacerbating the inflammatory response of neutrophils and endothelial cell damage. Conclusively, the disruption of histamine-H1R signaling exacerbates cardiac microthrombosis after periodontal disease via TLR4/NFκB-p65 pathway. Our findings not only reveal a link between periodontal inflammation and myocardial injury but also provided some thoughts for the use of H1R antagonist in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiyang Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital & Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhaocheng Shi
- Department of Oral Mucosa and Periodontal Clinic, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital& School of Stomatology & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiangfei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital & Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Dili Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital & Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Baoling Zhu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fujie Song
- Department of First Dental Clinic, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital & Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Suling Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital & Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital & Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chun Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Third People's Hospital of Huizhou, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 516002, China.
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital & Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Cardiology, Third People's Hospital of Huizhou, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 516002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Majeed Ganai A, Khan Pathan T, Hampannavar GA, Pawar C, Obakachi VA, Kushwaha B, Deshwar Kushwaha N, Karpoormath R. Recent Advances on the s‐Triazine Scaffold with Emphasis on Synthesis, Structure‐Activity and Pharmacological Aspects: A Concise Review. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ab Majeed Ganai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville) Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Tabasum Khan Pathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville) Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Girish A. Hampannavar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville) Durban 4000 South Africa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry K.L.E.U's College of Pharmacy Vidyanagar, Hubli 580031, Karnataka India
| | - Chandrakant Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville) Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Vincent A. Obakachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville) Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Babita Kushwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville) Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Narva Deshwar Kushwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville) Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville) Durban 4000 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Korkmaz B, Lesner A, Marchand-Adam S, Moss C, Jenne DE. Lung Protection by Cathepsin C Inhibition: A New Hope for COVID-19 and ARDS? J Med Chem 2020; 63:13258-13265. [PMID: 32692176 PMCID: PMC7413214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin C (CatC) is a cysteine dipeptidyl aminopeptidase that activates most of tissue-degrading elastase-related serine proteases. Thus, CatC appears as a potential therapeutic target to impair protease-driven tissue degradation in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. A depletion of proinflammatory elastase-related proteases in neutrophils is observed in patients with CatC deficiency (Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome). To address and counterbalance unwanted effects of elastase-related proteases, chemical inhibitors of CatC are being evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials. Neutrophils may contribute to the diffuse alveolar inflammation seen in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which is currently a growing challenge for intensive care units due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Elimination of elastase-related neutrophil proteases may reduce the progression of lung injury in these patients. Pharmacological CatC inhibition could be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent the irreversible pulmonary failure threatening the life of COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, Centre
d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires and
Université de Tours, 37032 Tours,
France
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry,
University of Gdansk, 80-398 Gdansk,
Poland
| | - Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- INSERM UMR-1100, Centre
d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires and
Université de Tours, 37032 Tours,
France
- Service de Pneumologie,
CHRU de Tours, 37032 Tours,
France
| | - Celia Moss
- Birmingham
Children’s Hospital and University of
Birmingham, B4 6NH Birmingham,
U.K.
| | - Dieter E. Jenne
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center,
Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, German Center for Lung Research
(DZL), Munich and Max-Planck Institute of
Neurobiology, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried,
Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
AhYoung AP, Eckard SC, Gogineni A, Xi H, Lin SJ, Gerhardy S, Cox C, Phung QT, Hackney JA, Katakam AK, Reichelt M, Caplazi P, Manzanillo P, Zhang J, Roose-Girma M, Tam LW, Newman RJ, Murthy A, Weimer RM, Lill JR, Lee WP, Grimbaldeston M, Kirchhofer D, van Lookeren Campagne M. Neutrophil serine protease 4 is required for mast cell-dependent vascular leakage. Commun Biol 2020; 3:687. [PMID: 33214666 PMCID: PMC7677402 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular leakage, or edema, is a serious complication of acute allergic reactions. Vascular leakage is triggered by the release of histamine and serotonin from granules within tissue-resident mast cells. Here, we show that expression of Neutrophil Serine Protease 4 (NSP4) during the early stages of mast cell development regulates mast cell-mediated vascular leakage. In myeloid precursors, the granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMPs), loss of NSP4 results in the decrease of cellular levels of histamine, serotonin and heparin/heparan sulfate. Mast cells that are derived from NSP4-deficient GMPs have abnormal secretory granule morphology and a sustained reduction in histamine and serotonin levels. Consequently, in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and acute arthritis models, mast cell-mediated vascular leakage in the skin and joints is substantially reduced in NSP4-deficient mice. Our findings reveal that NSP4 is required for the proper storage of vasoactive amines in mast cell granules, which impacts mast cell-dependent vascular leakage in mouse models of immune complex-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P AhYoung
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Sterling C Eckard
- Department of Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Alvin Gogineni
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hongkang Xi
- Department of Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - S Jack Lin
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Stefan Gerhardy
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Christian Cox
- Department of Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Qui T Phung
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jason A Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | - Mike Reichelt
- Department of Pathology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Patrick Caplazi
- Department of Pathology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Paolo Manzanillo
- Department of Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Merone Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lucinda W Tam
- Department of Molecular Biology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Robert J Newman
- Department of Molecular Biology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Aditya Murthy
- Department of Cancer Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Robby M Weimer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jennie R Lill
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michele Grimbaldeston
- OMNI-Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Menno van Lookeren Campagne
- Department of Immunology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Neutrophil elastase promotes macrophage cell adhesion and cytokine production through the integrin-Src kinases pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15874. [PMID: 32981934 PMCID: PMC7522083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are a number of respiratory diseases characterized by the presence of excess neutrophil elastase (NE) activity in tissues, including cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). NE is considered a primary contributor to disease development, but the precise mechanism has yet to be fully determined. We hypothesized that NE alters the function of macrophages (Mɸ) which play a critical role in many physiological processes in healthy lungs. We demonstrate that monocyte-derived Mɸ exposed to NE releases active matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), increase expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-8, and reduce capacity to phagocytose bacteria. Changes in Mɸ function following NE treatment were accompanied by increased adhesion and cytoskeleton re-arrangement, indicating the possibility of integrin involvement. To support this observation, we demonstrate that NE induces phosphorylation of kinases from the Src kinase family, a hallmark of integrin signaling activation. Moreover, pretreatment of Mɸ with a specific Src kinase inhibitor, PP2 completely prevents NE-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Taken together these findings indicate that NE participates in lung destruction not only through direct proteolytic degradation of matrix proteins, but also through activation of Mɸ inflammatory and proteolytic functions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Burgener SS, Leborgne NGF, Snipas SJ, Salvesen GS, Bird PI, Benarafa C. Cathepsin G Inhibition by Serpinb1 and Serpinb6 Prevents Programmed Necrosis in Neutrophils and Monocytes and Reduces GSDMD-Driven Inflammation. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3646-3656.e5. [PMID: 31216481 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granule serine proteases contribute to immune responses through cleavage of microbial toxins and structural proteins. They induce tissue damage and modulate inflammation if levels exceed their inhibitors. Here, we show that the intracellular protease inhibitors Serpinb1a and Serpinb6a contribute to monocyte and neutrophil survival in steady-state and inflammatory settings by inhibiting cathepsin G (CatG). Importantly, we found that CatG efficiently cleaved gasdermin D (GSDMD) to generate the signature N-terminal domain GSDMD-p30 known to induce pyroptosis. Yet GSDMD deletion did not rescue neutrophil survival in Sb1a.Sb6a-/- mice. Furthermore, Sb1a.Sb6a-/- mice released high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon endotoxin challenge in vivo in a CatG-dependent manner. Canonical inflammasome activation in Sb1a.Sb6a-/- macrophages showed increased IL-1β release that was dependent on CatG and GSDMD. Together, our findings demonstrate that cytosolic serpins expressed in myeloid cells prevent cell death and regulate inflammatory responses by inhibiting CatG and alternative activation of GSDMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Sofia Burgener
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Georges François Leborgne
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Scott J Snipas
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guy S Salvesen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phillip Ian Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Charaf Benarafa
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Choi Y, Choi H, Yoon BK, Lee H, Seok JW, Kim HJ, Kim JW. Serpina3c Regulates Adipogenesis by Modulating Insulin Growth Factor 1 and Integrin Signaling. iScience 2020; 23:100961. [PMID: 32193145 PMCID: PMC7076559 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Preadipocyte differentiation can be induced upon a hormonal treatment, and various factors secreted by the cells may contribute to adipogenesis. In this study, RNA-seq revealed Serpina3c as a critical factor regulating the signaling network during adipogenesis. Serpina3c is a secretory protein and is highly expressed in fat tissues. Knockdown of Serpina3c decreased adipogenesis by attenuating the mitotic clonal expansion of 3T3-L1 cells. These cells exhibited decreases in integrin α5, which abolished the phosphorylation of integrin β3. We found that Serpina3c inhibits a serine protease that regulates integrin α5 degradation. Knockdown of Serpina3c disrupted integrin-mediated insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling and ERK activation. Serpina3c-mediated regulation of integrin-IGF-1 signaling is also associated with AKT activation, which affects the nuclear translocation of GSK3β. Altogether, our results indicate that Serpina3c secreted from differentiating adipocytes inhibits serine proteases to modulate integrin/IGF-1-mediated ERK and AKT signaling and thus is a critical factor contributing to adipogenesis. RNA-seq revealed Serpina3c as a critical factor regulating adipogenesis Knockdown of Serpina3c attenuated the mitotic clonal expansion of 3T3-L1 cells Knockdown of Serpina3c leads to the degradation of integrin α5 Serpina3c regulates integrin-mediated IGF-1 signaling and ERK/AKT activation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjeong Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chronic Intractable Disease for Systems Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Hyeonjin Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chronic Intractable Disease for Systems Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chronic Intractable Disease for Systems Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Hyemin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chronic Intractable Disease for Systems Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Jo Woon Seok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chronic Intractable Disease for Systems Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chronic Intractable Disease for Systems Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Woo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chronic Intractable Disease for Systems Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea; Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kolpakov MA, Sikder K, Sarkar A, Chaki S, Shukla SK, Guo X, Qi Z, Barbery C, Sabri A, Rafiq K. Inflammatory Serine Proteases Play a Critical Role in the Early Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Cell Physiol Biochem 2019; 53:982-998. [PMID: 31829530 PMCID: PMC6956403 DOI: 10.33594/000000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by structural and functional alterations that can lead to heart failure. Several mechanisms are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of DCM, however, the molecular mechanism that links inflammation to DCM is incompletely understood. To learn about this mechanism, we investigated the role of inflammatory serine proteases (ISPs) during the development of DCM. Methods: Eight weeks old mice with deletion of dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI), an enzyme involved in the maturation of major ISPs, and wild type (WT) mice controls were injected with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg for 5 days intraperitoneally) and studied after 4, 8, 16, and 20 week after induction of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Induction of diabetes was followed by echocardiographic measurements, glycemic and hemoglobulin A1c profiling, immunoblot, qPCR, enzyme activity assays, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of DPPI, ISPs, and inflammatory markers. Fibrosis was determined from left ventricular heart by Serius Red staining and qPCR. Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL assay and immunoblot analysis. Results: In the diabetic WT mice, DPPI expression increased along with ISP activation, and DPPI accumulated abundantly in the left ventricle mainly from infiltrating neutrophils. In diabetic DPPI-knockout (DPPI-KO) mice, significantly decreased activation of ISPs, myocyte apoptosis, fibrosis, and cardiac function was improved compared to diabetic WT mice. In addition, DPPI-KO mice showed a decrease in overall inflammatory status mediated by diabetes induction which was manifested by decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Conclusion: This study elucidates a novel role of ISPs in potentiating the immunological responses that lead to the pathogenesis of DCM in T1DM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report that DPPI expression and activation promotes the inflammation that enhances myocyte apoptosis and contributes to the adverse cardiac remodeling that subsequently leads to DCM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Kolpakov
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kunal Sikder
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amrita Sarkar
- Department of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shaswati Chaki
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sanket K Shukla
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xinji Guo
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhao Qi
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carlos Barbery
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abdelkarim Sabri
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Khadija Rafiq
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
O'Neil LJ, Kaplan MJ. Neutrophils in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Breaking Immune Tolerance and Fueling Disease. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:215-227. [PMID: 30709614 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a common autoimmune disease, is characterized by a highly coordinated inflammatory response that involves innate and adaptive immunity. One of the hallmarks of RA is an immune response directed at citrullinated peptides that are specifically targeted by anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). Among the various mechanisms by which neutrophils may promote immune dysregulation in RA, their ability to extrude neutrophil extracellular traps has recently been implicated in the development of ACPAs. In the synovium, neutrophils interact with resident fibroblast-like synoviocytes to endow them with antigen-presenting cell capabilities and an inflammatory phenotype. Further understanding how neutrophils modulate autoimmunity and tissue damage in RA may lead to the development of novel effective therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam J O'Neil
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kish DD, Min S, Dvorina N, Baldwin WM, Stohlman SA, Fairchild RL. Neutrophil Cathepsin G Regulates Dendritic Cell Production of IL-12 during Development of CD4 T Cell Responses to Antigens in the Skin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1045-1056. [PMID: 30617225 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a CD8 T cell-mediated response to hapten skin sensitization and challenge. Sensitization of wild-type (WT) mice induces hapten-reactive effector CD8 T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-17- and IL-4-producing CD4 T cells that cannot mediate CHS. Although CXCR2-dependent Ly6G+ (neutrophil) cell recruitment into hapten-challenged skin is required to direct effector CD8 T cell infiltration into the challenge site to elicit CHS, 2,4-dinitrofluorobenezene (DNFB) sensitization of CXCR2-/- mice and neutrophil-depleted WT mice induced both hapten-reactive CD4 and CD8 T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-17. CD4 T cell-mediated CHS responses were not generated during DNFB sensitization of neutrophil-depleted WT mice treated with anti-IL-12 mAb or neutrophil-depleted IL-12-/- mice. Neutrophil depletion during DNFB sensitization of WT mice markedly increased IL-12-producing hapten-primed dendritic cell numbers in the skin-draining lymph nodes. Sensitization of mice lacking the neutrophil serine protease cathepsin G (CG)-induced hapten-reactive CD4 and CD8 T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-17 with elevated and elongated CHS responses to DNFB challenge. Induction of CHS effector CD4 T cells producing IFN-γ in neutrophil-depleted WT mice was eliminated by s.c. injection of active, but not inactivated, CG during sensitization. Thus, hapten skin sensitization induces neutrophil release of CG that systemically inhibits hapten-presenting dendritic cell production of IL-12 and the development of hapten-reactive CD4 T cells to IFN-γ-producing CHS effector cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D Kish
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Susie Min
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Nina Dvorina
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shukla SK, Sikder K, Sarkar A, Addya S, Rafiq K. Molecular network, pathway, and functional analysis of time-dependent gene changes related to cathepsin G exposure in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Gene 2018; 671:58-66. [PMID: 29859287 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular pathways activated in response to acute cathepsin G (CG) exposure, as well as the mechanisms involved in activation of signaling pathways that culminate in myocyte detachment and apoptosis remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the changes in gene expression patterns associated with time dependent CG exposure to neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs). Microarray analysis revealed a total of 451, 572 and 1127 differentially expressed genes after CG exposure at 1, 4 and 8 h respectively. A total of 54 overlapped genes at each time point were mapped by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The top up-regulated genes included Hamp, SMAD6, NR4A1, FOSL2, ID3 and SLAMF7, and down-regulated genes included CYR61, GDF6, Olr640, Vom2r36, DUSP6 and MMP20. Our data suggest that there are multiple deregulated pathways associated with cardiomyocyte death after CG exposure, including JAK/Stat signaling, IL-9 signaling and Nur77 signaling. In addition, we also generated the molecular network of expressed gene and found most of the molecules were connected to ERK1/2, caspase, BCR (complex) and Cyclins. Our study reveals the ability to assess time-dependent changes in gene expression patterns in NRCMs associated with CG exposure. The global gene expression profiles may provide insight into the cellular mechanism that regulates CG dependent myocyte apoptosis. In future, the pathways important in CG response, as well as the genes found to be differentially expressed might represent the therapeutic targets for myocyte survival in heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Kumar Shukla
- Department of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA-19107, USA
| | - Kunal Sikder
- Department of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA-19107, USA
| | - Amrita Sarkar
- Department of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA-19107, USA
| | - Sankar Addya
- Kimmel Cancer Centre, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA-19107, USA
| | - Khadija Rafiq
- Department of Medicine, Center of Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA-19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Extended cleavage specificity of human neutrophil cathepsin G: A low activity protease with dual chymase and tryptase-type specificities. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195077. [PMID: 29652924 PMCID: PMC5898719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophils express at least four active serine proteases, cathepsin G, N-elastase, proteinase 3 and neutrophil serine protease 4 (NSP4). They have all been extensively studied due to their importance in neutrophil biology and immunity. However, their extended cleavage specificities have never been determined in detail. Here we present a detailed cleavage specificity analysis of human cathepsin G (hCG). The specificity was determined by phage display analysis and the importance of individual amino acids in and around the cleavage site was then validated using novel recombinant substrates. To provide a broader context to this serine protease, a comparison was made to the related mast cell protease, human chymase (HC). hCG showed similar characteristics to HC including both the primary and extended specificities. As expected, Phe, Tyr, Trp and Leu were preferred in the P1 position. In addition, both proteases showed a preference for negatively charged amino acids in the P2´ position of substrates and a preference for aliphatic amino acids both upstream and downstream of the cleavage site. However, overall the catalytic activity of hCG was ~10-fold lower than HC. hCG has previously been reported to have a dual specificity consisting of chymase and tryptase-type activities. In our analysis, tryptase activity against substrates with Lys in P1 cleavage position was indeed only 2-fold less efficient as compared to optimal chymase substrates supporting strong dual-type specificity. We hope the information presented here on extended cleavage specificities of hCG and HC will assist in the search for novel in vivo substrates for these proteases as well as aid in the efforts to better understand the role of hCG in immunity and bacterial defence.
Collapse
|
16
|
Dai R, Cowan C, Heid B, Khan D, Liang Z, Pham CTN, Ahmed SA. Neutrophils and neutrophil serine proteases are increased in the spleens of estrogen-treated C57BL/6 mice and several strains of spontaneous lupus-prone mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172105. [PMID: 28192517 PMCID: PMC5305105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen, a natural immunomodulator, regulates the development and function of diverse immune cell types. There is now renewed attention on neutrophils and neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) such as neutrophil elastase (NE), proteinase 3 (PR3), and cathepsin G (CG) in inflammation and autoimmunity. In this study, we found that although estrogen treatment significantly reduced total splenocytes number, it markedly increased the splenic neutrophil absolute numbers in estrogen-treated C57BL/6 (B6) mice when compared to placebo controls. Concomitantly, the levels of NSPs and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were highly upregulated in the splenocytes from estrogen-treated mice. Despite the critical role of NSPs in the regulation of non-infectious inflammation, by employing NE-/-/PR3-/-/CG-/- triple knock out mice, we demonstrated that the absence of NSPs affected neither estrogen’s ability to increase splenic neutrophils nor the induction of inflammatory mediators (IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, MCP-1, and NO) from ex vivo activated splenocytes. Depletion of neutrophils in vitro in splenocytes with anti-Ly6G antibody also had no obvious effect on NSP expression or LPS-induced IFNγ and MCP-1. These data suggest that estrogen augments NSPs, which appears to be independent of enhancing ex vivo inflammatory responses. Since estrogen has been implicated in regulating several experimental autoimmune diseases, we extended our observations in estrogen-treated B6 mice to spontaneous autoimmune-prone female MRL-lpr, B6-lpr and NZB/WF1 mice. There was a remarkable commonality with regards to the increase of neutrophils and concomitant increase of NSPs and MPO in the splenic cells of different strains of autoimmune-prone mice and estrogen-treated B6 mice. Collectively, since NSPs and neutrophils are involved in diverse pro-inflammatory activities, these data suggest a potential pathologic implication of increased neutrophils and NSPs that merits further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rujuan Dai
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Catharine Cowan
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bettina Heid
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Deena Khan
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zhihong Liang
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christine T. N. Pham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - S. Ansar Ahmed
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine (VMCVM), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Akk A, Springer LE, Pham CTN. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Enhance Early Inflammatory Response in Sendai Virus-Induced Asthma Phenotype. Front Immunol 2016; 7:325. [PMID: 27617014 PMCID: PMC4999646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviral infection in childhood has been linked to a significant increased rate of asthma development. In mice, paramyxoviral infection with the mouse parainfluenza virus type I, Sendai virus (Sev), causes a limited bronchiolitis followed by persistent asthma traits. We have previously shown that the absence of cysteine protease dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) dampened the acute lung inflammatory response and the subsequent asthma phenotype induced by Sev. Adoptive transfer of wild-type neutrophils into DPPI-deficient mice restored leukocyte influx, the acute cytokine response, and the subsequent mucous cell metaplasia that accompanied Sev-induced asthma phenotype. However, the exact mechanism by which DPPI-sufficient neutrophils promote asthma development following Sev infection is still unknown. We hypothesize that neutrophils recruited to the alveolar space following Sev infection elaborate neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that propagate the inflammatory cascade, culminating in the eventual asthma phenotype. Indeed, we found that Sev infection was associated with NET formation in the lung and release of cell-free DNA complexed to myeloperoxidase in the alveolar space and plasma that peaked on day 2 post infection. Absence of DPPI significantly attenuated Sev-induced NET formation in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, concomitant administration of DNase 1, which dismantled NETs, or inhibition of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), an essential mediator of NET formation, suppressed the early inflammatory responses to Sev infection. Lastly, NETs primed bone marrow-derived cells to release cytokines that can amplify the inflammatory cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Akk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine , Saint Louis, MO , USA
| | - Luke E Springer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine , Saint Louis, MO , USA
| | - Christine T N Pham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine , Saint Louis, MO , USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Henry SJ, Chen CS, Crocker JC, Hammer DA. Protrusive and Contractile Forces of Spreading Human Neutrophils. Biophys J 2016; 109:699-709. [PMID: 26287622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophils are mediators of innate immunity and undergo dramatic shape changes at all stages of their functional life cycle. In this work, we quantified the forces associated with a neutrophil's morphological transition from a nonadherent, quiescent sphere to its adherent and spread state. We did this by tracking, with high spatial and temporal resolution, the cell's mechanical behavior during spreading on microfabricated post-array detectors printed with the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin. Two dominant mechanical regimes were observed: transient protrusion and steady-state contraction. During spreading, a wave of protrusive force (75 ± 8 pN/post) propagates radially outward from the cell center at a speed of 206 ± 28 nm/s. Once completed, the cells enter a sustained contractile state. Although post engagement during contraction was continuously varying, posts within the core of the contact zone were less contractile (-20 ± 10 pN/post) than those residing at the geometric perimeter (-106 ± 10 pN/post). The magnitude of the protrusive force was found to be unchanged in response to cytoskeletal inhibitors of lamellipodium formation and myosin II-mediated contractility. However, cytochalasin B, known to reduce cortical tension in neutrophils, slowed spreading velocity (61 ± 37 nm/s) without significantly reducing protrusive force. Relaxation of the actin cortical shell was a prerequisite for spreading on post arrays as demonstrated by stiffening in response to jasplakinolide and the abrogation of spreading. ROCK and myosin II inhibition reduced long-term contractility. Function blocking antibody studies revealed haptokinetic spreading was induced by β2 integrin ligation. Neutrophils were found to moderately invaginate the post arrays to a depth of ∼1 μm as measured from spinning disk confocal microscopy. Our work suggests a competition of adhesion energy, cortical tension, and the relaxation of cortical tension is at play at the onset of neutrophil spreading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Henry
- Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - John C Crocker
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Daniel A Hammer
- Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Roberts H, White P, Dias I, McKaig S, Veeramachaneni R, Thakker N, Grant M, Chapple I. Characterization of neutrophil function in Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:433-44. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5a1015-489r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
|
20
|
Abstract
Cathepsins are proteases found in all animals as well as other organisms. There are approximately a dozen members of this family, which are distinguished by their structure, their catalytic mechanism, and which proteins they cleave. Most of the members become activated at the low pH found in lysosomes. Cathepsins have been identified as therapeutic targets in the search for new drugs against a number of human pathologies, including cancer, Alzheimer's, and osteoporosis. A number of natural products have been reported as selective inhibitors of some cathepsins. Chemical structure of natural products as inhibitors of cathepsins can be very diverse. Some peptidic natural products are inhibitors of the cysteine protease cathepsins such as E-64 isolated from Aspergillus, which is a cathepsin B inhibitor, or more recently the marine cyanobacterial metabolite gallinamide A which is a selective inhibitor of human cathepsin L. Also amino acid derivatives have been reported as inhibitors of cathepsin A. Other natural products include chalcone natural products possessing cytotoxic activities against prostate cancer cells and inhibiting cysteine cathepsins in vitro, antipain and its analogues isolated from Streptomyces as inhibitors of cathepsin K, and natural biflavones as novel inhibitors of cathepsins B and K. In this review we will report the most representative examples of natural products as inhibitors of cathepsins, especially the ones reported during the last decade.
Collapse
|
21
|
Henry SJ, Crocker JC, Hammer DA. Motile Human Neutrophils Sense Ligand Density Over Their Entire Contact Area. Ann Biomed Eng 2015. [PMID: 26219404 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are key components of the immune system and motility is central their function during the inflammatory response. We have previously demonstrated that neutrophils are capable of switching their motile phenotype between amoeboid-like and keratocyte-like in response to the ligand density of adhesion molecules (Henry et al. in Int Biol 6:348-356, 2014). In this study, we engineered planar micropatterned surfaces that presented adhesion molecules in local islands of high density, separated by regions largely devoid of ligands. By controlling the geometry of islands we made arrays in which the local (on island) adhesion density was high but the global (multi-island) adhesion density over the entire cell-substrate interface was low. Neutrophils in contact with these island arrays assumed a well-spread and directionally-persistent motile phenotype (keratocyte-like) in contrast to the classical amoeboid morphology they display on uniform fields of high adhesion density. By virtue of our rationally designed substrates, we were able to conclude that neutrophils were integrating the stimulation received across their entire contact interface; furthermore, they were able to mount this whole cell response on the timescale of seconds. This work demonstrates the capacity of adhesive microenvironments to direct the phenotype of cell motility, which has broader implications in physiologic processes such as inflammation and cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Henry
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John C Crocker
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel A Hammer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mast cell proteases as pharmacological targets. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:44-55. [PMID: 25958181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are rich in proteases, which are the major proteins of intracellular granules and are released with histamine and heparin by activated cells. Most of these proteases are active in the granule as well as outside of the mast cell when secreted, and can cleave targets near degranulating mast cells and in adjoining tissue compartments. Some proteases released from mast cells reach the bloodstream and may have far-reaching actions. In terms of relative amounts, the major mast cell proteases include the tryptases, chymases, cathepsin G, carboxypeptidase A3, dipeptidylpeptidase I/cathepsin C, and cathepsins L and S. Some mast cells also produce granzyme B, plasminogen activators, and matrix metalloproteinases. Tryptases and chymases are almost entirely mast cell-specific, whereas other proteases, such as cathepsins G, C, and L are expressed by a variety of inflammatory cells. Carboxypeptidase A3 expression is a property shared by basophils and mast cells. Other proteases, such as mastins, are largely basophil-specific, although human basophils are protease-deficient compared with their murine counterparts. The major classes of mast cell proteases have been targeted for development of therapeutic inhibitors. Also, a human β-tryptase has been proposed as a potential drug itself, to inactivate of snake venins. Diseases linked to mast cell proteases include allergic diseases, such as asthma, eczema, and anaphylaxis, but also include non-allergic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune arthritis, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysms, hypertension, myocardial infarction, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension and scarring diseases of lungs and other organs. In some cases, studies performed in mouse models suggest protective or homeostatic roles for specific proteases (or groups of proteases) in infections by bacteria, worms and other parasites, and even in allergic inflammation. At the same time, a clearer picture has emerged of differences in the properties and patterns of expression of proteases expressed in human mast cell subsets, and in humans versus other mammals. These considerations are influencing prioritization of specific protease targets for therapeutic inhibition, as well as options of pre-clinical models, disease indications, and choice of topical versus systemic routes of inhibitor administration.
Collapse
|
23
|
Raymond WW, Xu X, Nimishakavi S, Le C, McDonald DM, Caughey GH. Regulation of hepatocyte growth factor in mice with pneumonia by peptidases and trans-alveolar flux. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125797. [PMID: 25938594 PMCID: PMC4418689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) promotes lung epithelial repair after injury. Because prior studies established that human neutrophil proteases inactivate HGF in vitro, we predicted that HGF levels decrease in lungs infiltrated with neutrophils and that injury is less severe in lungs lacking HGF-inactivating proteases. After establishing that mouse neutrophil elastase cleaves mouse HGF in vitro, we tested our predictions in vivo by examining lung pathology and HGF in mice infected with Mycoplasma pulmonis, which causes neutrophilic tracheobronchitis and pneumonia. Unexpectedly, pneumonia severity was similar in wild type and dipeptidylpeptidase I-deficient (Dppi-/-) mice lacking neutrophil serine protease activity. To assess how this finding related to our prediction that Dppi-activated proteases regulate HGF levels, we measured HGF in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue from Dppi+/+ and Dppi-/- mice. Contrary to prediction, HGF levels were higher in lavage fluid from infected mice. However, serum and tissue concentrations were not different in infected and uninfected mice, and HGF lung transcript levels did not change. Increased HGF correlated with increased albumin in lavage fluid from infected mice, and immunostaining failed to detect increased lung tissue expression of HGF in infected mice. These findings are consistent with trans-alveolar flux rather than local production as the source of increased HGF in lavage fluid. However, levels of intact HGF from infected mice, normalized for albumin concentration, were two-fold higher in Dppi-/- versus Dppi+/+ lavage fluid, suggesting regulation by Dppi-activated proteases. Consistent with the presence of active HGF, increased expression of activated receptor c-Met was observed in infected tissues. These data suggest that HGF entering alveoli from the bloodstream during pneumonia compensates for destruction by Dppi-activated inflammatory proteases to allow HGF to contribute to epithelial repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred W. Raymond
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shilpa Nimishakavi
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine Le
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Donald M. McDonald
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - George H. Caughey
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Neutrophil cathepsin G, but not elastase, induces aggregation of MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells by a protease activity-dependent cell-oriented mechanism. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:971409. [PMID: 24803743 PMCID: PMC3996324 DOI: 10.1155/2014/971409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously found that a neutrophil serine protease, cathepsin G, weakens adherence to culture substrates and induces E-cadherin-dependent aggregation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells through its protease activity. In this study, we examined whether aggregation is caused by degradation of adhesion molecules on the culture substrates or through an unidentified mechanism. We compared the effect of treatment with cathepsin G and other proteases, including neutrophil elastase against fibronectin- (FN-) coated substrates. Cathepsin G and elastase potently degraded FN on the substrates and induced aggregation of MCF-7 cells that had been subsequently seeded onto the substrate. However, substrate-bound cathepsin G and elastase may have caused cell aggregation. After inhibiting the proteases on the culture substrates using the irreversible inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), we examined whether aggregation of MCF-7 cells was suppressed. PMSF attenuated cell aggregation on cathepsin G-treated substrates, but the effect was weak in cells pretreated with high concentrations of cathepsin G. In contrast, PMSF did not suppress cell aggregation on elastase-treated FN. Moreover, cathepsin G, but not elastase, induced aggregation on poly-L-lysine substrates which are not decomposed by these enzymes, and the action of cathepsin G was nearly completely attenuated by PMSF. These results suggest that cathepsin G induces MCF-7 aggregation through a cell-oriented mechanism.
Collapse
|
25
|
Sun H, Lou X, Shan Q, Zhang J, Zhu X, Zhang J, Wang Y, Xie Y, Xu N, Liu S. Proteolytic characteristics of cathepsin D related to the recognition and cleavage of its target proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65733. [PMID: 23840360 PMCID: PMC3688724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CD) plays an important role in both biological and pathological processes, although the cleavage characteristics and substrate selection of CD have yet to be fully explored. We employed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify the CD cleavage sites in bovine serum albumin (BSA). We found that the hydrophobic residues at P1 were not only a preferential factor for CD cleavage but that the hydrophobicity at P1’ also contributed to CD recognition. The concept of hydrophobic scores of neighbors (HSN) was proposed to describe the hydrophobic microenvironment of CD recognition sites. The survey of CD cleavage characteristics in several proteins suggested that the HSN was a sensitive indicator for judging the favorable sites in peptides for CD cleavage, with HSN values of 0.5–1.0 representing a likely threshold. Ovalbumin (OVA), a protein resistant to CD cleavage in its native state, was easily cleaved by CD after denaturation, and the features of the cleaved peptides were quite similar to those found in BSA, where a higher HSN value indicated greater cleavability. We further conducted two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) to find more proteins that were insensitive to CD cleavage in CD-knockdown cells. Based on an analysis of secondary and three-dimensional structures, we postulated that intact proteins with a structure consisting of all α-helices would be relatively accessible to CD cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Sun
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Lou
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Shan
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Beijing Protein Innovation, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Xie
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (NX); (SL)
| | - Siqi Liu
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (NX); (SL)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
SerpinB1 is critical for neutrophil survival through cell-autonomous inhibition of cathepsin G. Blood 2013; 121:3900-7, S1-6. [PMID: 23532733 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-09-455022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) holds a large reserve of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) that are rapidly mobilized to the circulation and tissues in response to danger signals. SerpinB1 is a potent inhibitor of neutrophil serine proteases neutrophil elastase (NE) and cathepsin G (CG). SerpinB1 deficiency (sB1(-/-)) results in a severe reduction of the BM PMN reserve and failure to clear bacterial infection. Using BM chimera, we found that serpinB1 deficiency in BM cells was necessary and sufficient to reproduce the BM neutropenia of sB1(-/-) mice. Moreover, we showed that genetic deletion of CG, but not NE, fully rescued the BM neutropenia in sB1(-/-) mice. In mixed BM chimera and in vitro survival studies, we showed that CG modulates sB1(-/-) PMN survival through a cell-intrinsic pathway. In addition, membrane permeabilization by lysosomotropic agent l-leucyl-l-leucine methyl ester that allows cytosolic release of granule contents was sufficient to induce rapid PMN death through a CG-dependent pathway. CG-mediated PMN cytotoxicity was only partly blocked by caspase inhibition, suggesting that CG cleaves a distinct set of targets during apoptosis. In conclusion, we have unveiled a new cytotoxic function for the serine protease CG and showed that serpinB1 is critical for maintaining PMN survival by antagonizing intracellular CG activity.
Collapse
|
27
|
Almyroudis NG, Grimm MJ, Davidson BA, Röhm M, Urban CF, Segal BH. NETosis and NADPH oxidase: at the intersection of host defense, inflammation, and injury. Front Immunol 2013; 4:45. [PMID: 23459634 PMCID: PMC3585429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are armed with both oxidant-dependent and -independent pathways for killing pathogens. Activation of the phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase constitutes an emergency response to infectious threat and results in the generation of antimicrobial reactive oxidants. In addition, NADPH oxidase activation in neutrophils is linked to activation of granular proteases and generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETosis involves the release of nuclear and granular components that can target extracellular pathogens. NETosis is activated during microbial threat and in certain conditions mimicking sepsis, and can result in both augmented host defense and inflammatory injury. In contrast, apoptosis, the physiological form of neutrophil death, not only leads to non-inflammatory cell death but also contributes to alleviate inflammation. Although there are significant gaps in knowledge regarding the specific contribution of NETs to host defense, we speculate that the coordinated activation of NADPH oxidase and NETosis maximizes microbial killing. Work in engineered mice and limited patient experience point to varying susceptibility of bacterial and fungal pathogens to NADPH oxidase versus NET constituents. Since reactive oxidants and NET constituents can injure host tissue, it is important that these pathways be tightly regulated. Recent work supports a role for NETosis in both acute lung injury and in autoimmunity. Knowledge gained about mechanisms that modulate NETosis may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to limit inflammation-associated injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Almyroudis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo School of Medicine Buffalo, NY, USA ; Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Woloszynek JC, Hu Y, Pham CTN. Cathepsin G-regulated release of formyl peptide receptor agonists modulate neutrophil effector functions. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34101-9. [PMID: 22879591 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.394452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil serine proteases play an important role in inflammation by modulating neutrophil effector functions. We have previously shown that neutrophils deficient in the serine proteases cathepsin G and neutrophil elastase (CG/NE neutrophils) exhibit severe defects in chemokine CXCL2 release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production when activated on immobilized immune complex. Exogenously added active CG rescues these defects, but the mechanism remains undefined. Using a protease-based proteomic approach, we found that, in vitro, the addition of exogenous CG to immune complex-stimulated CG/NE neutrophils led to a decrease in the level of cell-associated annexin A1 (AnxA1) and cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP), both known inflammatory mediators. We further confirmed that, in vivo, CG was required for the extracellular release of AnxA1 and CRAMP in a subcutaneous air pouch model. In vitro, CG efficiently cleaved AnxA1, releasing the active N-terminal peptide Ac2-26, and processed CRAMP in limited fashion. Ac2-26 and CRAMP peptides enhanced the release of CXCL2 by CG/NE neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner via formyl peptide receptor (FPR) stimulation. Blockade of FPRs by an antagonist, Boc2 (t-Boc-Phe-d-Leu-Phe-d-Leu-Phe), abrogates CXCL2 release, whereas addition of FPR agonists, fMLF and F2L, relieves Boc2 inhibition. Furthermore, the addition of active CG, but not inactive CG, also relieves Boc2 inhibition. These findings suggest that CG modulates neutrophil effector functions partly by controlling the release (and proteolysis) of FPR agonists. Unexpectedly, we found that mature CRAMP, but not Ac2-26, induced ROS production through an FPR-independent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh C Woloszynek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vethanayagam RR, Almyroudis NG, Grimm MJ, Lewandowski DC, Pham CTN, Blackwell TS, Petraitiene R, Petraitis V, Walsh TJ, Urban CF, Segal BH. Role of NADPH oxidase versus neutrophil proteases in antimicrobial host defense. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28149. [PMID: 22163282 PMCID: PMC3233573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase is a crucial enzyme in mediating antimicrobial host defense and in regulating inflammation. Patients with chronic granulomatous disease, an inherited disorder of NADPH oxidase in which phagocytes are defective in generation of reactive oxidant intermediates (ROIs), suffer from life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections. The mechanisms by which NADPH oxidase mediate host defense are unclear. In addition to ROI generation, neutrophil NADPH oxidase activation is linked to the release of sequestered proteases that are posited to be critical effectors of host defense. To definitively determine the contribution of NADPH oxidase versus neutrophil serine proteases, we evaluated susceptibility to fungal and bacterial infection in mice with engineered disruptions of these pathways. NADPH oxidase-deficient mice (p47phox−/−) were highly susceptible to pulmonary infection with Aspergillus fumigatus. In contrast, double knockout neutrophil elastase (NE)−/−×cathepsin G (CG)−/− mice and lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin C/dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI)-deficient mice that are defective in neutrophil serine protease activation demonstrated no impairment in antifungal host defense. In separate studies of systemic Burkholderia cepacia infection, uniform fatality occurred in p47phox−/− mice, whereas NE−/−×CG−/− mice cleared infection. Together, these results show a critical role for NADPH oxidase in antimicrobial host defense against A. fumigatus and B. cepacia, whereas the proteases we evaluated were dispensable. Our results indicate that NADPH oxidase dependent pathways separate from neutrophil serine protease activation are required for host defense against specific pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Robert Vethanayagam
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos G. Almyroudis
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa J. Grimm
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - David C. Lewandowski
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Christine T. N. Pham
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Timothy S. Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ruta Petraitiene
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Weill Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Vidmantas Petraitis
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Weill Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Walsh
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Weill Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Brahm H. Segal
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hoffmann DC, Textoris C, Oehme F, Klaassen T, Goppelt A, Römer A, Fugmann B, Davidson JM, Werner S, Krieg T, Eming SA. Pivotal role for alpha1-antichymotrypsin in skin repair. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28889-28901. [PMID: 21693707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.249979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
α1-Antichymotrypsin (α1-ACT) is a specific inhibitor of leukocyte-derived chymotrypsin-like proteases with largely unknown functions in tissue repair. By examining human and murine skin wounds, we showed that following mechanical injury the physiological repair response is associated with an acute phase response of α1-ACT and the mouse homologue Spi-2, respectively. In both species, attenuated α1-ACT/Spi-2 activity and gene expression at the local wound site was associated with severe wound healing defects. Topical application of recombinant α1-ACT to wounds of diabetic mice rescued the impaired healing phenotype. LC-MS analysis of α1-ACT cleavage fragments identified a novel cleavage site within the reactive center loop and showed that neutrophil elastase was the predominant protease involved in unusual α1-ACT cleavage and inactivation in nonhealing human wounds. These results reveal critical functions for locally acting α1-ACT in the acute phase response following skin injury, provide mechanistic insight into its function during the repair response, and raise novel perspectives for its potential therapeutic value in inflammation-mediated tissue damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Hoffmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christine Textoris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Oehme
- Biotech Development, Bayer HealthCare AG, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey M Davidson
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37212,; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
| | - Sabine Werner
- ETH Zurich, Honggerberg, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland, and
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany,; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine A Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany,; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Korkmaz B, Horwitz MS, Jenne DE, Gauthier F. Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G as therapeutic targets in human diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 62:726-59. [PMID: 21079042 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are the first cells recruited to inflammatory sites and form the earliest line of defense against invading microorganisms. Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G are three hematopoietic serine proteases stored in large quantities in neutrophil cytoplasmic azurophilic granules. They act in combination with reactive oxygen species to help degrade engulfed microorganisms inside phagolysosomes. These proteases are also externalized in an active form during neutrophil activation at inflammatory sites, thus contributing to the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. As multifunctional proteases, they also play a regulatory role in noninfectious inflammatory diseases. Mutations in the ELA2/ELANE gene, encoding neutrophil elastase, are the cause of human congenital neutropenia. Neutrophil membrane-bound proteinase 3 serves as an autoantigen in Wegener granulomatosis, a systemic autoimmune vasculitis. All three proteases are affected by mutations of the gene (CTSC) encoding dipeptidyl peptidase I, a protease required for activation of their proform before storage in cytoplasmic granules. Mutations of CTSC cause Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. Because of their roles in host defense and disease, elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G are of interest as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we describe the physicochemical functions of these proteases, toward a goal of better delineating their role in human diseases and identifying new therapeutic strategies based on the modulation of their bioavailability and activity. We also describe how nonhuman primate experimental models could assist with testing the efficacy of proposed therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM U-618 Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, Tours, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Design and characterization of a cleavage-resistant Annexin A1 mutant to control inflammation in the microvasculature. Blood 2010; 116:4288-96. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-02-270520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes adhesion to endothelial cells during the early stage of inflammation leads to cell surface externalization of Annexin A1 (AnxA1), an effector of endogenous anti-inflammation. The antiadhesive properties of AnxA1 become operative to finely tune polymorphonuclear leukocytes transmigration to the site of inflammation. Membrane bound proteinase 3 (PR3) plays a key role in this microenvironment by cleaving the N terminus bioactive domain of AnxA1. In the present study, we generated a PR3-resistant human recombinant AnxA1—named superAnxA1 (SAnxA1)—and tested its in vitro and in vivo properties in comparison to the parental protein. SAnxA1 bound and activated formyl peptide receptor 2 in a similar way as the parental protein, while showing a resistance to cleavage by recombinant PR3. SAnxA1 retained anti-inflammatory activities in the murine inflamed microcirculation (leukocyte adhesion being the readout) and in skin trafficking model. When longer-lasting models of inflammation were applied, SAnxA1 displayed stronger anti-inflammatory effect over time compared with the parental protein. Together these results indicate that AnxA1 cleavage is an important process during neutrophilic inflammation and that controlling the balance between AnxA1/PR3 activities might represent a promising avenue for the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
33
|
Raymond WW, Trivedi NN, Makarova A, Ray M, Craik CS, Caughey GH. How immune peptidases change specificity: cathepsin G gained tryptic function but lost efficiency during primate evolution. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5360-8. [PMID: 20889553 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin G is a major secreted serine peptidase of neutrophils and mast cells. Studies in Ctsg-null mice suggest that cathepsin G supports antimicrobial defenses but can injure host tissues. The human enzyme has an unusual "Janus-faced" ability to cleave peptides at basic (tryptic) as well as aromatic (chymotryptic) sites. Tryptic activity has been attributed to acidic Glu(226) in the primary specificity pocket and underlies proposed important functions, such as activation of prourokinase. However, most mammals, including mice, substitute Ala(226) for Glu(226), suggesting that human tryptic activity may be anomalous. To test this hypothesis, human cathepsin G was compared with mouse wild-type and humanized active site mutants, revealing that mouse primary specificity is markedly narrower than that of human cathepsin G, with much greater Tyr activity and selectivity and near absence of tryptic activity. It also differs from human in resisting tryptic peptidase inhibitors (e.g., aprotinin), while favoring angiotensin destruction at Tyr(4) over activation at Phe(8). Ala(226)Glu mutants of mouse cathepsin G acquire tryptic activity and human ability to activate prourokinase. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the Ala(226)Glu missense mutation appearing in primates 31-43 million years ago represented an apparently unprecedented way to create tryptic activity in a serine peptidase. We propose that tryptic activity is not an attribute of ancestral mammalian cathepsin G, which was primarily chymotryptic, and that primate-selective broadening of specificity opposed the general trend of increased specialization by immune peptidases and allowed acquisition of new functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred W Raymond
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cheung DS, Ehlenbach SJ, Kitchens RT, Riley DA, Thomas LL, Holtzman MJ, Grayson MH. Cutting edge: CD49d+ neutrophils induce FcepsilonRI expression on lung dendritic cells in a mouse model of postviral asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4983-7. [PMID: 20876348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of atopy and asthma remains unexplained but may be due to infection with respiratory viruses. In support of this hypothesis, we showed that experimental asthma after viral infection in mice depended on type I IFN-driven upregulation of FcεRI on conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) in the lung. In this article, we demonstrate that FcεRI expression on lung cDCs depends on an unexpected activity of a CD49d(+) subset of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) that are found in the lungs of wild-type C57BL6 but not mice deficient in type I IFNR. Expression of FcεRI depends in part on a CD11b-dependent interaction between PMNs and cDCs. This study demonstrates a PMN-cDC interaction in the lung that is necessary for the ability of viral infection to induce atopic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy S Cheung
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tailor-made inflammation: how neutrophil serine proteases modulate the inflammatory response. J Mol Med (Berl) 2010; 89:23-8. [PMID: 20809089 PMCID: PMC3016231 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-010-0677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes are important mediators of innate immunity, but also participate in the pathogenesis of (auto)inflammatory diseases. Neutrophils express a specific set of proteolytic enzymes, the neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs), which are stored in cytoplasmic granules and can be secreted into the extra- and pericellular space upon cellular activation. These NSPs, namely cathepsin G (CG), neutrophil elastase (NE), and proteinase 3 (PR3), have early been implicated in bacterial defense. However, NSPs also regulate the inflammatory response by specifically altering the function of cytokines and chemokines. For instance, PR3 and NE both inactivate the anti-inflammatory mediator progranulin, which may play a role in chronic inflammation. Here, we provide a concise update on NSPs as modulators of inflammation and discuss the biological and pathological significance of this novel function of NSPs. Mounting evidence support an important proinflammatory function for PR3, which may have been underestimated in the past.
Collapse
|
36
|
Colbert JD, Matthews SP, Miller G, Watts C. Diverse regulatory roles for lysosomal proteases in the immune response. Eur J Immunol 2010; 39:2955-65. [PMID: 19637232 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The innate and adaptive immune system utilise endocytic protease activity to promote functional immune responses. Cysteine and aspartic proteases (cathepsins) constitute a subset of endocytic proteases, the immune function of which has been described extensively. Although historically these studies have focused on their role in processes such as antigen presentation and zymogen processing within the endocytic compartment, recent discoveries have demonstrated a critical role for these proteases in other intracellular compartments, and within the extracellular milieu. It has also become clear that their pattern of expression and substrate specificities are more diverse than was first envisaged. Here, we discuss recent advances addressing the role of lysosomal proteases in various aspects of the immune response. We pay attention to reports demonstrating cathepsin activity outside of its canonical endosome/lysosome microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff D Colbert
- Division of Cell biology & Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mayadas TN, Tsokos GC, Tsuboi N. Mechanisms of immune complex-mediated neutrophil recruitment and tissue injury. Circulation 2009; 120:2012-24. [PMID: 19917895 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.771170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya N Mayadas
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Trivedi NN, Caughey GH. Mast cell peptidases: chameleons of innate immunity and host defense. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 42:257-67. [PMID: 19933375 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0324rt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells make and secrete an abundance of peptidases, which are stored in such large amounts in granules that they comprise a high fraction of all cellular protein. Perhaps no other immune cell is so generously endowed with peptidases. For many years after the main peptidases were first described, they were best known as markers of degranulation, for they are released locally in response to mast cell stimulation and can be distributed systemically and detected in blood. The principal peptidases are tryptases, chymases, carboxypeptidase A3, and dipeptidylpeptidase I (cathepsin C). Numerous studies suggest that these enzymes are important and even critical for host defense and homeostasis. Endogenous and allergen or pathogen-associated targets have been identified. Belying the narrow notion of peptidases as proinflammatory, several of the peptidases limit inflammation and toxicity of endogenous peptides and venoms. The peptidases are interdependent, so that absence or inactivity of one enzyme can alter levels and activity of others. Mammalian mast cell peptidases--chymases and tryptases especially--vary remarkably in number, expression, biophysical properties, and specificity, perhaps because they hyper-evolved under pressure from the very pathogens they help to repel. Tryptase and chymase involvement in some pathologies stimulated development of therapeutic inhibitors for use in asthma, lung fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, ulcerative colitis, and cardiovascular diseases. While animal studies support the potential for mast cell peptidase inhibitors to mitigate certain diseases, other studies, as in mice lacking selected peptidases, predict roles in defense against bacteria and parasites and that systemic inactivation may impair host defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil N Trivedi
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mailstop 111-D, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Burster T, Macmillan H, Hou T, Boehm BO, Mellins ED. Cathepsin G: roles in antigen presentation and beyond. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:658-65. [PMID: 19910052 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Contributions from multiple cathepsins within endosomal antigen processing compartments are necessary to process antigenic proteins into antigenic peptides. Cysteine and aspartyl cathepsins have been known to digest antigenic proteins. A role for the serine protease, cathepsin G (CatG), in this process has been described only recently, although CatG has long been known to be a granule-associated proteolytic enzyme of neutrophils. In line with a role for this enzyme in antigen presentation, CatG is found in endocytic compartments of a variety of antigen presenting cells. CatG is found in primary human monocytes, B cells, myeloid dendritic cells 1 (mDC1), mDC2, plasmacytoid DC (pDC), and murine microglia, but is not expressed in B cell lines or monocyte-derived DC. Purified CatG can be internalized into endocytic compartments in CatG non-expressing cells, widening the range of cells where this enzyme may play a role in antigen processing. Functional assays have implicated CatG as a critical enzyme in processing of several antigens and autoantigens. In this review, historical and recent data on CatG expression, distribution, function and involvement in disease will be summarized and discussed, with a focus on its role in antigen presentation and immune-related events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Maryanoff BE, de Garavilla L, Greco MN, Haertlein BJ, Wells GI, Andrade-Gordon P, Abraham WM. Dual inhibition of cathepsin G and chymase is effective in animal models of pulmonary inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 181:247-53. [PMID: 19875688 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200904-0627oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Mast cells and neutrophils are key contributors to the pathophysiological inflammatory processes that underpin asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, partly through the release of noxious serine proteases, including cathepsin G (Cat G) and chymase. From this standpoint, a dual inhibitor of neutrophil Cat G and mast cell chymase could protect against these disease-related inflammatory responses. OBJECTIVES We examined the antiinflammatory pharmacology of RWJ-355871, a dual inhibitor of Cat G and chymase, in animal models of inflammation that evince pathophysiological pathways relevant to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to determine the therapeutic potential of this compound. METHODS In an ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized rat model, RWJ-355871 was administered to block the mast-cell-mediated increase in paw volume caused by OVA injection. In a sheep asthma model, antigen-induced airway responses were assessed with and without aerosol treatment with RWJ-355871. In a murine tobacco-smoke model of airway inflammation, the effect of RWJ-355871 on smoke-induced neutrophilia was determined. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Intravenous treatment of OVA-sensitized rats with RWJ-355871 provided dose-dependent reduction in the increase in rat paw volume. In allergic sheep, aerosol pretreatment with RWJ-355871 showed dose-dependent inhibition of the antigen-induced early response, late response, and post-antigen-induced airway hyperreponsiveness. In tobacco-smoke-exposed mice, nebulized RWJ-355871 significantly reduced the smoke-induced neutrophilia from the levels observed in untreated mice. CONCLUSIONS The preclinical antiinflammatory effects of RWJ-355871 in these animal models of inflammation indicate that this dual inhibitor may have therapeutic utility for treating airway inflammatory diseases involving mechanisms that depend on Cat G and/or chymase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Maryanoff
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477-0076, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tausch L, Henkel A, Siemoneit U, Poeckel D, Kather N, Franke L, Hofmann B, Schneider G, Angioni C, Geisslinger G, Skarke C, Holtmeier W, Beckhaus T, Karas M, Jauch J, Werz O. Identification of Human Cathepsin G As a Functional Target of Boswellic Acids from the Anti-Inflammatory Remedy Frankincense. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3433-42. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
42
|
Kahlisch D, Buettner FF, Naim HY, Gerlach GF, IRAS FUGATOC. Glycoprotein analysis of porcine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid reveals potential biomarkers corresponding to resistance toActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeinfection. Vet Res 2009; 40:60. [DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
43
|
|
44
|
Park CJ, Clark SG, Lichtensteiger CA, Jamison RD, Johnson AJW. Accelerated wound closure of pressure ulcers in aged mice by chitosan scaffolds with and without bFGF. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:1926-36. [PMID: 19342320 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Revised: 02/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pressure ulcers are a significant healthcare concern, especially for elderly populations. Our work served to ameliorate the chronicity of these ulcers by addressing ischemia-reperfusion injury mediated by neutrophils and the concomitant loss of vasculature in these wounds. To this end, chitosan scaffolds loaded with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) contained in gelatin microparticles were developed and tested for clinical relevance in an aged mouse model. Pressure ulcers were induced in aged mice, and efficacy of treatment was assessed. On days 3 and 7, both chitosan and chitosan-bFGF scaffolds significantly accelerated wound closure compared to gauze control. By day 10, all wounds achieved similar closure. Delivery and angiogenic function of bFGF was verified through ELISA and histology. Elevated neutrophil levels were observed in chitosan and chitosan-bFGF groups. Since neutrophil elastase contributes to the proteolytic environments of pressure ulcers, the effect of chitosan on elastase was assessed. In vitro, chitosan inhibited elastase activity. In vivo, elastase protein levels in wounds were reduced with chitosan-bFGF scaffolds by day 10. These results suggest that chitosan is an effective material for growth factor delivery and can help to heal chronic ulcers. Collectively, our data show that chitosan-bFGF scaffolds are effective in accelerating wound closure of pressure ulcers in aged animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan J Park
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kessenbrock K, Fröhlich L, Sixt M, Lämmermann T, Pfister H, Bateman A, Belaaouaj A, Ring J, Ollert M, Fässler R, Jenne DE. Proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase enhance inflammation in mice by inactivating antiinflammatory progranulin. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:2438-47. [PMID: 18568075 DOI: 10.1172/jci34694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes form the body's first line of antibacterial defense, but they also contribute to tissue injury and noninfectious, chronic inflammation. Proteinase 3 (PR3) and neutrophil elastase (NE) are 2 abundant neutrophil serine proteases implicated in antimicrobial defense with overlapping and potentially redundant substrate specificity. Here, we unraveled a cooperative role for PR3 and NE in neutrophil activation and noninfectious inflammation in vivo, which we believe to be novel. Mice lacking both PR3 and NE demonstrated strongly diminished immune complex-mediated (IC-mediated) neutrophil infiltration in vivo as well as reduced activation of isolated neutrophils by ICs in vitro. In contrast, in mice lacking just NE, neutrophil recruitment to ICs was only marginally impaired. The defects in mice lacking both PR3 and NE were directly linked to the accumulation of antiinflammatory progranulin (PGRN). Both PR3 and NE cleaved PGRN in vitro and during neutrophil activation and inflammation in vivo. Local administration of recombinant PGRN potently inhibited neutrophilic inflammation in vivo, demonstrating that PGRN represents a crucial inflammation-suppressing mediator. We conclude that PR3 and NE enhance neutrophil-dependent inflammation by eliminating the local antiinflammatory activity of PGRN. Our results support the use of serine protease inhibitors as antiinflammatory agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kessenbrock
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bunbury A, Potolicchio I, Maitra R, Santambrogio L. Functional analysis of monocyte MHC class II compartments. FASEB J 2008; 23:164-71. [PMID: 18815360 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-109439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Circulating monocytes, as dendritic cell and macrophage precursors, exhibit several functions usually associated with antigen-presenting cells, such as phagocytosis and presence of endosomal/lysosomal degradative compartments particularly enriched in Lamp-1, MHC class II molecules, and other proteins related to antigen processing and MHC class II loading [MHC class II compartments (MIICs)]. Ultrastructural analysis of these organelles indicates that, differently from the multivesicular bodies present in dendritic cells, in monocytes the MIICs are characterized by a single perimetral membrane surrounding an electron-dense core. Analysis of their content reveals enrichment in myeloperoxidase, an enzyme classically associated with azurophilic granules in granulocytes and mast cell secretory lysosomes. Elevation in intracellular free calcium levels in monocytes induced secretion of beta-hexosaminidase, cathepsins, and myeloperoxidase in the extracellular milieu; surface up-regulation of MHC class II molecules; and appearance of lysosomal resident proteins. The Ca(2+)-regulated surface transport mechanism of MHC class II molecules observed in monocytes is different from the tubulovesicular organization of the multivesicular bodies previously reported in dendritic cells and macrophages. Hence, in monocytes, MHC class II-enriched organelles combine degradative functions typical of lysosomes and regulated secretion typical of secretory lysosomes. More important, Ca(2+)-mediated up-regulation of surface MHC class II molecules is accompanied by extracellular release of lysosomal resident enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allyson Bunbury
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hu Y, Hu X, Boumsell L, Ivashkiv LB. IFN-gamma and STAT1 arrest monocyte migration and modulate RAC/CDC42 pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:8057-65. [PMID: 18523269 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.8057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Positive regulation of cell migration by chemotactic factors and downstream signaling pathways has been extensively investigated. In contrast, little is known about factors and mechanisms that induce migration arrest, a process important for retention of cells at inflammatory sites and homeostatic regulation of cell trafficking. In this study, we found that IFN-gamma directly inhibited monocyte migration by suppressing remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and cell polarization in response to the chemokine CCL2. Inhibition was dependent on STAT1 and downstream genes, whereas STAT3 promoted migration. IFN-gamma altered monocyte responses to CCL2 by modulating the activity of Pyk2, JNK, and the GTPases Rac and Cdc42, and inhibiting CCL2-induced activation of the downstream p21-activated kinase that regulates the cytoskeleton and cell polarization. These results identify a new role for IFN-gamma in arresting monocyte chemotaxis by a mechanism that involves modulation of cytoskeleton remodeling. Crosstalk between Jak-STAT and Rac/Cdc42 GTPase-mediated signaling pathways provides a molecular mechanism by which cytokines can regulate cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Akk AM, Simmons PM, Chan HW, Agapov E, Holtzman MJ, Grayson MH, Pham CTN. Dipeptidyl peptidase I-dependent neutrophil recruitment modulates the inflammatory response to Sendai virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3535-42. [PMID: 18292580 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.3535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of asthma is unclear. Although increased presence of neutrophils is associated with persistent asthma and asthma exacerbations, how neutrophils participate in the pathogenesis of asthma remains controversial. In this study, we show that the absence of dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI), a lysosomal cysteine protease found in neutrophils, dampens the acute inflammatory response and the subsequent mucous cell metaplasia that accompanies the asthma phenotype induced by Sendai virus infection. This attenuated phenotype is accompanied by a significant decrease in the accumulation of neutrophils and the local production of CXCL2, TNF, IL-1beta, and IL-6 in the lung of infected DPPI-/- mice. Adoptive transfer of DPPI-sufficient neutrophils into DPPI-/- mice restored the levels of CXCL2 and enhanced cytokine production on day 4 postinfection and subsequent mucous cell metaplasia on day 21 postinfection. These results indicate that DPPI and neutrophils play a critical role in Sendai virus-induced asthma phenotype as a result of a DPPI-dependent neutrophil recruitment and cytokine response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonina M Akk
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Caughey GH, Beauchamp J, Schlatter D, Raymond WW, Trivedi NN, Banner D, Mauser H, Fingerle J. Guinea pig chymase is leucine-specific: a novel example of functional plasticity in the chymase/granzyme family of serine peptidases. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:13943-51. [PMID: 18353771 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710502200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore guinea pigs as models of chymase biology, we cloned and expressed the guinea pig ortholog of human chymase. In contrast to rats and mice, guinea pigs appear to express just one chymase, which belongs to the alpha clade, like primate chymases and mouse mast cell protease-5. The guinea pig enzyme autolyzes at Leu residues in the loop where human chymase autolyzes at Phe. In addition, guinea pig alpha-chymase selects P1 Leu in a combinatorial peptide library and cleaves Ala-Ala-Pro-Leu-4-nitroanilide but has negligible activity toward substrates with P1 Phe and does not cleave angiotensin I. This contrasts with human chymase, which cleaves after Phe or Tyr, prefers P1 Phe in peptidyl 4-nitroanilides, and avidly hydrolyzes angiotensin I at Phe8 to generate bioactive angiotensin II. The guinea pig enzyme also is inactivated more effectively by alpha1-antichymotrypsin, which features P1 Leu in the reactive loop. Unlike mouse, rat, and hamster alpha-chymases, guinea pig chymase lacks elastase-like preference for P1 Val or Ala. Partially humanized A216G guinea pig chymase acquires human-like P1 Phe- and angiotensin-cleaving capacity. Molecular models suggest that the wild type active site is crowded by the Ala216 side chain, which potentially blocks access by bulky P1 aromatic residues. On the other hand, the guinea pig pocket is deeper than in Val-selective chymases, explaining the preference for the longer aliphatic side chain of Leu. These findings are evidence that chymase-like peptidase specificity is sensitive to small changes in structure and provide the first example of a vertebrate Leu-selective peptidase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George H Caughey
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pham CTN. Neutrophil serine proteases fine-tune the inflammatory response. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 40:1317-33. [PMID: 18180196 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil serine proteases are granule-associated enzymes known mainly for their function in the intracellular killing of pathogens. Their extracellular release upon neutrophil activation is traditionally regarded as the primary reason for tissue damage at the sites of inflammation. However, studies over the past several years indicate that neutrophil serine proteases may also be key regulators of the inflammatory response. Neutrophil serine proteases specifically process and release chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors, thus modulating their biological activity. In addition, neutrophil serine proteases activate and shed specific cell surface receptors, which can ultimately prolong or terminate cytokine-induced responses. Moreover, it has been proposed that these proteases can impact cell viability through their caspase-like activity and initiate the adaptive immune response by directly activating lymphocytes. In summary, these studies point to neutrophil serine proteases as versatile mediators that fine-tune the local immune response and identify them as potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine T N Pham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8045, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|