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Tanushree, Sharma A, Monika, Singh RP, Jhawat V. Human immunodeficiency virus infection challenges: Current therapeutic limitations and strategies for improved management through long-acting injectable formulation. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2563. [PMID: 38886179 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
HIV infection has been a severe global health burden, with millions living with the virus and continuing new infections each year. Antiretroviral therapy can effectively suppress HIV replication but requires strict lifelong adherence to daily oral medication regimens, which presents a significant challenge. Long-acting formulations of antiretroviral drugs administered infrequently have emerged as a promising strategy to improve treatment outcomes and adherence to HIV therapy and prevention. Long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations are designed to gradually release drugs over extended periods of weeks or months following a single injection. Critical advantages of LAIs over conventional oral dosage forms include less frequent dosing requirements, enhanced patient privacy, reduced stigma associated with daily pill regimens, and optimised pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles. Several LAI antiretroviral products have recently gained regulatory approval, such as the integrase strand transfer inhibitor cabotegravir for HIV preexposure prophylaxis and the Cabotegravir/Rilpivirine combination for HIV treatment. A leading approach for developing long-acting antiretroviral depots involves encapsulating drug compounds in polymeric microspheres composed of biocompatible, biodegradable materials like poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid). These injectable depot formulations enable high drug loading with customisable extended-release kinetics controlled by the polymeric matrix. Compared to daily oral therapies, LAI antiretroviral formulations leveraging biodegradable polymeric microspheres offer notable benefits, including prolonged therapeutic effects, reduced dosing frequency for improved adherence, and the potential to kerb the initial HIV transmission event. The present manuscript aims to review the pathogenesis of the virus and its progression and propose therapeutic targets and long-acting drug delivery strategies that hold substantial promise for enhancing outcomes in HIV treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Medical and Allied Science, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, Haryana, India
| | - Monika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Medical and Allied Science, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Rahul Pratap Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Medical and Allied Science, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Vikas Jhawat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Medical and Allied Science, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
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Alagaratnam J, Stöhr W, Hamlyn E, Porter K, Toombs J, Heslegrave A, Zetterberg H, Gisslén M, Underwood J, Schechter M, Kaleebu P, Tambussi G, Kinloch S, Miro JM, Kelleher AD, Babiker A, Frater J, Winston A, Fidler S. Impact of interrupting antiretroviral therapy started during primary HIV-1 infection on plasma neurofilament light chain protein, a marker of neuronal injury: The SPARTAC trial. J Virus Erad 2024; 10:100381. [PMID: 38988673 PMCID: PMC11234014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2024.100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-conferred suppression of HIV replication limits neuronal injury and inflammation. ART interruption tests efficacy in HIV cure trials and viral rebound after ART interruption may induce neuronal injury. We investigated the impact of protocol-defined ART interruption, commenced during primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) on a biomarker of neuro-axonal injury (neurofilament light protein (NfL)), and its associations with inflammation (D-dimer and interleukin-6 (IL-6)) and HIV-1 reservoir size (total HIV-1 DNA). Design Retrospective study measuring plasma NfL in 83 participants enrolled in SPARTAC randomised to receive 48-weeks ART initiated during PHI, followed by ART interruption. Methods NfL (Simoa immunoassay, Quanterix™) was measured before ART, after 48 weeks on ART, and 12 weeks after stopping ART. Plasma D-dimer and IL-6, and total HIV-1 DNA in peripheral CD4+ T-cells results were available in a subset of participants. Longitudinal NfL changes were assessed using mixed models, and associations with clinical and laboratory parameters using linear regression. Results NfL decreased following 48-weeks ART (geometric mean 6.9 to 5.8 pg/mL, p = 0.006) with no further significant change up to 12-weeks post-stopping ART despite viral rebound in the majority of participants (median 1.7 to 3.9 plasma HIV-1 RNA log10 copies/mL). Higher baseline NfL was independently associated with higher plasma HIV-1 RNA (p = 0.020) and older age (p = 0.002). While NfL was positively associated with D-dimer (n = 48; p = 0.002), there was no significant association with IL-6 (n = 48) or total HIV-1 DNA (n = 51). Conclusions Using plasma NfL as a surrogate marker, a decrease in neuro-axonal injury was observed in a cohort of participants following ART initiation during PHI, with no evidence of neuro-axonal injury rebound following ART interruption for up to 12 weeks, despite viral rebound in the majority of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmini Alagaratnam
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Genitourinary Medicine/ HIV Department, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Stöhr
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Hamlyn
- Caldecot Centre, Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kholoud Porter
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Toombs
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Underwood
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Schechter
- Projeto Praça Onze, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Sabine Kinloch
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose M Miro
- Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Clinic - IDIBAPS. University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Abdel Babiker
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Winston
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Genitourinary Medicine/ HIV Department, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Genitourinary Medicine/ HIV Department, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Yin L, Wang Q, Liu S, Chen J, Zhang Y, Lu L, Lu H, Song Z, Zhang L. iTRAQ-based proteomic study on monocyte cell model discovered an association of LAMP2 downregulation with HIV-1 latency. Proteome Sci 2024; 22:6. [PMID: 38750478 PMCID: PMC11095035 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-024-00230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection are challenging to be cured completely due to the existence of HIV-1 latency reservoirs. However, the knowledge of the mechanisms and biomarkers associated with HIV-1 latency is limited. Therefore, identifying proteins related to HIV-1 latency could provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms of HIV-1 latency, and ultimately contribute to the eradication of HIV reservoirs. METHODS An Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ)-labeled subcellular proteomic study was performed on an HIV-1 latently infected cell model (U1, a HIV-1-integrated U937 cell line) and its control (U937). Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were analyzed using STRING-DB. Selected DEPs were further evaluated by western blotting and multiple reaction monitoring technology in both cell model and patient-derived cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4)+ T cells. Finally, we investigated the relationship between a specific DEP lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 (LAMP2) and HIV-1 reactivation by panobinostat or lysosome regulation by a lysosomotropic agent hydroxychloroquine in U1 and U937 cells. RESULTS In total, 110 DEPs were identified in U1 cells comparing to U937 control cells. Bioinformatics analysis suggested associations of the altered proteins with the immune response and endosomal/lysosomal pathway. LAMP2, leukocyte surface antigen CD47, CD55, and ITGA6 were downregulated in HIV-1 latent cells. Downregulated LAMP2 was further confirmed in resting CD4+ T cells from patients with latent HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, both HIV-1 reactivation by panobinostat and stimulation with hydroxychloroquine upregulated LAMP2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated the involvement of the endosomal/lysosomal pathway in HIV-1 latency in macrophage cell model. The down-modulation of LAMP2 was associated with HIV latency, and the restoration of LAMP2 expression accompanied the transition of viral latency to active infection. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of HIV-1 latency and potential strategies for eradicating HIV-1 reservoirs by targeting LAMP2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Qimin Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Lingqing Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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Grandgenett DP, Engelman AN. Brief Histories of Retroviral Integration Research and Associated International Conferences. Viruses 2024; 16:604. [PMID: 38675945 PMCID: PMC11054761 DOI: 10.3390/v16040604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The field of retroviral integration research has a long history that started with the provirus hypothesis and subsequent discoveries of the retroviral reverse transcriptase and integrase enzymes. Because both enzymes are essential for retroviral replication, they became valued targets in the effort to discover effective compounds to inhibit HIV-1 replication. In 2007, the first integrase strand transfer inhibitor was licensed for clinical use, and subsequently approved second-generation integrase inhibitors are now commonly co-formulated with reverse transcriptase inhibitors to treat people living with HIV. International meetings specifically focused on integrase and retroviral integration research first convened in 1995, and this paper is part of the Viruses Special Issue on the 7th International Conference on Retroviral Integration, which was held in Boulder Colorado in the summer of 2023. Herein, we overview key historical developments in the field, especially as they pertain to the development of the strand transfer inhibitor drug class. Starting from the mid-1990s, research advancements are presented through the lens of the international conferences. Our overview highlights the impact that regularly scheduled, subject-specific international meetings can have on community-building and, as a result, on field-specific collaborations and scientific advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane P. Grandgenett
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Alan N. Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Tian RR, Li T, Zhang MX, Song TZ, Zheng HY, Zheng YT. Nonnegligible Contribution of Nonlymphoid Tissue to Viral Reservoir During the Short-Term Early cART in SIVmac239-Infected Chinese Rhesus Macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2024. [PMID: 38535626 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2023.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV/AIDS cannot be cured because of the persistence of the viral reservoir. Because of the complexity of the cellular composition and structure of the human organs, HIV reservoirs of anatomical site are also complex. Recently, although a variety of molecules have been reported to be involved in the establishment and maintenance of the viral reservoirs, or as marker of latent cells, the research mainly focuses on blood and lymph nodes. Now, the characteristics of the viral reservoir in tissue are not yet fully understood. In this study, various tissues were collected from SIVmac239-infected monkeys, and the level of total SIV DNA, SIV 2-LTR DNA, and cell-associated virus RNA in them were compared with character of the anatomical viral reservoir under early treatment. The results showed that short-term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) starting from 3 days after infection could significantly inhibit viremia and reduce the size of the anatomical viral reservoir, but it could not eradicate de novo infections and ongoing replication of virus. Moreover, the effects of early cART on the level of total SIV DNA, SIV 2-LTR DNA, and cell-associated virus RNA in different tissues were different, which changed the size distribution of viral reservoir in anatomical site. Finally, the contribution of nonlymphoid tissues, especially liver and lung, to the viral reservoir increased after treatment, while the contribution of intestinal lymphoid to the viral reservoir significantly reduced. These results suggested that early treatment effectively decreased the size of viral reservoir, and that the effects of cART on the tissue viral reservoir varied greatly by tissue type. The results implied that persistent existence of virus in nonlymphoid tissues after short-term treatment suggested that the role of nonlymphoid tissues cannot be ignored in development strategies for AIDS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ming-Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Song
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming National High-Level Biosafety Research Center for Nonhuman Primates, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- National Resource Center for Nonhuman Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Donadoni M, Cakir S, Bellizzi A, Swingler M, Sariyer IK. Modeling HIV-1 infection and NeuroHIV in hiPSCs-derived cerebral organoid cultures. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01204-z. [PMID: 38600307 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic is an ongoing global health problem affecting 38 million people worldwide with nearly 1.6 million new infections every year. Despite the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), a large percentage of people with HIV (PWH) still develop neurological deficits, grouped into the term of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Investigating the neuropathology of HIV is important for understanding mechanisms associated with cognitive impairment seen in PWH. The major obstacle for studying neuroHIV is the lack of suitable in vitro human culture models that could shed light into the HIV-CNS interactions. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) culture and 3D brain organoid systems have allowed the generation of 2D and 3D culture methods that possess a potential to serve as a model of neurotropic viral diseases, including HIV. In this study, we first generated and characterized several hiPSC lines from healthy human donor skin fibroblast cells. hiPSCs were then used for the generation of microglia-containing human cerebral organoids (hCOs). Once fully characterized, hCOs were infected with HIV-1 in the presence and absence of cART regimens and viral infection was studied by cellular, molecular/biochemical, and virological assays. Our results revealed that hCOs were productively infected with HIV-1 as evident by viral p24-ELISA in culture media, RT-qPCR and RNAscope analysis of viral RNA, as well as ddPCR analysis of proviral HIV-1 in genomic DNA samples. More interestingly, replication and gene expression of HIV-1 were also greatly suppressed by cART in hCOs as early as 7 days post-infections. Our results suggest that hCOs derived from hiPSCs support HIV-1 replication and gene expression and may serve as a unique platform to better understand neuropathology of HIV infection in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Donadoni
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Senem Cakir
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna Bellizzi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Swingler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Ferreira EA, Clements JE, Veenhuis RT. HIV-1 Myeloid Reservoirs - Contributors to Viral Persistence and Pathogenesis. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2024; 21:62-74. [PMID: 38411842 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-024-00692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV reservoirs are the main barrier to cure. CD4+ T cells have been extensively studied as the primary HIV-1 reservoir. However, there is substantial evidence that HIV-1-infected myeloid cells (monocytes/macrophages) also contribute to viral persistence and pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies in animal models and people with HIV-1 demonstrate that myeloid cells are cellular reservoirs of HIV-1. HIV-1 genomes and viral RNA have been reported in circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages from the brain, urethra, gut, liver, and spleen. Importantly, viral outgrowth assays have quantified persistent infectious virus from monocyte-derived macrophages and tissue-resident macrophages. The myeloid cell compartment represents an important target of HIV-1 infection. While myeloid reservoirs may be more difficult to measure than CD4+ T cell reservoirs, they are long-lived, contribute to viral persistence, and, unless specifically targeted, will prevent an HIV-1 cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna A Ferreira
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Rebecca T Veenhuis
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
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Fisher MA, Chaudhry W, Campbell LA. Gesicles packaging dCas9-VPR ribonucleoprotein complexes can combine with vorinostat and promote HIV proviral transcription. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101203. [PMID: 38390557 PMCID: PMC10881426 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Despite the success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV treatment, a cure for HIV remains elusive. Scientists postulate that HIV latent reservoirs may be a vital target in curative strategies. Vorinostat is a latency-reversing agent that has demonstrated some effectiveness in reactivating latent HIV, but complementary therapies may be essential to enhance its efficacy. One such approach may utilize the CRISPR-Cas9 system, which has evolved to include transcriptional activators such as dCas9-VPR. In this study, we explored the effects of combining vorinostat coupled with gesicle-mediated delivery of dCas9-VPR in promoting the transcription of integrated HIV proviruses in HIV-NanoLuc CHME-5 microglia and J-Lat 10.6 lymphocytes. We confirmed that dCas9-VPR ribonucleoprotein complexes can be packaged into gesicles and application to cells successfully induced HIV transcription through interactions with the HIV LTR. Vorinostat also induced significant increases in proviral transcription but generated inhibition of cellular proliferation (microglia) or cell viability (lymphocytes) starting at 1,000 nM and higher concentrations. Experiments combining dCas9-VPR gesicles and vorinostat confirmed the enhanced transcriptional activation of the HIV provirus in microglia but not lymphocytes. Thus, a combination of dCas9-VPR gesicles with other latency-reversing agents may provide a complementary method to activate latent HIV in future studies utilizing patient-derived cells or small animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela A Fisher
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Waj Chaudhry
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lee A Campbell
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Washington, DC, USA
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McLaurin KA, Li H, Khalili K, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. HIV-1 mRNA knockdown with CRISPR/CAS9 enhances neurocognitive function. J Neurovirol 2024; 30:71-85. [PMID: 38355914 PMCID: PMC11035469 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Mixed glia are infiltrated with HIV-1 virus early in the course of infection leading to the development of a persistent viral reservoir in the central nervous system. Modification of the HIV-1 genome using gene editing techniques, including CRISPR/Cas9, has shown great promise towards eliminating HIV-1 viral reservoirs; whether these techniques are capable of removing HIV-1 viral proteins from mixed glia, however, has not been systematically evaluated. Herein, the efficacy of adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)-CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing for eliminating HIV-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) from cortical mixed glia was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, a within-subjects experimental design was utilized to treat mixed glia isolated from neonatal HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats with varying doses (0, 0.9, 1.8, 2.7, 3.6, 4.5, or 5.4 µL corresponding to a physical titer of 0, 4.23 × 109, 8.46 × 109, 1.269 × 1010, 1.692 × 1010, 2.115 × 1010, and 2.538 × 1010 gc/µL) of CRISPR/Cas9 for 72 h. Dose-dependent decreases in the number of HIV-1 mRNA, quantified using an innovative in situ hybridization technique, were observed in a subset (i.e., n = 5 out of 8) of primary mixed glia. In vivo, HIV-1 Tg rats were retro-orbitally inoculated with CRISPR/Cas9 for two weeks, whereby treatment resulted in profound excision (i.e., approximately 53.2%) of HIV-1 mRNA from the medial prefrontal cortex. Given incomplete excision of the HIV-1 viral genome, the clinical relevance of HIV-1 mRNA knockdown for eliminating neurocognitive impairments was evaluated via examination of temporal processing, a putative neurobehavioral mechanism underlying HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Indeed, treatment with CRISPR/Cas9 protractedly, albeit not permanently, restored the developmental trajectory of temporal processing. Proof-of-concept studies, therefore, support the susceptibility of mixed glia to gene editing and the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 to serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for HAND, even in the absence of full viral eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A McLaurin
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA
| | - Hailong Li
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Charles F Mactutus
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Carolina Trustees Professor and Bicentennial Endowed Chair of Behavioral Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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Marini S, Huber A, Cash MN, Salemi M, Cook RL, Borsa P, Mavian CN. Oral Cannabidiol Treatment Is Associated with an Anti-Inflammatory Gene Expression Signature in Myeloid Cells of People Living with HIV. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024. [PMID: 38252549 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: HIV-related comorbidities appear to be related to chronic inflammation, a condition characterizing people living with HIV (PLWH). Prior work indicates that cannabidiol (CBD) might reduce inflammation; however, the genetics underpinning of this effect are not well investigated. Our main objective is to detect gene expression alterations in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from PLWH after at least 1 month of CBD treatment. Materials and Methods: We analyzed ∼41,000 PBMCs from three PLWH at baseline and after CBD treatment (27-60 days) through single-cell RNA sequencing. Results: We obtained a coherent signature, characterized by an anti-inflammatory activity, of differentially expressed genes in myeloid cells. Conclusions: Our study shows how CBD is associated with alterations of gene expression in myeloid cells after CBD treatment. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT05209867.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Marini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Amanda Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Melanie N Cash
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marco Salemi
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert L Cook
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Paul Borsa
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carla N Mavian
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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11
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Rausch JW, Parvez S, Pathak S, Capoferri AA, Kearney MF. HIV Expression in Infected T Cell Clones. Viruses 2024; 16:108. [PMID: 38257808 PMCID: PMC10820123 DOI: 10.3390/v16010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The principal barrier to an HIV-1 cure is the persistence of infected cells harboring replication-competent proviruses despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). HIV-1 transcriptional suppression, referred to as viral latency, is foremost among persistence determinants, as it allows infected cells to evade the cytopathic effects of virion production and killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and other immune factors. HIV-1 persistence is also governed by cellular proliferation, an innate and essential capacity of CD4+ T cells that both sustains cell populations over time and enables a robust directed response to immunological threats. However, when HIV-1 infects CD4+ T cells, this capacity for proliferation can enable surreptitious HIV-1 propagation without the deleterious effects of viral gene expression in latently infected cells. Over time on ART, the HIV-1 reservoir is shaped by both persistence determinants, with selective forces most often favoring clonally expanded infected cell populations harboring transcriptionally quiescent proviruses. Moreover, if HIV latency is incomplete or sporadically reversed in clonal infected cell populations that are replenished faster than they are depleted, such populations could both persist indefinitely and contribute to low-level persistent viremia during ART and viremic rebound if treatment is withdrawn. In this review, select genetic, epigenetic, cellular, and immunological determinants of viral transcriptional suppression and clonal expansion of HIV-1 reservoir T cells, interdependencies among these determinants, and implications for HIV-1 persistence will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W. Rausch
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.P.); (S.P.); (A.A.C.); (M.F.K.)
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12
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Pasternak AO, Tsukamoto T, Berkhout B. 'Zombie' proviruses in the spotlight: exploring the dark side of HIV persistence. AIDS 2023; 37:2239-2241. [PMID: 37877277 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Pasternak
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tetsuo Tsukamoto
- Department of Health Informatics, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Bolzenius JD, Goodkin K. Variability in the relationships between auditory processing and neurocognitive status among older adults with HIV. AIDS 2023; 37:2091-2093. [PMID: 37755426 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Goodkin
- Department of Psychiatry
- Institute of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Harlingen, TX, USA
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14
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Astorga-Gamaza A, Perea D, Sanchez-Gaona N, Calvet-Mirabent M, Gallego-Cortés A, Grau-Expósito J, Sanchez-Cerrillo I, Rey J, Castellví J, Curran A, Burgos J, Navarro J, Suanzes P, Falcó V, Genescà M, Martín-Gayo E, Buzon MJ. KLRG1 expression on natural killer cells is associated with HIV persistence, and its targeting promotes the reduction of the viral reservoir. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101202. [PMID: 37741278 PMCID: PMC10591043 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection induces immunological dysfunction, which limits the elimination of HIV-infected cells during treated infection. Identifying and targeting dysfunctional immune cells might help accelerate the purging of the persistent viral reservoir. Here, we show that chronic HIV infection increases natural killer (NK) cell populations expressing the negative immune regulator KLRG1, both in peripheral blood and lymph nodes. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) does not reestablish these functionally impaired NK populations, and the expression of KLRG1 correlates with active HIV transcription. Targeting KLRG1 with specific antibodies significantly restores the capacity of NK cells to kill HIV-infected cells, reactivates latent HIV present in CD4+ T cells co-expressing KLRG1, and reduces the intact HIV genomes in samples from ART-treated individuals. Our data support the potential use of immunotherapy against the KLRG1 receptor to impact the viral reservoir during HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Astorga-Gamaza
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Perea
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Sanchez-Gaona
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Calvet-Mirabent
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gallego-Cortés
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ildefonso Sanchez-Cerrillo
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Rey
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Castellví
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Curran
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Burgos
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Navarro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Suanzes
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Infectious Diseases CIBER (CIBERINFECC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
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McLaurin KA, Li H, Khalili K, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. HIV-1 mRNA Knockdown with CRISPR/Cas9 Enhances Neurocognitive Function. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3266933. [PMID: 37886577 PMCID: PMC10602171 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3266933/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Mixed glia are infiltrated with HIV-1 virus early in the course of infection leading to the development of a persistent viral reservoir in the central nervous system. Modification of the HIV-1 genome using gene editing techniques, including CRISPR/Cas9, has shown great promise towards eliminating HIV-1 viral reservoirs; whether these techniques are capable of removing HIV-1 viral proteins from mixed glia, however, has not been systematically evaluated. Herein, the efficacy of adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)-CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing for eliminating HIV-1 mRNA from cortical mixed glia was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, a within-subjects experimental design was utilized to treat mixed glia isolated from neonatal HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats with varying doses (0, 0.9, 1.8, 2.7, 3.6, 4.5, or 5.4 μL) of CRISPR/Cas9 for 72 hours. Dose-dependent decreases in the number of HIV-1 mRNA, quantified using an innovative in situ hybridization technique, were observed in a subset (i.e., n=5 out of 8) of primary mixed glia. In vivo, HIV-1 Tg rats were retro-orbitally inoculated with CRISPR/Cas9 for two weeks, whereby treatment resulted in profound excision (i.e., approximately 53.2%) of HIV-1 mRNA from the mPFC. Given incomplete excision of the HIV-1 viral genome, the clinical relevance of HIV-1 mRNA knockdown for eliminating neurocognitive impairments was evaluated via examination of temporal processing, a putative neurobehavioral mechanism underlying HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Indeed, treatment with CRISPR/Cas9 partially restored the developmental trajectory of temporal processing. Proof-of-concept studies, therefore, support the susceptibility of mixed glia to gene editing and the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 to serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for HAND, even in the absence of full viral eradication.
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16
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Damour A, Slaninova V, Radulescu O, Bertrand E, Basyuk E. Transcriptional Stochasticity as a Key Aspect of HIV-1 Latency. Viruses 2023; 15:1969. [PMID: 37766375 PMCID: PMC10535884 DOI: 10.3390/v15091969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes current advances in the role of transcriptional stochasticity in HIV-1 latency, which were possible in a large part due to the development of single-cell approaches. HIV-1 transcription proceeds in bursts of RNA production, which stem from the stochastic switching of the viral promoter between ON and OFF states. This switching is caused by random binding dynamics of transcription factors and nucleosomes to the viral promoter and occurs at several time scales from minutes to hours. Transcriptional bursts are mainly controlled by the core transcription factors TBP, SP1 and NF-κb, the chromatin status of the viral promoter and RNA polymerase II pausing. In particular, spontaneous variability in the promoter chromatin creates heterogeneity in the response to activators such as TNF-α, which is then amplified by the Tat feedback loop to generate high and low viral transcriptional states. This phenomenon is likely at the basis of the partial and stochastic response of latent T cells from HIV-1 patients to latency-reversing agents, which is a barrier for the development of shock-and-kill strategies of viral eradication. A detailed understanding of the transcriptional stochasticity of HIV-1 and the possibility to precisely model this phenomenon will be important assets to develop more effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Damour
- MFP UMR 5234 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Vera Slaninova
- IGH UMR 9002 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier, France;
| | - Ovidiu Radulescu
- LPHI, UMR 5294 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Edouard Bertrand
- IGH UMR 9002 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier, France;
| | - Eugenia Basyuk
- MFP UMR 5234 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France;
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17
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Zhang W, Yan J, Luo H, Wang X, Ruan L. Incomplete immune reconstitution and its predictors in people living with HIV in Wuhan, China. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1808. [PMID: 37716975 PMCID: PMC10505310 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16738-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to build and validate a nomogram model to predict the risk of incomplete immune reconstitution in people living with HIV (PLWH). METHODS Totally 3783 individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of HIV/AIDS were included. A predictive model was developed based on a retrospective set (N = 2678) and was validated using the remaining cases (N = 1105). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine valuable predictors among the collected clinical and laboratory variables. The predictive model is presented in the form of a nomogram, which is internally and externally validated with two independent datasets. The discrimination of nomograms was assessed by calculating the area under the curve (AUC). Besides, calibration curve and decision curve (DCA) analyses were performed in the training and validation sets. RESULTS The final model comprised 5 predictors, including baseline CD4, age at ART initiation, BMI, HZ and TBIL. The AUC of the nomogram model was 0.902, 0.926, 0.851 in the training cohort, internal validation and external cohorts. The calibration accuracy and diagnostic performance were satisfactory in both the training and validation sets. CONCLUSIONS This predictive model based on a retrospective study was externally validated using 5 readily available clinical indicators. It showed high performance in predicting the risk of incomplete immune reconstitution in people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
| | - Jisong Yan
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
| | - Xianguang Wang
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China.
- Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China.
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China.
| | - Lianguo Ruan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China.
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China.
- Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China.
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China.
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18
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Debrabander Q, Hensley KS, Psomas CK, Bramer W, Mahmoudi T, van Welzen BJ, Verbon A, Rokx C. The efficacy and tolerability of latency-reversing agents in reactivating the HIV-1 reservoir in clinical studies: a systematic review. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100342. [PMID: 37663575 PMCID: PMC10474473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding the clinical potency of latency-reversing agents (LRAs) on the HIV-1 reservoir is useful to deploy future strategies. This systematic review evaluated the effects of LRAs in human intervention studies. Methods A literature search was performed using medical databases focusing on studies with adults living with HIV-1 receiving LRAs. Eligibility criteria required participants from prospective clinical studies, a studied compound hypothesised as LRA, and reactivation or tolerability assessments. Relevant demographical data, LRA reactivation capacity, reservoir size, and adverse events were extracted. A study quality assessment with analysis of bias was performed by RoB 2 and ROBINS-I tools. The primary endpoints were HIV-1 reservoir reactivation after LRA treatment quantified by cell-associated unspliced HIV-1 RNA, and LRA tolerability defined by adverse events. Secondary outcomes were reservoir size and the effect of LRAs on analytical treatment interruption (ATI) duration. Results After excluding duplicates, 5182 publications were screened. In total 45 publications fulfilled eligibility criteria including 26 intervention studies and 16 randomised trials. The risk of bias was evaluated as high. Chromatin modulators were the main investigated LRA class in 24 studies. Participants were mostly males (90.1%). Where reported, HIV-1 subtype B was most frequently observed. Reactivation after LRA treatment occurred in 78% of studies and was observed with nearly all chromatin modulators. When measured, reactivation mostly occurred within 24 h after treatment initiation. Combination LRA strategies have been infrequently studied and were without synergistic reactivation. Adverse events, where reported, were mostly low grade, yet occurred frequently. Seven studies had individuals who discontinued LRAs for related adverse events. The reservoir size was assessed by HIV-1 DNA in 80% of studies. A small decrease in reservoir was observed in three studies on immune checkpoint inhibitors and the histone deacetylase inhibitors romidepsin and chidamide. No clear effect of LRAs on ATI duration was observed. Conclusion This systematic review provides a summary of the reactivation of LRAs used in current clinical trials whilst highlighting the importance of pharmacovigilance. Highly heterogeneous study designs and underrepresentation of relevant patient groups are to be considered when interpreting these results. The observed reactivation did not lead to cure or a significant reduction in the size of the reservoir. Finding more effective LRAs by including well-designed studies are needed to define the required reactivation level to reduce the HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinten Debrabander
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Mailbox 85500, 3508GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kathryn S. Hensley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, And Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christina K. Psomas
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, European Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Wichor Bramer
- Medical Library, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Berend J. van Welzen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Mailbox 85500, 3508GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Mailbox 85500, 3508GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Casper Rokx
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, And Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 2040, 3000CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Chvatal-Medina M, Lopez-Guzman C, Diaz FJ, Gallego S, Rugeles MT, Taborda NA. Molecular mechanisms by which the HIV-1 latent reservoir is established and therapeutic strategies for its elimination. Arch Virol 2023; 168:218. [PMID: 37530901 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoir, composed of cells harboring the latent, integrated virus, is not eliminated by antiretroviral therapy. It therefore represents a significant barrier to curing the infection. The biology of HIV-1 reservoirs, the mechanisms of their persistence, and effective strategies for their eradication are not entirely understood. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which HIV-1 reservoirs develop, the cells and compartments where the latent virus resides, and advancements in curative therapeutic strategies. We first introduce statistics and relevant data on HIV-1 infection, aspects of pathogenesis, the role of antiretroviral therapy, and the general features of the latent HIV reservoir. Then, the article is built on three main pillars: The molecular mechanisms related to latency, the different strategies for targeting the reservoir to obtain a cure, and the current progress in immunotherapy to counteract said reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Chvatal-Medina
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carolina Lopez-Guzman
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francisco J Diaz
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Salomon Gallego
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia.
- Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Campus Medellin, Envigado, Colombia.
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20
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Kankaka EN, Redd AD, Khan A, Reynolds SJ, Saraf S, Kirby C, Lynch B, Hackman J, Tomusange S, Kityamuweesi T, Jamiru S, Anok A, Buule P, Bruno D, Martens C, Chang LW, Quinn TC, Prodger JL, Poon A. Dating reservoir formation in virologically suppressed people living with HIV-1 in Rakai, Uganda. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead046. [PMID: 37547379 PMCID: PMC10399970 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing of the establishment of the HIV latent viral reservoir (LVR) is of particular interest, as there is evidence that proviruses are preferentially archived at the time of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. Quantitative viral outgrowth assays (QVOAs) were performed using Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) collected from Ugandans living with HIV who were virally suppressed on ART for >1 year, had known seroconversion windows, and at least two archived ART-naïve plasma samples. QVOA outgrowth populations and pre-ART plasma samples were deep sequenced for the pol and gp41 genes. The bayroot program was used to estimate the date that each outgrowth virus was incorporated into the reservoir. Bayroot was also applied to previously published data from a South African cohort. In the Ugandan cohort (n = 11), 87.9 per cent pre-ART and 56.3 per cent viral outgrowth sequences were unique. Integration dates were estimated to be relatively evenly distributed throughout viremia in 9/11 participants. In contrast, sequences from the South African cohort (n = 9) were more commonly estimated to have entered the LVR close to ART initiation, as previously reported. Timing of LVR establishment is variable between populations and potentially viral subtypes, which could limit the effectiveness of interventions that target the LVR only at ART initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Nelson Kankaka
- Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program, 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, MSC, Bethesda, MD 9806, USA
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Rd, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Amjad Khan
- Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Steven J Reynolds
- Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program, 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, MSC, Bethesda, MD 9806, USA
| | - Sharada Saraf
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, MSC, Bethesda, MD 9806, USA
| | - Charles Kirby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA
| | - Briana Lynch
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, MSC, Bethesda, MD 9806, USA
| | - Jada Hackman
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, MSC, Bethesda, MD 9806, USA
| | - Stephen Tomusange
- Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program, 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda
| | - Taddeo Kityamuweesi
- Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program, 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda
| | - Samiri Jamiru
- Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program, 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda
| | - Aggrey Anok
- Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program, 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda
| | - Paul Buule
- Research Department, Rakai Health Sciences Program, 4-6 Sanitary Lane, Old Bukoba Road, Kalisizo 256, Uganda
| | - Daniel Bruno
- Genomic Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 904 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- Genomic Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 904 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Larry W Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, MSC, Bethesda, MD 9806, USA
| | - Jessica L Prodger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
| | - Art Poon
- Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5K8, Canada
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21
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Valdebenito S, Ono A, Rong L, Eugenin EA. The role of tunneling nanotubes during early stages of HIV infection and reactivation: implications in HIV cure. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2023; 2:169-186. [PMID: 37476291 PMCID: PMC10355284 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2022-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), also called cytonemes or tumor microtubes, correspond to cellular processes that enable long-range communication. TNTs are plasma membrane extensions that form tubular processes that connect the cytoplasm of two or more cells. TNTs are mostly expressed during the early stages of development and poorly expressed in adulthood. However, in disease conditions such as stroke, cancer, and viral infections such as HIV, TNTs proliferate, but their role is poorly understood. TNTs function has been associated with signaling coordination, organelle sharing, and the transfer of infectious agents such as HIV. Here, we describe the critical role and function of TNTs during HIV infection and reactivation, as well as the use of TNTs for cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Akira Ono
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Eliseo A. Eugenin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
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22
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Gaikwad SY, Phatak P, Mukherjee A. Cutting edge strategies for screening of novel anti-HIV drug candidates against HIV infection: A concise overview of cell based assays. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16027. [PMID: 37215829 PMCID: PMC10195898 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy has majorly contributed towards reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infected people, thus improving the quality of their life. Still, the eradication of HIV infection has not been achieved due to some important limitations such as non-adherence to therapy, cellular toxicity, restricted bioavailability of antiretroviral drugs and emergence of drug resistant viruses. Moreover, persistence of latent HIV-reservoirs even under antiviral-drug pressure is the major obstacle in HIV cure. Currently used antiretrovirals can suppress the viral replication in activated CD4+ cells, however, it has been observed that the available antiretroviral therapy appears inadequate to reduce latent reservoirs established in resting memory CD4+ T cells. Therefore, for eradication or reduction of latent reservoirs many immunotherapeutic and pharmacologic approaches including latency reversing agents are being studied constantly. Additionally, promising therapeutic strategies including discovery of novel drugs and drug targets are continuously being explored. Therefore, preclinical testing has become an important step of drug development process, continuously demanding innovative, but less time consuming evaluation strategies. Present review attempts to gather and line-up the information on existing cell-based methodologies applied for assessing drug candidates for their antiretroviral potential. Further, we intend to outline the advanced and reliable cell based methodologies that would expedite the process of discovery and development of antiretrovirals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anupam Mukherjee
- Corresponding author. Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Plot No. 73, 'G' Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, 411026, Maharashtra, India.
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23
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Li S, Wang X, Yang Y, Wu X, Zhang L. Discovering the Mechanisms of Oleodaphnone as a Potential HIV Latency-Reversing Agent by Transcriptome Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087357. [PMID: 37108519 PMCID: PMC10138910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent HIV is a key factor that makes AIDS difficult to cure. Highly effective and specific latent HIV activators can effectively activate latent HIV, and then combined with antiretroviral therapy to achieve a functional cure of AIDS. Here, four sesquiterpenes (1-4) including a new one (1), five flavonoids (5-9) including three biflavonoid structures, and two lignans (10 and 11) were obtained from the roots of Wikstroemia chamaedaphne. Their structures were elucidated through comprehensive spectroscopic analyses. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by experimental electronic circular dichroism. NH2 cell model was used to test the activity of these 11 compounds in activating latent HIV. Oleodaphnone (2) showed the latent HIV activation effect as well as the positive drug prostratin, and the activation effect was time- and concentration-dependent. Based on transcriptome analysis, the underlying mechanism was that oleodaphnone regulated the TNF, C-type lectin receptor, NF-κB, IL-17, MAPK, NOD-like receptor, JAK-Stat, FoxO, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. This study provides the basis for the potential development of oleodaphnone as an effective HIV latency-reversing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiuyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yuqin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xingkang Wu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Education Ministry, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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24
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Pasternak AO, Berkhout B. HIV persistence: silence or resistance? Curr Opin Virol 2023; 59:101301. [PMID: 36805974 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of suppressive antiretroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs in infected individuals persist and fuel viral rebound once therapy is interrupted. The persistence of viral reservoirs is the main obstacle to achieving HIV eradication or a long-term remission. The last decade has seen a profound change in our understanding of the mechanisms behind HIV persistence, which appears to be much more complex than originally assumed. In addition to the persistence of transcriptionally silent proviruses in a stable latent reservoir that is invisible to the immune system, HIV is increasingly recognized to persist by resistance to the immune clearance, which appears to play a surprisingly prominent role in shaping the reservoir. In this review, we discuss some emerging insights into the mechanisms of HIV persistence, as well as their implications for the development of strategies towards an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Pasternak
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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25
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Clark KM, Kim JG, Wang Q, Gao H, Presti RM, Shan L. Chemical inhibition of DPP9 sensitizes the CARD8 inflammasome in HIV-1-infected cells. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:431-439. [PMID: 36357533 PMCID: PMC10065922 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) induce pyroptosis of HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells through induction of intracellular HIV-1 protease activity, which activates the CARD8 inflammasome. Because high concentrations of NNRTIs are required for efficient elimination of HIV-1-infected cells, it is important to elucidate ways to sensitize the CARD8 inflammasome to NNRTI-induced activation. We show that this sensitization can be achieved through chemical inhibition of the CARD8 negative regulator DPP9. The DPP9 inhibitor Val-boroPro (VbP) can kill HIV-1-infected cells without the presence of NNRTIs and act synergistically with NNRTIs to promote clearance of HIV-1-infected cells in vitro and in humanized mice. More importantly, VbP is able to enhance clearance of residual HIV-1 in CD4+ T cells isolated from people living with HIV (PLWH). We also show that VbP can partially overcome NNRTI resistance. This offers a promising strategy for enhancing NNRTI efficacy in the elimination of HIV-1 reservoirs in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolin M Clark
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Josh G Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qiankun Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hongbo Gao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Liang Shan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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26
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Bai R, Song C, Lv S, Chang L, Hua W, Weng W, Wu H, Dai L. Role of microglia in HIV-1 infection. AIDS Res Ther 2023; 20:16. [PMID: 36927791 PMCID: PMC10018946 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-023-00511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The usage of antiretroviral treatment (ART) has considerably decreased the morbidity and mortality related to HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) infection. However, ART is ineffective in eradicating the virus from the persistent cell reservoirs (e.g., microglia), noticeably hindering the cure for HIV-1. Microglia participate in the progression of neuroinflammation, brain aging, and HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Some methods have currently been studied as fundamental strategies targeting microglia. The purpose of this study was to comprehend microglia biology and its functions in HIV-1 infection, as well as to look into potential therapeutic approaches targeting microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruojing Bai
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Chengcheng Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyun Lv
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Linlin Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wei Hua
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wenjia Weng
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Lili Dai
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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27
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Ramirez PW, Pantoja C, Beliakova-Bethell N. An Evaluation on the Role of Non-Coding RNA in HIV Transcription and Latency: A Review. HIV AIDS (Auckl) 2023; 15:115-134. [PMID: 36942082 PMCID: PMC10024501 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s383347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of latent cellular reservoirs is recognized as the major barrier to an HIV cure. Reactivating and eliminating "shock and kill" or permanently silencing "block and lock" the latent HIV reservoir, as well as gene editing, remain promising approaches, but so far have proven to be only partially successful. Moreover, using latency reversing agents or "block and lock" drugs pose additional considerations, including the ability to cause cellular toxicity, a potential lack of specificity for HIV, or low potency when each agent is used alone. RNA molecules, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are becoming increasingly recognized as important regulators of gene expression. RNA-based approaches for combatting HIV latency represent a promising strategy since both miRNAs and lncRNAs are more cell-type and tissue specific than protein coding genes. Thus, a higher specificity of targeting the latent HIV reservoir with less overall cellular toxicity can likely be achieved. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about HIV gene expression regulation by miRNAs and lncRNAs encoded in the human genome, as well as regulatory molecules encoded in the HIV genome. We discuss both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of HIV gene expression to align with the current definition of latency, and describe RNA molecules that either promote HIV latency or have anti-latency properties. Finally, we provide perspectives on using each class of RNAs as potential targets for combatting HIV latency, and describe the complexity of the interactions between different RNA molecules, their protein targets, and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Ramirez
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Christina Pantoja
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Nadejda Beliakova-Bethell
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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28
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Siegel DA, Thanh C, Wan E, Hoh R, Hobbs K, Pan T, Gibson EA, Kroetz DL, Martin J, Hecht F, Pilcher C, Martin M, Carrington M, Pillai S, Busch MP, Stone M, Levy CN, Huang ML, Roychoudhury P, Hladik F, Jerome KR, Kiem HP, Henrich TJ, Deeks SG, Lee SA. Host variation in type I interferon signaling genes (MX1), C-C chemokine receptor type 5 gene, and major histocompatibility complex class I alleles in treated HIV+ noncontrollers predict viral reservoir size. AIDS 2023; 37:477-488. [PMID: 36695358 PMCID: PMC9894159 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior genomewide association studies have identified variation in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I alleles and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 gene (CCR5Δ32) as genetic predictors of viral control, especially in 'elite' controllers, individuals who remain virally suppressed in the absence of therapy. DESIGN Cross-sectional genomewide association study. METHODS We analyzed custom whole exome sequencing and direct human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing from 202 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed HIV+ noncontrollers in relation to four measures of the peripheral CD4+ T-cell reservoir: HIV intact DNA, total (t)DNA, unspliced (us)RNA, and RNA/DNA. Linear mixed models were adjusted for potential covariates including age, sex, nadir CD4+ T-cell count, pre-ART HIV RNA, timing of ART initiation, and duration of ART suppression. RESULTS Previously reported 'protective' host genetic mutations related to viral setpoint (e.g. among elite controllers) were found to predict smaller HIV reservoir size. The HLA 'protective' B∗57:01 was associated with significantly lower HIV usRNA (q = 3.3 × 10-3), and among the largest subgroup, European ancestry individuals, the CCR5Δ32 deletion was associated with smaller HIV tDNA (P = 4.3 × 10-3) and usRNA (P = 8.7 × 10-3). In addition, genomewide analysis identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms in MX1 (an interferon stimulated gene) that were significantly associated with HIV tDNA (q = 0.02), and the direction of these associations paralleled MX1 gene eQTL expression. CONCLUSIONS We observed a significant association between previously reported 'protective' MHC class I alleles and CCR5Δ32 with the HIV reservoir size in noncontrollers. We also found a novel association between MX1 and HIV total DNA (in addition to other interferon signaling relevant genes, PPP1CB, DDX3X). These findings warrant further investigation in future validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Siegel
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
| | | | | | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
| | - Kristen Hobbs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine
| | - Tony Pan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Martin
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of California San Francisco, California
| | - Frederick Hecht
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
| | - Christopher Pilcher
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
| | - Maureen Martin
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, and Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, and Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Blood Bank, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
| | - Sulggi A. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
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29
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Salvatore B, Resop RS, Gordon BR, Epeldegui M, Martinez-Maza O, Comin-Anduix B, Lam A, Wu TT, Uittenbogaart CH. Characterization of T Follicular Helper Cells and T Follicular Regulatory Cells in HIV-Infected and Sero-Negative Individuals. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020296. [PMID: 36672230 PMCID: PMC9856637 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Humoral immune response is important in fighting pathogens by the production of specific antibodies by B cells. In germinal centers, T follicular helper (TFH) cells provide important help to B-cell antibody production but also contribute to HIV persistence. T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells, which inhibit the function of TFH cells, express similar surface markers. Since FOXP3 is the only marker that distinguishes TFR from TFH cells it is unknown whether the increase in TFH cells observed in HIV infection and HIV persistence may be partly due to an increase in TFR cells. Using multicolor flow cytometry to detect TFH and TFR cells in cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected and non-infected participants in the UCLA Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), we identified CD3+CXCR5+CD4+CD8-BCL6+ peripheral blood TFH (pTFH) cells and CD3+CXCR5+CD4+CD8-FOXP3+ peripheral blood TFR (pTFR) cells. Unlike TFR cells in germinal centers, pTFR cells do not express B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6), a TFH cell master transcriptional regulator. Our major findings are that the frequency of pTFH cells, but not pTFR cells was higher in HIV-infected participants of the MACS and that pTFH cells expressed less CCR5 in HIV-infected MACS participants. Constitutive expression of CCR5 in TFR cells supports their potential to contribute to HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Salvatore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rachel S. Resop
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brent R. Gordon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Otoniel Martinez-Maza
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Surgical-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alex Lam
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christel H. Uittenbogaart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence:
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30
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Serumula W, Nkambule B, Parboosing R. Novel Aptamers for the Reactivation of Latent HIV. Curr HIV Res 2023; 21:279-289. [PMID: 37881079 DOI: 10.2174/011570162x248488230926045852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A "Shock and Kill" strategy has been proposed to eradicate the HIV latent viral reservoir. Effective Latency Reversal Agents (LRA) are a key requirement for this strategy. The search for LRAs with a novel mechanism of action is ongoing. This is the first study to propose aptamers for the reactivation of HIV. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify an aptamer that potentially reactivates HIV via the NF-κβ pathway, specifically by binding to IkB and releasing NF-κβ. METHODS Aptamer selection was performed at Aptus Biotech (www.aptusbiotech.es), using ikB human recombinant protein with His tag bound to Ni-NTA agarose resin using the SELEX procedure. Activation of NF-κβ was measured by SEAP Assay. HIV reactivation was measured in JLat cells using a BD FACS-Canto™ II flow cytometer. All flow cytometry data were analyzed using Kaluza analyzing software. RESULTS Clones that had equivalent or greater activation than the positive control in the SEAP assay were regarded as potential reactivators of the NF-κβ pathway and were sequenced. The three ikb clones namely R6-1F, R6-2F, and R6-3F were found to potentially activate the NF-κβ pathway. Toxicity was determined by exposing lymphocytes to serial dilutions of the aptamers; the highest concentration of the aptamers that did not decrease viability by > 20% was used for the reactivation experiments. The three novel aptamers R6-1F, R6-2F, and R6-3F resulted in 4,07%, 6,72% and 3,42% HIV reactivation, respectively, while the untreated control showed minimal (<0.18%) fluorescence detection. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the reactivation of latent HIV by aptamers that act via the NF-κβ pathway. Although the effect was modest and unlikely to be of clinical benefit, future studies are warranted to explore ways of enhancing reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Serumula
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service/University of KwaZulu-Natal, c/o Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, 5th Floor Laboratory Building, 800 Bellair Road, Mayville, Durban4091, South Africa
| | - Bongani Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences (SLMMS), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Raveen Parboosing
- National Health Laboratory Service/University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Abstract
The biggest challenge to immune control of HIV infection is the rapid within-host viral evolution, which allows selection of viral variants that escape from T cell and antibody recognition. Thus, it is impossible to clear HIV infection without targeting "immutable" components of the virus. Unlike the adaptive immune system that recognizes cognate epitopes, the CARD8 inflammasome senses the essential enzymatic activity of the HIV-1 protease, which is immutable for the virus. Hence, all subtypes of HIV clinical isolates can be recognized by CARD8. In HIV-infected cells, the viral protease is expressed as a subunit of the viral Gag-Pol polyprotein and remains functionally inactive prior to viral budding. A class of anti-HIV drugs, the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), can promote Gag-pol dimerization and subsequent premature intracellular activation of the viral protease. NNRTI treatment triggers CARD8 inflammasome activation, which leads to pyroptosis of HIV-infected CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Targeting the CARD8 inflammasome can be a potent and broadly effective strategy for HIV eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolin M Clark
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Priya Pal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Josh G Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Qiankun Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Liang Shan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States.
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32
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Furtado Milão J, Love L, Gourgi G, Derhaschnig L, Svensson JP, Sönnerborg A, van Domselaar R. Natural killer cells induce HIV-1 latency reversal after treatment with pan-caspase inhibitors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1067767. [PMID: 36561752 PMCID: PMC9763267 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1067767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of a latency reservoir is the major obstacle for a cure of HIV-1. The shock-and-kill strategy aims to reactivate HIV-1 replication in HIV -1 latently infected cells, exposing the HIV-1-infected cells to cytotoxic lymphocytes. However, none of the latency reversal agents (LRAs) tested so far have shown the desired effect in people living with HIV-1. We observed that NK cells stimulated with a pan-caspase inhibitor induced latency reversal in co-cultures with HIV-1 latently infected cells. Synergy in HIV-1 reactivation was observed with LRAs prostratin and JQ1. The supernatants of the pan-caspase inhibitor-treated NK cells activated the HIV-1 LTR promoter, indicating that a secreted factor by NK cells was responsible for the HIV-1 reactivation. Assessing changes in the secreted cytokine profile of pan-caspase inhibitor-treated NK cells revealed increased levels of the HIV-1 suppressor chemokines MIP1α (CCL3), MIP1β (CCL4) and RANTES (CCL5). However, these cytokines individually or together did not induce LTR promoter activation, suggesting that CCL3-5 were not responsible for the observed HIV-1 reactivation. The cytokine profile did indicate that pan-caspase inhibitors induce NK cell activation. Altogether, our approach might be-in combination with other shock-and-kill strategies or LRAs-a strategy for reducing viral latency reservoirs and a step forward towards eradication of functionally active HIV-1 in infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Furtado Milão
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Love
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George Gourgi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lukas Derhaschnig
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J. Peter Svensson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Division of Clinical Microbiology, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert van Domselaar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,*Correspondence: Robert van Domselaar,
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Wattanasirikosone R, Modnak C. Analysing transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS with optimal control strategy and its controlled state. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2022; 16:499-527. [PMID: 35801335 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2022.2096934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
HIV is a virus that weakens a person's immune system. HIV has three stages, and AIDS is the most severe stage of HIV (Stage 3). People with HIV should take medicine (called ART) recommended by WHO as soon as possible to reduce the amount of virus in the body. In this paper, we formulate a mathematical model for HIV/AIDS with a new approach by focusing on two groups of infectious individuals, HIV and AIDS. We also introduce a controlled class (treated patients and being monitored), and people in this class can spread the disease. We further investigate the essential dynamics of the model through an equilibrium analysis. Optimal control theory is applied to explore effective treatment strategies by combining two control measures: standard antiretroviral therapy and AIDS treatments. Numerical simulation results show the effects of the two time-dependent controls, and they can be used as guidelines for public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chairat Modnak
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Tha Pho, Thailand
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34
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Khetan P, Liu Y, Dhummakupt A, Persaud D. Advances in Pediatric HIV-1 Cure Therapies and Reservoir Assays. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122608. [PMID: 36560612 PMCID: PMC9787749 DOI: 10.3390/v14122608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant advances in the field of HIV-1 therapeutics to achieve antiretroviral treatment (ART)-free remission and cure for persons living with HIV-1 are being made with the advent of broadly neutralizing antibodies and very early ART in perinatal infection. The need for HIV-1 remission and cure arises due to the inability of ART to eradicate the major reservoir for HIV-1 in resting memory CD4+ T cells (the latent reservoir), and the strict adherence to lifelong treatment. To measure the efficacy of these cure interventions on reservoir size and to dissect reservoir dynamics, assays that are sensitive and specific to intact proviruses are critical. In this review, we provided a broad overview of some of the key interventions underway to purge the reservoir in adults living with HIV-1 and ones under study in pediatric populations to reduce and control the latent reservoir, primarily focusing on very early treatment in combination with broadly neutralizing antibodies. We also summarized assays currently in use to measure HIV-1 reservoirs and their feasibility and considerations for studies in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Khetan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yufeng Liu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Adit Dhummakupt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Deborah Persaud
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-443-287-3735
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35
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Associations between NK Cells in Different Immune Organs and Cellular SIV DNA and RNA in Regional HLADR - CD4 + T Cells in Chronically SIV mac239-Infected, Treatment-Naïve Rhesus Macaques. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112513. [PMID: 36423122 PMCID: PMC9697022 DOI: 10.3390/v14112513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of NK cell-directed therapeutic strategies, the actual effect of NK cells on the cellular SIV DNA levels of the virus in SIV-infected macaques in vivo remains unclear. In this study, five chronically SIVmac239-infected, treatment-naïve rhesus macaques were euthanized, and the blood, spleen, pararectal/paracolonic lymph nodes (PaLNs), and axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) were collected. The distributional, phenotypic, and functional profiles of NK cells were detected by flow cytometry. The highest frequency of NK cells was found in PBMC, followed by the spleen, while only 0~0.5% were found in LNs. Peripheral NK cells also exhibited higher cytotoxic potential (CD56- CD16+ NK subsets) and IFN-γ-producing capacity but low PD-1 and Tim-3 levels than those in the spleen and LNs. Our results demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the frequency of NK cells and the ratios of cellular SIV DNA/RNA in HLADR- CD4+ T cells (r = 0.6806, p < 0.001) in SIV-infected macaques, despite no discrepancies in the cellular SIV DNA or RNA levels that were found among the blood, spleen, and LNs. These findings showed a profile of NK cell frequencies and NK cytotoxicity levels in different immune organs from chronically SIVmac239-infected, treatment-naïve rhesus macaques. It was suggested that NK cell frequencies could be closely related to SIV DNA/RNA levels, which could affect the transcriptional activity of SIV proviruses. However, the cytotoxicity effect of NK cells on the latent SIV viral load in LNs could be limited due to the sparse abundance of NK cells in LNs. The development of NK cell-directed treatment approaches aiming for HIV clearance remains challenging.
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36
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Scanlan A, Zhang Z, Koneru R, Reece M, Gavegnano C, Anderson AM, Tyor W. A Rationale and Approach to the Development of Specific Treatments for HIV Associated Neurocognitive Impairment. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2244. [PMID: 36422314 PMCID: PMC9699382 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive impairment (NCI) associated with HIV infection of the brain impacts a large proportion of people with HIV (PWH) regardless of antiretroviral therapy (ART). While the number of PWH and severe NCI has dropped considerably with the introduction of ART, the sole use of ART is not sufficient to prevent or arrest NCI in many PWH. As the HIV field continues to investigate cure strategies, adjunctive therapies are greatly needed. HIV imaging, cerebrospinal fluid, and pathological studies point to the presence of continual inflammation, and the presence of HIV RNA, DNA, and proteins in the brain despite ART. Clinical trials exploring potential adjunctive therapeutics for the treatment of HIV NCI over the last few decades have had limited success. Ideally, future research and development of novel compounds need to address both the HIV replication and neuroinflammation associated with HIV infection in the brain. Brain mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) are the primary instigators of inflammation and HIV protein expression; therefore, adjunctive treatments that act on MPs, such as immunomodulating agents, look promising. In this review, we will highlight recent developments of innovative therapies and discuss future approaches for HIV NCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Scanlan
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rajeth Koneru
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Monica Reece
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christina Gavegnano
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Albert M. Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - William Tyor
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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37
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Campbell GR, Spector SA. Current strategies to induce selective killing of HIV-1-infected cells. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1273-1284. [PMID: 35707952 PMCID: PMC9613504 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0422-636r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to significant HIV-1 suppression and improvement in immune function, persistent viral reservoirs remain that are refractory to intensified ART. ART poses many challenges such as adherence to drug regimens, the emergence of resistant virus, and cumulative toxicity resulting from long-term therapy. Moreover, latent HIV-1 reservoir cells can be stochastically activated to produce viral particles despite effective ART and contribute to the rapid viral rebound that typically occurs within 2 weeks of ART interruption; thus, lifelong ART is required for continued viral suppression. Several strategies have been proposed to address the HIV-1 reservoir such as reactivation of HIV-1 transcription using latency reactivating agents with a combination of ART, host immune clearance and HIV-1-cytotoxicity to purge the infected cells-a "shock and kill" strategy. However, these approaches do not take into account the multiple transcriptional and translational blocks that contribute to HIV-1 latency or the complex heterogeneity of the HIV-1 reservoir, and clinical trials have thus far failed to produce the desired results. Here, we describe alternative strategies being pursued that are designed to kill selectively HIV-1-infected cells while sparing uninfected cells in the absence of enhanced humoral or adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Campbell
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stephen A. Spector
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA,Division of Infectious DiseasesRady Children's HospitalSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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38
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Real F, Zhu A, Huang B, Belmellat A, Sennepin A, Vogl T, Ransy C, Revol M, Arrigucci R, Lombès A, Roth J, Gennaro ML, Bouillaud F, Cristofari S, Bomsel M. S100A8-mediated metabolic adaptation controls HIV-1 persistence in macrophages in vivo. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5956. [PMID: 36220814 PMCID: PMC9553955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 eradication is hindered by viral persistence in cell reservoirs, established not only in circulatory CD4+T-cells but also in tissue-resident macrophages. The nature of macrophage reservoirs and mechanisms of persistence despite combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) remain unclear. Using genital mucosa from cART-suppressed HIV-1-infected individuals, we evaluated the implication of macrophage immunometabolic pathways in HIV-1 persistence. We demonstrate that ex vivo, macrophage tissue reservoirs contain transcriptionally active HIV-1 and viral particles accumulated in virus-containing compartments, and harbor an inflammatory IL-1R+S100A8+MMP7+M4-phenotype prone to glycolysis. Reactivation of infectious virus production and release from these reservoirs in vitro are induced by the alarmin S100A8, an endogenous factor produced by M4-macrophages and implicated in “sterile” inflammation. This process metabolically depends on glycolysis. Altogether, inflammatory M4-macrophages form a major tissue reservoir of replication-competent HIV-1, which reactivate viral production upon autocrine/paracrine S100A8-mediated glycolytic stimulation. This HIV-1 persistence pathway needs to be targeted in future HIV eradication strategies. HIV-1 eradication is hindered by viral persistence in different cell reservoirs, including circulatory CD4+ T-cells and tissue-resident macrophages. Here, by analyzing male genital mucosa from cART-suppressed HIV1-infected individuals, Real et al. show that M4 macrophages represent the major macrophage HIV-1 reservoir in this tissue. These macrophages have an inflammatory IL1R+S100A8+MMP7+M4-phenotype, and contain transcriptionally active HIV-1, which reactivate infectious virus production from viral latency in response to autocrine/paracrine S100A8-mediated glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Real
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Aiwei Zhu
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Boxin Huang
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Ania Belmellat
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Sennepin
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Céline Ransy
- CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Marc Revol
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Riccardo Arrigucci
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Anne Lombès
- CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Laura Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Sarra Cristofari
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France. .,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France.
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39
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Renelt S, Schult-Dietrich P, Baldauf HM, Stein S, Kann G, Bickel M, Kielland-Kaisen U, Bonig H, Marschalek R, Rieger MA, Dietrich U, Duerr R. HIV-1 Infection of Long-Lived Hematopoietic Precursors In Vitro and In Vivo. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192968. [PMID: 36230931 PMCID: PMC9562211 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent reservoirs in human-immunodeficiency-virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals represent a major obstacle in finding a cure for HIV-1. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) have been described as potential HIV-1 targets, but their roles as HIV-1 reservoirs remain controversial. Here we provide additional evidence for the susceptibility of several distinct HSPC subpopulations to HIV-1 infection in vitro and in vivo. In vitro infection experiments of HSPCs were performed with different HIV-1 Env-pseudotyped lentiviral particles and with replication-competent HIV-1. Low-level infection/transduction of HSPCs, including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and multipotent progenitors (MPP), was observed, preferentially via CXCR4, but also via CCR5-mediated entry. Multi-lineage colony formation in methylcellulose assays and repetitive replating of transduced cells provided functional proof of susceptibility of primitive HSPCs to HIV-1 infection. Further, the access to bone marrow samples from HIV-positive individuals facilitated the detection of HIV-1 gag cDNA copies in CD34+ cells from eight (out of eleven) individuals, with at least six of them infected with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 strains. In summary, our data confirm that primitive HSPC subpopulations are susceptible to CXCR4- and CCR5-mediated HIV-1 infection in vitro and in vivo, which qualifies these cells to contribute to the HIV-1 reservoir in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Renelt
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrizia Schult-Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hanna-Mari Baldauf
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Virology, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Stein
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerrit Kann
- Department of Medicine II/Infectious Diseases, Goethe University Hospital, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Infektiologikum, Center for Infectious Diseases, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Markus Bickel
- Infektiologikum, Center for Infectious Diseases, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Halvard Bonig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rolf Marschalek
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael A. Rieger
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence:
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40
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Hendricks CM, Cash MN, Tagliamonte MS, Riva A, Brander C, Llano A, Salemi M, Stevenson M, Mavian C. Discordance between HIV-1 Population in Plasma at Rebound after Structured Treatment Interruption and Archived Provirus Population in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0135322. [PMID: 35699458 PMCID: PMC9431602 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01353-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can sustain the suppression of plasma viremia to below detection levels. Infected individuals undergoing a treatment interruption exhibit rapid viral rebound in plasma viremia which is fueled by cellular reservoirs such as CD4+ T cells, myeloid cells, and potentially uncharacterized cellular sources. Interrogating the populations of viruses found during analytical treatment interruption (ATI) can give insights into the biologically competent reservoirs that persist under effective ART as well as the nature of the cellular reservoirs that enable viral persistence under ART. We interrogated plasma viremia from four rare cases of individuals undergoing sequential ATIs. We performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) on cell-associated viral DNA and cell-free virus to understand the interrelationship between sequential ATIs as well as the relationship between viral genomes in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and RNA from rebound plasma. We observed population differences between viral populations recrudescing at sequential ATIs as well as divergence between viral sequences in plasma and those in PBMCs. This indicated that viruses in PBMCs were not a major source of post-ATI viremia and highlights the role of anatomic reservoirs in post-ATI viremia and viral persistence. IMPORTANCE Even with effective ART, HIV-1 persists at undetectable levels and rebounds in individuals who stop treatment. Cellular and anatomical reservoirs ignite viral rebound upon treatment interruption, remaining one of the key obstacles for HIV-1 cure. To further examine HIV-1 persistence, a better understanding of the distinct populations that fuel viral rebound is necessary to identify and target reservoirs and the eradication of HIV-1. This study investigates the populations of viruses found from proviral genomes from PBMCs and plasma at rebound from a unique cohort of individuals who underwent multiple rounds of treatment interruption. Using NGS, we characterized the subtypes of viral sequences and found divergence in viral populations between plasma and PBMCs at each rebound, suggesting that distinct viral populations appear at each treatment interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chynna M. Hendricks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Melanie N. Cash
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Massimiliano S. Tagliamonte
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alberto Riva
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Anuska Llano
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marco Salemi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Carla Mavian
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Khanal S, Cao D, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Schank M, Dang X, Nguyen LNT, Wu XY, Jiang Y, Ning S, Zhao J, Wang L, Gazzar ME, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Synthetic gRNA/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Inhibits HIV Reactivation and Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:1902. [PMID: 36146709 PMCID: PMC9500661 DOI: 10.3390/v14091902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can halt viral replication but cannot eradicate HIV infection because proviral DNA integrated into the host genome remains genetically silent in reservoir cells and is replication-competent upon interruption or cessation of ART. CRISPR/Cas9-based technology is widely used to edit target genes via mutagenesis (i.e., nucleotide insertion/deletion and/or substitution) and thus can inactivate integrated proviral DNA. However, CRISPR/Cas9 delivery systems often require viral vectors, which pose safety concerns for therapeutic applications in humans. In this study, we used synthetic guide RNA (gRNA)/Cas9-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) as a non-viral formulation to develop a novel HIV gene therapy. We designed a series of gRNAs targeting different HIV genes crucial for HIV replication and tested their antiviral efficacy and cellular cytotoxicity in lymphoid and monocytic latent HIV cell lines. Compared with the scramble gRNA control, HIV-gRNA/Cas9 RNP-treated cells exhibited efficient viral suppression with no apparent cytotoxicity, as evidenced by the significant inhibition of latent HIV DNA reactivation and RNA replication. Moreover, HIV-gRNA/Cas9 RNP inhibited p24 antigen expression, suppressed infectious viral particle production, and generated specific DNA cleavages in the targeted HIV genes that are confirmed by DNA sequencing. Because of its rapid DNA cleavage, low off-target effects, low risk of insertional mutagenesis, easy production, and readiness for use in clinical application, this study provides a proof-of-concept that synthetic gRNA/Cas9 RNP drugs can be utilized as a novel therapeutic approach for HIV eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Khanal
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Dechao Cao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Xindi Dang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Lam Ngoc Thao Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Mohamed El Gazzar
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- HCV/HBV/HIV Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- HCV/HBV/HIV Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Beliakova-Bethell N, Manousopoulou A, Deshmukh S, Mukim A, Richman DD, Garbis SD, Spina CA. Integrated proteomics and transcriptomics analyses identify novel cell surface markers of HIV latency. Virology 2022; 573:50-58. [PMID: 35714458 PMCID: PMC10427345 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Elimination of the latent HIV cell reservoir may be possible, if the molecular identity of latently infected cells were fully elucidated. We conducted comprehensive molecular profiling, at the protein and RNA levels, of primary T cells latently infected with HIV in vitro. Isobaric labelling quantitative proteomics and RNA sequencing identified 1453 proteins and 618 genes, altered in latently infected cells compared to mock-infected controls (p < 0.05). Biomarker selection was based on results from integrated data analysis. Relative enrichment for latently infected cells was monitored using flow cytometric sorting and the HIV integrant assay. Antibodies against selected proteins, encoded by CEACAM1 and PLXNB2, enabled enrichment of latently infected cells from cell mixtures by 3-10 fold (5.8 average, p < 0.001), comparable to levels obtained with biomarkers reported previously. Individual biomarkers are likely linked to subsets of latently infected cells, and an extended antibody panel will be required to inclusively target the latent HIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda Beliakova-Bethell
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA; University of California at San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Antigoni Manousopoulou
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Proteas Bioanalytics Inc., BioLabs at the Lundquist Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | - Amey Mukim
- University of California at San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Douglas D Richman
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA; University of California at San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Spiros D Garbis
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Proteas Bioanalytics Inc., BioLabs at the Lundquist Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Celsa A Spina
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA; University of California at San Diego, CA, USA
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Fotooh Abadi L, Damiri F, Zehravi M, Joshi R, Pai R, Berrada M, Massoud EES, Rahman MH, Rojekar S, Cavalu S. Novel Nanotechnology-Based Approaches for Targeting HIV Reservoirs. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153090. [PMID: 35956604 PMCID: PMC9370744 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) is prescribed for HIV infection and, to a certain extent, limits the infection’s spread. However, it cannot completely eradicate the latent virus in remote and cellular reservoir areas, and due to the complex nature of the infection, the total eradication of HIV is difficult to achieve. Furthermore, monotherapy and multiple therapies are not of much help. Hence, there is a dire need for novel drug delivery strategies that may improve efficacy, decrease side effects, reduce dosing frequency, and improve patient adherence to therapy. Such a novel strategy could help to target the reservoir sites and eradicate HIV from different biological sanctuaries. In the current review, we have described HIV pathogenesis, the mechanism of HIV replication, and different biological reservoir sites to better understand the underlying mechanisms of HIV spread. Further, the review deliberates on the challenges faced by the current conventional drug delivery systems and introduces some novel drug delivery strategies that have been explored to overcome conventional drug delivery limitations. In addition, the review also summarizes several nanotechnology-based approaches that are being explored to resolve the challenges of HIV treatment by the virtue of delivering a variety of anti-HIV agents, either as combination therapies or by actively targeting HIV reservoir sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Fotooh Abadi
- Department of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Fouad Damiri
- Laboratory of Biomolecules and Organic Synthesis (BIOSYNTHO), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sick, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco;
- Correspondence: (F.D.); (S.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Mehrukh Zehravi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Girls Section, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rohit Joshi
- Precision NanoSystem Inc., Vancouver, BC V6P 6T7, Canada;
| | - Rohan Pai
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Mohammed Berrada
- Laboratory of Biomolecules and Organic Synthesis (BIOSYNTHO), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sick, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco;
| | - Ehab El Sayed Massoud
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Arts in Dahran Aljnoub, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Agriculture Research Centre, Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute, Giza 3725004, Egypt
| | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, Wonju 26426, Korea;
| | - Satish Rojekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Correspondence: (F.D.); (S.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: (F.D.); (S.R.); (S.C.)
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Nanfack AJ, Ambada G, Fokam J, Ka'e AC, Sonela N, Kenou L, Tsoptio M, Sagnia B, Elong E, Beloumou G, Perno CF, Colizzi V, Ndjolo A. Characterization of viral reservoirs in adolescents with HIV-1 non-B vertical infection receiving antiretroviral therapy: A study protocol for an observational and comparative study in Cameroon, the “EDCTP AVIR Study” (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e41473. [DOI: 10.2196/41473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity of the Replication-Competent HIV Reservoir in Treated Patients. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0078422. [PMID: 35770985 PMCID: PMC9431663 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00784-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In HIV infection, viral rebound after treatment discontinuation is considered to originate predominantly from viral genomes integrated in resting CD4+ T lymphocytes. Replication-competent proviral genomes represent a minority of the total HIV DNA. While the quantification of the HIV reservoir has been extensively studied, the diversity of genomes that compose the reservoir was less explored. Here, we measured the genotypic and phenotypic diversity in eight patients with different treatment histories. Between 4 and 14 (mean, 8) individual viral isolates per patient were obtained using a virus outgrowth assay, and their near-full-length genomes were sequenced. The mean pairwise distance (MPD) observed in different patients correlated with the time before undetectable viremia was achieved (r = 0.864, P = 0.0194), suggesting that the complexity of the replication-competent reservoir mirrors that present at treatment initiation. No correlation was instead observed between MPD and the duration of successful treatment (mean, 8 years; range, 2 to 21 years). For 5 of the 8 patients, genotypically identical viral isolates were observed in independent wells, suggesting clonal expansion of infected cells. Identical viruses represented between 25 and 60% of the isolates (mean, 48%). The proportion of identical viral isolates correlated with the duration of treatment (r = 0.822, P = 0.0190), suggesting progressive clonal expansion of infected cells during ART. A broader range of infectivity was also observed among isolates from patients with delayed viremia control (r = 0.79, P = 0.025). This work unveiled differences in the genotypic and phenotypic features of the replication-competent reservoir from treated patients and suggests that delaying treatment results in increased diversity of the reservoir. IMPORTANCE In HIV-infected and effectively treated individuals, integrated proviral genomes may persist for decades. The vast majority of the genomes, however, are defective, and only the replication-competent fraction represents a threat of viral reemergence. The quantification of the reservoir has been thoroughly explored, while the diversity of the genomes has been insufficiently studied. Its characterization, however, is relevant for the design of strategies aiming the reduction of the reservoir. Here, we explored the replication-competent near-full-length HIV genomes of eight patients who experienced differences in the delay before viremia control and in treatment duration. We found that delayed effective treatment was associated with increased genetic diversity of the reservoir. The duration of treatment did not impact the diversity but was associated with higher frequency of clonally expanded sequences. Thus, early treatment initiation has the double advantage of reducing both the size and the diversity of the reservoir.
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Lv T, Cao W, Xue J, Wei Q, Qiu Z, Han Y, Li T. Therapeutic effect of (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8) in SIV infected rhesus monkeys. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108932. [PMID: 35716483 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections induce robust, generalized inflammatory responses and lead to pathological systemic immune activation. This abnormal immune status persists despite successful antiretroviral therapy (ART). Immune modulating strategies in conjunction with ART were tried to reduce abnormal immune activation. Previously, we demonstrated that Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F has been shown immunosuppressive activity in HIV patients. (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8), a new analog of triptolide, and the most active ingredient of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F, has been shown to have lower cytotoxicity. However, the role of LLDT-8 in HIV or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) needs to be explored. METHODS Six male adult Chinese rhesus monkeys were enrolled in our study. All of them were healthy and negative for SIV, and chronically SIVmac239 infected macaques were treated with LLDT-8 combined with ART (n = 4) or ART only (n = 2) after 14 weeks of infection. ART was determined at week 33, and LLDT-8 was continued until week 48. T cell immune activation and inflammation were compared during the period, and viral rebound time and reservoir were supervised after stopping ART. RESULTS The RNA level of the two groups continued to decline after initiating ART, RNA of 4 rhesus monkeys declined to the lower limit of detection at week 20. LLDT-8 administration combined with ART did not affect T cell activation and plasma levels of IL-6 and CRP. The viral load of all the macaques in both groups was rebounded 2 weeks after ART discontinuation. Furthermore, no significant decrease of SIV DNA was observed in the LLDT-8 treatment group. CONCLUSIONS LLDT-8 administration during chronic SIV infection had no effect on T cell activation and plasma levels; Furthermore, LLDT-8 may not contribute to suppression of viral rebound and reservoir. These results suggest that LLDT-8 is unlikely to reduce immune activation and viral persistence without additional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxia Lv
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifeng Qiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
Adipose tissue is a complex dynamic organ with whole-body immunometabolic influence. Much of the work into understanding the role of immune cells in adipose tissue has been in the context of obesity. These investigations have also uncovered a range of typical (immune) and non-typical functions exerted by adipose tissue leukocytes. Here we provide an overview of the adipose tissue immune system, including its role as an immune reservoir in the whole-body response to infection and as a site of parasitic and viral infections. We also describe the functional roles of specialized immunological structures found within adipose tissue. However, our main focus is on the recently discovered 'non-immune' functions of adipose tissue immune cells, which include the regulation of adipocyte homeostasis, as well as responses to changing nutrient status and body temperature. In doing so, we outline the therapeutic potential of the adipose tissue immune system in health and disease.
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Giron LB, Abdel-Mohsen M. Viral and Host Biomarkers of HIV Remission Post Treatment Interruption. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:217-233. [PMID: 35438384 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00607-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV rebound/remission after antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption is likely influenced by (a) the size of the inducible replication-competent HIV reservoir and (b) factors in the host environment that influence immunological pressures on this reservoir. Identifying viral and/or host biomarkers of HIV rebound after ART cessation may improve the safety of treatment interruptions and our understanding of how the viral-host interplay results in post-treatment control. Here we review the predictive and functional significance of recently suggested viral and host biomarkers of time to viral rebound and post-treatment control following ART interruption. RECENT FINDINGS There are currently no validated viral or host biomarkers of viral rebound; however, several biomarkers have been recently suggested. A combination of viral and host factors will likely be needed to predict viral rebound and to better understand the mechanisms contributing to post-treatment control of HIV, critical steps to developing a cure for HIV infection.
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected macrophages are long-lived cells that sustain persistent virus expression, which is both a barrier to viral eradication and contributor to neurological complications in patients despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). To better understand the regulation of HIV-1 in macrophages, we compared HIV-infected primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) to acutely infected primary CD4 T cells and Jurkat cells latently infected with HIV (JLAT 8.4). HIV genomes in MDM were actively transcribed despite enrichment with heterochromatin-associated H3K9me3 across the complete HIV genome in combination with elevated activation marks of H3K9ac and H3K27ac at the long terminal repeat (LTR). Macrophage patterns contrasted with JLAT cells, which showed conventional bivalent H3K4me3/H3K27me3, and acutely infected CD4 T cells, which showed an intermediate epigenotype. 5'-Methylcytosine (5mC) was enriched across the HIV genome in latently infected JLAT cells, while 5'-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) was enriched in CD4 cells and MDMs. HIV infection induced multinucleation of MDMs along with DNA damage-associated p53 phosphorylation, as well as loss of TET2 and the nuclear redistribution of 5-hydoxymethylation. Taken together, our findings suggest that HIV induces a unique macrophage nuclear and transcriptional profile, and viral genomes are maintained in a noncanonical bivalent epigenetic state. IMPORTANCE Macrophages serve as a reservoir for long-term persistence and chronic production of HIV. We found an atypical epigenetic control of HIV in macrophages marked by heterochromatic H3K9me3 despite active viral transcription. HIV infection induced changes in macrophage nuclear morphology and epigenetic regulatory factors. These findings may identify new mechanisms to control chronic HIV expression in infected macrophages.
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Khan N, Halcrow PW, Afghah Z, Baral A, Geiger J, Chen X. HIV-1 Tat endocytosis and retention in endolysosomes affects HIV-1 Tat-induced LTR transactivation in astrocytes. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22184. [PMID: 35113458 PMCID: PMC9627655 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101722r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of latent HIV-1 reservoirs in the periphery and brain represents a major obstacle to curing HIV-1 infection. As an essential protein for HIV-1 viral replication, HIV-1 Tat, mostly intracellular, has been implicated in latent HIV-1 infection. From HIV-1 infected cells, HIV-1 Tat is actively secreted and bystander cells uptake the released Tat whereupon it is endocytosed and internalized into endolysosomes. However, to activate the HIV-1 LTR promoter and increase HIV-1 replication, HIV-1 Tat must first escape from the endolysosomes and then enter the nucleus. Here, we tested the hypothesis that HIV-1 Tat can accumulate in endolysosomes and contribute to the activation of latent HIV-1 in astrocytes. Using U87MG astrocytoma cells expressing HIV-1 LTR-driven luciferase and primary human astrocytes we found that exogenous HIV-1 Tat enters endolysosomes, resides in endolysosomes for extended periods of time, and induces endolysosome de-acidification as well as enlargement. The weak base chloroquine promoted the release of HIV-1 Tat from endolysosomes and induced HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Similar results were observed by activating endolysosome Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR7/8. Conversely, pharmacological block of TLRs and knocking down expression levels of TLR3 and TLR7, but not TLR8, prevented endolysosome leakage and attenuated HIV-1 Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Our findings suggest that HIV-1 Tat accumulation in endolysosomes may play an important role in controlling HIV-1 transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Peter W. Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Zahra Afghah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Aparajita Baral
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
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