Interleukin-1 and Related Cytokines in the Regulation of Inflammation and Immunity

Intrinsic immunomodulatory hydrogels for chronic inflammation

The immune system plays a pivotal role in maintaining physiological homeostasis and influencing disease processes. Dysregulated immune responses drive chronic inflammation, which in turn results in a range of diseases that are among the leading causes of death globally. Traditional immune interventions, which aim to regulate either insufficient or excessive inflammation, frequently entail lifelong comorbidities and the risk of severe side effects. In this context, intrinsic immunomodulatory hydrogels, designed to precisely control the local immune microenvironment, have recently attracted increasing attention. In particular, these advanced hydrogels not only function as delivery mechanisms but also actively engage in immune modulation, optimizing interactions with the immune system for enhanced tissue repair, thereby providing a sophisticated strategy for managing chronic inflammation. In this tutorial review, we outline key elements of chronic inflammation and subsequently explore the strategic design principles of intrinsic immunomodulatory hydrogels based on these elements. Finally, we examine the challenges and prospects of such immunomodulatory hydrogels, which are expected to inspire further preclinical research and clinical translation in addressing chronic inflammation.

Engineering mesoporous polydopamine-based potentiate STING pathway activation for advanced anti-biofilm therapy

The biofilm-induced "relatively immune-compromised zone" creates an immunosuppressive microenvironment that is a significant contributor to refractory infections in orthopedic endophytes. Consequently, the manipulation of immune cells to co-inhibit or co-activate signaling represents a crucial strategy for the management of biofilm. This study reports the incorporation of Mn2+ into mesoporous dopamine nanoparticles (Mnp) containing the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway activator cGAMP (Mncp), and outer wrapping by M1-like macrophage cell membrane (m-Mncp). The cell membrane enhances the material's targeting ability for biofilm, allowing it to accumulate locally at the infectious focus. Furthermore, m-Mncp mechanically disrupts the biofilm through photothermal therapy and induces antigen exposure through photodynamic therapy-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, the modulation of immunosuppression and immune activation results in the augmentation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and the commencement of antigen presentation, thereby inducing biofilm-specific humoral immunity and memory responses. Additionally, this approach effectively suppresses the activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) while simultaneously boosting the activity of T cells. Our study showcases the efficacy of utilizing m-Mncp immunotherapy in conjunction with photothermal and photodynamic therapy to effectively mitigate residual and recurrent infections following the extraction of infected implants. As such, this research presents a viable alternative to traditional antibiotic treatments for biofilm that are challenging to manage.

Inflammasome components as new therapeutic targets in inflammatory disease

Inflammation drives pathology in many human diseases for which there are no disease-modifying drugs. Inflammasomes are signalling platforms that can induce pathological inflammation and tissue damage, having potential as an exciting new class of drug targets. Small-molecule inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome that are now in clinical trials have demonstrated proof of concept that inflammasomes are druggable, and so drug development programmes are now focusing on other key inflammasome molecules. In this Review, we describe the potential of inflammasome components as candidate drug targets and the novel inflammasome inhibitors that are being developed. We discuss how the signalling biology of inflammasomes offers mechanistic insights for therapeutic targeting. We also discuss the major scientific and technical challenges associated with drugging these molecules during preclinical development and clinical trials.

Cancer-specific innate and adaptive immune rewiring drives resistance to PD-1 blockade in classic Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), like many solid tumors, elicit ineffective immune responses. However, patients with cHL are highly responsive to PD-1 blockade, which largely depends on HRS cell-specific retention of MHC class II and implicates CD4+ T cells and additional MHC class I-independent immune effectors. Here, we utilize single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial analysis to define shared circulating and microenvironmental features of the immune response to PD-1 blockade in cHL. Compared with non-responders, responding patients have more circulating CD4+ naïve and central memory T cells and B cells, as well as more diverse CD4+ T cell and B cell receptor repertoires. Importantly, a population of circulating and tumor-infiltrating IL1β+ monocytes/macrophages is detectable in patients with cHL but not healthy donors, and a proinflammatory, tumor-promoting signature of these circulating IL1β+ monocytes is associated with resistance to PD-1 blockade in cHL. Altogether, our findings reveal extensive immune rewiring and complementary roles of CD4+ T cells, B cells and IL1β+ monocytes in the response to PD-1 blockade and suggest that these features can be captured with a peripheral blood test.

Telomere length sensitive regulation of interleukin receptor 1 type 1 (IL1R1) by the shelterin protein TRF2 modulates immune signalling in the tumour microenvironment

Telomeres are crucial for cancer progression. Immune signalling in the tumour microenvironment has been shown to be very important in cancer prognosis. However, the mechanisms by which telomeres might affect tumour immune response remain poorly understood. Here, we observed that interleukin-1 signalling is telomere-length dependent in cancer cells. Mechanistically, non-telomeric TRF2 (telomeric repeat binding factor 2) binding at the IL-1-receptor type-1 (IL1R1) promoter was found to be affected by telomere length. Enhanced TRF2 binding at the IL1R1 promoter in cells with short telomeres directly recruited the histone-acetyl-transferase (HAT) p300, and consequent H3K27 acetylation activated IL1R1. This altered NF-kappa B signalling and affected downstream cytokines like IL6, IL8, and TNF. Further, IL1R1 expression was telomere-sensitive in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) clinical samples. Infiltration of tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) was also sensitive to the length of tumour cell telomeres and highly correlated with IL1R1 expression. The use of both IL1 Receptor antagonist (IL1RA) and IL1R1 targeting ligands could abrogate M2 macrophage infiltration in TNBC tumour organoids. In summary, using TNBC cancer tissue (>90 patients), tumour-derived organoids, cancer cells, and xenograft tumours with either long or short telomeres, we uncovered a heretofore undeciphered function of telomeres in modulating IL1 signalling and tumour immunity.

Transplantation of gasdermin pores by extracellular vesicles propagates pyroptosis to bystander cells

Pyroptosis mediated by gasdermins (GSDMs) plays crucial roles in infection and inflammation. Pyroptosis triggers the release of inflammatory molecules, including damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). However, the consequences of pyroptosis-especially beyond interleukin (IL)-1 cytokines and DAMPs-that govern inflammation are poorly defined. Here, we show intercellular propagation of pyroptosis from dying cells to bystander cells in vitro and in vivo. We identified extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by pyroptotic cells as the propagator of lytic death to naive cells, promoting inflammation. DNA-PAINT super-resolution and immunoelectron microscopy revealed GSDMD pore structures on EVs released by pyroptotic cells. Importantly, pyroptotic EVs transplant GSDMD pores on the plasma membrane of bystander cells and kill them. Overall, we demonstrate that cell-to-cell vesicular transplantation of GSDMD pores disseminates pyroptosis, revealing a domino-like effect governing disease-associated bystander cell death.

Proteomic signatures of ambient air pollution and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A prospective cohort study in the UK Biobank

Air pollution has been linked with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the underlying mechanisms characterized by perturbations in the circulating proteome profile are largely unknown. Therefore, we included 51,357 participants from the UK Biobank with 2941 plasma proteins measured in blood samples collected between 2006 and 2010, measurements of annual fine particular matter <2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and follow-up data on NAFLD (743 incident cases occurred over a median follow-up of 13.6 years). Multiple linear regression was used to identify proteins associated with PM2.5 and NO2. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to assess associations of PM2.5 and NO2 and identified proteins with incident NAFLD. Mediation analyses were conducted to explore the mediation role of proteins in the associations between air pollution and incident NAFLD. After adjusting for selected covariates, PM2.5 (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.57, 95%CI:1.27, 5.21, per ln increase) and NO2 (HR = 1.43, 95%CI: 1.10, 1.84, per ln increase) were positively associated with incident NAFLD. We identified 138 proteins associated with PM2.5 (92 positively, 46 inversely, FDR <0.05) and 143 with NO2 (100 positively, 43 inversely). Of the proteins that were significantly associated with both PM2.5 and NO2, 93 (79 positively, 14 inversely) and 79 (69 positively, 10 inversely) were significantly associated with incident NAFLD. Furthermore, 84 PM2.5-associated proteins and 66 NO2-associated proteins significantly mediated the corresponding association between air pollutants and incident NAFLD, with the proportion of mediation effects ranging from 3.2 % to 27.3 % for PM2.5 and 2.6 % to 20.8 % for NO2, respectively. Of note, the majority of significant mediating proteins were enriched in pathways of cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor. Our findings suggested that long-term exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD partially by perturbating circulating proteins involved in pathways of inflammation and immunity responses.

Cytokines in cancer

Cytokines are proteins used by immune cells to communicate with each other and with cells in their environment. The pleiotropic effects of cytokine networks are determined by which cells express cytokines and which cells express cytokine receptors, with downstream outcomes that can differ based on cell type and environmental cues. Certain cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-γ, have been clearly linked to anti-tumor immunity, while others, such as the innate inflammatory cytokines, promote oncogenesis. Here we provide an overview of the functional roles of cytokines in the tumor microenvironment. Although we have a sophisticated understanding of cytokine networks, therapeutically targeting cytokine pathways in cancer has been challenging. We discuss current progress in cytokine blockade, cytokine-based therapies, and engineered cytokine therapeutics as emerging cancer treatments of interest.

Skin Function Improvement and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Goat Meat Extract

Chronic skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis, are characterized by a weakened skin barrier and persistent inflammation. Traditional treatments can frequently cause substantial side effects, emphasizing the need for safer alternatives. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of goat meat extract and its effects on improving skin function. We conducted wound healing assays using HaCaT cells and analyzed the expression of key skin barrier-related genes. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effects of goat meat extract were assessed in HaCaT cells stimulated with TNFα and IFNγ, as well as in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Mechanistic studies focused on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. The results showed that goat meat extract significantly promoted wound closure in HaCaT cells and upregulated the expression of filaggrin, loricrin, and involucrin. The extract also reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in both HaCaT and RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, it inhibited the activation of the JNK, p38, and ERK pathways in TNFα/IFNγ-stimulated HaCaT cells. These findings suggest that goat meat extract improves skin barrier function and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, indicating its potential as a therapeutic agent for chronic skin. Further research is required to investigate the in vivo effects of goat meat extract and validate its therapeutic potential.

Molecular Biology of Cancer-Interplay of Malignant Cells with Emerging Therapies

Cancer is currently one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and according to data from the World Health Organization reported in 2020, it ranks as the second leading cause of death globally, accounting for 10 million fatalities [...].

Role of Non-Binding T63 Alteration in IL-18 Binding

Engineered interleukin-18 (IL-18) has attracted interest as a cytokine-based treatment. However, knowledge-based mutagenesis of IL-18 has been reported for only a few regions of the protein structures, including binding sites I and II. When coupled with the binding region mutant (E6K), the non-binding residue of IL-18, Thr63 (T63), has been shown to increase the flexibility of the binding loop. Nevertheless, the function of Thr63 in conformational regulation is still unknown. Using homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulation, and structural analysis, we investigated the effects of Thr63 alteration coupling with E6K on conformational change pattern, binding loop flexibility, and the hydrogen bond network. The results indicate that the 63rd residue was significantly associated with hydrogen-bond relaxation at the core β-barrel binding sites I and II Glu85-Ile100 loop. This result provided conformational and flexible effects to binding sites I and III by switching their binding loops and stabilizing the 63rd residue cavity. These findings may pave the way for the conceptualization of a new design for IL-18 proteins by modifying non-binding residues for structure-based drug development.

Molecular mechanisms of regulation of IL-1 and its receptors

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in the development and regulation of nonspecific defense and specific immunity. However, its regulatory influence extends beyond inflammation and impacts a range of immune and non-immune processes. The involvement of IL-1 in numerous biological processes, including modulation of inflammation, necessitates strict regulation at multiple levels. This review focuses on these regulatory processes and discusses their underlying mechanisms. IL-1 activity is controlled at various levels, including receptor binding, gene transcription, expression as inactive proforms, and regulated post-translational processing and secretion. Regulation at the level of the receptor expression - alternative splicing, tissue-specific isoforms, and gene polymorphism - is also crucial to IL-1 functional activity. Understanding these regulatory features of IL-1 will not only continue to shape future research directions but will also highlight promising therapeutic strategies to modulate the biological effects of IL-1.

Inhibition of Hsp90 K284 Acetylation Aalleviates Cardiac Injury After Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Our objective was to determine the role of acetyl-Hsp90 and its relationship with the NF-κB p65 signaling pathway in CVDs. We investigated the effect of acetyl-Hsp90 on cardiac inflammation and apoptosis after ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/RI). The results showed that the induction of acetyl-Hsp90 occurred in the heart during I/R and in primary cardiomyocytes during oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Moreover, the nonacetylated mutant of Hsp90 (Hsp90-K284R), through the regulation of ATPase activities within its N-terminal domain (NTD), indirectly or directly increases its interaction with NF-κB p65. This led to a reduction in the activation of the NF-κB p65 pathway, thereby attenuating inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis, ultimately leading to an improvement in cardiac function. Furthermore, we demonstrated that recombinant human interleukin-37 (rIL-37) exerts a similar cardioprotective effect by reducing acetylation at K284 of Hsp90 after inhibiting the expression of KAT2A.

Evaluating the association between immunological proteins and common intestinal diseases using a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Dysregulation of intestinal homeostasis, characterized by imbalanced immunological proteins, contributes to the pathogenesis of common intestinal diseases, e.g., irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the potential causal relationships between specific immunological proteins and these diseases remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we employed the bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to infer potential causal relationships between representative immunological proteins and these intestinal diseases. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics of IBS, IBD, and CRC were obtained from public databases and utilized in MR analysis. Multiple sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the robustness, with p-values adjusted using the Benjamini-Hochberg method for multiple comparisons. Our findings revealed a significant association between IL-1β (OR = 0.783, 95 % CI: 0.676 to 0.908, adjusted P = 0.048) and a decreased risk of IBS. Furthermore, genetic predisposition to IBS was related to the reduced levels of IL-25 (β =  - 0.233, 95 % CI: -0.372 to -0.094, adjusted P = 0.047). Additionally, genetic predisposition to IBD was correlated with elevated levels of IL-6 (β = 0.046, 95 % CI: 0.022-0.069, adjusted P = 0.010). The levels of TNF-α (OR = 1.252, 95 % CI: 1.102 to 1.423, adjusted P = 0.047) were associated with an increased risk of CRC. Our study suggests associations between specific immunological proteins and intestinal diseases, which would provide valuable insights for developing targeted immunomodulation therapies for these conditions. Further investigation into underlying mechanisms remains a research priority in the future.

Developmental drugs for sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a multi-organ granulomatous inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Over 50% of patients will require treatment at some point in their disease and 10%-30% will develop a chronic progressive disease with pulmonary fibrosis leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Recently published guidelines recommend immunosuppressive therapy for sarcoidosis patients at risk of increased disease-related morbidity and mortality, and in whom disease has negatively impacted quality of life. Prednisone the currently recommended first line therapy is associated with significant toxicity however none of the other guideline recommended steroid sparing therapy is approved by regulatory agencies for use in sarcoidosis, and data in support of their use is weak. For patients with severe refractory disease requiring prolonged therapy, treatment options are limited. The need for expanding treatment options in sarcoidosis has been emphasized. Well conducted large, randomized trials evaluating currently available therapeutic options as well as novel pathways for targeting disease are necessary to better guide treatment decisions. These trials will not be without significant challenges. Sarcoidosis is a rare disease with heterogenous presentation and variable progression and clinical outcome. There are no universally agreed upon biomarkers of disease activity and measurement of outcomes is confounded by the need to balance patient centric measures and objective measures of disease activity. Our paper provides an update on developmental drugs in sarcoidosis and outlines several novel pathways that may be targeted for future drug development. Currently available trials are highlighted and ongoing challenges to drug development and clinical trial design are briefly discussed.

Type 3 immune response protects against Salmonella Typhimurium infection in the small intestine of neonatal rats

Bacterial infections, particularly Salmonella, pose a significant health risk to neonates due to their underdeveloped immune systems. Understanding the immune responses in the neonatal intestine during S. Typhimurium infection is crucial for developing effective therapeutic and prevention strategies. This study found neonatal rats exhibited severe symptoms, including significant mortality, body weight loss, diarrhea, and bacterial load increases in the gastrointestinal tract and various organs, particularly in the ileum. Moreover, neonatal rats exhibited a high percentage of type 3 immune cells including Th17, γδT17, and ILC3 after S. Typhimurium infection. Furthermore, cintirorgon treatment during early life, the agonist of RORγt, significantly enhanced IL-17A-secreting type 3 immune response and alleviated the symptoms. Our data reveal targeting RORγt and IL-17A pathways may offer a promising therapeutic strategy for bacterial infections in neonatal populations.

Advanced technologies for the development of infectious disease vaccines

Vaccines play a critical role in the prevention of life-threatening infectious disease. However, the development of effective vaccines against many immune-evading pathogens such as HIV has proven challenging, and existing vaccines against some diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria have limited efficacy. The historically slow rate of vaccine development and limited pan-variant immune responses also limit existing vaccine utility against rapidly emerging and mutating pathogens such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, reactogenic effects can contribute to vaccine hesitancy, further undermining the ability of vaccination campaigns to generate herd immunity. These limitations are fuelling the development of novel vaccine technologies to more effectively combat infectious diseases. Towards this end, advances in vaccine delivery systems, adjuvants, antigens and other technologies are paving the way for the next generation of vaccines. This Review focuses on recent advances in synthetic vaccine systems and their associated challenges, highlighting innovation in the field of nano- and nucleic acid-based vaccines.

IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra downregulates inflammatory cytokines during renal normothermic machine perfusion: Preliminary results

BACKGROUND

The interleukin 1 (IL-1) cytokine group plays a key role in sterile inflammation and may be an important target for transplant-related renal injury. This study examined the effects of anakinra, a non-specific IL-1 receptor antagonist, administered during normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) of porcine kidneys.

METHOD

Paired porcine kidneys (n = 5 pairs) underwent 15 min of warm ischemia plus 2 h of static cold storage in ice. Kidneys were then perfused with autologous whole blood using an ex vivo NMP platform. Kidneys were randomly allocated to receive anakinra or vehicle administered at the start of NMP. Cortical biopsies were collected at baseline before ischemic injury and at the end of NMP. Functional parameters were recorded and calculated, and inflammatory markers were measured by qPCR and ELISA techniques.

RESULTS

During NMP, there were no statistically significant differences in renal blood flow, urine output, creatinine clearance or fractional excretion of sodium in the anakinra and control groups. The administration of anakinra significantly downregulated transcriptional expression of IL-6, Fas ligand and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (p = 0.029, 0.029, 0.028, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Anakinra, an IL-1 receptor blocker, successfully attenuated the downstream inflammatory and immune-mediated response within the kidney during NMP.

Gout-associated SNP at the IL1RN-IL1F10 region is associated with altered cytokine production in PBMCs of patients with gout and controls

OBJECTIVES

Gout is caused by the response of the innate immune system to monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. A recent gout GWAS identified a signal of genetic association at a locus encompassing IL1RN-IL1F10. Colocalisation analysis using Genotype Tissue Expression Database (GTEx) eQTL data showed that the signal overlaps with genetic control of IL1RN/IL1F10 gene expression. We assess the functional implications of IL1RN rs9973741, the lead gout-associated variant.

METHODS

We conducted functional validation of IL1RN rs9973741 in patients with gout and controls. The transcription level of IL1RN/IL1F10 was investigated in unstimulated or MSU-crystal co-stimulated PBMCs. Ex vivo functional assays were performed in PBMCs stimulated with C16 + MSU crystals or LPS for 24 h. Cytokine levels were assessed by ELISA.

RESULTS

In unstimulated PBMCs, no association of IL1RN rs9973741 (gout risk allele G) to IL1RN expression was observed while IL-1F10 was hindered by low expression at both transcriptional and protein levels. However, G allele carriers showed lower IL1RN expression in PBMCs stimulated with C16/MSU crystal and lower concentrations of circulating IL-1Ra in both controls and gout patients. PBMCs depicted less spontaneous IL-1Ra release in GG homozygous controls and lower IL-1Ra production in response to C16 + MSU crystal costimulation in patients with gout. The G allele was associated with elevated IL-1β cytokine production in response to C16 + MSU crystal stimulation in controls.

CONCLUSIONS

The gout risk allele G associates with lower circulating IL-1Ra, lower IL-1Ra production in PBMC assays and elevated IL-1β production in PBMCs challenged with C16 + MSU crystals but not in unchallenged cells. Our data indicate that the genetic signal that associates with gout at IL1RN-IL1F10 region functions to alter expression of IL-1Ra when stimulated by MSU crystals.

Emerging roles of palmitoylation in pyroptosis

Pyroptosis is a lytic, proinflammatory type of programmed cell death crucial for the immune response to pathogen infections and internal danger signals. Gasdermin D (GSDMD) acts as the pore-forming protein in pyroptosis following inflammasome activation. While recent research has improved our understanding of pyroptosis activation and execution, many aspects regarding the molecular mechanisms controlling inflammasome and GSDMD activation remain to be elucidated. A growing body of literature has shown that S-palmitoylation, a reversible post-translational modification (PTM) that attaches palmitate to cysteine residues, contributes to multi-layered regulation of pyroptosis. This review summarizes the emerging roles of S-palmitoylation in pyroptosis research with a focus on mechanisms that regulate NLRP3 inflammasome and GSDMD activation.

Adipokines: masterminds of metabolic inflammation

Adipose tissue is an immunologically active organ that controls host physiology, partly through the release of mediators termed adipokines. In obesity, adipocytes and infiltrating leukocytes produce adipokines, which include the hormones adiponectin and leptin and cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor and IL-1β. These adipokines orchestrate immune responses that are collectively referred to as metabolic inflammation. Consequently, metabolic inflammation characterizes metabolic disorders and promotes distinct disease aspects, such as insulin resistance, metabolic dysfunction-associated liver disease and cardiovascular complications. In this unifying concept, adipokines participate in the immunological cross-talk that occurs between metabolically active organs in metabolic diseases, highlighting the fundamental role of adipokines in obesity and their potential for therapeutic intervention. Here, we summarize how adipokines shape metabolic inflammation in mice and humans, focusing on their contribution to metabolic disorders in the setting of obesity and discussing their value as therapeutic targets.

Gasdermin E mediates pyroptosis in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma: a double-edged sword

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer worldwide. It usually develops due to viral hepatitis or liver cirrhosis. The molecular mechanisms involved in HCC pathogenesis are complex and incompletely understood. Gasdermin E (GSDME) is a tumor suppressor gene and is inhibited in most cancers. Recent studies have reported that, unlike those in most tumors, GSDME is highly expressed in liver cancer, and GSDME expression in HCC is negatively associated with prognosis, suggesting that GSDME may promote HCC. However, antitumor drugs can induce pyroptosis through GSDME, killing HCC cells. Therefore, GSDME may both inhibit and promote HCC development. Because functional studies of GSDME in HCC are limited, the precise molecular mechanisms of GSDME in liver cancer remain unclear. In this article, we have reviewed the role, related mechanisms, and clinical importance of GSDME at the onset and development of HCC to provide a theoretical foundation to improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer.

Integrated Genetic and Cellular Analysis Reveals NLRP1 Activation in CD4+ T Lymphocytes During Chronic HIV Infection

BACKGROUND

Most of the investigations related to inflammasome activation during HIV infection have focused on the receptor NLRP3 and innate immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages. However, during the past years, inflammasome activation has also been explored in lymphocytes, and novel sensors, other than the NLRP3, have been shown to play a role in the biology of these cells. Here, we hypothesized that NLRP1 may be involved in CD4+ T cell dysregulation in people living with HIV (PLWH), therefore contributing to chronic inflammation and to the pathogenesis of non-HIV-associated diseases.

METHODS

The activation of NLRP1 in CD4+ T cells was assessed ex-vivo and in-vitro by the meaning of anti-CD3/anti-CD28 and Talabostat/Val-boroPro (VbP) response.

RESULTS

Our results showed that the NLRP1 inflammasome was activated in PLWH CD4+ T cells, and that the stimulation of CD4+ T cells resulted in increased response to anti-CD3/anti-CD28 and VbP. Functional variants in NLRP1 significantly affected the level of inflammatory dysregulation of CD4+ T cells, therefore explaining at least in part the association with CD4+ T-mediated diseases.

CONCLUSION

PLWH CD4+ T cells are more prone to IL-1β release and pyroptosis, therefore contributing to chronic inflammation.

Targeting cytokine networks in neuroinflammatory diseases

In neuroinflammatory diseases, systemic (blood-borne) leukocytes invade the central nervous system (CNS) and lead to tissue damage. A causal relationship between neuroinflammatory diseases and dysregulated cytokine networks is well established across several preclinical models. Cytokine dysregulation is also observed as an inadvertent effect of cancer immunotherapy, where it often leads to neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammatory diseases can be separated into those in which a pathogen is at the centre of the immune response and those of largely unknown aetiology. Here, we discuss the pathophysiology, cytokine networks and therapeutic landscape of 'sterile' neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), neurosarcoidosis and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) triggered by cancer immunotherapy. Despite successes in targeting cytokine networks in preclinical models of neuroinflammation, the clinical translation of targeting cytokines and their receptors has shown mixed and often paradoxical responses.

Edwardsiella tarda induces airways inflammation and production of autoantibodies against lung tissues through regulation of the IL-33-ST2 axis

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a highly prevalent chronic respiratory disease characterised by irreversible airways obstruction associated with chronic airways inflammation and remodelling, while the pathogenesis and the mechanistic differences between patients remain to be fully elucidated. We previously reported that alarmin cytokine IL-33 may contribute to the production of autoantibodies against respiratory epithelial cells. Here we expand the hypothesis that pulmonary autoimmune responses induced by airway microbiota also contribute to the progression of COPD. We focused on Edwardsiella tarda which we detected uniquely in the induced sputum of patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Pernasal challenge of the airways of WT mice with supernatants of cultured E. tarda induced marked, elevated expression of IL-33 in the lung tissues. Immunisation of animals with supernatants of cultured E. tarda resulted in significantly elevated airways inflammation, the formation of tertiary lymphatic structures and significantly elevated proportions of T follicular helper T cells in the lung tissue and mediastinal lymph nodes. Interestingly, such challenge also induced production of IgG autoantibodies directed against lung tissue lysate, alveolar epithelial cell proteins and elastin fragment, while putrescine, one of metabolites generated by the bacterium, might play an important role in the autoantibody production. Furthermore, all of these effects were partly but significantly abrogated in mice with deletion of the IL-33 receptor ST2. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that COPD is progressed at least partly by airways microbiota such as E. tarda initiating autoimmune attack of the airways epithelium mediated at least partly through the IL-33-ST2 axis.

Potential pro-tumour cytokine in oral squamous cellular carcinoma: IL37

Inflammation and immunosuppression are important features of tumours, including oral squamous cellular carcinoma (OSCC). Interleukin 37 (IL37), a cytokine known for the ability to suppress inflammation and immunity, shows two seemingly contradictory functions in tumours. This study aims to investigate the mechanism that regulates IL37 and its role in OSCC progression. Herein, IL37, CD86 and CD206 in OSCC specimens were determined. Hypoxia, MCC950 and siRNA-Gasdermin D (GSDMD) were utilised to investigate the mechanism of IL37 production and release. Animal experiments were established to examine the role of IL37 in OSCC growth in vivo. We found the levels of IL37 are elevated in OSCC tissues compared with normal oral mucosa. In cell experiments, hypoxia was proved to be a vital facilitator in IL37 expression and release. Mechanically, hypoxia promoted IL37 expression through the activation of NACHT-LRR-PYD-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and promoted IL37 release via GSDMD. Furthermore, IL37 levels in OSCC specimens are positively correlated with the number of M2 macrophages, but negatively with M1. Further studies revealed IL37 facilitated OSCC progression via promoting macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 and enhancing tumour cell proliferation. Thus, IL37 could be a promising target for OSCC treatment in the future.

Inflammasomes in chronic liver disease: Hepatic injury, fibrosis progression and systemic inflammation

Chronic liver disease leads to hepatocellular injury that triggers a pro-inflammatory state in several parenchymal and non-parenchymal hepatic cell types, ultimately resulting in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, portal hypertension and liver failure. Thus, an improved understanding of inflammasomes - as key molecular drivers of liver injury - may result in the development of novel diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and effective therapeutics. In liver disease, innate immune cells respond to hepatic insults by activating cell-intrinsic inflammasomes via toll-like receptors and NF-κB, and by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α and IL-6). Subsequently, cells of the adaptive immune system are recruited to fuel hepatic inflammation and hepatic parenchymal cells may undergo gasdermin D-mediated programmed cell death, termed pyroptosis. With liver disease progression, there is a shift towards a type 2 inflammatory response, which promotes tissue repair but also fibrogenesis. Inflammasome activation may also occur at extrahepatic sites, such as the white adipose tissue in MASH (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis). In end-stage liver disease, flares of inflammation (e.g., in severe alcohol-related hepatitis) that spark on a dysfunctional immune system, contribute to inflammasome-mediated liver injury and potentially result in organ dysfunction/failure, as seen in ACLF (acute-on-chronic liver failure). This review provides an overview of current concepts regarding inflammasome activation in liver disease progression, with a focus on related biomarkers and therapeutic approaches that are being developed for patients with liver disease.

Exploring cytokines dynamics: Uncovering therapeutic concepts for metabolic disorders in postmenopausal women- diabetes, metabolic bone diseases, and non-alcohol fatty liver disease

Menopause is an age-related change that persists for around one-third of a woman's life. Menopause increases the risk of metabolic illnesses such as diabetes, osteoporosis (OP), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Immune mediators (pro-inflammatory cytokines), such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-17, transforming growth factor (TGF), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), exacerbate the challenges of a woman undergoing menopause by causing inflammation and contributing to the development of these metabolic diseases in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, studies have shown that anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 receptor antagonists (IL-1Ra), IL-2, and IL-10 have a double-edged effect on diabetes and OP. Likewise, several interferon (IFN) members are double-edged swords in the OP. Therefore, addressing these immune mediators precisely may be an approach to improving the health of postmenopausal women. Hence, considering the significant changes in these cytokines, the present review focuses on the latest findings concerning the molecular mechanisms by which pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukins) impact postmenopausal women with diabetes, OP, and NAFLD. Furthermore, we comprehensively discuss the therapeutic approaches that identify cytokines as therapeutic targets, such as hormonal therapy, physical activities, natural inhibitors (drugs), and others. Finally, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the role of cytokines in postmenopausal women's diabetes, OP, and NAFLD. Deeply investigating the mechanisms and therapeutic interventions involved will address the characteristics of immune mediators (cytokines) and improve the management of these illnesses, thereby enhancing the general quality of life and health of the corresponding populations of women.

Single-cell transcriptomics unveils skin cell specific antifungal immune responses and IL-1Ra- IL-1R immune evasion strategies of emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris

Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that preferentially colonizes and persists in skin tissue, yet the host immune factors that regulate the skin colonization of C. auris in vivo are unknown. In this study, we employed unbiased single-cell transcriptomics of murine skin infected with C. auris to understand the cell type-specific immune response to C. auris. C. auris skin infection results in the accumulation of immune cells such as neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and NK cells at the site of infection. We identified fibroblasts as a major non-immune cell accumulated in the C. auris infected skin tissue. The comprehensive single-cell profiling revealed the transcriptomic signatures in cytokines, chemokines, host receptors (TLRs, C-type lectin receptors, NOD receptors), antimicrobial peptides, and immune signaling pathways in individual immune and non-immune cells during C. auris skin infection. Our analysis revealed that C. auris infection upregulates the expression of the IL-1RN gene (encoding IL-1R antagonist protein) in different cell types. We found IL-1Ra produced by macrophages during C. auris skin infection decreases the killing activity of neutrophils. Furthermore, C. auris uses a unique cell wall mannan outer layer to evade IL-1R-signaling mediated host defense. Collectively, our single-cell RNA seq profiling identified the transcriptomic signatures in immune and non-immune cells during C. auris skin infection. Our results demonstrate the IL-1Ra and IL-1R-mediated immune evasion mechanisms employed by C. auris to persist in the skin. These results enhance our understanding of host defense and immune evasion mechanisms during C. auris skin infection and identify potential targets for novel antifungal therapeutics.

A comparative study on the immune response in the head and trunk kidney of yellow catfish infected with Edwardsiella ictaluri

The teleost kidneys are anatomically divided into head kidney and trunk kidney, each performing distinct physiological functions. Although previous research has elucidated the role of the head kidney in immune responses, there is a paucity of literature on the comparative studies of the head and trunk kidney response to bacterial infection. Therefore, an Edwardsiella ictaluri infection model of yellow catfish was constructed to investigate and compare the immune responses between the two kidney types. The findings indicated that E. ictaluri infection induced significant pathological changes in both the head and trunk kidney. Despite variances in structure, both the head and trunk kidney of yellow catfish exhibit robust immune responses following E. ictaluri infection. Unexpectedly, the up-regulation level of IgM was found to be higher in the trunk kidney compared to the head kidney. Additionally, both the IgM+ and IgD+ B cells were increased after bacterial infection. This research elucidates the parallels and distinctions in immune functions between both the head and trunk kidney in fish, enriching the immune theory of the fish kidney, and also providing a theoretical basis for the immune response of teleost kidney against bacterial infections.

Macrophage diversity in cancer dissemination and metastasis

Invasion and metastasis are hallmarks of cancer. In addition to the well-recognized hematogenous and lymphatic pathways of metastasis, cancer cell dissemination can occur via the transcoelomic and perineural routes, which are typical of ovarian and pancreatic cancer, respectively. Macrophages are a universal major component of the tumor microenvironment and, in established tumors, promote growth and dissemination to secondary sites. Here, we review the role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in cancer cell dissemination and metastasis, emphasizing the diversity of myeloid cells in different tissue contexts (lungs, liver, brain, bone, peritoneal cavity, nerves). The generally used models of lung metastasis fail to capture the diversity of pathways and tissue microenvironments. A better understanding of TAM diversity in different tissue contexts may pave the way for tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Association between dust exposure and lung function levels in steelworkers: mediation analysis of inflammatory biomarkers

PURPOSE

This investigation aimed to examine the mediating effect of inflammatory biomarkers on the relationship between dust exposure and lung function levels among steelworkers.

METHODS

The study comprised 2,315 front-line workers employed at an iron and steel company in Tangshan, who underwent occupational health assessments through cluster sampling. Demographic and lifestyle data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire, while physical examinations measured parameters such as height and weight. Lung function was assessed using a portable pulmonary function tester (CHEST). Blood cell counts were uniformly analyzed using a Mindray fully automated biochemistry analyzer (BS-800). Inflammatory biomarkers, including leukocyte count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, and platelet count, were assessed, and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and systemic immune inflammation index were computed. Generalized linear models and Spearman rank correlation analyses were employed to explore the interplay among dust exposure, inflammatory biomarkers, and alterations in lung function. A mediation analysis model was constructed to elucidate how inflammatory biomarkers mediate the relationship between dust exposure and lung function levels.

RESULTS

After adjusting for covariates, dust exposure was significantly associated with reduced lung function levels, with statistically significant differences observed between dust-exposed and non-exposed groups across various lung function indicators (P < 0.001). In the dust-exposed group, inflammatory biomarkers were elevated, showing significant correlations with FVC and FEV1 (P < 0.05). However, the correlation between FEV1/FVC and various inflammatory biomarkers was insignificant (P > 0.05). Mediation analysis revealed that white blood cells and neutrophils partially mediated the association between dust exposure and FVC, with proportions of 1.75% and 1.09%, respectively. Similarly, white blood cells, neutrophils, and the systemic immune inflammation index partially mediated the association between dust exposure and FEV1, with proportions of 1.15%, 0.82%, and 0.82%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, dust exposure poses a risk for decreased lung function levels. Inflammatory biomarkers derived from blood cells offer a valuable and easily obtainable means of identifying changes in lungfunction levels. Among these biomarkers, white blood cells, neutrophils, and the systemic immune inflammation index significantly mediate the association between dust exposure and lung function levels, although further exploration is needed to understand their underlying mechanisms.

Marine macroalgae Chaetomorpha aerea as a dietary supplement: Optimizing immunity and resistance to Edwardsiella tarda in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)

The intensification of aquaculture has led to a rise in fish infections, necessitating the search for alternative antibiotics. In this context, our study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Chaetomorpha aerea, a filamentous green algae, on the immune health and resistance to infections in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Diets containing varying concentrations of C. aerea (0, 1, 2, 5, and 10 g/kg) were prepared and administered to the fish for 30 days, followed by a challenge with Edwardsiella tarda to evaluate survival rates. The results were significant. The diet containing 5 g/kg of C. aerea (group T3) brought about substantial improvements in hematological parameters, including increases in red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), and hemoglobin (Hb). The T3 group exhibited a robust immune response, with higher lysozyme and ceruloplasmin activity in immunological assays. LBP gene expression was significantly elevated in the spleen and thymus of fish in the T3 group, which correlated with higher survival after bacterial challenge compared to the control group. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis confirmed that the 5 g/kg concentration stood out for maximizing immunological benefits without compromising the overall health of the fish. These findings highlight the robust immune response in the T3 group, a key finding of our study. We conclude that supplementation with C. aerea represents a promising and sustainable alternative in the formulation of diets for tilapia, contributing to improved health and resistance to diseases. Future studies are recommended to explore its application in other species and development stages, in addition to evaluating other health biomarkers.

IL-33-Pretreated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Acute Liver Failure by Improving Homing and Polarizing M2 Macrophages

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are highly effective in the treatment of acute liver failure (ALF). The efficacy of MSCs is closely related to the inflammatory environment. Therefore, we investigated the functional changes of MSCs in response to interleukin-33 (IL-33) stimulation. The results showed that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) pretreated with IL-33 had increased CCR2 expression, targeted CCL2 in the injured liver tissue, and improved the migration ability. Under LPS stimulation, the NF-κB pathway of BMDM was activated, and its phenotype polarized to the M1-type, while BMSCs pretreated with IL-33 inhibited the NF-κB pathway and enhanced M2 macrophage polarization. The M2-type macrophages could further inhibit hepatocytes inflammation, reduce hepatocytes apoptosis, and promote hepatocytes repair. These results suggest that IL-33 can enhance the efficacy of BMSCs in ALF and provide a new strategy for cell therapy of liver diseases.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nettle Polyphenolic Extract: Impact on Human Colon Cells and Cytotoxicity Against Colorectal Adenocarcinoma

Urtica dioica L. is one of the most widely utilized medicinal plants commonly applied in the form of tea, juice, and dietary supplements. This study aimed to assess the effect of the U. dioica ethanol-water extract (UdE) and polyphenolic fraction isolated from the extract (UdF) on normal human colon epithelial cells and to evaluate their protective activity against induced oxidative stress. The cytotoxic potential against human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT29) and the anti-inflammatory effects were also investigated. UPLC-MS-DAD analysis revealed that both extracts were abundant in caffeic acid derivatives, specifically chlorogenic and caffeoylmalic acids, and therefore, they showed significant protective and ROS scavenging effects in normal human colon epithelial cells. Moreover, they had no negative impact on cell viability and morphology in normal cells and the extracts, particularly UdF, moderately suppressed adenocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, UdF significantly decreased IL-1β levels in HT29 cells. Our research indicates that U. dioica may provide significant health advantages because of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Single-Cell Transcriptomics Unveils Skin Cell Specific Antifungal Immune Responses and IL-1Ra- IL-1R Immune Evasion Strategies of Emerging Fungal Pathogen Candida auris

Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that preferentially colonizes and persists in skin tissue, yet the host immune factors that regulate the skin colonization of C. auris in vivo are unknown. In this study, we employed unbiased single-cell transcriptomics of murine skin infected with C. auris to understand the cell type-specific immune response to C. auris. C. auris skin infection results in the accumulation of immune cells such as neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and NK cells at the site of infection. We identified fibroblasts as a major non-immune cell accumulated in the C. auris infected skin tissue. The comprehensive single-cell profiling revealed the transcriptomic signatures in cytokines, chemokines, host receptors (TLRs, C-type lectin receptors, NOD receptors), antimicrobial peptides, and immune signaling pathways in individual immune and non-immune cells during C. auris skin infection. Our analysis revealed that C. auris infection upregulates the expression of the IL-1RN gene (encoding IL-1R antagonist protein) in different cell types. We found IL-1Ra produced by macrophages during C. auris skin infection decreases the killing activity of neutrophils. Furthermore, C. auris uses a unique cell wall mannan outer layer to evade IL-1R-signaling mediated host defense. Collectively, our single-cell RNA seq profiling identified the transcriptomic signatures in immune and non-immune cells during C. auris skin infection. Our results demonstrate the IL-1Ra and IL-1R-mediated immune evasion mechanisms employed by C. auris to persist in the skin. These results enhance our understanding of host defense and immune evasion mechanisms during C. auris skin infection and identify potential targets for novel antifungal therapeutics.

Fecal microbiota transplantation alters the proteomic landscape of inflammation in HIV: identifying bacterial drivers

BACKGROUND

Despite effective antiretroviral therapy, people with HIV (PWH) experience persistent systemic inflammation and increased morbidity and mortality. Modulating the gut microbiome through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) represents a novel therapeutic strategy. We aimed to evaluate proteomic changes in inflammatory pathways following repeated, low-dose FMT versus placebo.

METHODS

This double-masked, placebo-controlled pilot study assessed the proteomic impacts of weekly FMT versus placebo treatment over 8 weeks on systemic inflammation in 29 PWH receiving stable antiretroviral therapy (ART). Three stool donors with high Faecalibacterium and butyrate profiles were selected, and their individual stools were used for FMT capsule preparation. Proteomic changes in 345 inflammatory proteins in plasma were quantified using the proximity extension assay, with samples collected at baseline and at weeks 1, 8, and 24. Concurrently, we characterized shifts in the gut microbiota composition and annotated functions through shotgun metagenomics. We fitted generalized additive models to evaluate the dynamics of protein expression. We selected the most relevant proteins to explore their correlations with microbiome composition and functionality over time using linear mixed models.

RESULTS

FMT significantly reduced the plasma levels of 45 inflammatory proteins, including established mortality predictors such as IL6 and TNF-α. We found notable reductions persisting up to 16 weeks after the final FMT procedure, including in the expression of proteins such as CCL20 and CD22. We identified changes in 46 proteins, including decreases in FT3LG, IL6, IL10RB, IL12B, and IL17A, which correlated with multiple bacterial species. We found that specific bacterial species within the Ruminococcaceae, Succinivibrionaceae, Prevotellaceae families, and the Clostridium genus, in addition to their associated genes and functions, were significantly correlated with changes in inflammatory markers.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeting the gut microbiome through FMT effectively decreased inflammatory proteins in PWH, with sustained effects. These findings suggest the potential of the microbiome as a therapeutic target to mitigate inflammation-related complications in this population, encouraging further research and development of microbiome-based interventions. Video Abstract.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma-associated inflammatory cytokines: ongoing biomarkers

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a neoplasm related to inflammation; the expression of cytokines, such as CCL3, CCL4, CCL20, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, among others, is presumed to be associated with NPC occurrence and development. Therefore, the circulating levels of these cytokines may be potential biomarkers for assessing tumor aggressiveness, exploring cellular interactions, and monitoring tumor therapeutic responses. Numerous scholars have comprehensively explored the putative mechanisms through which these inflammatory factors affect NPC progression and therapeutic responses. Moreover, investigations have focused on elucidating the correlation between the systemic levels of these cytokines and the incidence and prognosis of NPC. This comprehensive review aims to delineate the advancements in research concerning the relationship between inflammatory factors and NPC while considering their prospective roles as novel prognostic and predictive biomarkers in the context of NPC.

Bystander monocytic cells drive infection-independent NLRP3 inflammasome response to SARS-CoV-2

The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is associated with a hyperinflammatory immune response. Monocytes and macrophages play a central role in this hyperinflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2. NLRP3 inflammasome activation has been observed in monocytes of patients with COVID-19, but the mechanism and consequences of inflammasome activation require further investigation. In this study, we inoculated a macrophage-like THP-1 cell line, primary differentiated human nasal epithelial cell (hNEC) cultures, and primary monocytes with SARS-CoV-2. We found that the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages does not rely on viral replication, receptor-mediated entry, or actin-dependent entry. SARS-CoV-2 productively infected hNEC cultures without triggering the production of inflammasome cytokines IL-18 and IL-1β. Importantly, these cytokines did not inhibit viral replication in hNEC cultures. SARS-CoV-2 inoculation of primary monocytes led to inflammasome activation and induced a macrophage phenotype in these cells. Monocytic cells from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, but not from peripheral blood, of patients with COVID-19, showed evidence of inflammasome activation, expressed the proinflammatory marker CD11b, and displayed oxidative burst. These findings highlight the central role of activated macrophages, as a result of direct viral sensing, in COVID-19 and support the inhibition of IL-1β and IL-18 as potential therapeutic strategies to reduce immunopathology without increasing viral replication.

IMPORTANCE

Inflammasome activation is associated with severe COVID-19. The impact of inflammasome activation on viral replication and mechanistic details of this activation are not clarified. This study advances our understanding of the role of inflammasome activation in macrophages by identifying TLR2, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 as dependent factors in this activation. Further, it highlights that SARS-CoV-2 inflammasome activation is not a feature of nasal epithelial cells but rather activation of bystander macrophages in the airway. Finally, we demonstrate that two pro inflammatory cytokines produced by inflammasome activation, IL-18 and IL-1β, do not restrict viral replication and are potential targets to ameliorate pathological inflammation in severe COVID-19.

Coronavirus envelope protein activates TMED10-mediated unconventional secretion of inflammatory factors

The precise cellular mechanisms underlying heightened proinflammatory cytokine production during coronavirus infection remain incompletely understood. Here we identify the envelope (E) protein in severe coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2, SARS, or MERS) as a potent inducer of interleukin-1 release, intensifying lung inflammation through the activation of TMED10-mediated unconventional protein secretion (UcPS). In contrast, the E protein of mild coronaviruses (229E, HKU1, or OC43) demonstrates a less pronounced effect. The E protein of severe coronaviruses contains an SS/DS motif, which is not present in milder strains and facilitates interaction with TMED10. This interaction enhances TMED10-oligomerization, facilitating UcPS cargo translocation into the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC)-a pivotal step in interleukin-1 UcPS. Progesterone analogues were identified as compounds inhibiting E-enhanced release of proinflammatory factors and lung inflammation in a Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV) infection model. These findings elucidate a molecular mechanism driving coronavirus-induced hyperinflammation, proposing the E-TMED10 interaction as a potential therapeutic target to counteract the adverse effects of coronavirus-induced inflammation.

Opposing roles of resident and infiltrating immune cells in the defense against Legionella longbeachae via IL-18R/IFN-γ/ROS axis in mice

The immune response against Legionella longbeachae, a causative agent of the often-fatal Legionnaires' pneumonia, is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the specific roles of tissue-resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) and infiltrating phagocytes during infection with this pathogen. AMs were the predominant cell type that internalized bacteria 1 day after infection. A total of 3 and 5 days after infection, AM numbers were greatly reduced, whereas there was an influx of neutrophils and, later, monocyte-derived cells (MCs) into lung tissue. AMs carried greater numbers of viable L. longbeachae than neutrophils and MCs, which correlated with a higher capacity of L. longbeachae to translocate bacterial effector proteins required for bacterial replication into the AM cytosol. Cell ablation experiments demonstrated that AM promoted infection, whereas neutrophils and MC were required for efficient bacterial clearance. Interleukin (IL)-18 was important for interferon-γ production by IL-18R+ natural killer cells and T cells, which, in turn, stimulated reactive oxygen species-mediated bactericidal activity in neutrophils, resulting in the restriction of L. longbeachae infection. Ciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells also expressed IL-18R but did not play a role in IL-18-mediated L. longbeachae clearance. Our results have identified opposing innate functions of tissue-resident and infiltrating immune cells during L. longbeachae infection that may be manipulated to improve protective responses.

IL-18 signaling is regulated by caspase 6/8 and IL-18BP in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Interleukin (IL)-18 is synthesized as a precursor that requires intracellular processing to become functionally active. In human, IL-18 is processed by caspase 1 (CASP1). In teleost, the maturation and signal transduction mechanisms of IL-18 are unknown. We identified two IL-18 variants, IL-18a and IL-18b, in turbot. IL-18a, but not IL-18b, was processed by CASP6/8 cleavage. Mature IL-18a bound specifically to IL-18 receptor (IL-18R) α-expressing cells and induced IL-18Rα-IL-18Rβ association. Bacterial infection promoted IL-18a maturation in a manner that required CASP6 activation and correlated with gasdermin E activation. The mature IL-18a induced proinflammatory cytokine expression and enhanced bacterial clearance. IL-18a-mediated immune response was suppressed by IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP), which functioned as a decoy receptor for IL-18a. IL-18BP also functioned as a pathogen pattern recognition receptor and directly inhibited pathogen infection. Our findings revealed unique mechanism of IL-18 maturation and conserved mechanism of IL-18 signaling and regulation in turbot, and provided new insights into the regulation and function of IL-18 related immune signaling.

Enhanced cytokine signaling and ferroptosis defense interplay initiates obesity-associated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Obesity is a significant risk factor for various cancers, including pancreatic cancer (PC), but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In our study, pancreatic ductal epithelial cells were cultured using serum from human subjects with diverse metabolic statuses, revealing that serum from patients with obesity alters inflammatory cytokine signaling and ferroptosis, where a mutual enhancement between interleukin 34 (IL-34) expression and ferroptosis defense was observed in these cells. Notably, oncogenic KRASG12D amplified their interaction and this leads to the initiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in diet-induced obese mice via macrophage-mediated immunosuppression. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of human samples showed that cytokine signaling, ferroptosis defense, and immunosuppression are correlated with the patients' body mass index (BMI) during PDAC progression. Our findings provide a mechanistic link between obesity, inflammation, ferroptosis defense, and pancreatic cancer, suggesting novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of obesity-associated PDAC.

Interleukin-1 receptor 1 deficiency worsens hepatocellular carcinoma, while gemcitabine treatment alleviates the hepatocellular carcinoma-induced increase in intra-hepatic immune cells

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Primary liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), represents a substantial global health challenge. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective in HCC treatment, several patients still experience disease progression. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) regulates immunity and inflammation. We investigate the role of IL-1 in HCC development and progression and determine the potential therapeutic impact of gemcitabine in treating HCC.

METHODS

Hydrodynamics-based transfection, employing the sleeping beauty transposase system, delivered surrogate tumor antigens, NRAS (NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase), ShP53, and SB100 to C57BL/6 mice. A basic HCC mouse model was established. Pathogen-free animals were tested for serum and hepatotoxicity. The HCC prognosis was monitored using alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels. Liver histology immunohistochemistry and mouse splenocyte/intra-hepatic immune cell flow cytometry were conducted. IL-1β levels in human and mouse serum were assessed.

RESULTS

Interleukin-1β levels were elevated in patients with HCC compared with those in non-HCC controls. Hepatic IL-1β levels were higher in HCC mouse models than those in non-HCC mice, suggesting localized hepatic inflammation. IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) knockout (IL-1R1-/-) mice exhibited less severe HCC progression than that in wild-type mice, despite the high intra-hepatic IL-1β concentration. IL-1R1-/- mice exhibited increased hepatic levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells, which may exacerbate HCC. Gemcitabine significantly reduced the HCC tumor burden, improved liver conditions, and increased survival rates in HCC mouse models. Gemcitabine reduced the hepatic levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells, potentially alleviating immune suppression in the liver.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeting IL-1 or combining gemcitabine with immunotherapy is a promising approach for treating advanced-stage HCC.

Monitoring the physiological inflammatory alertness in horse after road transport

The aim of this study was to assess the changes of pro-inflammatory interleukins in 10 horses subjected to road transport practices (distance of 150 km) from the training site (Messina, Sicily) to the competition centre in Syracuse (Sicily). Blood sampling and interleukins analysis were performed during a round trip transportation (transport 1 and transport 2). In particular, blood samples were collected before the transport took place (Pre), five minutes later (Post) and one hour later (Post 1 h), for each transport, in order to assess the serum concentration of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2 and IL-6. The results showed that the serum concentration of IL-1α decreased at Post and Post 1 h compared to the values obtained at rest condition (P < 0.05). The other interleukins analysed (i.e. IL-1β, IL-2 and IL-6) showed increased levels at Post than Rest and Post 1 h in transport 1 (P < 0.05). In transport 2 the analysed parameters showed no change throughout the analysed time points (P > 0.05); however, higher levels of IL-1α at Pre and higher IL-1β, IL-2 and IL-6 values at Post were found in transport 1 than transport 2 (P < 0.05). The increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines after transport 1 suggests the triggering of the inflammatory event and this may show that, although horses are animals accustomed to transport, this is a stressful event that could activate the well-orchestrated inflammation cascade, albeit physiological and temporary, as highlighted by the lower serum concentrations of the investigated interleukins found in transport 1 than transport 2 and by the lack of significant differences in the serum concentrations of the investigated interleukins among the time points of transport 2. It must be taken into account that enrolled animals are well-trained and healthy athletic horses participating to a jumper competition, thus, such inflammation did not occur thanks to a good balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines which allowed a prompt restoration of homeostasis eventually impaired by the stressful event.

Oligodendrocytes in central nervous system diseases: the effect of cytokine regulation

Cytokines including tumor necrosis factor, interleukins, interferons, and chemokines are abundantly produced in various diseases. As pleiotropic factors, cytokines are involved in nearly every aspect of cellular functions such as migration, survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-forming cells in the central nervous system and play critical roles in the conduction of action potentials, supply of metabolic components for axons, and other functions. Emerging evidence suggests that both oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells are vulnerable to cytokines released under pathological conditions. This review mainly summarizes the effects of cytokines on oligodendrocyte lineage cells in central nervous system diseases. A comprehensive understanding of the effects of cytokines on oligodendrocyte lineage cells contributes to our understanding of central nervous system diseases and offers insights into treatment strategies.

Expanding Role of Interleukin-1 Family Cytokines in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a critical medical condition that results in significant neurological deficits and tissue damage, affecting millions worldwide. Currently, there is a significant lack of reliable tools for assessing and predicting IS outcomes. The inflammatory response following IS may exacerbate tissue injury or provide neuroprotection. This review sought to summarize current knowledge on the IL-1 family's involvement in IS, which includes pro-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-36, as well as anti-inflammatory molecules, like IL-1Ra, IL-33, IL-36A, IL-37, and IL-38. The balance between these opposing inflammatory processes may serve as a biomarker for determining patient outcomes and recovery paths. Treatments targeting these cytokines or their receptors show promise, but more comprehensive research is essential to clarify their precise roles in IS development and progression.

Exploring causal associations of antioxidants from supplements and diet with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in European populations: a Mendelian randomization analysis

Background

Antioxidants from both supplements and diet have been suggested to potentially reduce oxidative stress in individuals with ADHD. However, there is a lack of studies utilizing the Mendelian randomization (MR) method to explore the relationship between dietary and supplemental antioxidants with ADHD.

Methods

This study employed two-sample mendelian randomization. Various specific antioxidant dietary supplements (such as coffee, green tea, herbal tea, standard tea, and red wine intake per week), along with diet-derived circulating antioxidants including Vitamin C (ascorbate), Vitamin E (α-tocopherol), Vitamin E (γ-tocopherol), carotene, Vitamin A (retinol), zinc, and selenium (N = 2,603-428,860), were linked to independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Data on ADHD was gathered from six sources, comprising 246,888 participants. The primary analytical method utilized was inverse variance weighting (IVW), with sensitivity analysis conducted to assess the robustness of the main findings.

Results

In different diagnostic periods for ADHD, we found that only green tea intake among the antioxidants was significantly associated with a reduced risk of ADHD in males (OR: 0.977, CI: 0.963-0.990, p < 0.001, FDR = 0.065), with no evidence of pleiotropy or heterogeneity observed in the results. Additionally, a nominal causal association was found between green tea intake and childhood ADHD (OR: 0.989, 95% CI: 0.979-0.998, p = 0.023, FDR = 0.843). No causal relationships were detected between the intake of other antioxidant-rich diets and ADHD.

Conclusion

Our study found a significant inverse association between green tea intake and male ADHD, suggesting that higher green tea consumption may reduce ADHD risk in males. Further research is needed to explore optimal doses and underlying mechanisms.

Nonreducing Sugar Scaffold Enables the Development of Immunomodulatory TLR4-specific LPS Mimetics with Picomolar Potency

Innate immune defense mechanisms against infection and cancer encompass the modulation of pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated inflammation, including upregulation of various transcription factors and the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways important for immune surveillance. Dysfunction of PRRs-mediated signaling has been implicated in cancer and autoimmune diseases, while the overactivation of PRRs-driven responses during infection can lead to devastating consequences such as acute lung injury or sepsis. We used crystal structure-based design to develop immunomodulatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mimetics targeting one of the ubiquitous PRRs, Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4). Taking advantage of an exo-anomeric conformation and specific molecular shape of synthetic nonreducing β,β-diglucosamine, which was investigated by NMR, we developed two sets of lipid A mimicking glycolipids capable of either potently activating innate immune responses or inhibiting pro-inflammatory signaling. Stereoselective 1,1'-glycosylation towards fully orthogonally protected nonreducing GlcNβ(1↔1')βGlcN followed by stepwise assembly of differently functionalised phosphorylated glycolipids provided biologically active molecules that were evaluated for their ability to trigger or to inhibit cellular innate immune responses. Two LPS mimetics, identified as potent TLR4-specific inducers of the intracellular signaling pathways, serve as vaccine adjuvant- and immunotherapy candidates, while anionic glycolipids with TLR4-inhibitory potential hold therapeutic promise for the management of acute or chronic inflammation.

Pyroptosis in health and disease: mechanisms, regulation and clinical perspective

Pyroptosis is a type of programmed cell death characterized by cell swelling and osmotic lysis, resulting in cytomembrane rupture and release of immunostimulatory components, which play a role in several pathological processes. Significant cellular responses to various stimuli involve the formation of inflammasomes, maturation of inflammatory caspases, and caspase-mediated cleavage of gasdermin. The function of pyroptosis in disease is complex but not a simple angelic or demonic role. While inflammatory diseases such as sepsis are associated with uncontrollable pyroptosis, the potent immune response induced by pyroptosis can be exploited as a therapeutic target for anti-tumor therapy. Thus, a comprehensive review of the role of pyroptosis in disease is crucial for further research and clinical translation from bench to bedside. In this review, we summarize the recent advancements in understanding the role of pyroptosis in disease, covering the related development history, molecular mechanisms including canonical, non-canonical, caspase 3/8, and granzyme-mediated pathways, and its regulatory function in health and multiple diseases. Moreover, this review also provides updates on promising therapeutic strategies by applying novel small molecule inhibitors and traditional medicines to regulate pyroptosis. The present dilemmas and future directions in the landscape of pyroptosis are also discussed from a clinical perspective, providing clues for scientists to develop novel drugs targeting pyroptosis.