1
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Abdullah L, Emiliani FE, Vaidya CM, Stuart H, Kolling FW, Ackerman ME, Song L, McKenna A, Huang YH. Hierarchal single-cell lineage tracing reveals differential fate commitment of CD8 T-cell clones in response to acute infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.21.586160. [PMID: 38585810 PMCID: PMC10996474 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.21.586160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Generating balanced populations of CD8 effector and memory T cells is necessary for immediate and durable immunity to infections and cancer. Yet, a definitive understanding of CD8 differentiation remains unclear. We used CARLIN, a processive lineage recording mouse model with single-cell RNA-seq and TCR-seq to track endogenous antigen-specific CD8 T cells during acute viral infection. We identified a diverse repertoire of expanded T-cell clones represented by seven transcriptional states. TCR enrichment analysis revealed differential memory- or effector-fate biases within clonal populations. Shared Vb segments and amino acid motifs were found within biased categories despite high TCR diversity. Using single-cell CARLIN barcode-seq we tracked multi-generational clones and found that unlike unbiased or memory-biased clones, which stably retain their fate profiles, effector-biased clones could adopt memory- or effector-bias within subclones. Collectively, our study demonstrates that a heterogenous T-cell repertoire specific for a shared antigen is composed of clones with distinct TCR-intrinsic fate-biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Abdullah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Francesco E. Emiliani
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Chinmay M. Vaidya
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Hannah Stuart
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | | | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Li Song
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Aaron McKenna
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Yina H. Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Health, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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2
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Kaminskiy Y, Ganeeva I, Chasov V, Kudriaeva A, Bulatov E. Asymmetric T-cell division: insights from cutting-edge experimental techniques and implications for immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1301378. [PMID: 38495874 PMCID: PMC10940324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1301378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division is a fundamental process conserved throughout evolution, employed by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Its significance lies in its ability to govern cell fate and facilitate the generation of diverse cell types. Therefore, attaining a detailed mechanistic understanding of asymmetric cell division becomes essential for unraveling the complexities of cell fate determination in both healthy and pathological conditions. However, the role of asymmetric division in T-cell biology has only recently been unveiled. Here, we provide an overview of the T-cell asymmetric division field with the particular emphasis on experimental methods and models with the aim to guide the researchers in the selection of appropriate in vitro/in vivo models to study asymmetric division in T cells. We present a comprehensive investigation into the mechanisms governing the asymmetric division in various T-cell subsets underscoring the importance of the asymmetry in fate-determining factor segregation and transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. Furthermore, the intricate interplay of T-cell receptor signaling and the asymmetric division geometry are explored, shedding light on the spatial organization and the impact on cellular fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Kaminskiy
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SciLifeLab, Solna, Sweden
| | - Irina Ganeeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Vitaly Chasov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Anna Kudriaeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Emil Bulatov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Gräbnitz F, Oxenius A. CD8 T-cell diversification: Asymmetric cell division and its functional implications. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250225. [PMID: 36788705 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of cellular diversity is a basic requirement for the development of multicellular organisms. Cellular diversification can be induced by asymmetric cell division (ACD), during which the emerging two daughter cells unequally inherit lineage specific cargo (including transcription factors, receptors for specific signaling inputs, metabolic platforms, and possibly different epigenetic landscapes), resulting in two daughter cells endowed with different fates. While ACD is strongly involved in lineage choices in mammalian stem cells, its role in fate diversification in lineage committed cell subsets that still exhibit plastic potential, such as T-cells, is currently investigated. In this review, we focus predominantly on the role of ACD in fate diversification of CD8 T-cells. Further, we discuss the impact of differential T-cell receptor stimulation strengths and differentiation history on ACD-mediated fate diversification and highlight a particular importance of ACD in the development of memory CD8 T-cells upon high-affinity stimulation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Gräbnitz
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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4
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Ivanova DL, Thompson SB, Klarquist J, Harbell MG, Kilgore AM, Lasda EL, Hesselberth JR, Hunter CA, Kedl RM. Vaccine adjuvant-elicited CD8 + T cell immunity is co-dependent on T-bet and FOXO1. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112911. [PMID: 37516968 PMCID: PMC10577800 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T-bet and FOXO1 are transcription factors canonically associated with effector and memory T cell fates, respectively. During an infectious response, these factors direct the development of CD8+ T cell fates, where T-bet deficiency leads to ablation of only short-lived effector cells, while FOXO1 deficiency results in selective loss of memory. In contrast, following adjuvanted subunit vaccination in mice, both effector- and memory-fated T cells are compromised in the absence of either T-bet or FOXO1. Thus, unlike responses to challenge with Listeria monocytogenes, productive CD8+ T cell responses to adjuvanted vaccination require coordinated regulation of FOXO1 and T-bet transcriptional programs. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis confirms simultaneous T-bet, FOXO1, and TCF1 transcriptional activity in vaccine-elicited, but not infection-elicited, T cells undergoing clonal expansion. Collectively, our data show that subunit vaccine adjuvants elicit T cell responses dependent on transcription factors associated with effector and memory cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria L Ivanova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Scott B Thompson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jared Klarquist
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael G Harbell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Augustus M Kilgore
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Erika L Lasda
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jay R Hesselberth
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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5
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Depew CE, Nguyen AT, Franke MC, Calderon J, Sciammas R, McSorley SJ. Cutting Edge: Optimal Formation of Hepatic Tissue-Resident Memory CD4 T Cells Requires T-bet Regulation of CD18. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:180-185. [PMID: 37283516 PMCID: PMC10330511 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
CD4 tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) allow robust protection of barrier surfaces against pathogens. We investigated the role of T-bet in the formation of liver CD4 TRMs using mouse models. T-bet-deficient CD4 T cells did not efficiently form liver TRMs when compared with wild-type (WT). In addition, ectopic expression of T-bet enhanced the formation of liver CD4 TRMs, but only when in competition with WT CD4 T cells. Liver TRMs also expressed higher levels of CD18, which was T-bet dependent. The WT competitive advantage was blocked by Ab neutralization of CD18. Taken together, our data show that activated CD4 T cells compete for entry to liver niches via T-bet-induced expression of CD18, allowing TRM precursors to access subsequent hepatic maturation signals. These findings uncover an essential role for T-bet in liver TRM CD4 formation and suggest targeted enhancement of this pathway could increase the efficacy of vaccines that require hepatic TRMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Depew
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Alana T Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Marissa C Franke
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Jesica Calderon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Roger Sciammas
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
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6
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McDonald B, Chick BY, Ahmed NS, Burns M, Ma S, Casillas E, Chen D, Mann TH, O'Connor C, Hah N, Hargreaves DC, Kaech SM. Canonical BAF complex activity shapes the enhancer landscape that licenses CD8 + T cell effector and memory fates. Immunity 2023; 56:1303-1319.e5. [PMID: 37315534 PMCID: PMC10281564 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells provide host protection against pathogens by differentiating into distinct effector and memory cell subsets, but how chromatin is site-specifically remodeled during their differentiation is unclear. Due to its critical role in regulating chromatin and enhancer accessibility through its nucleosome remodeling activities, we investigated the role of the canonical BAF (cBAF) chromatin remodeling complex in antiviral CD8+ T cells during infection. ARID1A, a subunit of cBAF, was recruited early after activation and established de novo open chromatin regions (OCRs) at enhancers. Arid1a deficiency impaired the opening of thousands of activation-induced enhancers, leading to loss of TF binding, dysregulated proliferation and gene expression, and failure to undergo terminal effector differentiation. Although Arid1a was dispensable for circulating memory cell formation, tissue-resident memory (Trm) formation was strongly impaired. Thus, cBAF governs the enhancer landscape of activated CD8+ T cells that orchestrates TF recruitment and activity and the acquisition of specific effector and memory differentiation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan McDonald
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brent Y Chick
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nasiha S Ahmed
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mannix Burns
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shixin Ma
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eduardo Casillas
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dan Chen
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas H Mann
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carolyn O'Connor
- Flow Cytometry Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nasun Hah
- Chapman Charitable Foundations Genomic Sequencing Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Diana C Hargreaves
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Susan M Kaech
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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7
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Pokharel J, Gerlach C. Linking asymmetric cell division, CD8 + T cell fate, and signal strength. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112548. [PMID: 37178121 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Through live imaging of CD8+ T cells carrying a fate reporter, Gräbnitz et al. directly linked (a)symmetric division to T cell fate.1 Asymmetry during the first division ensured the generation of stem-like CD8+ T cells following strong T cell stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Pokharel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmen Gerlach
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
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8
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Gräbnitz F, Stark D, Shlesinger D, Petkidis A, Borsa M, Yermanos A, Carr A, Barandun N, Wehling A, Balaz M, Schroeder T, Oxenius A. Asymmetric cell division safeguards memory CD8 T cell development. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112468. [PMID: 37178119 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The strength of T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation and asymmetric distribution of fate determinants are both implied to affect T cell differentiation. Here, we uncover asymmetric cell division (ACD) as a safeguard mechanism for memory CD8 T cell generation specifically upon strong TCR stimulation. Using live imaging approaches, we find that strong TCR stimulation induces elevated ACD rates, and subsequent single-cell-derived colonies comprise both effector and memory precursor cells. The abundance of memory precursor cells emerging from a single activated T cell positively correlates with first mitosis ACD. Accordingly, preventing ACD by inhibition of protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) during the first mitosis upon strong TCR stimulation markedly curtails the formation of memory precursor cells. Conversely, no effect of ACD on fate commitment is observed upon weak TCR stimulation. Our data provide relevant mechanistic insights into the role of ACD for CD8 T cell fate regulation upon different activation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Gräbnitz
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Stark
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Shlesinger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Petkidis
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Alexander Yermanos
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Carr
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niculò Barandun
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arne Wehling
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Balaz
- Department of Metabolic Disease Research, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Timm Schroeder
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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9
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Pritchard GH, Phan AT, Christian DA, Blain TJ, Fang Q, Johnson J, Roy NH, Shallberg L, Kedl RM, Hunter CA. Early T-bet promotes LFA1 upregulation required for CD8+ effector and memory T cell development. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20191287. [PMID: 36445307 PMCID: PMC9712775 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-box transcription factor T-bet is regarded as a "master regulator" of CD4+ Th1 differentiation and IFN-γ production. However, in multiple models of infection, T-bet appears less critical for CD8+ T cell expansion and effector function. Here, we show that following vaccination with a replication-deficient strain of Toxoplasma gondii, CD8+ T cell expression of T-bet is required for optimal expansion of parasite-specific effector CD8+ T cells. Analysis of the early events associated with T cell activation reveals that the α chain of LFA1, CD11a, is a target of T-bet, and T-bet is necessary for CD8+ T cell upregulation of this integrin, which influences the initial priming of CD8+ effector T cells. We propose that the early expression of T-bet represents a T cell-intrinsic factor that optimizes T-DC interactions necessary to generate effector responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Harms Pritchard
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Anthony T. Phan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David A. Christian
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Trevor J. Blain
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Qun Fang
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John Johnson
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nathan H. Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute and Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lindsey Shallberg
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ross M. Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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10
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Pineau J, Moreau H, Duménil AML, Pierobon P. Polarity in immune cells. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:197-222. [PMID: 37100518 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells are responsible for pathogen detection and elimination, as well as for signaling to other cells the presence of potential danger. In order to mount an efficient immune response, they need to move and search for a pathogen, interact with other cells, and diversify the population by asymmetric cell division. All these actions are regulated by cell polarity: cell polarity controls cell motility, which is crucial for scanning peripheral tissues to detect pathogens, and recruiting immune cells to sites of infection; immune cells, in particular lymphocytes, communicate with each other by a direct contact called immunological synapse, which entails a global polarization of the cell and plays a role in activating lymphocyte response; finally, immune cells divide asymmetrically from a precursor, generating a diversity of phenotypes and cell types among daughter cells, such as memory and effector cells. This review aims at providing an overview from both biology and physics perspectives of how cell polarity shapes the main immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Pineau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, Cedex, France; Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Moreau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, Cedex, France
| | | | - Paolo Pierobon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, Cedex, France.
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11
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Quezada LK, Jin W, Liu YC, Kim ES, He Z, Indralingam CS, Tysl T, Labarta-Bajo L, Wehrens EJ, Jo Y, Kazane KR, Hattori C, Zuniga EI, Yeo GW, Chang JT. Early transcriptional and epigenetic divergence of CD8+ T cells responding to acute versus chronic infection. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001983. [PMID: 36716323 PMCID: PMC9886247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During a microbial infection, responding CD8+ T cells give rise to effector cells that provide acute host defense and memory cells that provide sustained protection. An alternative outcome is exhaustion, a state of T cell dysfunction that occurs in the context of chronic infections and cancer. Although it is evident that exhausted CD8+ T (TEX) cells are phenotypically and molecularly distinct from effector and memory CD8+ T cells, the factors regulating the earliest events in the differentiation process of TEX cells remain incompletely understood. Here, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing and single-cell ATAC-sequencing of CD8+ T cells responding to LCMV-Armstrong (LCMV-Arm) or LCMV-Clone 13 (LCMV-Cl13), which result in acute or chronic infections, respectively. Compared to CD8+ T cells that had undergone their first division in response to LCMV-Arm (Div1ARM) cells, CD8+ T cells that had undergone their first division in response to LCMV-Cl13 (Div1CL13) expressed higher levels of genes encoding transcription factors previously associated with exhaustion, along with higher levels of Ezh2, the catalytic component of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) complex, which mediates epigenetic silencing. Modulation of Ezh2 resulted in altered expression of exhaustion-associated molecules by CD8+ T cells responding to LCMV-Cl13, though the specific cellular and infectious contexts, rather than simply the level of Ezh2 expression, likely determine the eventual outcome. Taken together, these findings suggest that the differentiation paths of CD8+ T cells responding to acute versus chronic infections may diverge earlier than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K. Quezada
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wenhao Jin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yi Chia Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eleanor S. Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Zhaoren He
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Cynthia S. Indralingam
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tiffani Tysl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lara Labarta-Bajo
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ellen J. Wehrens
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yeara Jo
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Katelynn R. Kazane
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Hattori
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Elina I. Zuniga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gene W. Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John T. Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Jennifer Moreno Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
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12
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Cho IS, Gupta P, Mostafazadeh N, Wong SW, Saichellappa S, Lenzini S, Peng Z, Shin J. Deterministic Single Cell Encapsulation in Asymmetric Microenvironments to Direct Cell Polarity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206014. [PMID: 36453581 PMCID: PMC9875620 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Various signals in tissue microenvironments are often unevenly distributed around cells. Cellular responses to asymmetric cell-matrix adhesion in a 3D space remain generally unclear and are to be studied at the single-cell resolution. Here, the authors developed a droplet-based microfluidic approach to manufacture a pure population of single cells in a microscale layer of compartmentalized 3D hydrogel matrices with a tunable spatial presentation of ligands at the subcellular level. Cells elongate with an asymmetric presentation of the integrin adhesion ligand Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), while cells expand isotropically with a symmetric presentation of RGD. Membrane tension is higher on the side of single cells interacting with RGD than on the side without RGD. Finite element analysis shows that a non-uniform isotropic cell volume expansion model is sufficient to recapitulate the experimental results. At a longer timescale, asymmetric ligand presentation commits mesenchymal stem cells to the osteogenic lineage. Cdc42 is an essential mediator of cell polarization and lineage specification in response to asymmetric cell-matrix adhesion. This study highlights the utility of precisely controlling 3D ligand presentation around single cells to direct cell polarity for regenerative engineering and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik Sung Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicagoIL60612USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60607USA
| | - Prerak Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicagoIL60612USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60607USA
| | - Nima Mostafazadeh
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60607USA
| | - Sing Wan Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicagoIL60612USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60607USA
| | - Saiumamaheswari Saichellappa
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicagoIL60612USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60607USA
| | - Stephen Lenzini
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicagoIL60612USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60607USA
| | - Zhangli Peng
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60607USA
| | - Jae‐Won Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Illinois at Chicago College of MedicineChicagoIL60612USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60607USA
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13
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Endo Y, Kanno T, Nakajima T. Fatty acid metabolism in T-cell function and differentiation. Int Immunol 2022; 34:579-587. [PMID: 35700102 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism has recently emerged as a field of study examining the intersection between immunology and metabolism. Studies in this area have yielded new findings on the roles of a diverse range of metabolic pathways and metabolites, which have been found to control many aspects of T-cell biology, including cell differentiation, function and fate. A particularly important finding has been the discovery that to meet the energy requirements associated with their proliferation, activation and specific functions, T cells switch their metabolic signatures during differentiation. For example, whereas the induction of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis and fatty acid uptake programs are required for antigen-stimulation-induced proliferation and differentiation of effector T cells, fatty acid catabolism via β-oxidation is essential for the generation of memory T cells and the differentiation of regulatory T cells. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the metabolism in different stages of T cells and how fatty acid metabolism in these cells controls their specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Endo
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan.,Department of Omics Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Toshio Kanno
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakajima
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Laboratory of Medical Omics Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
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14
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Suarez-Ramirez JE, Cauley LS, Chandiran K. CTLs Get SMAD When Pathogens Tell Them Where to Go. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1025-1032. [PMID: 36130123 PMCID: PMC9512391 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines protect against infections by eliciting both Ab and T cell responses. Because the immunity wanes as protective epitopes get modified by accruing mutations, developing strategies for immunization against new variants is a major priority for vaccine development. CTLs eliminate cells that support viral replication and provide protection against new variants by targeting epitopes from internal viral proteins. This form of protection has received limited attention during vaccine development, partly because reliable methods for directing pathogen-specific memory CD8 T cells to vulnerable tissues are currently unavailable. In this review we examine how recent studies expand our knowledge of mechanisms that contribute to the functional diversity of CTLs as they respond to infection. We discuss the role of TGF-β and the SMAD signaling cascade during genetic programming of pathogen-specific CTLs and the pathways that promote formation of a newly identified subset of terminally differentiated memory CD8 T cells that localize in the vasculature.
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15
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Chandiran K, Suarez-Ramirez JE, Hu Y, Jellison ER, Ugur Z, Low JS, McDonald B, Kaech SM, Cauley LS. SMAD4 and TGFβ are architects of inverse genetic programs during fate-determination of antiviral CTLs. eLife 2022; 11:76457. [PMID: 35942952 PMCID: PMC9402230 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is an important differentiation factor for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and alters the expression levels of several of homing receptors during infection. SMAD4 is part of the canonical signaling network used by members of the transforming growth factor family. For this study, genetically modified mice were used to determine how SMAD4 and TGFβ receptor II (TGFβRII) participate in transcriptional programming of pathogen-specific CTLs. We show that these molecules are essential components of opposing signaling mechanisms, and cooperatively regulate a collection of genes that determine whether specialized populations of pathogen-specific CTLs circulate around the body, or settle in peripheral tissues. TGFβ uses a canonical SMAD-dependent signaling pathway to downregulate Eomesodermin (EOMES), KLRG1, and CD62L, while CD103 is induced. Conversely, in vivo and in vitro data show that EOMES, KLRG1, CX3CR1, and CD62L are positively regulated via SMAD4, while CD103 and Hobit are downregulated. Intravascular staining also shows that signaling via SMAD4 promotes formation of long-lived terminally differentiated CTLs that localize in the vasculature. Our data show that inflammatory molecules play a key role in lineage determination of pathogen-specific CTLs, and use SMAD-dependent signaling to alter the expression levels of multiple homing receptors and transcription factors with known functions during memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Chandiran
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Jenny E Suarez-Ramirez
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Yinghong Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Evan R Jellison
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Zenep Ugur
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
| | - Jun-Siong Low
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Bryan McDonald
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, United States
| | - Susan M Kaech
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, United States
| | - Linda S Cauley
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States
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16
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Li Y, Li X, Geng X, Zhao H. The IL-2A receptor pathway and its role in lymphocyte differentiation and function. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 67:66-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Wong DCP, Lee EHC, Er J, Yow I, Koean RAG, Ang O, Xiao J, Low BC, Ding JL. Lung Cancer Induces NK Cell Contractility and Cytotoxicity Through Transcription Factor Nuclear Localization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:871326. [PMID: 35652099 PMCID: PMC9149376 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.871326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin-mediated cellular contractility is highly conserved for mechanotransduction and signalling. While this phenomenon has been observed in adherent cell models, whether/how contractile forces regulate the function of suspension cells like natural killer (NK) cells during cancer surveillance, is unknown. Here, we demonstrated in coculture settings that the evolutionarily conserved NK cell transcription factor, Eomes, undergoes nuclear shuttling during lung cancer cell surveillance. Biophysical and biochemical analyses revealed mechanistic enhancement of NK cell actomyosin-mediated contractility, which is associated with nuclear flattening, thus enabling nuclear entry of Eomes associated with enhanced NK cytotoxicity. We found that NK cells responded to the presumed immunosuppressive TGFβ in the NK-lung cancer coculture medium to sustain its intracellular contractility through myosin light chain phosphorylation, thereby promoting Eomes nuclear localization. Therefore, our results demonstrate that lung cancer cells provoke NK cell contractility as an early phase activation mechanism and that Eomes is a plausible mechano-responsive protein for increased NK cytotoxicity. There is scope for strategic application of actomyosin-mediated contractility modulating drugs ex vivo, to reinvigorate NK cells prior to adoptive cancer immunotherapy in vivo (177 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Chen Pei Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - E Hui Clarissa Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junzhi Er
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ivan Yow
- Mechanobiology Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Owen Ang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jingwei Xiao
- Mechanobiology Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Chuan Low
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- University Scholars Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeak Ling Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Liedmann S, Liu X, Guy CS, Crawford JC, Rodriguez DA, Kuzuoğlu-Öztürk D, Guo A, Verbist KC, Temirov J, Chen MJ, Ruggero D, Zhang H, Thomas PG, Green DR. Localization of a TORC1-eIF4F translation complex during CD8 + T cell activation drives divergent cell fate. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2401-2414.e9. [PMID: 35597236 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activated CD8+ T lymphocytes differentiate into heterogeneous subsets. Using super-resolution imaging, we found that prior to the first division, dynein-dependent vesicular transport polarized active TORC1 toward the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) at the proximal pole. This active TORC1 was physically associated with active eIF4F, required for the translation of c-myc mRNA. As a consequence, c-myc-translating polysomes polarized toward the cellular pole proximal to the immune synapse, resulting in localized c-myc translation. Upon division, the TORC1-eIF4A complex preferentially sorted to the proximal daughter cell, facilitating asymmetric c-Myc synthesis. Transient disruption of eIF4A activity at first division skewed long-term cell fate trajectories to memory-like function. Using a genetic barcoding approach, we found that first-division sister cells often displayed differences in transcriptional profiles that largely correlated with c-Myc and TORC1 target genes. Our findings provide mechanistic insights as to how distinct T cell fate trajectories can be established during the first division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swantje Liedmann
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Xueyan Liu
- Department of Mathematics, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Clifford S Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeremy Chase Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Diego A Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Duygu Kuzuoğlu-Öztürk
- Department of Urology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ao Guo
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Katherine C Verbist
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jamshid Temirov
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mark J Chen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Davide Ruggero
- Department of Urology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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19
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Vardam-Kaur T, van Dijk S, Peng C, Wanhainen KM, Jameson SC, Borges da Silva H. The Extracellular ATP Receptor P2RX7 Imprints a Promemory Transcriptional Signature in Effector CD8 + T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1686-1699. [PMID: 35264459 PMCID: PMC8976739 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Development of CD8+ central memory T (Tcm) and resident memory T (Trm) cells, which promote immunity in the circulation and in barrier tissues, respectively, is not completely understood. Tcm and Trm cells may arise from common precursors; however, their fate-inducing signals are elusive. We found that virus-specific effector CD8+ T cells display heterogeneous expression of the extracellular ATP sensor P2RX7. P2RX7-high expression is confined, at peak effector phase, to CD62L+ memory precursors, which preferentially form Tcm cells. Among early effector CD8+ T cells, asymmetrical P2RX7 distribution correlated with distinct transcriptional signatures, with P2RX7-high cells enriched for memory and tissue residency sets. P2RX7-high early effectors preferentially form both Tcm and Trm cells. Defective Tcm and Trm cell formation in P2RX7 deficiency is significantly reverted when the transcriptional repressor Zeb2 is ablated. Mechanistically, P2RX7 negatively regulates Zeb2 expression, at least partially through TGF-β sensing in early effector CD8+ T cells. Our study indicates that unequal P2RX7 upregulation in effector CD8+ T cells is a foundational element of the early Tcm/Trm fate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah van Dijk
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ; and
| | - Changwei Peng
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kelsey M Wanhainen
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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20
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Marchingo JM, Cantrell DA. Protein synthesis, degradation, and energy metabolism in T cell immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:303-315. [PMID: 34983947 PMCID: PMC8891282 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation into effector and memory states involve massive remodeling of T cell size and molecular content and create a massive increase in demand for energy and amino acids. Protein synthesis is an energy- and resource-demanding process; as such, changes in T cell energy production are intrinsically linked to proteome remodeling. In this review, we discuss how protein synthesis and degradation change over the course of a T cell immune response and the crosstalk between these processes and T cell energy metabolism. We highlight how the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry to analyze T cell proteomes can improve our understanding of how these processes are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Marchingo
- Cell Signalling and Immunology Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Doreen A Cantrell
- Cell Signalling and Immunology Division, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
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21
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Cassioli C, Baldari CT. Lymphocyte Polarization During Immune Synapse Assembly: Centrosomal Actin Joins the Game. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830835. [PMID: 35222415 PMCID: PMC8873515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions among immune cells are essential for the development of adaptive immune responses. The immunological synapse (IS) provides a specialized platform for integration of signals and intercellular communication between T lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells (APCs). In the T cell the reorganization of surface molecules at the synaptic interface is initiated by T cell receptor binding to a cognate peptide-major histocompatibility complex on the APC surface and is accompanied by a polarized remodelling of the cytoskeleton and centrosome reorientation to a subsynaptic position. Although there is a general agreement on polarizing signals and mechanisms driving centrosome reorientation during IS assembly, the primary events that prepare for centrosome repositioning remain largely unexplored. It has been recently shown that in resting lymphocytes a local polymerization of filamentous actin (F-actin) at the centrosome contributes to anchoring this organelle to the nucleus. During early stages of IS formation centrosomal F-actin undergoes depletion, allowing for centrosome detachment from the nucleus and its polarization towards the synaptic membrane. We recently demonstrated that in CD4+ T cells the reduction in centrosomal F-actin relies on the activity of a centrosome-associated proteasome and implicated the ciliopathy-related Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 protein in the dynein-dependent recruitment of the proteasome 19S regulatory subunit to the centrosome. In this short review we will feature our recent findings that collectively provide a new function for BBS proteins and the proteasome in actin dynamics, centrosome polarization and T cell activation.
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22
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Guo X. Localized Proteasomal Degradation: From the Nucleus to Cell Periphery. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020229. [PMID: 35204730 PMCID: PMC8961600 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteasome is responsible for selective degradation of most cellular proteins. Abundantly present in the cell, proteasomes not only diffuse in the cytoplasm and the nucleus but also associate with the chromatin, cytoskeleton, various membranes and membraneless organelles/condensates. How and why the proteasome gets to these specific subcellular compartments remains poorly understood, although increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that intracellular localization may have profound impacts on the activity, substrate accessibility and stability/integrity of the proteasome. In this short review, I summarize recent advances on the functions, regulations and targeting mechanisms of proteasomes, especially those localized to the nuclear condensates and membrane structures of the cell, and I discuss the biological significance thereof in mediating compartmentalized protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Hangzhou 310058, China
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23
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Argenty J, Rouquié N, Bories C, Mélique S, Duplan-Eche V, Saoudi A, Fazilleau N, Lesourne R. A selective LIS1 requirement for mitotic spindle assembly discriminates distinct T-cell division mechanisms within the T-cell lineage. eLife 2022; 11:80277. [PMID: 36519536 PMCID: PMC9797186 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to proliferate is a common feature of most T-cell populations. However, proliferation follows different cell-cycle dynamics and is coupled to different functional outcomes according to T-cell subsets. Whether the mitotic machineries supporting these qualitatively distinct proliferative responses are identical remains unknown. Here, we show that disruption of the microtubule-associated protein LIS1 in mouse models leads to proliferative defects associated with a blockade of T-cell development after β-selection and of peripheral CD4+ T-cell expansion after antigen priming. In contrast, cell divisions in CD8+ T cells occurred independently of LIS1 following T-cell antigen receptor stimulation, although LIS1 was required for proliferation elicited by pharmacological activation. In thymocytes and CD4+ T cells, LIS1 deficiency did not affect signaling events leading to activation but led to an interruption of proliferation after the initial round of division and to p53-induced cell death. Proliferative defects resulted from a mitotic failure, characterized by the presence of extra-centrosomes and the formation of multipolar spindles, causing abnormal chromosomes congression during metaphase and separation during telophase. LIS1 was required to stabilize dynein/dynactin complexes, which promote chromosome attachment to mitotic spindles and ensure centrosome integrity. Together, these results suggest that proliferative responses are supported by distinct mitotic machineries across T-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Argenty
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Toulouse IIIToulouseFrance
| | - Nelly Rouquié
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Toulouse IIIToulouseFrance
| | - Cyrielle Bories
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Toulouse IIIToulouseFrance
| | - Suzanne Mélique
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Toulouse IIIToulouseFrance
| | - Valérie Duplan-Eche
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Toulouse IIIToulouseFrance
| | - Abdelhadi Saoudi
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Toulouse IIIToulouseFrance
| | - Nicolas Fazilleau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Toulouse IIIToulouseFrance
| | - Renaud Lesourne
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Toulouse IIIToulouseFrance
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24
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Huang C, Bi J. Expression Regulation and Function of T-Bet in NK Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:761920. [PMID: 34675939 PMCID: PMC8524037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphocytes that play an important role in immune surveillance. The development, maturation and effector functions of NK cells are orchestrated by the T-box transcription factor T-bet, whose expression is induced by cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-21 through the respective cytokine receptors and downstream JAK/STATs or PI3K-AKT-mTORC1 signaling pathways. In this review, we aim to discuss the expression and regulation of T-bet in NK cells, the role of T-bet in mouse NK cell development, maturation, and function, as well as the role of T-bet in acute, chronic infection, inflammation, autoimmune diseases and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiacheng Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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25
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Lechler T, Mapelli M. Spindle positioning and its impact on vertebrate tissue architecture and cell fate. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:691-708. [PMID: 34158639 PMCID: PMC10544824 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular systems, oriented cell divisions are essential for morphogenesis and homeostasis as they determine the position of daughter cells within the tissue and also, in many cases, their fate. Early studies in invertebrates led to the identification of conserved core mechanisms of mitotic spindle positioning centred on the Gαi-LGN-NuMA-dynein complex. In recent years, much has been learnt about the way this complex functions in vertebrate cells. In particular, studies addressed how the Gαi-LGN-NuMA-dynein complex dynamically crosstalks with astral microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton, and how it is regulated to orient the spindle according to cellular and tissue-wide cues. We have also begun to understand how dynein motors and actin regulators interact with mechanosensitive adhesion molecules sensing extracellular mechanical stimuli, such as cadherins and integrins, and with signalling pathways so as to respond to extracellular cues instructing the orientation of the division axis in vivo. In this Review, with the focus on epithelial tissues, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of mitotic spindle orientation in vertebrate cells, and how this machinery is regulated by epithelial cues and extracellular signals to maintain tissue cohesiveness during mitosis. We also outline recent knowledge of how spindle orientation impacts tissue architecture in epithelia and its emerging links to the regulation of cell fate decisions. Finally, we describe how defective spindle orientation can be corrected or its effects eliminated in tissues under physiological conditions, and the pathological implications associated with spindle misorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Marina Mapelli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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26
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Xu T, Pereira RM, Martinez GJ. An Updated Model for the Epigenetic Regulation of Effector and Memory CD8 + T Cell Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1497-1505. [PMID: 34493604 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Naive CD8+ T cells, upon encountering their cognate Ag in vivo, clonally expand and differentiate into distinct cell fates, regulated by transcription factors and epigenetic modulators. Several models have been proposed to explain the differentiation of CTLs, although none fully recapitulate the experimental evidence. In this review article, we will summarize the latest research on the epigenetic regulation of CTL differentiation as well as provide a combined model that contemplates them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Xu
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL; and
| | - Renata M Pereira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gustavo J Martinez
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL; and
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27
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Kretschmer L, Busch DH, Buchholz VR. A Single-Cell Perspective on Memory T-Cell Differentiation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a038067. [PMID: 33903160 PMCID: PMC8411955 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory differentiation of CD4 and CD8 T-cell populations has been extensively studied and many key molecular players and transcriptional networks have been identified. But how regulatory principles, identified on this population level, translate to immune responses that originate from single antigen-specific T cells is only now being elucidated. Here, we provide a short summary of the approaches used for mapping the fate of individual T cells and their progeny in vivo. We then highlight which major questions, with respect to memory T-cell differentiation, have been addressed by studying the development of single-cell-derived T-cell families during infection or vaccination. We discuss how fate decisions of single T cells are modulated by the affinity of their TCR and further shaped through a coregulation of T-cell differentiation and T-cell proliferation. These current findings indicate the early segregation into slowly dividing T central memory precursors (CMPs) and rapidly dividing non-CMPs, as a key event that separates the developmental paths of long- and short-lived T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Kretschmer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich 81675 , Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich 81675 , Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich 81675 , Germany
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28
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Dolina JS, Van Braeckel-Budimir N, Thomas GD, Salek-Ardakani S. CD8 + T Cell Exhaustion in Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:715234. [PMID: 34354714 PMCID: PMC8330547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigm shift in the understanding of the exhausted CD8+ T cell (Tex) lineage is underway. Originally thought to be a uniform population that progressively loses effector function in response to persistent antigen, single-cell analysis has now revealed that CD8+ Tex is composed of multiple interconnected subpopulations. The heterogeneity within the CD8+ Tex lineage is comprised of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) permissive and refractory subsets termed stem-like and terminally differentiated cells, respectively. These populations occupy distinct peripheral and intratumoral niches and are characterized by transcriptional processes that govern transitions between cell states. This review presents key findings in the field to construct an updated view of the spatial, transcriptional, and functional heterogeneity of anti-tumoral CD8+ Tex. These emerging insights broadly call for (re-)focusing cancer immunotherapies to center on the driver mechanism(s) underlying the CD8+ Tex developmental continuum aimed at stabilizing functional subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Dolina
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Graham D Thomas
- Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer, San Diego, CA, United States
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29
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Mueller-Schoell A, Puebla-Osorio N, Michelet R, Green MR, Künkele A, Huisinga W, Strati P, Chasen B, Neelapu SS, Yee C, Kloft C. Early Survival Prediction Framework in CD19-Specific CAR-T Cell Immunotherapy Using a Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Model. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2782. [PMID: 34205020 PMCID: PMC8199881 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has revolutionized treatment of relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). However, since 36-60% of patients relapse, early response prediction is crucial. We present a novel population quantitative systems pharmacology model, integrating literature knowledge on physiology, immunology, and adoptive cell therapy together with 133 CAR-T cell phenotype, 1943 cytokine, and 48 metabolic tumor measurements. The model well described post-infusion concentrations of four CAR-T cell phenotypes and CD19+ metabolic tumor volume over 3 months after CAR-T cell infusion. Leveraging the model, we identified a low expansion subpopulation with significantly lower CAR-T cell expansion capacities amongst 19 NHL patients. Together with two patient-/therapy-related factors (autologous stem cell transplantation, CD4+/CD8+ T cells), the low expansion subpopulation explained 2/3 of the interindividual variability in the CAR-T cell expansion capacities. Moreover, the low expansion subpopulation had poor prognosis as only 1/4 of the low expansion subpopulation compared to 2/3 of the reference population were still alive after 24 months. We translated the expansion capacities into a clinical composite score (CCS) of 'Maximum naïve CAR-T cell concentrations/Baseline tumor burden' ratio and propose a CCSTN-value > 0.00136 (cells·µL-1·mL-1 as predictor for survival. Once validated in a larger cohort, the model will foster refining survival prediction and solutions to enhance NHL CAR-T cell therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mueller-Schoell
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12169 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (R.M.)
- Graduate Research Training Program PharMetrX, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nahum Puebla-Osorio
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (N.P.-O.); (M.R.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Robin Michelet
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12169 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (R.M.)
| | - Michael R. Green
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (N.P.-O.); (M.R.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Annette Künkele
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 1335 Berlin, Germany;
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, CCC (Campus Mitte), 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Huisinga
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
| | - Paolo Strati
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (N.P.-O.); (M.R.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Beth Chasen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Sattva S. Neelapu
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (N.P.-O.); (M.R.G.); (P.S.)
| | - Cassian Yee
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Immunology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 70030, USA
| | - Charlotte Kloft
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12169 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (R.M.)
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30
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Raynor JL, Chapman NM, Chi H. Metabolic Control of Memory T-Cell Generation and Stemness. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a037770. [PMID: 33820774 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The formation of long-lived memory T cells is a critical feature of the adaptive immune response. T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to establish a functional memory population. While initial studies characterized key metabolic pathways necessary for memory T-cell development, recent findings highlight that metabolic regulation of memory T-cell subsets is diverse. Here we describe the different requirements for metabolic programs and metabolism-related signaling pathways in memory T-cell development. We further discuss the contribution of cellular metabolism to memory T-cell functional reprogramming and stemness within acute and chronic inflammatory environments. Last, we highlight knowledge gaps and propose approaches to determine the roles of metabolites and metabolic enzymes in memory T-cell fate. Understanding how cellular metabolism regulates a functionally diverse memory population will undoubtedly provide new therapeutic insights to modulate protective T-cell immunity in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana L Raynor
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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31
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Asymmetric cell division shapes naive and virtual memory T-cell immunity during ageing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2715. [PMID: 33976157 PMCID: PMC8113513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient immune responses rely on heterogeneity, which in CD8+ T cells, amongst other mechanisms, is achieved by asymmetric cell division (ACD). Here we find that ageing, known to negatively impact immune responses, impairs ACD in murine CD8+ T cells, and that this phenotype can be rescued by transient mTOR inhibition. Increased ACD rates in mitotic cells from aged mice restore the expansion and memory potential of their cellular progenies. Further characterization of the composition of CD8+ T cells reveals that virtual memory cells (TVM cells), which accumulate during ageing, have a unique proliferation and metabolic profile, and retain their ability to divide asymmetrically, which correlates with increased memory potential. The opposite is observed for naive CD8+ T cells from aged mice. Our data provide evidence on how ACD modulation contributes to long-term survival and function of T cells during ageing, offering new insights into how the immune system adapts to ageing. Asymmetrical cell division helps to maintain cellular heterogeneity in the T cell compartment. Here the authors examine the differential immune responses built by naive and virtual memory T cells from young and aged individuals, and explore the effect of mTOR inhibition on asymmetrical cell division and memory formation.
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32
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Martín-Cófreces NB, Valpuesta JM, Sánchez-Madrid F. Folding for the Immune Synapse: CCT Chaperonin and the Cytoskeleton. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:658460. [PMID: 33912568 PMCID: PMC8075050 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.658460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes rearrange their shape, membrane receptors and organelles during cognate contacts with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Activation of T cells by APCs through pMHC-TCR/CD3 interaction (peptide-major histocompatibility complex-T cell receptor/CD3 complexes) involves different steps that lead to the reorganization of the cytoskeleton and organelles and, eventually, activation of nuclear factors allowing transcription and ultimately, replication and cell division. Both the positioning of the lymphocyte centrosome in close proximity to the APC and the nucleation of a dense microtubule network beneath the plasma membrane from the centrosome support the T cell's intracellular polarity. Signaling from the TCR is facilitated by this traffic, which constitutes an important pathway for regulation of T cell activation. The coordinated enrichment upon T cell stimulation of the chaperonin CCT (chaperonin-containing tailless complex polypeptide 1; also termed TRiC) and tubulins at the centrosome area support polarized tubulin polymerization and T cell activation. The proteasome is also enriched in the centrosome of activated T cells, providing a mechanism to balance local protein synthesis and degradation. CCT assists the folding of proteins coming from de novo synthesis, therefore favoring mRNA translation. The functional role of this chaperonin in regulating cytoskeletal composition and dynamics at the immune synapse is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Beatriz Martín-Cófreces
- Immunology Service, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autonoma Madrid (UAM), Instituto Investigacion Sanitaria-Instituto Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,Area of Vascular Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Intercellular Communication, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares-Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Service, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autonoma Madrid (UAM), Instituto Investigacion Sanitaria-Instituto Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,Area of Vascular Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Intercellular Communication, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares-Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
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33
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Jakic B, Olson WJ, Siegmund K, Klepsch V, Kimpel J, Labi V, Zehn D, Baier G, Hermann-Kleiter N. Loss of the orphan nuclear receptor NR2F6 enhances CD8 + T-cell memory via IFN-γ. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:187. [PMID: 33589606 PMCID: PMC7884426 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Memory formation is a hallmark of T cell-mediated immunity, but how differentiation into either short-lived effector cells (SLECs, CD127−KLRG1+) or memory precursors cells (MPECs, CD127+KLRG1−) and subsequent regulation of long-term memory is adjusted is incompletely understood. Here, we show that loss of the nuclear orphan receptor NR2F6 in germ-line Nr2f6-deficient mice enhances antigen-specific CD8+ memory formation up to 70 days after bacterial infection with Listeria monocytogenes (LmOVA) and boosts inflammatory IFN-γ, TNFα, and IL-2 cytokine recall responses. Adoptive transfer experiments using Nr2f6−/− OT-I T-cells showed that the augmented memory formation is CD8+ T-cell intrinsic. Although the relative difference between the Nr2f6+/+ and Nr2f6−/− OT-I memory compartment declines over time, Nr2f6-deficient OT-I memory T cells mount significantly enhanced IFN-γ responses upon reinfection with increased clonal expansion and improved host antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Following a secondary adoptive transfer into naïve congenic mice, Nr2f6-deficient OT-I memory T cells are superior in clearing LmOVA infection. Finally, we show that the commitment to enhanced memory within Nr2f6-deficient OT-I T cells is established in the early phases of the antibacterial immune response and is IFN-γ mediated. IFN-γ blocking normalized MPEC formation of Nr2f6-deficient OT-I T cells. Thus, deletion or pharmacological inhibition of NR2F6 in antigen-specific CD8+ T cells may have therapeutic potential for enhancing early IFN-γ production and consequently the functionality of memory CD8+ T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Jakic
- Translational Cell Genetics, Institute of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - William J Olson
- Translational Cell Genetics, Institute of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kerstin Siegmund
- Translational Cell Genetics, Institute of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Victoria Klepsch
- Translational Cell Genetics, Institute of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Labi
- Institute of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Gottfried Baier
- Translational Cell Genetics, Institute of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Hermann-Kleiter
- Translational Cell Genetics, Institute of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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34
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Beaulieu AM. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of memory NK cell responses. Immunol Rev 2021; 300:125-133. [PMID: 33491231 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphocytes with key roles in host protection against viruses and malignancy. Notwithstanding their historical classification as innate immune cells, NK cells are now understood to have some capacity to mount memory or memory-like immune responses in which effector cells undergo antigen-driven expansion and give rise to long-lived memory cells with enhanced functionality. Understanding how antigen-specific effector and memory NK responses are regulated is an important and active area of research in the field. Here, we discuss key transcription factors and epigenetic processes involved in antigen-specific effector and memory NK cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M Beaulieu
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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35
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Lafouresse F, Jugele R, Müller S, Doineau M, Duplan-Eche V, Espinosa E, Puisségur MP, Gadat S, Valitutti S. Stochastic asymmetric repartition of lytic machinery in dividing CD8 + T cells generates heterogeneous killing behavior. eLife 2021; 10:62691. [PMID: 33427199 PMCID: PMC7867409 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic immune cells are endowed with a high degree of heterogeneity in their lytic function, but how this heterogeneity is generated is still an open question. We therefore investigated if human CD8+ T cells could segregate their lytic components during telophase, using imaging flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and live-cell imaging. We show that CD107a+-intracellular vesicles, perforin, and granzyme B unevenly segregate in a constant fraction of telophasic cells during each division round. Mathematical modeling posits that unequal lytic molecule inheritance by daughter cells results from the random distribution of lytic granules on the two sides of the cleavage furrow. Finally, we establish that the level of lytic compartment in individual cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) dictates CTL killing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Lafouresse
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Jugele
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sabina Müller
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Doineau
- Toulouse School of Economics, CNRS UMR 5314, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, France and Institut Universitaire de France, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Duplan-Eche
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Espinosa
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Puisségur
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Gadat
- Toulouse School of Economics, CNRS UMR 5314, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, France and Institut Universitaire de France, Toulouse, France
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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36
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Abstract
One of the hallmarks of the vertebrate adaptive immune system is the prolific expansion of individual cell clones that encounter their cognate antigen. More recently, however, there is growing evidence for the clonal expansion of innate lymphocytes, particularly in the context of pathogen challenge. Clonal expansion not only serves to amplify the number of specific lymphocytes to mount a robust protective response to the pathogen at hand but also results in selection and differentiation of the responding lymphocytes to generate a multitude of cell fates. Here, we summarize the evidence for clonal expansion in innate lymphocytes, which has primarily been observed in natural killer (NK) cells responding to cytomegalovirus infection, and consider the requirements for such a response in NK cells in light of those for T cells. Furthermore, we discuss multiple aspects of heterogeneity that both contribute to and result from the fundamental immunological process of clonal expansion, highlighting the parallels between innate and adaptive lymphocytes, with a particular focus on NK cells and CD8+ T cells.
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37
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Xing M, Zhang F, Liao H, Chen S, Che L, Wang X, Bao Z, Ji F, Chen G, Zhang H, Li W, Chen Z, Liu Y, Hickson ID, Shen H, Ying S. Replication Stress Induces ATR/CHK1-Dependent Nonrandom Segregation of Damaged Chromosomes. Mol Cell 2020; 78:714-724.e5. [PMID: 32353258 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nonrandom DNA segregation (NDS) is a mitotic event in which sister chromatids carrying the oldest DNA strands are inherited exclusively by one of the two daughter cells. Although this phenomenon has been observed across various organisms, the mechanism and physiological relevance of this event remain poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that DNA replication stress can trigger NDS in human cells. This biased inheritance of old template DNA is associated with the asymmetric DNA damage response (DDR), which derives at least in part from telomeric DNA. Mechanistically, we reveal that the ATR/CHK1 signaling pathway plays an essential role in mediating NDS. We show that this biased segregation process leads to cell-cycle arrest and cell death in damaged daughter cells inheriting newly replicated DNA. These data therefore identify a key role for NDS in the maintenance of genomic integrity within cancer cell populations undergoing replication stress due to oncogene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichun Xing
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Hongwei Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Luanqing Che
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zhengqiang Bao
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Fang Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Gaoying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ian D Hickson
- Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Huahao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China.
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China.
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Borsa M, Barnstorf I, Baumann NS, Pallmer K, Yermanos A, Gräbnitz F, Barandun N, Hausmann A, Sandu I, Barral Y, Oxenius A. Modulation of asymmetric cell division as a mechanism to boost CD8 + T cell memory. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/34/eaav1730. [PMID: 30979796 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aav1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric partitioning of fate determinants is a mechanism that contributes to T cell differentiation. However, it remains unclear whether the ability of T cells to divide asymmetrically is influenced by their differentiation state, as well as whether enforcing asymmetric cell division (ACD) rates would have an impact on T cell differentiation and memory formation. Using the murine LCMV infection model, we established a correlation between cell stemness and the ability of CD8+ T cells to undergo ACD. Transient mTOR inhibition was proven to increase ACD rates in naïve and memory cells and to install this ability in exhausted CD8+ T cells. Functionally, enforced ACD correlated with increased memory potential, leading to more efficient recall response and viral control upon acute or chronic LCMV infection. Moreover, transient mTOR inhibition also increased ACD rates in human CD8+ T cells. Transcriptional profiling revealed that progenies emerging from enforced ACD exhibited more pronounced early memory signatures, which functionally endowed these cells with better survival in the absence of antigen exposure and more robust homing to secondary lymphoid organs, providing critical access to survival niches. Our data provide important insights into how ACD can improve long-term survival and function of T cells and open new perspectives for vaccination and adoptive T cell transfer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Barnstorf
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Pallmer
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Yermanos
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Gräbnitz
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niculò Barandun
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annika Hausmann
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ioana Sandu
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yves Barral
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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39
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Pritchard GH, Kedl RM, Hunter CA. The evolving role of T-bet in resistance to infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 19:398-410. [PMID: 30846856 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification of T-bet as a key transcription factor associated with the development of IFNγ-producing CD4+ T cells predicted a crucial role for T-bet in cell-mediated immunity and in resistance to many intracellular infections. This idea was reinforced by initial reports showing that T-bet-deficient mice were more susceptible to pathogens that survived within the lysosomal system of macrophages. However, subsequent studies revealed IFNγ-dependent, T-bet-independent pathways of resistance to diverse classes of microorganisms that occupy other intracellular niches. Consequently, a more complex picture has emerged of how T-bet and the related transcription factor eomesodermin (EOMES) coordinate many facets of the immune response to bona fide pathogens as well as commensals. This article provides an overview of the discovery and evolutionary relationship between T-bet and EOMES and highlights the studies that have uncovered broader functions of T-bet in innate and adaptive immunity and in the development of the effector and memory T cell populations that mediate long-term resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Harms Pritchard
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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40
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Green DR. Dances with Cells. Crit Rev Immunol 2020; 40:355-366. [PMID: 33463948 PMCID: PMC11019855 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2020035038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Like all of us, cells proceed through stages of life. In this whimsical review, aspects of several such stages, including birth, growth, aging, death, and "afterlife," are considered, with a special emphasis on cells of the immune system. Discussed along the way are asymmetric division of activated, naive cluster of differentiation 8+ T cells, c-Myc and polyamines in lymphocyte function and aging, cell survival after induction of cell death pathways, cell death consequences, and clearance of dead cells from surrounding tissues. This is offered in memory of the unique and wonderful Dr. Eli Sercarz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
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41
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Loeffler D, Schneiter F, Schroeder T. Pitfalls and requirements in quantifying asymmetric mitotic segregation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1466:73-82. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Loeffler
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringEidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich Basel Switzerland
| | - Florin Schneiter
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringEidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich Basel Switzerland
| | - Timm Schroeder
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringEidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich Basel Switzerland
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42
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Borne AL, Huang T, McCloud RL, Pachaiyappan B, Bullock TNJ, Hsu KL. Deciphering T Cell Immunometabolism with Activity-Based Protein Profiling. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 420:175-210. [PMID: 30128827 PMCID: PMC7134364 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
As a major sentinel of adaptive immunity, T cells seek and destroy diseased cells using antigen recognition to achieve molecular specificity. Strategies to block checkpoint inhibition of T cell activity and thus reawaken the patient's antitumor immune responses are rapidly becoming standard of care for treatment of diverse cancers. Adoptive transfer of patient T cells genetically engineered with tumor-targeting capabilities is redefining the field of personalized medicines. The diverse opportunities for exploiting T cell biology in the clinic have prompted new efforts to expand the scope of targets amenable to immuno-oncology. Given the complex spatiotemporal regulation of T cell function and fate, new technologies capable of global molecular profiling in vivo are needed to guide selection of appropriate T cell targets and subsets. In this chapter, we describe the use of activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) to illuminate different aspects of T cell metabolism and signaling as fertile starting points for investigation. We highlight the merits of ABPP methods to enable target, inhibitor, and biochemical pathway discovery of T cells in the burgeoning field of immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Borne
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Rebecca L McCloud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Boobalan Pachaiyappan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Timothy N J Bullock
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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43
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Diao H, Pipkin M. Stability and flexibility in chromatin structure and transcription underlies memory CD8 T-cell differentiation. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31448086 PMCID: PMC6676507 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18211.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The process by which naïve CD8 T cells become activated, accumulate, and terminally differentiate as well as develop into memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is central to the development of potent and durable immunity to intracellular infections and tumors. In this review, we discuss recent studies that have elucidated ancestries of short-lived and memory CTLs during infection, others that have shed light on gene expression programs manifest in individual responding cells and chromatin remodeling events, remodeling factors, and conventional DNA-binding transcription factors that stabilize the differentiated states after activation of naïve CD8 T cells. Several models have been proposed to conceptualize how naïve cells become memory CD8 T cells. A parsimonious solution is that initial naïve cell activation induces metastable gene expression in nascent CTLs, which act as progenitor cells that stochastically diverge along pathways that are self-reinforcing and result in shorter- versus longer-lived CTL progeny. Deciphering how regulatory factors establish and reinforce these pathways in CD8 T cells could potentially guide their use in immunotherapeutic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitian Diao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Matthew Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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44
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Cassioli C, Baldari CT. A Ciliary View of the Immunological Synapse. Cells 2019; 8:E789. [PMID: 31362462 PMCID: PMC6721628 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium has gone from being a vestigial organelle to a crucial signaling hub of growing interest given the association between a group of human disorders, collectively known as ciliopathies, and defects in its structure or function. In recent years many ciliogenesis proteins have been observed at extraciliary sites in cells and likely perform cilium-independent functions ranging from regulation of the cytoskeleton to vesicular trafficking. Perhaps the most striking example is the non-ciliated T lymphocyte, in which components of the ciliary machinery are repurposed for the assembly and function of the immunological synapse even in the absence of a primary cilium. Furthermore, the specialization traits described at the immunological synapse are similar to those seen in the primary cilium. Here, we review common regulators and features shared by the immunological synapse and the primary cilium that document the remarkable homology between these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cassioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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45
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Baral S, Raja R, Sen P, Dixit NM. Towards multiscale modeling of the CD8 + T cell response to viral infections. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 11:e1446. [PMID: 30811096 PMCID: PMC6614031 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The CD8+ T cell response is critical to the control of viral infections. Yet, defining the CD8+ T cell response to viral infections quantitatively has been a challenge. Following antigen recognition, which triggers an intracellular signaling cascade, CD8+ T cells can differentiate into effector cells, which proliferate rapidly and destroy infected cells. When the infection is cleared, they leave behind memory cells for quick recall following a second challenge. If the infection persists, the cells may become exhausted, retaining minimal control of the infection while preventing severe immunopathology. These activation, proliferation and differentiation processes as well as the mounting of the effector response are intrinsically multiscale and collective phenomena. Remarkable experimental advances in the recent years, especially at the single cell level, have enabled a quantitative characterization of several underlying processes. Simultaneously, sophisticated mathematical models have begun to be constructed that describe these multiscale phenomena, bringing us closer to a comprehensive description of the CD8+ T cell response to viral infections. Here, we review the advances made and summarize the challenges and opportunities ahead. This article is categorized under: Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasish Baral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rubesh Raja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Pramita Sen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Narendra M Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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46
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Girel S, Arpin C, Marvel J, Gandrillon O, Crauste F. Model-Based Assessment of the Role of Uneven Partitioning of Molecular Content on Heterogeneity and Regulation of Differentiation in CD8 T-Cell Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:230. [PMID: 30842771 PMCID: PMC6392104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of naive CD8 T-cells can lead to the generation of multiple effector and memory subsets. Multiple parameters associated with activation conditions are involved in generating this diversity that is associated with heterogeneous molecular contents of activated cells. Although naive cell polarisation upon antigenic stimulation and the resulting asymmetric division are known to be a major source of heterogeneity and cell fate regulation, the consequences of stochastic uneven partitioning of molecular content upon subsequent divisions remain unclear yet. Here we aim at studying the impact of uneven partitioning on molecular-content heterogeneity and then on the immune response dynamics at the cellular level. To do so, we introduce a multiscale mathematical model of the CD8 T-cell immune response in the lymph node. In the model, cells are described as agents evolving and interacting in a 2D environment while a set of differential equations, embedded in each cell, models the regulation of intra and extracellular proteins involved in cell differentiation. Based on the analysis of in silico data at the single cell level, we show that immune response dynamics can be explained by the molecular-content heterogeneity generated by uneven partitioning at cell division. In particular, uneven partitioning acts as a regulator of cell differentiation and induces the emergence of two coexisting sub-populations of cells exhibiting antagonistic fates. We show that the degree of unevenness of molecular partitioning, along all cell divisions, affects the outcome of the immune response and can promote the generation of memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Girel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5208, Institut Camille Jordan, Villeurbanne, France
- Inria, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Arpin
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U111, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Gandrillon
- Inria, Villeurbanne, France
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, Lyon, France
| | - Fabien Crauste
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5208, Institut Camille Jordan, Villeurbanne, France
- Inria, Villeurbanne, France
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47
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Understanding cell fate control by continuous single-cell quantification. Blood 2019; 133:1406-1414. [PMID: 30728141 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-09-835397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells and the molecular processes underlying their behavior are highly dynamic. Understanding these dynamic biological processes requires noninvasive continuous quantitative single-cell observations, instead of population-based average or single-cell snapshot analysis. Ideally, single-cell dynamics are measured long-term in vivo; however, despite progress in recent years, technical limitations still prevent such studies. On the other hand, in vitro studies have proven to be useful for answering long-standing questions. Although technically still demanding, long-term single-cell imaging and tracking in vitro have become valuable tools to elucidate dynamic molecular processes and mechanisms, especially in rare and heterogeneous populations. Here, we review how continuous quantitative single-cell imaging of hematopoietic cells has been used to solve decades-long controversies. Because aberrant cell fate decisions are at the heart of tissue degeneration and disease, we argue that studying their molecular dynamics using quantitative single-cell imaging will also improve our understanding of these processes and lead to new strategies for therapies.
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48
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Chen Y, Zander R, Khatun A, Schauder DM, Cui W. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Effector and Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2826. [PMID: 30581433 PMCID: PMC6292868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune protection and lasting memory are accomplished through the generation of phenotypically and functionally distinct CD8 T cell subsets. Understanding how these effector and memory T cells are formed is the first step in eventually manipulating the immune system for therapeutic benefit. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of CD8 T cell differentiation upon acute infection, with a focus on the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of cell fate decision and memory formation. Moreover, we will highlight the importance of high throughput sequencing approaches and single cell technologies in providing insight into genome-wide investigations and the heterogeneity of individual CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ryan Zander
- Blood Center of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Achia Khatun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - David M Schauder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Blood Center of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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49
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Banerjee S, Ji C, Mayfield JE, Goel A, Xiao J, Dixon JE, Guo X. Ancient drug curcumin impedes 26S proteasome activity by direct inhibition of dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:8155-8160. [PMID: 29987021 PMCID: PMC6094102 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806797115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, the active ingredient in Curcuma longa, has been in medicinal use since ancient times. However, the therapeutic targets and signaling cascades modulated by curcumin have been enigmatic despite extensive research. Here we identify dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 2 (DYRK2), a positive regulator of the 26S proteasome, as a direct target of curcumin. Curcumin occupies the ATP-binding pocket of DYRK2 in the cocrystal structure, and it potently and specifically inhibits DYRK2 over 139 other kinases tested in vitro. As a result, curcumin diminishes DYRK2-mediated 26S proteasome phosphorylation in cells, leading to reduced proteasome activity and impaired cell proliferation. Interestingly, curcumin synergizes with the therapeutic proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib to induce apoptosis in a variety of proteasome-addicted cancer cells, while this drug combination exhibits modest to no cytotoxicity to noncancerous cells. In a breast cancer xenograft model, curcumin treatment significantly reduces tumor burden in immunocompromised mice, showing a similar antitumor effect as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated DYRK2 depletion. These results reveal an unexpected role of curcumin in DYRK2-proteasome inhibition and provide a proof-of-concept that pharmacological manipulation of proteasome regulators may offer new opportunities for anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721
| | - Chenggong Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Joshua E Mayfield
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721
| | - Apollina Goel
- Division of the Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1181
| | - Junyu Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Jack E Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0721;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Xing Guo
- The Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
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50
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Cobbold SP, Adams E, Howie D, Waldmann H. CD4 + T Cell Fate Decisions Are Stochastic, Precede Cell Division, Depend on GITR Co-Stimulation, and Are Associated With Uropodium Development. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1381. [PMID: 29967616 PMCID: PMC6015874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During an immune response, naïve CD4+ T cells proliferate and generate a range of effector, memory, and regulatory T cell subsets, but how these processes are co-ordinated remains unclear. A traditional model suggests that memory cells use mitochondrial respiration and are survivors from a pool of previously proliferating and glycolytic, but short-lived effector cells. A more recent model proposes a binary commitment to either a memory or effector cell lineage during a first, asymmetric cell division, with each lineage able to undergo subsequent proliferation and differentiation. We used improved fixation and staining methods with imaging flow cytometry in an optimized in vitro system that indicates a third model. We found that cell fates result from stochastic decisions that depend on GITR co-stimulation and which take place before any cell division. Effector cell commitment is associated with mTORC2 signaling leading to uropodium development, while developing memory cells lose mitochondria, have a nuclear localization of NFκB and depend on TGFβ for their survival. Induced, T helper subsets and foxp3+ regulatory T cells were found in both the effector and memory cell lineages. This in vitro model of T cell differentiation is well suited to testing how manipulation of cytokine, nutrient, and other components of the microenvironment might be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Cobbold
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Adams
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Howie
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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