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Hsiao YC, Wallweber HA, Alberstein RG, Lin Z, Du C, Etxeberria A, Aung T, Shang Y, Seshasayee D, Seeger F, Watkins AM, Hansen DV, Bohlen CJ, Hsu PL, Hötzel I. Rapid affinity optimization of an anti-TREM2 clinical lead antibody by cross-lineage immune repertoire mining. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8382. [PMID: 39333507 PMCID: PMC11437124 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52442-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe a process for rapid antibody affinity optimization by repertoire mining to identify clones across B cell clonal lineages based on convergent immune responses where antigen-specific clones with the same heavy (VH) and light chain germline segment pairs, or parallel lineages, bind a single epitope on the antigen. We use this convergence framework to mine unique and distinct VH lineages from rat anti-triggering receptor on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) antibody repertoire datasets with high diversity in the third complementarity-determining loop region (CDR H3) to further affinity-optimize a high-affinity agonistic anti-TREM2 antibody while retaining critical functional properties. Structural analyses confirm a nearly identical binding mode of anti-TREM2 variants with subtle but significant structural differences in the binding interface. Parallel lineage repertoire mining is uniquely tailored to rationally explore the large CDR H3 sequence space in antibody repertoires and can be easily and generally applied to antibodies discovered in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Hsiao
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Zhonghua Lin
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Changchun Du
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Theint Aung
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Yonglei Shang
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Amberstone Biosciences, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dhaya Seshasayee
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Franziska Seeger
- Prescient Design, a Genentech Accelerator, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew M Watkins
- Prescient Design, a Genentech Accelerator, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David V Hansen
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | | | - Peter L Hsu
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Isidro Hötzel
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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Zar HJ, Cacho F, Kootbodien T, Mejias A, Ortiz JR, Stein RT, Hartert TV. Early-life respiratory syncytial virus disease and long-term respiratory health. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2024:S2213-2600(24)00246-7. [PMID: 39265601 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(24)00246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), hospital admission, and mortality in children worldwide. Early-life RSV LRTI has also been associated with subsequent long-term respiratory sequelae, including recurrent LRTI, recurrent wheezing, asthma, and lung function impairment, and these effects can persist into adulthood as chronic respiratory disease. New preventive measures (maternal vaccine or long-acting monoclonal antibodies) have been licensed to reduce the burden of acute RSV LRTI in infants and children at high risk through passive immunisation. Studies of these RSV prevention products show high efficacy and effectiveness, particularly for preventing severe RSV LRTI, with implementation in many high-income countries, but limited access in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). These interventions might also reduce the risk of additional health outcomes and long-term morbidity. This Series paper provides the evidence for the long-term effects of early-life RSV disease, discusses mechanisms of disease development, and addresses the potential full public health value of prevention of RSV illness. Further research is needed to determine whether prevention of RSV LRTI or delay of RSV illness in early life might prevent or ameliorate the development of associated long-term respiratory disease. This potential further underscores the urgency for access and availability of new interventions to prevent early-life RSV LRTI in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Ferdinand Cacho
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tahira Kootbodien
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Justin R Ortiz
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Renato T Stein
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tina V Hartert
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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3
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Langley JM, Nolan TM, Rämet M, Richmond PC, Rosário Filho N, Haazen W, van den Berg SPH, Williams K, Bastian AR, Omoruyi E, Williams Durkin J, Salisch N, Van Geet G, van Duijnhoven W, Heijnen E, Callendret B. A Phase 1/2a Study Evaluating Safety and Immunogenicity of Ad26.RSV.preF in RSV-seronegative Toddlers Aged 12-24 Months. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae453. [PMID: 39220658 PMCID: PMC11365064 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes serious illness in children. The Ad26.RSV.preF vaccine candidate was immunogenic with acceptable safety in a phase 1/2a study of RSV-seropositive children. Here, we assessed its safety and immunogenicity in RSV-seronegative children. Methods In this randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2a study (NCT03606512; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03606512), RSV-seronegative toddlers aged 12-24 months received Ad26.RSV.preF (2.5 × 1010 viral particles) or placebo on days 1, 29, and 57 (a meningococcal vaccine [Nimenrix] could substitute for day 57 placebo). Primary endpoints were solicited local and systemic adverse events (AEs; 7 days after each vaccination), unsolicited AEs (28 days postvaccination), and serious AEs (first vaccination until study end). Participants were monitored for RSV-respiratory tract infection to assess infection rates and for severe RSV-lower respiratory tract infection as an indication of enhanced disease. RSV-A2 neutralizing, RSV (A and B) preF binding, and RSV postF immunoglobulin G-binding antibodies were evaluated on days 1 (predose), 8, and 85, and after RSV season 1. Results Thirty-eight participants were enrolled and vaccinated (Ad26.RSV.preF, n = 20; placebo, placebo/Nimenrix, n = 18). Solicited AEs were more common following Ad26.RSV.preF than placebo; most were mild/moderate. No vaccine-related serious AEs were reported. Five of 19 participants receiving Ad26.RSV.preF and 2/18 receiving placebo or placebo/Nimenrix had confirmed RSV-respiratory tract infection or RSV-associated otitis media; none were considered severe. At the final season 1 study visit, most Ad26.RSV.preF recipients had ≥2-fold increases from baseline in RSV-A2 neutralizing, RSV A and B preF binding, and RSV postF antibodies. Conclusions Ad26.RSV.preF was well tolerated and immunogenic in RSV-seronegative toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Langley
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK and Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Terry M Nolan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity at The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mika Rämet
- FVR – Finnish Vaccine Research Ltd., and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Peter C Richmond
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nelson Rosário Filho
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Complexo Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Wouter Haazen
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nadine Salisch
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Esther Heijnen
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
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Mejias A, Ramilo O. RSV Prevention Within Reach for Older Infants and Toddlers: The Role of Active Immunization. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2024; 13:S125-S130. [PMID: 38995087 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
This review article will summarize the vaccines and monoclonal antibodies currently under evaluation for the prevention of RSV disease in older infants, toddlers and young children. We will review the rationale for passive protection during the first months of life, and the role of active immunization afterwards, either with live attenuated, protein-based or mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuncion Mejias
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Nziza N, Jung W, Mendu M, Chen T, Julg B, Graham B, Ramilo O, Mejias A, Alter G. Longitudinal humoral analysis in RSV-infected infants identifies pre-existing RSV strain-specific G and evolving cross-reactive F antibodies. Immunity 2024; 57:1681-1695.e4. [PMID: 38876099 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is among the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and hospitalization in infants. However, the mechanisms of immune control in infants remain incompletely understood. Antibody profiling against attachment (G) and fusion (F) proteins in children less than 2 years of age, with mild (outpatients) or severe (inpatients) RSV disease, indicated substantial age-dependent differences in RSV-specific immunity. Maternal antibodies were detectable for the first 3 months of life, followed by a long window of immune vulnerability between 3 and 6 months and a rapid evolution of FcγR-recruiting immunity after 6 months of age. Acutely ill hospitalized children exhibited lower G-specific antibodies compared with healthy controls. With disease resolution, RSV-infected infants generated broad functional RSV strain-specific G-responses and evolved cross-reactive F-responses, with minimal maternal imprinting. These data suggest an age-independent RSV G-specific functional humoral correlate of protection, and the evolution of RSV F-specific functional immunity with disease resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Nziza
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wonyeong Jung
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maanasa Mendu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tina Chen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Boris Julg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Barney Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Labeur-Iurman L, Harker JA. Mechanisms of antibody mediated immunity - Distinct in early life. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 172:106588. [PMID: 38768890 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Immune responses in early life are characterized by a failure to robustly generate long-lasting protective responses against many common pathogens or upon vaccination. This is associated with a reduced ability to generate T-cell dependent high affinity antibodies. This review highlights the differences in T-cell dependent antibody responses observed between infants and adults, in particular focussing on the alterations in immune cell function that lead to reduced T follicular helper cell-B cell crosstalk within germinal centres in early life. Understanding the distinct functional characteristics of early life humoral immunity, and how these are regulated, will be critical in guiding age-appropriate immunological interventions in the very young.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Labeur-Iurman
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - James A Harker
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Lee YZ, Han J, Zhang YN, Ward G, Gomes KB, Auclair S, Stanfield RL, He L, Wilson IA, Zhu J. A tale of two fusion proteins: understanding the metastability of human respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus and implications for rational design of uncleaved prefusion-closed trimers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.07.583986. [PMID: 38496645 PMCID: PMC10942449 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.07.583986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) cause human respiratory diseases and are major targets for vaccine development. In this study, we designed uncleaved prefusion-closed (UFC) trimers for the fusion (F) proteins of both viruses by examining mutations critical to F metastability. For RSV, we assessed four previous prefusion F designs, including the first and second generations of DS-Cav1, SC-TM, and 847A. We then identified key mutations that can maintain prefusion F in a native-like, closed trimeric form (up to 76%) without introducing any interprotomer disulfide bond. For hMPV, we developed a stable UFC trimer with a truncated F2-F1 linkage and an interprotomer disulfide bond. Tens of UFC constructs were characterized by negative-stain electron microscopy (nsEM), x-ray crystallography (11 RSV-F and one hMPV-F structures), and antigenic profiling. Using an optimized RSV-F UFC trimer as bait, we identified three potent RSV neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) from a phage-displayed human antibody library, with a public NAb lineage targeting sites Ø and V and two cross-pneumovirus NAbs recognizing site III. In mouse immunization, rationally designed RSV-F and hMPV-F UFC trimers induced robust antibody responses with high neutralizing titers. Our study provides a foundation for future prefusion F-based RSV and hMPV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zong Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jerome Han
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yi-Nan Zhang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Garrett Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Keegan Braz Gomes
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sarah Auclair
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robyn L Stanfield
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Linling He
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Sinha D, Yaugel-Novoa M, Waeckel L, Paul S, Longet S. Unmasking the potential of secretory IgA and its pivotal role in protection from respiratory viruses. Antiviral Res 2024; 223:105823. [PMID: 38331200 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity has regained its spotlight amidst the ongoing Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, with numerous studies highlighting the crucial role of mucosal secretory IgA (SIgA) in protection against Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 or SARS-CoV-2 infections. The observed limitations in the efficacy of currently authorized COVID-19 vaccines in inducing effective mucosal immune responses remind us of the limitations of systemic vaccination in promoting protective mucosal immunity. This resurgence of interest has motivated the development of vaccine platforms capable of enhancing mucosal responses, specifically the SIgA response, and the development of IgA-based therapeutics. Recognizing viral respiratory infections as a global threat, we would like to comprehensively review the existing knowledge on mucosal immunity, with a particular emphasis on SIgA, in the context of SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infections. This review aims to describe the structural and functional specificities of SIgA, along with its nuanced role in combating influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Subsequent sections further elaborate promising vaccine strategies, including mucosal vaccines against Influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses, currently undergoing preclinical and clinical development. Additionally, we address the challenges associated with mucosal vaccine development, concluding with a discussion on IgA-based therapeutics as a promising platform for the treatment of viral respiratory infections. This comprehensive review not only synthesizes current insights into mucosal immunity but also identifies critical knowledge gaps, strengthening the way for further advancements in our current understanding and approaches to combat respiratory viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sinha
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Melyssa Yaugel-Novoa
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Louis Waeckel
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France; Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, F42055, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France; Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, F42055, Saint-Etienne, France; CIC 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, F42055, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Stéphanie Longet
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France.
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Luo C, Chen W, Cai J, He Y. The mechanisms of milder clinical symptoms of COVID-19 in children compared to adults. Ital J Pediatr 2024; 50:28. [PMID: 38355623 PMCID: PMC10865718 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-024-01587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In stark contrast to adult patients, children who contract Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) typically manifest milder symptoms or remain asymptomatic. However, the precise underlying mechanisms of this pathogenesis remain elusive. In this review, we primarily retrospect the clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, and explore the factors that may contribute to the typically milder clinical presentation in pediatric Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients compare with adults patients with COVID-19. The pathophysiological mechanisms that mitigate lung injury in children are as follows: the expression level of ACE2 receptor in children is lower; the binding affinity between ACE2 receptors and viral spike proteins in children was weaker; children have strong pre-activated innate immune response and appropriate adaptive immune response; children have more natural lymphocytes; children with COVID-19 can produce higher levels of IgM, IgG and interferon; children infected with SARS-CoV-2 can produce lower levels of IL-6 and IL-10; children have fewer underlying diseases and the lower risk of worsening COVID-19; children are usually exposed to other respiratory viruses and have an enhanced cross-reactive immunity. Comprehending the relative contributions of these processes to the protective phenotype in the developing lungs can help in the diagnosis, treatment and research pertaining to children with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyin Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 28 Qiaozhong Middle Road, Liwan District, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanwen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 28 Qiaozhong Middle Road, Liwan District, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junying Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 28 Qiaozhong Middle Road, Liwan District, 510120, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwen He
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 28 Qiaozhong Middle Road, Liwan District, 510120, Guangzhou, China.
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10
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Comeaux CA, Bart S, Bastian AR, Klyashtornyy V, De Paepe E, Omoruyi E, van der Fits L, van Heesbeen R, Heijnen E, Callendret B, Sadoff J. Safety, Immunogenicity, and Regimen Selection of Ad26.RSV.preF-Based Vaccine Combinations: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1/2a Study. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:19-29. [PMID: 37433021 PMCID: PMC10786248 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ad26.RSV.preF is an adenovirus serotype 26 vector-based respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine encoding a prefusion conformation-stabilized RSV fusion protein (preF) that demonstrated robust humoral and cellular immunogenicity and showed promising efficacy in a human challenge study in younger adults. Addition of recombinant RSV preF protein might enhance RSV-specific humoral immune responses, especially in older populations. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2a study compared the safety and immunogenicity of Ad26.RSV.preF alone and varying doses of Ad26.RSV.preF-RSV preF protein combinations in adults aged ≥60 years. This report includes data from cohort 1 (initial safety, n = 64) and cohort 2 (regimen selection, n = 288). Primary immunogenicity and safety analyses were performed 28 days postvaccination (cohort 2) for regimen selection. RESULTS All vaccine regimens were well tolerated, with similar reactogenicity profiles among them. Combination regimens induced greater humoral immune responses (virus-neutralizing and preF-specific binding antibodies) and similar cellular ones (RSV-F-specific T cells) as compared with Ad26.RSV.preF alone. Vaccine-induced immune responses remained above baseline up to 1.5 years postvaccination. CONCLUSIONS All Ad26.RSV.preF-based regimens were well tolerated. A combination regimen comprising Ad26.RSV.preF, which elicits strong humoral and cellular responses, and RSV preF protein, which increases humoral responses, was selected for further development. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT03502707.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Bart
- Trial Professionals Consultant Group, Inc., Woodstock, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Esther Heijnen
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
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11
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Kim MJ, Chu KB, Lee SH, Mao J, Eom GD, Yoon KW, Moon EK, Quan FS. Assessing the protection elicited by virus-like particles expressing the RSV pre-fusion F and tandem repeated G proteins against RSV rA2 line19F infection in mice. Respir Res 2024; 25:7. [PMID: 38178222 PMCID: PMC10765939 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive pulmonary inflammation is the hallmark of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection hindering efficacious RSV vaccine development. Yet, the vast majority of the experimental RSV vaccine studies use laboratory-adapted RSV strains that do not reflect the highly pathogenic and inflammatory nature of the virus found in clinical settings. Here, we re-evaluated the protective efficacy of the virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine co-expressing the pre-fusion (pre-F) protein and G protein with tandem repeats (Gt) reported in our previous study against the recombinant RSV rA2-line19F strain, which inflicts severe mucus production and inflammation in mice. VLP vaccine immunization elicited virus-specific serum antibody responses that mediated RSV rA2-line19F virus neutralization. VLP vaccine immunization promoted Th1 immune response development in the spleens and CD8 + T cell influx into the lungs of mice, which are essential for efficient viral clearance and dampened inflammatory response. When compared to the VLPs expressing only the pre-F antigen, those co-expressing both pre-F and Gt antigens conferred better protection in mice against rA2-line19F challenge infection. Overall, our data suggest that the pre-clinical VLP vaccine co-expressing RSV pre-F and Gt antigens can effectively protect mice against RSV strains that resemble pathogenic clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Back Chu
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwa Lee
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie Mao
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Deok Eom
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Woong Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Moon
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Core Research Institute (CRI), Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Xiao X, Wen Z, Chen Q, Shipman JM, Kostas J, Reid JC, Warren C, Tang A, Luo B, O’Donnell G, Fridman A, Chen Z, Vora KA, Zhang L, Su HP, Eddins MJ. Structural characterization of M8C10, a neutralizing antibody targeting a highly conserved prefusion-specific epitope on the metapneumovirus fusion trimerization interface. J Virol 2023; 97:e0105223. [PMID: 38032197 PMCID: PMC10734504 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01052-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a common pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infections worldwide and can develop severe symptoms in high-risk populations such as infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. There are no approved hMPV vaccines or neutralizing antibodies available for therapeutic or prophylactic use. The trimeric hMPV fusion F protein is the major target of neutralizing antibodies in human sera. Understanding the immune recognition of antibodies to hMPV-F antigen will provide critical insights into developing efficacious hMPV monoclonal antibodies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- MRL Postdoctoral Research Program, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zhiyun Wen
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qing Chen
- Protein and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Shipman
- Protein and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James Kostas
- Protein and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John C. Reid
- Protein and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Warren
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aimin Tang
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bin Luo
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory O’Donnell
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arthur Fridman
- Data Science and Scientific Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kalpit A. Vora
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lan Zhang
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hua-Poo Su
- Protein and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael J. Eddins
- Protein and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Yu X, Hastie KM, Davis CW, Avalos RD, Williams D, Parekh D, Hui S, Mann C, Hariharan C, Takada A, Ahmed R, Saphire EO. The evolution and determinants of neutralization of potent head-binding antibodies against Ebola virus. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113366. [PMID: 37938974 PMCID: PMC11045044 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies against the Ebola virus (EBOV) surface glycoprotein are effective treatments for EBOV disease. Antibodies targeting the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) head epitope have potent neutralization and Fc effector function activity and thus are of high interest as therapeutics and for vaccine design. Here we focus on the head-binding antibodies 1A2 and 1D5, which have been identified previously in a longitudinal study of survivors of EBOV infection. 1A2 and 1D5 have the same heavy- and light-chain germlines despite being isolated from different individuals and at different time points after recovery from infection. Cryoelectron microscopy analysis of each antibody in complex with the EBOV surface GP reveals key amino acid substitutions in 1A2 that contribute to greater affinity, improved neutralization potency, and enhanced breadth as well as two strategies for antibody evolution from a common site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kathryn M Hastie
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carl W Davis
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ruben Diaz Avalos
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dewight Williams
- Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Diptiben Parekh
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sean Hui
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Colin Mann
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chitra Hariharan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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14
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McCool RS, Musayev M, Bush SM, Derrien-Colemyn A, Acreman CM, Wrapp D, Ruckwardt TJ, Graham BS, Mascola JR, McLellan JS. Vaccination with prefusion-stabilized respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein elicits antibodies targeting a membrane-proximal epitope. J Virol 2023; 97:e0092923. [PMID: 37737588 PMCID: PMC10617438 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00929-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants, infecting all children by age 5. RSV also causes substantial morbidity and mortality in older adults, and a vaccine for older adults based on a prefusion-stabilized form of the viral F glycoprotein was recently approved by the FDA. Here, we investigate a set of antibodies that belong to the same public clonotype and were isolated from individuals vaccinated with a prefusion-stabilized RSV F protein. Our results reveal that these antibodies are highly potent and recognize a previously uncharacterized antigenic site on the prefusion F protein. Vaccination with prefusion RSV F proteins appears to boost the elicitation of these neutralizing antibodies, which are not commonly elicited by natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. McCool
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Maryam Musayev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabrina M. Bush
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexandrine Derrien-Colemyn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cory M. Acreman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Tracy J. Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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15
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Brady T, Cayatte C, Roe TL, Speer SD, Ji H, Machiesky L, Zhang T, Wilkins D, Tuffy KM, Kelly EJ. Fc-mediated functions of nirsevimab complement direct respiratory syncytial virus neutralization but are not required for optimal prophylactic protection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1283120. [PMID: 37901217 PMCID: PMC10600457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1283120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nirsevimab is an extended half-life (M252Y/S254T/T256E [YTE]-modified) monoclonal antibody to the pre-fusion conformation of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Fusion protein, with established efficacy in preventing RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infection in infants for the duration of a typical RSV season. Previous studies suggest that nirsevimab confers protection via direct virus neutralization. Here we use preclinical models to explore whether fragment crystallizable (Fc)-mediated effector functions contribute to nirsevimab-mediated protection. Methods Nirsevimab, MEDI8897* (i.e., nirsevimab without the YTE modification), and MEDI8897*-TM (i.e., MEDI8897* without Fc effector functions) binding to Fc γ receptors (FcγRs) was evaluated using surface plasmon resonance. Antibody-dependent neutrophil phagocytosis (ADNP), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), antibody-dependent complement deposition (ADCD), and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were assessed through in vitro and ex vivo serological analyses. A cotton rat challenge study was performed with MEDI8897* and MEDI8897*-TM to explore whether Fc effector functions contribute to protection from RSV. Results Nirsevimab and MEDI8897* exhibited binding to a range of FcγRs, with expected reductions in FcγR binding affinities observed for MEDI8897*-TM. Nirsevimab exhibited in vitro ADNP, ADCP, ADCD, and ADCC activity above background levels, and similar ADNP, ADCP, and ADCD activity to palivizumab. Nirsevimab administration increased ex vivo ADNP, ADCP, and ADCD activity in participant serum from the MELODY study (NCT03979313). However, ADCC levels remained similar between nirsevimab and placebo. MEDI8897* and MEDI8897*-TM exhibited similar dose-dependent reduction in lung and nasal turbinate RSV titers in the cotton rat model. Conclusion Nirsevimab possesses Fc effector activity comparable with the current standard of care, palivizumab. However, despite possessing the capacity for Fc effector activity, data from RSV challenge experiments illustrate that nirsevimab-mediated protection is primarily dependent on direct virus neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Brady
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Corinne Cayatte
- Early Oncology ICA, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Tiffany L. Roe
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Scott D. Speer
- Virology and Vaccine Discovery, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Hong Ji
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - LeeAnn Machiesky
- Process and Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Tianhui Zhang
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Deidre Wilkins
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Kevin M. Tuffy
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth J. Kelly
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
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16
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Agac A, Kolbe SM, Ludlow M, Osterhaus ADME, Meineke R, Rimmelzwaan GF. Host Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1999. [PMID: 37896776 PMCID: PMC10611157 DOI: 10.3390/v15101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are a constant public health problem, especially in infants and older adults. Virtually all children will have been infected with RSV by the age of two, and reinfections are common throughout life. Since antigenic variation, which is frequently observed among other respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 or influenza viruses, can only be observed for RSV to a limited extent, reinfections may result from short-term or incomplete immunity. After decades of research, two RSV vaccines were approved to prevent lower respiratory tract infections in older adults. Recently, the FDA approved a vaccine for active vaccination of pregnant women to prevent severe RSV disease in infants during their first RSV season. This review focuses on the host response to RSV infections mediated by epithelial cells as the first physical barrier, followed by responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems. We address possible RSV-mediated immunomodulatory and pathogenic mechanisms during infections and discuss the current vaccine candidates and alternative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (A.A.); (S.M.K.); (M.L.); (A.D.M.E.O.); (R.M.)
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17
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Ruckwardt TJ. The road to approved vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:138. [PMID: 37749081 PMCID: PMC10519952 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
After decades of work, several interventions to prevent severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease in high-risk infant and older adult populations have finally been approved. There were many setbacks along the road to victory. In this review, I will discuss the impact of RSV on human health and how structure-based vaccine design set the stage for numerous RSV countermeasures to advance through late phase clinical evaluation. While there are still many RSV countermeasures in preclinical and early-stage clinical trials, this review will focus on products yielding long-awaited efficacy results. Finally, I will discuss some challenges and next steps needed to declare a global victory against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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18
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da Silva RP, Thomé BL, da Souza APD. Exploring the Immune Response against RSV and SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1223. [PMID: 37759622 PMCID: PMC10525162 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infections are a significant public health concern, particularly in children. RSV is a prominent cause of lower respiratory tract infections among infants, whereas SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic with lower overall severity in children than in adults. In this review, we aimed to compare the innate and adaptive immune responses induced by RSV and SARS-CoV-2 to better understand differences in the pathogenesis of infection. Some studies have demonstrated that children present a more robust immune response against SARS-CoV-2 than adults; however, this response is dissimilar to that of RSV. Each virus has a distinctive mechanism to escape the immune response. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these differences is crucial for developing effective treatments and improving the management of pediatric respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Paula Duarte da Souza
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil; (R.P.d.S.); (B.L.T.)
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19
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Guo L, Li L, Liu L, Zhang T, Sun M. Neutralising antibodies against human metapneumovirus. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e732-e744. [PMID: 37499668 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the leading causes of respiratory infection. Since its discovery in 2001, no specific antiviral or vaccine has been available in contrast to its closely related family member human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV). Neutralising monoclonal antibodies (nMAbs) are the core effectors of vaccines and are essential therapeutic immune drugs against infectious pathogens. The development of nMAbs against hMPV has accelerated in recent years as a result of breakthroughs in viral fusion (F) protein structural biology and experience with hRSV and other enveloped viruses. We provide an overview of the potent F-specific nMAbs of hMPV, generalise their targeting F antigen epitopes, and discuss the nMAb development strategy and future directions for hMPV and broad-spectrum hMPV, hRSV nMabs, and vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tiesong Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Ming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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20
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Christoffer C, Kihara D. Modeling protein-nucleic acid complexes with extremely large conformational changes using Flex-LZerD. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200322. [PMID: 36529945 PMCID: PMC10448949 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteins and nucleic acids are key components in many processes in living cells, and interactions between proteins and nucleic acids are often crucial pathway components. In many cases, large flexibility of proteins as they interact with nucleic acids is key to their function. To understand the mechanisms of these processes, it is necessary to consider the 3D atomic structures of such protein-nucleic acid complexes. When such structures are not yet experimentally determined, protein docking can be used to computationally generate useful structure models. However, such docking has long had the limitation that the consideration of flexibility is usually limited to small movements or to small structures. We previously developed a method of flexible protein docking which could model ordered proteins which undergo large-scale conformational changes, which we also showed was compatible with nucleic acids. Here, we elaborate on the ability of that pipeline, Flex-LZerD, to model specifically interactions between proteins and nucleic acids, and demonstrate that Flex-LZerD can model more interactions and types of conformational change than previously shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Christoffer
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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21
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Sankhala RS, Dussupt V, Donofrio G, Gromowski GD, De La Barrera RA, Larocca RA, Mendez-Rivera L, Lee A, Choe M, Zaky W, Mantus G, Jensen JL, Chen WH, Gohain N, Bai H, McCracken MK, Mason RD, Leggat D, Slike BM, Tran U, Jian N, Abbink P, Peterson R, Mendes EA, Freitas de Oliveira Franca R, Calvet GA, Bispo de Filippis AM, McDermott A, Roederer M, Hernandez M, Albertus A, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Rolland M, Robb ML, Lynch RM, Barouch DH, Jarman RG, Thomas SJ, Modjarrad K, Michael NL, Krebs SJ, Joyce MG. Zika-specific neutralizing antibodies targeting inter-dimer envelope epitopes. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112942. [PMID: 37561630 PMCID: PMC10775418 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen that causes devastating congenital defects. The overlapping epidemiology and immunologic cross-reactivity between ZIKV and dengue virus (DENV) pose complex challenges to vaccine design, given the potential for antibody-dependent enhancement of disease. Therefore, classification of ZIKV-specific antibody targets is of notable value. From a ZIKV-infected rhesus macaque, we identify ZIKV-reactive B cells and isolate potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with no cross-reactivity to DENV. We group these mAbs into four distinct antigenic groups targeting ZIKV-specific cross-protomer epitopes on the envelope glycoprotein. Co-crystal structures of representative mAbs in complex with ZIKV envelope glycoprotein reveal envelope-dimer epitope and unique dimer-dimer epitope targeting. All four specificities are serologically identified in convalescent humans following ZIKV infection, and representative mAbs from all four groups protect against ZIKV replication in mice. These results provide key insights into ZIKV-specific antigenicity and have implications for ZIKV vaccine, diagnostic, and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwer S Sankhala
- Emerging Infectious Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vincent Dussupt
- Emerging Infectious Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Gina Donofrio
- Emerging Infectious Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Gregory D Gromowski
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Rafael A De La Barrera
- Pilot Bioproduction Facility, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Rafael A Larocca
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Letzibeth Mendez-Rivera
- Emerging Infectious Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Anna Lee
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Misook Choe
- Emerging Infectious Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Weam Zaky
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Grace Mantus
- George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jaime L Jensen
- Emerging Infectious Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei-Hung Chen
- Emerging Infectious Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neelakshi Gohain
- Emerging Infectious Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongjun Bai
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Michael K McCracken
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | | | - David Leggat
- Vaccine Research Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Bonnie M Slike
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Ursula Tran
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Ningbo Jian
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Peter Abbink
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rebecca Peterson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Erica Araujo Mendes
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Guilherme Amaral Calvet
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Morgane Rolland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca M Lynch
- George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richard G Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Stephen J Thomas
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Emerging Infectious Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- Center of Infectious Disease Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Shelly J Krebs
- Emerging Infectious Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Emerging Infectious Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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22
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Wen X, Suryadevara N, Kose N, Liu J, Zhan X, Handal LS, Williamson LE, Trivette A, Carnahan RH, Jardetzky TS, Crowe JE. Potent cross-neutralization of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus through a structurally conserved antibody recognition mode. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1288-1300.e6. [PMID: 37516111 PMCID: PMC10527986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections pose a significant health burden. Using pre-fusion conformation fusion (F) proteins, we isolated a panel of anti-F antibodies from a human donor. One antibody (RSV-199) potently cross-neutralized 8 RSV and hMPV strains by recognizing antigenic site III, which is partially conserved in RSV and hMPV F. Next, we determined the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of RSV-199 bound to RSV F trimers, hMPV F monomers, and an unexpected dimeric form of hMPV F. These structures revealed how RSV-199 engages both RSV and hMPV F proteins through conserved interactions of the antibody heavy-chain variable region and how variability within heavy-chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) can be accommodated at the F protein interface in site-III-directed antibodies. Furthermore, RSV-199 offered enhanced protection against RSV A and B strains and hMPV in cotton rats. These findings highlight the mechanisms of broad neutralization and therapeutic potential of RSV-199.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wen
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Laura S Handal
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lauren E Williamson
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew Trivette
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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23
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Miller RJ, Mousa JJ. Structural basis for respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus neutralization. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 61:101337. [PMID: 37544710 PMCID: PMC10421620 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) continue to be a global burden to infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. In the past ten years, there has been substantial progress in the development of new vaccine candidates and therapies against these viruses. These advancements were guided by the structural elucidation of the major surface glycoproteins for these viruses, the fusion (F) protein and attachment (G) protein. The identification of immunodominant epitopes on the RSV F and hMPV F proteins has expanded current knowledge on antibody-mediated immune responses, which has led to new approaches for vaccine and therapeutic development through the stabilization of pre-fusion constructs of the F protein and pre-fusion-specific monoclonal antibodies with high potency and efficacy. In this review, we describe structural characteristics of known antigenic sites on the RSV and hMPV proteins, their influence on the immune response, and current progress in vaccine and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose J Miller
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Jarrod J Mousa
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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24
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Yi C, Su C, Sun X, Lu X, Si C, Liu C, Yang Z, Yuan H, Huang Y, Wen J, He Y, Zhang Y, Ma L, Cong Y, Zhao G, Ling Z, Wang B, Sun B. A human antibody potently neutralizes RSV by targeting the conserved hydrophobic region of prefusion F. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:729-742. [PMID: 36853487 PMCID: PMC9971687 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) continues to pose serious threats to pediatric populations due to the lack of a vaccine and effective antiviral drugs. RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein mediates viral-host membrane fusion and is a key target for neutralizing antibodies. We generated 23 full-human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) against prefusion F protein (pre-F) from a healthy adult with natural RSV infection by single B cell cloning technique. A highly potent RSV-neutralizing hmAb, named as 25-20, is selected, which targets a new site Ø-specific epitope. Site-directed mutagenesis and structural modelling analysis demonstrated that 25-20 mainly targets a highly conserved hydrophobic region located at the a4 helix and a1 helix of pre-F, indicating a site of vulnerability for drug and vaccine design. It is worth noting that 25-20 uses an unreported inferred germline (iGL) that binds very poorly to pre-F, thus high levels of somatic mutations are needed to gain high binding affinity with pre-F. Our observation helps to understand the evolution of RSV antibody during natural infection. Furthermore, by in silico prediction and experimental verification, we optimized 25-20 with KD values as low as picomolar range. Therefore, the optimized 25-20 represents an excellent candidate for passive protection against RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yi
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Caixia Su
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH), Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xiao Lu
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Chuanya Si
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Caixuan Liu
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Hong Yuan
- MedimScience.Co, Hangzhou, 311217 China
| | - Yuying Huang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Jing Wen
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yonghui He
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yaguang Zhang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Liyan Ma
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yao Cong
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Gan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH), Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhiyang Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH), Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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25
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Cabán M, Rodarte JV, Bibby M, Gray MD, Taylor JJ, Pancera M, Boonyaratanakornkit J. Cross-protective antibodies against common endemic respiratory viruses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:798. [PMID: 36781872 PMCID: PMC9923667 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and human parainfluenza virus types one (HPIV1) and three (HPIV3) can cause severe disease and death in immunocompromised patients, the elderly, and those with underlying lung disease. A protective monoclonal antibody exists for RSV, but clinical use is limited to high-risk infant populations. Hence, therapeutic options for these viruses in vulnerable patient populations are currently limited. Here, we present the discovery, in vitro characterization, and in vivo efficacy testing of two cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, one targeting both HPIV3 and HPIV1 and the other targeting both RSV and HMPV. The 3 × 1 antibody is capable of targeting multiple parainfluenza viruses; the MxR antibody shares features with other previously reported monoclonal antibodies that are capable of neutralizing both RSV and HMPV. We obtained structures using cryo-electron microscopy of these antibodies in complex with their antigens at 3.62 Å resolution for 3 × 1 bound to HPIV3 and at 2.24 Å for MxR bound to RSV, providing a structural basis for in vitro binding and neutralization. Together, a cocktail of 3 × 1 and MxR could have clinical utility in providing broad protection against four of the respiratory viruses that cause significant morbidity and mortality in at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn Cabán
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology & Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justas V Rodarte
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Madeleine Bibby
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew D Gray
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Immunology & Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jim Boonyaratanakornkit
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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26
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Ruiz Ortega M, Spisak N, Mora T, Walczak AM. Modeling and predicting the overlap of B- and T-cell receptor repertoires in healthy and SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010652. [PMID: 36827454 PMCID: PMC10075420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity's success relies on the extraordinary diversity of protein receptors on B and T cell membranes. Despite this diversity, the existence of public receptors shared by many individuals gives hope for developing population-wide vaccines and therapeutics. Using probabilistic modeling, we show many of these public receptors are shared by chance in healthy individuals. This predictable overlap is driven not only by biases in the random generation process of receptors, as previously reported, but also by their common functional selection. However, the model underestimates sharing between repertoires of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2, suggesting strong specific antigen-driven convergent selection. We exploit this discrepancy to identify COVID-associated receptors, which we validate against datasets of receptors with known viral specificity. We study their properties in terms of sequence features and network organization, and use them to design an accurate diagnostic tool for predicting SARS-CoV-2 status from repertoire data.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ruiz Ortega
- Laboratoire de physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Natanael Spisak
- Laboratoire de physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aleksandra M. Walczak
- Laboratoire de physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université de Paris, Paris, France
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27
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Protection against Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Afforded by Maternal Antibodies from Cows Immunized with an Inactivated Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11010141. [PMID: 36679988 PMCID: PMC9864491 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The passive protection afforded by the colostrum from cattle that were vaccinated prepartum with an inactivated combination vaccine against the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was evaluated after an experimental challenge of calves. Pregnant cows without or with a low ELISA and neutralizing BRSV antibody titers were twice vaccinated or not vaccinated, the last immunization being at one month prior to calving. Vaccination was followed by a rapid increase in BRSV antibody titers after the second immunization. Twenty-eightnewborn calves were fed during the 6 h following birth, with 4 L of colostrum sourced from vaccinated cows (14 vaccine calves) or non-vaccinated cows (14 control calves) and were challenged with BRSV at 21 days of age. We showed that maternal immunity to BRSV provides a significant reduction in the clinical signs of BRSV in calves, especially for severe clinical forms. This protection was correlated with reduced BRSV detection in the lower respiratory tract but not in nasal swabs, indicating an absence of protection against BRSV nasal excretion. Finally, transcriptomic assays in bronchoalveolar lavages showed no statistical differences between groups for chemokine and cytokine mRNA transcriptions, with the exception of the overexpression of IL-9 at days 6 and 10 post-challenge, and a severe downregulation of CXCL-1 at day 3 post-challenge, in the vaccine group.
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28
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Chang LA, Phung E, Crank MC, Morabito KM, Villafana T, Dubovsky F, Falloon J, Esser MT, Lin BC, Chen GL, Graham BS, Ruckwardt TJ. A prefusion-stabilized RSV F subunit vaccine elicits B cell responses with greater breadth and potency than a postfusion F vaccine. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eade0424. [PMID: 36542692 PMCID: PMC11345946 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no licensed vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Here, we assess the effect of RSV fusion protein (F) conformation on B cell responses in a post hoc comparison of samples from the DS-Cav1 [prefusion (pre-F)] and MEDI7510 [postfusion (post-F)] vaccine clinical trials. We compared the magnitude and quality of the serological and B cell responses across time points and vaccines. We measured RSV A and B neutralization, F-binding immunoglobulin G titers, and competition assays at week 0 (before vaccination) and week 4 (after vaccination) to evaluate antibody specificity and potency. To compare B cell specificity and activation, we used pre-F and post-F probes in tandem with a 17-color immunophenotyping flow cytometry panel at week 0 (before vaccination) and week 1 (after vaccination). Our data demonstrate that both DS-Cav1 and MEDI7510 vaccination robustly elicit F-specific antibodies and B cells, but DS-Cav1 elicited antibodies that more potently neutralized both RSV A and B. The superior potency was mediated by antibodies that bind antigenic sites on the apex of pre-F that are not present on post-F. In the memory (CD27+) B cell compartment, vaccination with DS-Cav1 or MEDI7510 elicited B cells with different epitope specificities. B cells preferentially binding the pre-F probe were activated in DS-Cav1-vaccinated participants but not in MEDI7510-vaccinated participants. Our findings emphasize the importance of using pre-F as an immunogen in humans because of its deterministic role in eliciting highly potent neutralizing antibodies and memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Chang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Present address: Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Present address: Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Emily Phung
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Present address: GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- Authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Michelle C. Crank
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Present address: Institute for Asthma and Allergy, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M. Morabito
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tonya Villafana
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharma R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Filip Dubovsky
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharma R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
- Present address: Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Judith Falloon
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharma R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
- Present address: Horizon Therapeutics, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Mark T. Esser
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharma R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Bob C. Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Grace L. Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Present address: Moderna, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Present address: Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Tracy J. Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Senior author
- Lead contact
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29
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Luo J, Qin H, Lei L, Lou W, Li R, Pan Z. Virus-like particles containing a prefusion-stabilized F protein induce a balanced immune response and confer protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1054005. [PMID: 36578490 PMCID: PMC9792133 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1054005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a serious respiratory pathogen in infants and young children worldwide. Currently, no licensed RSV vaccines are available. In this study, we explored stable prefusion conformation virus-like particles (Pre-F VLPs) as RSV vaccine candidates. RSV fusion (F) protein mutants were constructed to form stabilized Pre-F or postfusion (Post-F) configurations. VLPs containing Pre-F or Post-F protein were generated using a recombinant baculovirus (rBV)-insect cell expression system. The assembly and immunological properties of Pre-F or Post-F VLPs were investigated. Pre-F and Post-F VLPs contained antigenic sites Ø and I of pre- and postfusion conformations, respectively. Compared with Post-F VLPs, immunization with Pre-F VLPs elicited upregulation of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10 and downregulation of IL-4 and IL-5 cytokine production in mice. A high percentage of CD25+ Foxp3+ cells or a low percentage of IL-17A-producing cells among CD4+ T cells was observed in the lungs of mice vaccinated with Pre-F VLPs. Importantly, immunization with Pre-F VLPs induced a high level of RSV neutralizing antibody and a balanced immune response, which protected mice against RSV infection without evidence of immunopathology. Our results suggested that Pre-F VLPs generated from rBV-insect cells represent promising RSV vaccine candidates.
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30
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Qiu X, Xu S, Lu Y, Luo Z, Yan Y, Wang C, Ji J. Development of mRNA vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 68:37-53. [PMID: 36280532 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus that is the primary etiologic pathogen of bronchitis and pneumonia in infants and the elderly. Currently, no preventative vaccine has been approved for RSV infection. However, advances in the characterization, and structural resolution, of the RSV surface fusion glycoprotein have revolutionized RSV vaccine development by providing a new target for preventive interventions. In general, six different approaches have been adopted in the development of preventative RSV therapeutics, namely, particle-based vaccines, vector-based vaccines, live-attenuated or chimeric vaccines, subunit vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies. Among these preventive interventions, MVA-BN-RSV, RSVpreF3, RSVpreF, Ad26. RSV.preF, nirsevimab, clesrovimab and mRNA-1345 is being tested in phase 3 clinical trials, and displays the most promising in infant or elderly populations. Accompanied by the huge success of mRNA vaccines in COVID-19, mRNA vaccines have been rapidly developed, with many having entered clinical studies, in which they have demonstrated encouraging results and acceptable safety profiles. In fact, Moderna has received FDA approval, granting fast-track designation for an investigational single-dose mRNA-1345 vaccine against RSV in adults over 60 years of age. Hence, mRNA vaccines may represent a new, more successful, chapter in the continued battle to develop effective preventative measures against RSV. This review discusses the structure, life cycle, and brief history of RSV, while also presenting the current advancements in RSV preventatives, with a focus on the latest progress in RSV mRNA vaccine development. Finally, future prospects for this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zichen Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangtian Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuyue Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjian Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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31
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Wang S, Wu D, Xiong H, Wang J, Tang Z, Chen Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Ying D, Lin X, Liu C, Guo S, Tian W, Lin Y, Zhang X, Yuan Q, Yu H, Zhang T, Zheng Z, Xia N. Potential of conserved antigenic sites in development of universal SARS-like coronavirus vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:952650. [PMID: 36203593 PMCID: PMC9530325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Given pandemic risks of zoonotic SARS-CoV-2 variants and other SARS-like coronaviruses in the future, it is valuable to perform studies on conserved antigenic sites to design universal SARS-like coronavirus vaccines. By using antibodies obtained from convalescent COVID-19 patients, we succeeded in functional comparison of conserved antigenic sites at multiple aspects with each other, and even with SARS-CoV-2 unique antigenic sites, which promotes the cognition of process of humoral immune response to the conserved antigenic sites. The conserved antigenic sites between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV can effectively induce affinity maturation of cross-binding antibodies, finally resulting in broadly neutralizing antibodies against multiple variants of concern, which provides an important basis for universal vaccine design, however they are subdominant, putatively due to their lower accessibility relative to SARS-CoV-2 unique antigenic sites. Furthermore, we preliminarily design RBDs to improve the immunogenicity of these conserved antigenic sites. Our study focusing on conserved antigenic sites provides insights for promoting the development of universal SARS-like coronavirus vaccines, thereby enhancing our pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dinghui Wu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hualong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zimin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zihao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dong Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xue Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shaoqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weikun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yajie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Tianying Zhang, ; Zizheng Zheng, ; Ningshao Xia,
| | - Zizheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Tianying Zhang, ; Zizheng Zheng, ; Ningshao Xia,
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Tianying Zhang, ; Zizheng Zheng, ; Ningshao Xia,
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32
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Characterization of prefusion-F-specific antibodies elicited by natural infection with human metapneumovirus. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111399. [PMID: 36130517 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a major cause of acute respiratory infections in infants and older adults, for which no vaccines or therapeutics are available. The viral fusion (F) glycoprotein is required for entry and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies; however, little is known about the humoral immune response generated from natural infection. Here, using prefusion-stabilized F proteins to interrogate memory B cells from two older adults, we obtain over 700 paired non-IgM antibody sequences representing 563 clonotypes, indicative of a highly polyclonal response. Characterization of 136 monoclonal antibodies reveals broad recognition of the protein surface, with potently neutralizing antibodies targeting each antigenic site. Cryo-EM studies further reveal two non-canonical sites and the molecular basis for recognition of the apex of hMPV F by two prefusion-specific neutralizing antibodies. Collectively, these results provide insight into the humoral response to hMPV infection in older adults and will help guide vaccine development.
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van Haren SD, Pedersen GK, Kumar A, Ruckwardt TJ, Moin S, Moore IN, Minai M, Liu M, Pak J, Borriello F, Doss-Gollin S, Beijnen EMS, Ahmed S, Helmel M, Andersen P, Graham BS, Steen H, Christensen D, Levy O. CAF08 adjuvant enables single dose protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in murine newborns. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4234. [PMID: 35918315 PMCID: PMC9346114 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children, due in part to their distinct immune system, characterized by impaired induction of Th 1 immunity. Here we show application of cationic adjuvant formulation CAF08, a liposomal vaccine formulation tailored to induce Th 1 immunity in early life via synergistic engagement of Toll-like Receptor 7/8 and the C-type lectin receptor Mincle. We apply quantitative phosphoproteomics to human dendritic cells and reveal a role for Protein Kinase C-δ for enhanced Th1 cytokine production in neonatal dendritic cells and identify signaling events resulting in antigen cross-presentation. In a murine in vivo model a single immunization at birth with CAF08-adjuvanted RSV pre-fusion antigen protects newborn mice from RSV infection by induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells and Th1 cells. Overall, we describe a pediatric adjuvant formulation and characterize its mechanism of action providing a promising avenue for development of early life vaccines against RSV and other respiratory viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gabriel K Pedersen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Azad Kumar
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Syed Moin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mahnaz Minai
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Liu
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jensen Pak
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Borriello
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Generate Biomedicines, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simon Doss-Gollin
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elisabeth M S Beijnen
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saima Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michaela Helmel
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Andersen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanno Steen
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
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34
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Shih HP, Ding JY, Sotolongo Bellón J, Lo YF, Chung PH, Ting HT, Peng JJ, Wu TY, Lin CH, Lo CC, Lin YN, Yeh CF, Chen JB, Wu TS, Liu YM, Kuo CY, Wang SY, Tu KH, Ng CY, Lei WT, Tsai YH, Chen JH, Chuang YT, Huang JY, Rey FA, Chen HK, Chang TW, Piehler J, Chi CY, Ku CL. Pathogenic autoantibodies to IFN-γ act through the impedance of receptor assembly and Fc-mediated response. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213354. [PMID: 35833912 PMCID: PMC9287643 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-interferon (IFN)-γ autoantibodies (AIGAs) are a pathogenic factor in late-onset immunodeficiency with disseminated mycobacterial and other opportunistic infections. AIGAs block IFN-γ function, but their effects on IFN-γ signaling are unknown. Using a single-cell capture method, we isolated 19 IFN-γ-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from patients with AIGAs. All displayed high-affinity (KD < 10-9 M) binding to IFN-γ, but only eight neutralized IFN-γ-STAT1 signaling and HLA-DR expression. Signal blockade and binding affinity were correlated and attributed to somatic hypermutations. Cross-competition assays identified three nonoverlapping binding sites (I-III) for AIGAs on IFN-γ. We found that site I mAb neutralized IFN-γ by blocking its binding to IFN-γR1. Site II and III mAbs bound the receptor-bound IFN-γ on the cell surface, abolishing IFN-γR1-IFN-γR2 heterodimerization and preventing downstream signaling. Site III mAbs mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, probably through antibody-IFN-γ complexes on cells. Pathogenic AIGAs underlie mycobacterial infections by the dual blockade of IFN-γ signaling and by eliminating IFN-γ-responsive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Po Shih
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ya Ding
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Junel Sotolongo Bellón
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabruck, Osnabruck, Germany
| | - Yu-Fang Lo
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - He-Ting Ting
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jhan-Jie Peng
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yi Wu
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Lin
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Lo
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - You-Ning Lin
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Fu Yeh
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Bo Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shu Wu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuag-Meng Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yen Kuo
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hua Tu
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chau Yee Ng
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Te Lei
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Huan Tsai
- Laboratory of Host-Microbe Interactions and Cell Dynamics, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jou-Han Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Chuang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Félix A. Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Tse-Wen Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabruck, Osnabruck, Germany
| | - Chih-Yu Chi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,Chih-Yu Chi:
| | - Cheng-Lung Ku
- Laboratory of Human Immunology and Infectious Disease, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Correspondence to Cheng-Lung Ku:
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35
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Bozhanova NG, Flyak AI, Brown BP, Ruiz SE, Salas J, Rho S, Bombardi RG, Myers L, Soto C, Bailey JR, Crowe JE, Bjorkman PJ, Meiler J. Computational identification of HCV neutralizing antibodies with a common HCDR3 disulfide bond motif in the antibody repertoires of infected individuals. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3178. [PMID: 35676279 PMCID: PMC9177688 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent success in hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment using antivirals, an HCV vaccine is still needed to prevent reinfections in treated patients, to avert the emergence of drug-resistant strains, and to provide protection for people with no access to the antiviral therapeutics. The early production of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) associates with HCV clearance. Several potent bNAbs bind a conserved HCV glycoprotein E2 epitope using an unusual heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (HCDR3) containing an intra-loop disulfide bond. Isolation of additional structurally-homologous bNAbs would facilitate the recognition of key determinants of such bNAbs and guide rational vaccine design. Here we report the identification of new antibodies containing an HCDR3 disulfide bond motif using computational screening with the Rosetta software. Using the newly-discovered and already-known members of this antibody family, we review the required HCDR3 amino acid composition and propose determinants for the bent versus straight HCDR3 loop conformation observed in these antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G Bozhanova
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Andrew I Flyak
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Benjamin P Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Stormy E Ruiz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jordan Salas
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Semi Rho
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Robin G Bombardi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Luke Myers
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Cinque Soto
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Justin R Bailey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, SAC, 04103, Germany.
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36
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Profiling of hMPV F-specific antibodies isolated from human memory B cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2546. [PMID: 35538099 PMCID: PMC9091222 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) belongs to the Pneumoviridae family and is closely related to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The surface fusion (F) glycoprotein mediates viral fusion and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies against hMPV. Here we report 113 hMPV-F specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from memory B cells of human donors. We characterize the antibodies' germline usage, epitopes, neutralization potencies, and binding specificities. We find that unlike RSV-F specific mAbs, antibody responses to hMPV F are less dominant against the apex of the antigen, and the majority of the potent neutralizing mAbs recognize epitopes on the side of hMPV F. Furthermore, neutralizing epitopes that differ from previously defined antigenic sites on RSV F are identified, and multiple binding modes of site V and II mAbs are discovered. Interestingly, mAbs that bind preferentially to the unprocessed prefusion F show poor neutralization potency. These results elucidate the immune recognition of hMPV infection and provide novel insights for future hMPV antibody and vaccine development.
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37
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Phenotypic determinism and stochasticity in antibody repertoires of clonally expanded plasma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113766119. [PMID: 35486691 PMCID: PMC9170022 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113766119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell clonal selection and expansion from a genetically diverse antibody repertoire guides the immune response to a target antigen. It remains unclear if clonal selection and expansion follow any deterministic rules or are stochastic with regards to phenotypic antibody properties such as antigen-binding, affinity, and epitope specificity. We perform the in-depth genotypic and phenotypic characterization of antibody repertoires following immunization in mice. We identify the degree to which clonal expansion is driven by antibody binding, affinity, and epitope specificity and as such may provide greater insight into vaccine-induced immunity. The capacity of humoral B cell-mediated immunity to effectively respond to and protect against pathogenic infections is largely driven by the presence of a diverse repertoire of polyclonal antibodies in the serum, which are produced by plasma cells (PCs). Recent studies have started to reveal the balance between deterministic mechanisms and stochasticity of antibody repertoires on a genotypic level (i.e., clonal diversity, somatic hypermutation, and germline gene usage). However, it remains unclear if clonal selection and expansion of PCs follow any deterministic rules or are stochastic with regards to phenotypic antibody properties (i.e., antigen-binding, affinity, and epitope specificity). Here, we report on the in-depth genotypic and phenotypic characterization of clonally expanded PC antibody repertoires following protein immunization. We find that clonal expansion drives antigen specificity of the most expanded clones (top ∼10), whereas among the rest of the clonal repertoire antigen specificity is stochastic. Furthermore, we report both on a polyclonal repertoire and clonal lineage level that antibody-antigen binding affinity does not correlate with clonal expansion or somatic hypermutation. Last, we provide evidence for convergence toward targeting dominant epitopes despite clonal sequence diversity among the most expanded clones. Our results highlight the extent to which clonal expansion can be ascribed to antigen binding, affinity, and epitope specificity, and they have implications for the assessment of effective vaccines.
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38
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Stewart A, Sinclair E, Ng JCF, O’Hare JS, Page A, Serangeli I, Margreitter C, Orsenigo F, Longman K, Frampas C, Costa C, Lewis HM, Kasar N, Wu B, Kipling D, Openshaw PJM, Chiu C, Baillie JK, Scott JT, Semple MG, Bailey MJ, Fraternali F, Dunn-Walters DK. Pandemic, Epidemic, Endemic: B Cell Repertoire Analysis Reveals Unique Anti-Viral Responses to SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:807104. [PMID: 35592326 PMCID: PMC9111746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.807104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin gene heterogeneity reflects the diversity and focus of the humoral immune response towards different infections, enabling inference of B cell development processes. Detailed compositional and lineage analysis of long read IGH repertoire sequencing, combining examples of pandemic, epidemic and endemic viral infections with control and vaccination samples, demonstrates general responses including increased use of IGHV4-39 in both Zaire Ebolavirus (EBOV) and COVID-19 patient cohorts. We also show unique characteristics absent in Respiratory Syncytial Virus or yellow fever vaccine samples: EBOV survivors show unprecedented high levels of class switching events while COVID-19 repertoires from acute disease appear underdeveloped. Despite the high levels of clonal expansion in COVID-19 IgG1 repertoires there is a striking lack of evidence of germinal centre mutation and selection. Given the differences in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality with age, it is also pertinent that we find significant differences in repertoire characteristics between young and old patients. Our data supports the hypothesis that a primary viral challenge can result in a strong but immature humoral response where failures in selection of the repertoire risk off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Stewart
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Sinclair
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Chi-Fung Ng
- Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joselli Silva O’Hare
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Page
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Serangeli
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Federica Orsenigo
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Katherine Longman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Cecile Frampas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Catia Costa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Holly-May Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Nora Kasar
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Wu
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Kipling
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter JM Openshaw
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Kenneth Baillie
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Janet T. Scott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm G. Semple
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie J. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Franca Fraternali
- Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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39
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Karron RA, Garcia Quesada M, Schappell EA, Schmidt SD, Deloria Knoll M, Hetrich MK, Veguilla V, Doria-Rose NA, Dawood FS. Binding and neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in young children exceed those in adults. JCI Insight 2022; 7:157963. [PMID: 35316213 PMCID: PMC9089786 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 infections are frequently milder in children than adults, suggesting that immune responses may vary with age. However, information is limited regarding SARS-CoV-2 immune responses in young children. Methods We compared receptor binding domain–binding antibody (RBDAb) titers and SARS-CoV-2–neutralizing antibody titers, measured by pseudovirus-neutralizing antibody assay in serum specimens obtained from children aged 0–4 years and 5–17 years and in adults aged 18–62 years at the time of enrollment in a prospective longitudinal household study of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results Among 56 seropositive participants at enrollment, children aged 0–4 years had more than 10-fold higher RBDAb titers than adults (416 vs. 31, P < 0.0001) and the highest RBDAb titers in 11 of 12 households with seropositive children and adults. Children aged 0–4 years had only 2-fold higher neutralizing antibody than adults, resulting in higher binding-to-neutralizing antibody ratios compared with adults (2.36 vs. 0.35 for ID50, P = 0.0004). Conclusion These findings suggest that young children mount robust antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 following community infections. Additionally, these results support using neutralizing antibody to measure the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines in children aged 0–4 years. Funding CDC (award 75D30120C08737).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Karron
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Maria Garcia Quesada
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Schappell
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Stephen D Schmidt
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Maria Deloria Knoll
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Marissa K Hetrich
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States of America
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40
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Immunology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:177-185. [PMID: 35105983 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Children and adolescents exhibit a broad range of clinical outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection, with the majority having minimal to mild symptoms. Additionally, some succumb to a severe hyperinflammatory post-infectious complication called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), predominantly affecting previously healthy individuals. Studies characterizing the immunological differences associated with these clinical outcomes have identified pathways important for host immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and innate modulators of disease severity. In this Review, we delineate the immunological mechanisms underlying the spectrum of pediatric immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in comparison with that of adults.
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41
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Karron RA, Quesada MG, Schappell EA, Schmidt SD, Knoll MD, Hetrich MK, Veguilla V, Doria-Rose N, Dawood FS. Binding and Neutralizing Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Infants and Young Children Exceed Those in Adults. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.12.20.21268034. [PMID: 34981066 PMCID: PMC8722609 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.20.21268034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infections are frequently milder in children than adults, suggesting that immune responses may vary with age. However, information is limited regarding SARS-CoV-2 immune responses in young children. We compared Receptor Binding Domain binding antibody (RBDAb) and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (neutAb) in children aged 0-4 years, 5-17 years, and in adults aged 18-62 years in a SARS-CoV-2 household study. Among 55 participants seropositive at enrollment, children aged 0-4 years had >10-fold higher RBDAb titers than adults (373 vs.35, P <0.0001), and the highest RBDAb titers in 11/12 households with seropositive children and adults. Children aged 0-4 years had 2-fold higher neutAb than adults, resulting in higher binding to neutralizing (B/N)Ab ratios compared to adults (1.9 vs. 0.4 for ID 50 , P=0.0002). Findings suggest that young children mount robust antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 following community infections. Additionally, these results support using neutAb to measure the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines in children aged 0-4 years.
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42
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Bergeron HC, Tripp RA. Immunopathology of RSV: An Updated Review. Viruses 2021; 13:2478. [PMID: 34960746 PMCID: PMC8703574 DOI: 10.3390/v13122478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RSV is a leading cause of respiratory tract disease in infants and the elderly. RSV has limited therapeutic interventions and no FDA-approved vaccine. Gaps in our understanding of virus-host interactions and immunity contribute to the lack of biological countermeasures. This review updates the current understanding of RSV immunity and immunopathology with a focus on interferon responses, animal modeling, and correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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43
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Lee S, Jang S, Kang J, Park SB, Han YW, Nam H, Kim M, Lee J, Cho KJ, Kim J, Oh M, Ryu J, Seok JH, Kim Y, Lee JB, Park MS, Kim YS, Park H, Kim DS. MG1141A as a Highly Potent Monoclonal Neutralizing Antibody Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Front Immunol 2021; 12:778829. [PMID: 34868052 PMCID: PMC8637776 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.778829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the coronavirus disease outbreak in 2019, several antibody therapeutics have been developed to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Antibody therapeutics are effective in neutralizing the virus and reducing hospitalization in patients with mild and moderate infections. These therapeutics target the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2; however, emerging mutations in this protein reduce their efficiency. In this study, we developed a universal SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody. We generated a humanized monoclonal antibody, MG1141A, against the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein through traditional mouse immunization. We confirmed that MG1141A could effectively neutralize live viruses, with an EC50 of 92 pM, and that it exhibited effective Fc-mediated functions. Additionally, it retained its neutralizing activity against the alpha (UK), beta (South Africa), and gamma (Brazil) variants of SARS-CoV-2. Taken together, our study contributes to the development of a novel antibody therapeutic approach, which can effectively combat emerging SARS-CoV-2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sua Lee
- Department of Protein Engineering, Mogam Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Shina Jang
- Department of Protein Engineering, Mogam Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jihoon Kang
- Department of Protein Engineering, Mogam Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Soo Bin Park
- Department of Protein Engineering, Mogam Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Young Woo Han
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Mogam Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Hyemi Nam
- Department of Target ID & Assay Development, Mogam Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Munkyung Kim
- Department of Target ID & Assay Development, Mogam Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jeewon Lee
- Department of Target ID & Assay Development, Mogam Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Ki Joon Cho
- Department of Protein Engineering, Mogam Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Miyoung Oh
- Department of Protein Engineering, Mogam Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jihye Ryu
- Department of Translational Research, Mogam Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jong Hyeon Seok
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yunhwa Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jee-Boong Lee
- Department of Target ID & Assay Development, Mogam Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hosun Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dong-Sik Kim
- Department of Protein Engineering, Mogam Institute for Biomedical Research, Yongin, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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44
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Glowinski R, Mejias A, Ramilo O. New preventive strategies for respiratory syncytial virus infection in children. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:216-223. [PMID: 34781106 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections result in significant morbidity and mortality for young children worldwide. The development of preventive strategies for RSV has faced different challenges, including the legacy of the first vaccine attempt, and an incomplete understanding of the host immune response to the virus. However, promising preventive strategies against RSV are in the pipeline and their development has advanced rapidly in the past decade due in part to our improved knowledge about the structural conformation of key RSV proteins. These strategies include monoclonal antibodies and different vaccines platforms directed towards the main target populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Glowinski
- Center for Vaccines & Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Center for Vaccines & Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Malaga Medical School (UMA), Malaga University, Spain
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Center for Vaccines & Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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45
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Kuppan JP, Mitrovich MD, Vahey MD. A morphological transformation in respiratory syncytial virus leads to enhanced complement deposition. eLife 2021; 10:70575. [PMID: 34586067 PMCID: PMC8480979 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a critical host defense against infection, playing a protective role that can also enhance disease if dysregulated. Although many consequences of complement activation during viral infection are well established, mechanisms that determine the extent to which viruses activate complement remain elusive. Here, we investigate complement activation by human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a filamentous respiratory pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality. By engineering a strain of RSV harboring tags on the surface glycoproteins F and G, we are able to monitor opsonization of single RSV particles using fluorescence microscopy. These experiments reveal an antigenic hierarchy, where antibodies that bind toward the apex of F in either the pre- or postfusion conformation activate the classical pathway whereas other antibodies do not. Additionally, we identify an important role for virus morphology in complement activation: as viral filaments age, they undergo a morphological transformation which lowers the threshold for complement deposition through changes in surface curvature. Collectively, these results identify antigenic and biophysical characteristics of virus particles that contribute to the formation of viral immune complexes, and suggest models for how these factors may shape disease severity and adaptive immune responses to RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Kuppan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Science & Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States
| | - Margaret D Mitrovich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Science & Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States
| | - Michael D Vahey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Science & Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States
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46
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Near-germline human monoclonal antibodies neutralize and protect against multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100104118. [PMID: 34507983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100104118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritogenic alphaviruses are globally distributed, mosquito-transmitted viruses that cause rheumatological disease in humans and include Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Mayaro virus (MAYV), and others. Although serological evidence suggests that some antibody-mediated heterologous immunity may be afforded by alphavirus infection, the extent to which broadly neutralizing antibodies that protect against multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses are elicited during natural infection remains unknown. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of MAYV-reactive alphavirus monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from a CHIKV-convalescent donor. We characterized 33 human mAbs that cross-reacted with CHIKV and MAYV and engaged multiple epitopes on the E1 and E2 glycoproteins. We identified five mAbs that target distinct regions of the B domain of E2 and potently neutralize multiple alphaviruses with differential breadth of inhibition. These broadly neutralizing mAbs (bNAbs) contain few somatic mutations and inferred germline-revertants retained neutralizing capacity. Two bNAbs, DC2.M16 and DC2.M357, protected against both CHIKV- and MAYV-induced musculoskeletal disease in mice. These findings enhance our understanding of the cross-reactive and cross-protective antibody response to human alphavirus infections.
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47
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Potent Human Single-Domain Antibodies Specific for a Novel Prefusion Epitope of Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Glycoprotein. J Virol 2021; 95:e0048521. [PMID: 34160257 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00485-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) poses great health threats to humans. However, there are no licensed vaccines or therapeutic drugs to date. Only one humanized monoclonal antibody, palivizumab, is available on the market, but it is used prophylactically and is limited to infants with high risk. With advances in antibody engineering, it has been found that a single-domain antibody (sdAb) can be therapeutically administered by inhalation, which would be more efficient for respiratory diseases. Here, we identified two human sdAbs, m17 and m35, by phage display technology. They specifically bind to RSV fusion glycoprotein (F protein) in the prefusion state with subnanomolar affinity and potently neutralize both RSV subtypes A and B with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging from pM to nM. Interestingly, these sdAbs recognize a novel epitope, termed VI, that is unique to the prefusion state. This epitope is located at the C terminus of the F1 subunit, close to the viral membrane, and might be sterically restricted. We further find that m17 and m35 neutralize RSV by preventing the prefusion F conformational arrangement, thus inhibiting membrane fusion. These two sdAbs have the potential to be further developed as therapeutic candidates and may also provide novel insight for developing other antiviral reagents against RSV. IMPORTANCE Because respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause serious respiratory disease in immunodeficient groups, including infants and seniors, the development of vaccines and therapeutic drugs, such as neutralizing antibodies, is urgently needed. Compared to the conventional full-length antibody, a single-domain antibody (sdAb) has been demonstrated to be efficient for respiratory diseases when administered by inhalation, thereby potentially introducing a kind of novel therapeutic agent in the market. Here, we discovered two potent neutralizing human sdAbs against RSV that recognized a novel prefusion epitope, termed VI, and prevented conformational arrangement during the fusion process. Our work provides not only therapeutic candidates but also novel targets for new drug and vaccine development.
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48
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Clemens EA, Alexander-Miller MA. Understanding Antibody Responses in Early Life: Baby Steps towards Developing an Effective Influenza Vaccine. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071392. [PMID: 34372597 PMCID: PMC8310046 DOI: 10.3390/v13071392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system of young infants is both quantitatively and qualitatively distinct from that of adults, with diminished responsiveness leaving these individuals vulnerable to infection. Because of this, young infants suffer increased morbidity and mortality from respiratory pathogens such as influenza viruses. The impaired generation of robust and persistent antibody responses in these individuals makes overcoming this increased vulnerability through vaccination challenging. Because of this, an effective vaccine against influenza viruses in infants under 6 months is not available. Furthermore, vaccination against influenza viruses is challenging even in adults due to the high antigenic variability across viral strains, allowing immune evasion even after induction of robust immune responses. This has led to substantial interest in understanding how specific antibody responses are formed to variable and conserved components of influenza viruses, as immune responses tend to strongly favor recognition of variable epitopes. Elicitation of broadly protective antibody in young infants, therefore, requires that both the unique characteristics of young infant immunity as well as the antibody immunodominance present among epitopes be effectively addressed. Here, we review our current understanding of the antibody response in newborns and young infants and discuss recent developments in vaccination strategies that can modulate both magnitude and epitope specificity of IAV-specific antibody.
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49
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Feldman J, Bals J, Altomare CG, St Denis K, Lam EC, Hauser BM, Ronsard L, Sangesland M, Moreno TB, Okonkwo V, Hartojo N, Balazs AB, Bajic G, Lingwood D, Schmidt AG. Naive human B cells engage the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2, variants of concern, and related sarbecoviruses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33594359 PMCID: PMC7885909 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.02.429458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to a pathogen elicits an adaptive immune response aimed to control and eradicate. Interrogating the abundance and specificity of the naive B cell repertoire contributes to understanding how to potentially elicit protective responses. Here, we isolated naive B cells from 8 seronegative human donors targeting the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD). Single B cell analysis showed diverse gene usage with no restricted complementarity determining region lengths. We show that recombinant antibodies engage SARS-CoV-2 RBD, circulating variants, and pre-emergent coronaviruses. Representative antibodies signal in a B cell activation assay and can be affinity matured through directed evolution. Structural analysis of a naive antibody in complex with spike shows a conserved mode of recognition shared with infection-induced antibodies. Lastly, both naive and affinity-matured antibodies can neutralize SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the naive repertoire may inform potential responses recognizing variants or emerging coronaviruses enabling the development of pan-coronavirus vaccines aimed at engaging germline responses. Isolation of antibody germline precursors targeting the receptor binding domain of coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Julia Bals
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Clara G Altomare
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Kerri St Denis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Larance Ronsard
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Maya Sangesland
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Vintus Okonkwo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nathania Hartojo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Goran Bajic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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50
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Raghunandan R, Higgins D, Hosken N. RSV neutralization assays - Use in immune response assessment. Vaccine 2021; 39:4591-4597. [PMID: 34244007 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory illness among children and infants worldwide, yet no licensed vaccine exists to reduce the risk of disease. At least 16 RSV vaccine candidates are currently in clinical development and many are designed to induce robust virus neutralizing immune responses. RSV neutralizing antibody (nAb)-mediated interventions such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and palivizumab provide passive protection against serious lower respiratory tract disease due to RSV, validating nAbs as a correlate of protection. To identify correlates of protection for vaccine candidates that have demonstrated their protective efficacy, an investigator can use assays designed to measure nAb responses. However, there is no standard method of measurement; individual laboratories have developed their own methods to measure the ability of nAbs to reduce the infectivity of a defined virus dose in a variety of cell lines, leading to establishment of the broad variety of RSV neutralization assay formats currently in use. Standardizing the RSV neutralization assay is an essential step toward better assessment of nAb responses to vaccine candidates. Use of a common reference standard by all makes comparing the immunogenicity of different vaccine candidates feasible. In the context of vaccine development, the WHO 1st International Standard for Antiserum to RSV (RSV IS) has been shown to be suitable for harmonizing results across laboratories and assay formats used to measure nAb titers to RSV/A and RSV/B in human sera. This review describes the broad variety of RSV virus neutralization assay formats currently in use and the importance of the RSV IS for harmonization of results across formats and across laboratories. It also outlines good practices for key assay components and data analysis to promote the quality and consistency of measuring RSV nAb titers in serum specimens.
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