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Al Maghraby MA, Alshami AM, Muaidi QI, Abualait TS, Alzahrani MA, Alotaibi SS, Alamir HM, AlOudah MA, Aljiry AA, Alhijji HS, Alomar AS, Al Ensaif M. Corridor and real-time 6-minute walk tests in healthy young adults: A randomized cross-over study. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2024; 19:637-643. [PMID: 38807964 PMCID: PMC11130720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Cardiopulmonary endurance is important for comfortably participating in activities of daily living. Exercise tests, such as the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), are commonly used to evaluate cardiopulmonary endurance. We investigated the effects of the Gait Real-Time Analysis Interactive Lab (GRAIL)- and corridor-based 6MWTs on functional performance. Methods Thirty healthy men were randomly divided into two groups. Group A participants performed a corridor-based 6MWT, followed by a washout period (1 h). Subsequently, they performed the GRAIL-based 6MWT. Group B participants performed the tests in the reverse order of that performed by Group A participants. Results The corridor-based 6MWT resulted in significantly higher 6MW distance and 6MW speed than the GRAIL-based 6MWT. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in any of the following secondary outcomes: systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, oxygen saturation, heart rate, dyspnea, and overall fatigue. A strong positive correlation was observed between the 6MW distance and 6MW speed. Conclusion The corridor- and GRAIL-based 6MWT should not be used interchangeably.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali M. Alshami
- Department of Physical Therapy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, KSA
| | - Qassim I. Muaidi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, KSA
| | - Turki S. Abualait
- Department of Physical Therapy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, KSA
| | - Matar A. Alzahrani
- Department of Physical Therapy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, KSA
| | - Sultan S. Alotaibi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, KSA
| | - Hassan M. Alamir
- Department of Physical Therapy, Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Al Ahsa, KSA
| | - Mashari A. AlOudah
- Department of Physical Therapy, Imam Abdulrahman Al Faisal Hospital, Dammam, KSA
| | | | - Hassan S. Alhijji
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Department, Al Jafer General Hospital, Al Ahsa, KSA
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Iconaru EI, Tarcau E, Ciucurel C. The Influence of Weather Conditions on the Diurnal Variation in Range of Motion in Older Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:254. [PMID: 38202261 PMCID: PMC10780229 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study investigated the relationship between weather conditions, diurnal patterns, and total knee range of motion (ROM), as well as the severity of symptoms (pain and stiffness) in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. (2) Methods: An exploratory longitudinal study was conducted on 28 older adults with knee osteoarthritis (mean age 71.86 ± 4.49 years; 46.4% men, 53.6% women). We used as assessment tools the Visual Analog Scales (VAS) for self-reported local knee pain and stiffness, and goniometry for ROM. Measurements were taken twice, six months apart, in winter and summer, in the morning and evening of each selected day. Recorded weather factors comprised temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, and maximum wind speed. (3) Results: The study revealed significant effects of season and time of day on pain and stiffness, respectively (p < 0.001). Additionally, a significant interaction between season and time influenced total knee ROM (p < 0.001). Moreover, there was a statistically significant relationship between time and total knee ROM (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: This research underscores the complex link between seasonal fluctuations and daily variations in some symptomatic and functional aspects of knee osteoarthritis in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ioana Iconaru
- Department of Medical Assistance and Physical Therapy, University Center of Pitesti, National University for Science and Technology Politehnica Bucuresti, 110040 Pitesti, Romania; (E.I.I.); (C.C.)
| | - Emilian Tarcau
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Physical Therapy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Constantin Ciucurel
- Department of Medical Assistance and Physical Therapy, University Center of Pitesti, National University for Science and Technology Politehnica Bucuresti, 110040 Pitesti, Romania; (E.I.I.); (C.C.)
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Young ME. The Cardiac Circadian Clock: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease and its Treatment. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:1613-1628. [PMID: 38205356 PMCID: PMC10774593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Virtually all aspects of physiology fluctuate with respect to the time of day. This is beautifully exemplified by cardiovascular physiology, for which blood pressure and electrophysiology exhibit robust diurnal oscillations. At molecular/biochemical levels (eg, transcription, translation, signaling, metabolism), cardiovascular-relevant tissues (such as the heart) are profoundly different during the day vs the night. Unfortunately, this in turn contributes toward 24-hour rhythms in both risk of adverse event onset (eg, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction) and pathogenesis severity (eg, extent of ischemic damage). Accumulating evidence indicates that cell-autonomous timekeeping mechanisms, termed circadian clocks, temporally govern biological processes known to play critical roles in cardiovascular function/dysfunction. In this paper, a comprehensive review of our current understanding of the cardiomyocyte circadian clock during both health and disease is detailed. Unprecedented basic, translational, and epidemiologic studies support a need to implement chronobiological considerations in strategies designed for both prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E. Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Fasipe B, Laher I. Nrf2 modulates the benefits of evening exercise in type 2 diabetes. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 5:251-258. [PMID: 38314046 PMCID: PMC10831386 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise has well-characterized therapeutic benefits in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Most of the beneficial effects of exercise arise from the impact of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor-2 (Nrf2) activation of glucose metabolism. Nrf2 is an essential controller of cellular anti-oxidative capacity and circadian rhythms. The circadian rhythm of Nrf2 is influenced by circadian genes on its expression, where the timing of exercise effects the activation of Nrf2 and the rhythmicity of Nrf2 and signaling, such that the timing of exercise has differential physiological effects. Exercise in the evening has beneficial effects on diabetes management, such as lowering of blood glucose and weight. The mechanisms responsible for these effects have not yet been associated with the influence of exercise on the circadian rhythm of Nrf2 activity. A better understanding of exercise-induced Nrf2 activation on Nrf2 rhythm and signaling can improve our appreciation of the distinct effects of morning and evening exercise. This review hypothesizes that activation of Nrf2 by exercise in the morning, when Nrf2 level is already at high levels, leads to hyperactivation and decrease in Nrf2 signaling, while activation of Nrf2 in the evening, when Nrf2 levels are at nadir levels, improves Nrf2 signaling and lowers blood glucose levels and increases fatty acid oxidation. Exploring the effects of Nrf2 activators on rhythmic signaling could also provide valuable insights into the optimal timing of their application, while also holding promise for timed treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde Fasipe
- Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Ismail Laher
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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5
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Bruggisser F, Knaier R, Roth R, Wang W, Qian J, Scheer FAJL. Best Time of Day for Strength and Endurance Training to Improve Health and Performance? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:34. [PMID: 37208462 PMCID: PMC10198889 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current recommendations for physical exercise include information about the frequency, intensity, type, and duration of exercise. However, to date, there are no recommendations on what time of day one should exercise. The aim was to perform a systematic review with meta-analysis to investigate if the time of day of exercise training in intervention studies influences the degree of improvements in physical performance or health-related outcomes. METHODS The databases EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception to January 2023. Eligibility criteria were that the studies conducted structured endurance and/or strength training with a minimum of two exercise sessions per week for at least 2 weeks and compared exercise training between at least two different times of the day using a randomized crossover or parallel group design. RESULTS From 14,125 screened articles, 26 articles were included in the systematic review of which seven were also included in the meta-analyses. Both the qualitative synthesis and the quantitative synthesis (i.e., meta-analysis) provide little evidence for or against the hypothesis that training at a specific time of day leads to more improvements in performance-related or health-related outcomes compared to other times. There was some evidence that there is a benefit when training and testing occur at the same time of day, mainly for performance-related outcomes. Overall, the risk of bias in most studies was high. CONCLUSIONS The current state of research provides evidence neither for nor against a specific time of the day being more beneficial, but provides evidence for larger effects when there is congruency between training and testing times. This review provides recommendations to improve the design and execution of future studies on this topic. REGISTRATION PROSPERO (CRD42021246468).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Bruggisser
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Knaier
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ralf Roth
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyi Qian
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Maryam K, Ali H. Aerobic and resistance exercises affect the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway, and hippocampal neuron density of high-fat diet-induced obese elderly rats. Physiol Behav 2023; 264:114140. [PMID: 36870384 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, caused by a high-fat diet (HFD) in elderly, is a risk factor for insulin resistance and a precursor to diabetes and can lead to impaired cognitive function. Physical exercise has positive effects on decrease obesity and improvement brain function. We investigated which type of aerobic (AE) or resistance (RE) exercise can be more effective in reducing HFD-induced cognitive dysfunction in obese elderly rats. 48 male Wistar rats (19-monthold) were divided into six groups: Healthy control (CON), CON+AE, CON+RE, HFD, HFD+AE, and HFD+RE. Obesity was induced by 5 months of HFD feeding in older rats. After obesity confirmation, RT (with a range of 50% to 100%1RM/3 days/week) and AE (running at 8-m/min for 15-min to 26-m/min for 60-min /5 days/week) was performed for 12-weeks. Morris water maze Test was used to evaluate cognitive performance. All data were analyzed using two-way statistical test of variance. The results showed that obesity had a negative effect on glycemic index, increased inflammation, decreased antioxidant levels, decreased BDNF/TrkB and decreased nerve density in hippocampal tissue. The Morris water maze results clearly showed cognitive impairment in the obesity group. But 12 weeks after AE and RE, all the measured variables were on the improvement path, and in general, no difference was observed between the two exercise methods. Two mods of exercise (AE and RE) may be having same effects on nerve cell density, inflammatory, antioxidant and functional status of hippocampus of obese rats. Each of the AE and RE can create beneficial effects on the cognitive function of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshvari Maryam
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, exercise physiology department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Heidarianpour Ali
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, exercise physiology department, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
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7
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Arciero PJ, Ives SJ, Mohr AE, Robinson N, Escudero D, Robinson J, Rose K, Minicucci O, O'Brien G, Curran K, Miller VJ, He F, Norton C, Paul M, Sheridan C, Beard S, Centore J, Dudar M, Ehnstrom K, Hoyte D, Mak H, Yarde A. Morning Exercise Reduces Abdominal Fat and Blood Pressure in Women; Evening Exercise Increases Muscular Performance in Women and Lowers Blood Pressure in Men. Front Physiol 2022; 13:893783. [PMID: 35711313 PMCID: PMC9194552 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.893783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ideal exercise time of day (ETOD) remains elusive regarding simultaneous effects on health and performance outcomes, especially in women. Purpose: Given known sex differences in response to exercise training, this study quantified health and performance outcomes in separate cohorts of women and men adhering to different ETOD. Methods: Thirty exercise-trained women (BMI = 24 ± 3 kg/m2; 42 ± 8 years) and twenty-six men (BMI = 25.5 ± 3 kg/m2; 45 ± 8 years) were randomized to multimodal ETOD in the morning (0600–0800 h, AM) or evening (1830–2030 h, PM) for 12 weeks and analyzed as separate cohorts. Baseline (week 0) and post (week 12) muscular strength (1-RM bench/leg press), endurance (sit-ups/push-ups) and power (squat jumps, SJ; bench throws, BT), body composition (iDXA; fat mass, FM; abdominal fat, Abfat), systolic/diastolic blood pressure (BP), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), profile of mood states (POMS), and dietary intake were assessed. Results: Twenty-seven women and twenty men completed the 12-week intervention. No differences at baseline existed between groups (AM vs PM) for both women and men cohorts. In women, significant interactions (p < 0.05) existed for 1RM bench (8 ± 2 vs 12 ± 2, ∆kg), pushups (9 ± 1 vs 13 ± 2, ∆reps), BT (10 ± 6 vs 45 ± 28, ∆watts), SJ (135 ± 6 vs 39 ± 8, ∆watts), fat mass (−1.0 ± 0.2 vs −0.3 ± 0.2, ∆kg), Abfat (−2.6 ± 0.3 vs −0.9 ± 0.5, ∆kg), diastolic (−10 ± 1 vs−5 ± 5, ∆mmHg) and systolic (−12.5 ± 2.7 vs 2.3 ± 3, mmHg) BP, AM vs PM, respectively. In men, significant interactions (p < 0.05) existed for systolic BP (−3.5 ± 2.6 vs −14.9 ± 5.1, ∆mmHg), RER (−0.01 ± 0.01 vs −0.06 ± 0.01, ∆VCO2/VO2), and fatigue (−0.8 ± 2 vs −5.9 ± 2, ∆mm), AM vs PM, respectively. Macronutrient intake was similar among AM and PM groups. Conclusion: Morning exercise (AM) reduced abdominal fat and blood pressure and evening exercise (PM) enhanced muscular performance in the women cohort. In the men cohort, PM increased fat oxidation and reduced systolic BP and fatigue. Thus, ETOD may be important to optimize individual exercise-induced health and performance outcomes in physically active individuals and may be independent of macronutrient intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Stephen J Ives
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Alex E Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Nathaniel Robinson
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Daniela Escudero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Jake Robinson
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Kayla Rose
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Olivia Minicucci
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Gabriel O'Brien
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Kathryn Curran
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Vincent J Miller
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Feng He
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Chico, CA, United States
| | - Chelsea Norton
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Maia Paul
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Caitlin Sheridan
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Sheriden Beard
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Jessica Centore
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Monique Dudar
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Katy Ehnstrom
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Dakembay Hoyte
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Heather Mak
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Aaliyah Yarde
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
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Leota J, Hoffman D, Czeisler MÉ, Mascaro L, Drummond SP, Anderson C, Rajaratnam SM, Facer-Childs ER. Eastward Jet Lag is Associated with Impaired Performance and Game Outcome in the National Basketball Association. Front Physiol 2022; 13:892681. [PMID: 35784873 PMCID: PMC9245584 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.892681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Elite athletes are often required to travel across time zones for national and international competitions, causing frequent jet lag. The aim of this study was to examine whether the direction of travel-related jet lag is associated with performance in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and if so, to explore potential mechanisms. Methods: Ten seasons comprising of 11,481 games of NBA data from the 2011/2012 to the 2020/2021 regular season were analyzed using multi-level mixed models with one fixed factor (three levels; jet lag direction: eastward vs westward vs no jet lag) and three random factors (team, opponent, game time). Predicted circadian resynchronization rate was accounted for, and home and away games were analysed separately. Mediation analyses were performed to examine potential mechanisms. Results: Among home teams, eastward (but not westward) jet lag was associated with reduced winning (Δ (i.e., change) = -6.03%, p = 0.051, marginal), points differential (Δ = -1.29 points, p = 0.015), rebound differential (Δ = -1.29 rebounds, p < 0.0001), and effective field goal percentage differential (Δ = -1.2%, p < 0.01). As the magnitude of eastward jet lag increased, home team points differential decreased (2 h Δ = -4.53 points, p < 0.05; 1 h Δ = -0.72 points, p = 0.07). No significant associations were found between jet lag and away team performance. Conclusion: Eastward jet lag was associated with impaired performance for home (but not away) teams. Sleep and circadian disruption associated with advancing phase following eastward travel may have significant adverse consequences on performance in the NBA, particularly when recovery time is limited. Sports organisations could consider chronobiology-informed scheduling and interventions to maximise recovery and performance of their athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Leota
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoffman
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- St Kilda Football Club, Australian Football League, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark É. Czeisler
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Luis Mascaro
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean P.A. Drummond
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Clare Anderson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shantha M.W. Rajaratnam
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elise R. Facer-Childs
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- St Kilda Football Club, Australian Football League, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Danny Frawley Centre for Health and Wellbeing, Moorabbin, VIC, Australia
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9
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Noé F, Korchi K, Bru N, Paillard T. Does the time of day differently impact the effects of an exercise program on postural control in older subjects? A pilot study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:73. [PMID: 35443695 PMCID: PMC9022324 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The time of day that people exercise can potentially influence the efficiency of exercises for fall prevention in older adults. The present pilot study was conducted to explore the feasibility and effects of morning versus afternoon exercising on postural control in institutionalized older adults. Methods Nine older adults completed a 3-month multimodal exercise program in its entirety (14 participants were recruited at the beginning and were initially randomly separated into two groups). One group exercised in the morning (ME; n = 4) and the other in the afternoon (AE; n = 5). Postural control was assessed with a force platform at pre and post-intervention at the following times: 8 a.m., 11 a.m., 2 p.m. and 5 p.m. Results Postural control significantly improved only in the AE group post-intervention. Improvements in postural control in the AE group were mainly observed in the morning. Conclusions The afternoon would be the best period to implement exercise sessions dedicated to improve postural control in older subjects with benefits mainly observed in the morning. Further studies are needed with a larger sample in order to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Noé
- E2S UPPA, MEPS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Tarbes, France
| | - Karim Korchi
- UPR APSY-v, Université de Nîmes, 5 Rue du Docteur Georges Salan CS 13019, 30021, Nîmes Cedex 1, France.
| | - Noëlle Bru
- E2S UPPA, LMAP, CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Anglet, France
| | - Thierry Paillard
- E2S UPPA, MEPS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Tarbes, France
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10
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Dehghani M, Namdari M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Baharvand-Ahmadi B, Mokhayeri Y, Namdari P, Dehghani M, Cheragi M. Comparison of the effects of the time of home-based cardiac rehabilitation program on the changes in cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with phase-IV myocardial infarction: A randomized controlled trial. ARYA ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2022; 18:1-9. [PMID: 36818148 PMCID: PMC9931602 DOI: 10.48305/arya.v18i0.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It seems that the time of performing cardiac rehabilitation is important in determining the risk of cardiac complications in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a home-based cardiac rehabilitation program (HCRP) conducted in either the morning or evening on cardiometabolic risk factors in phase IV (maintenance) MI patients. METHODS In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 80 patients with MI were divided into 2 groups of intervention and control (40 individuals per group). Patients in each group were categorized into morning and evening subgroups (20 individuals per subgroup). The therapeutic regimen in the intervention group included HCRP, routine medications, and exercise and walking programs for 8 weeks. Patients in the control group received routine treatments for 8 weeks. Cardiovascular risk factors comprising of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), mean platelet volume (MPV), C-reactive protein (CRP), and cardiometabolic indicators including cholesterol (Cho), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG), and the maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2 max) were measured for all patients before and after the intervention. RESULTS Our results showed significant reductions in Cho, TG, HDL, LDL, VO2 max, CRP, and MPV (P < 0.05) in the group performing HCRP in the evening compared with the morning group. CONCLUSION Performing HCRP in the evening, compared with morning, can be significantly more effective in improving the levels of cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with MI. Therefore, it is recommended that rehabilitation programs be implemented in these patients in evening shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Dehghani
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Rahimi Hospital, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Namdari
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine AND Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Rahimi Hospital, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Sharekord Iran
| | - Babak Baharvand-Ahmadi
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine AND Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Rahimi Hospital, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Yaser Mokhayeri
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, AND Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Rahimi Hospital, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Parsa Namdari
- Student of Medicine, University of Debrecen Medicine School, Debrecent, Hungary
| | - Morteza Dehghani
- Student of Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Cheragi
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine AND Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Rahimi Hospital, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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11
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Adamovich Y, Dandavate V, Ezagouri S, Manella G, Zwighaft Z, Sobel J, Kuperman Y, Golik M, Auerbach A, Itkin M, Malitsky S, Asher G. Clock proteins and training modify exercise capacity in a daytime-dependent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2101115118. [PMID: 34426495 PMCID: PMC8536342 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101115118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and circadian biology are closely intertwined with physiology and metabolism, yet the functional interaction between circadian clocks and exercise capacity is only partially characterized. Here, we tested different clock mutant mouse models to examine the effect of the circadian clock and clock proteins, namely PERIODs and BMAL1, on exercise capacity. We found that daytime variance in endurance exercise capacity is circadian clock controlled. Unlike wild-type mice, which outperform in the late compared with the early part of their active phase, PERIODs- and BMAL1-null mice do not show daytime variance in exercise capacity. It appears that BMAL1 impairs and PERIODs enhance exercise capacity in a daytime-dependent manner. An analysis of liver and muscle glycogen stores as well as muscle lipid utilization suggested that these daytime effects mostly relate to liver glycogen levels and correspond to the animals' feeding behavior. Furthermore, given that exercise capacity responds to training, we tested the effect of training at different times of the day and found that training in the late compared with the early part of the active phase improves exercise performance. Overall, our findings suggest that clock proteins shape exercise capacity in a daytime-dependent manner through changes in liver glycogen levels, likely due to their effect on animals' feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaarit Adamovich
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vaishnavi Dandavate
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Saar Ezagouri
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gal Manella
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Zwighaft
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jonathan Sobel
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Kuperman
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marina Golik
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asher Auerbach
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gad Asher
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel;
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12
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Li M, Li X, Cao L, Li R, Wang X, Yao L, Yan P, Li Y, Chu X, Li H, Han X, Xin T, Chen K, White H, Yang K. PROTOCOL: Examining the best time of day for exercise: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2021; 17:e1144. [PMID: 37051170 PMCID: PMC8356310 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meixuan Li
- Evidence‐Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Xiuxia Li
- Evidence‐Based Social Science Research Center, School of Public HealthLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Liujiao Cao
- Evidence‐Based Social Science Research Center, School of Public HealthLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Rui Li
- Evidence‐Based Social Science Research Center, School of Public HealthLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and CareMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
| | - Liang Yao
- Department of Health Research Methodology, Evidence and ImpactMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
| | - Peijing Yan
- Department of Clinical Research Management, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yanfei Li
- Evidence‐Based Social Science Research Center, School of Public HealthLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Xiajing Chu
- Evidence‐Based Social Science Research Center, School of Public HealthLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Huijuan Li
- Evidence‐Based Social Science Research Center, School of Public HealthLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Xue Han
- The First School of Clinical MedicineLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Tianjiao Xin
- Evidence‐Based Social Science Research Center, School of Public HealthLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Kaiyue Chen
- Evidence‐Based Social Science Research Center, School of Public HealthLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
| | | | - Kehu Yang
- Evidence‐Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
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13
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Laurens C, de Glisezinski I, Larrouy D, Harant I, Moro C. Influence of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Abdominal Fat Lipolysis: An Update. Front Physiol 2020; 11:575363. [PMID: 33364972 PMCID: PMC7750473 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.575363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is a powerful and effective preventive measure against chronic diseases by increasing energy expenditure and substrate mobilization. Long-duration acute exercise favors lipid mobilization from adipose tissue, i.e., lipolysis, as well as lipid oxidation by skeletal muscles, while chronic endurance exercise improves body composition, facilitates diet-induced weight loss and long-term weight maintenance. Several hormones and factors have been shown to stimulate lipolysis in vitro in isolated adipocytes. Our current knowledge supports the view that catecholamines, atrial natriuretic peptide and insulin are the main physiological stimuli of exercise-induced lipolysis in humans. Emerging evidences indicate that contracting skeletal muscle can release substances capable of remote signaling to organs during exercise. This fascinating crosstalk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue during exercise is currently challenging our classical view of the physiological control of lipolysis, and provides a conceptual framework to better understand the pleotropic benefits of exercise at the whole-body level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Laurens
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Obesity Research Laboratory, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle de Glisezinski
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Obesity Research Laboratory, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,Department of Physiological Functional Explorations, Rangueil University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Larrouy
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Obesity Research Laboratory, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Harant
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Obesity Research Laboratory, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Cedric Moro
- INSERM, UMR 1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Obesity Research Laboratory, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
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14
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Gold, silver or bronze: circadian variation strongly affects performance in Olympic athletes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16088. [PMID: 33033271 PMCID: PMC7544825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian system affects physiological, psychological, and molecular mechanisms in the body, resulting in varying physical performance over the day. The timing and relative size of these effects are important for optimizing sport performance. In this study, Olympic swim times (from 2004 to 2016) were used to determine time-of-day and circadian effects under maximal motivational conditions. Data of athletes who made it to the finals (N = 144, 72 female) were included and normalized on individual levels based on the average swim times over race types (heat, semifinal, and final) per individual for each stroke, distance and Olympic venue. Normalized swim times were analyzed with a linear mixed model and a sine fitted model. Swim performance was better during finals as compared to semi-finals and heats. Performance was strongly affected by time-of-day, showing fastest swim times in the late afternoon around 17:12 h, indicating 0.32% improved performance relative to 08:00 h. This study reveals clear effects of time-of-day on physical performance in Olympic athletes. The time-of-day effect is large, and exceeds the time difference between gold and silver medal in 40%, silver and bronze medal in 64%, and bronze or no medal in 61% of the finals.
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15
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Swenson S, Blum K, McLaughlin T, Gold MS, Thanos PK. The therapeutic potential of exercise for neuropsychiatric diseases: A review. J Neurol Sci 2020; 412:116763. [PMID: 32305746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is known to have a myriad of health benefits. There is much to be learned from the effects of exercise and its potential for prevention, attenuation and treatment of multiple neuropsychiatric diseases and behavioral disorders. Furthermore, recent data and research on exercise benefits with respect to major health crises, such as, that of opioid and general substance use disorders, make it very important to better understand and review the mechanisms of exercise and how it could be utilized for effective treatments or adjunct treatments for these diseases. In addition, mechanisms, epigenetics and sex differences are examined and discussed in terms of future research implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Swenson
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Western Univesity Health Sciences, Graduate College, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | - Mark S Gold
- Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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16
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Aoyama S, Shibata S. Time-of-Day-Dependent Physiological Responses to Meal and Exercise. Front Nutr 2020; 7:18. [PMID: 32181258 PMCID: PMC7059348 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian circadian clock drives the temporal coordination in cellular homeostasis and it leads the day-night fluctuation of physiological functions, such as sleep/wake cycle, hormonal secretion, and body temperature. The mammalian circadian clock system in the body is classified hierarchically into two classes, the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and the peripheral clocks in peripheral tissues such as the intestine and liver, as well as other brain areas outside the SCN. The circadian rhythm of various tissue-specific functions is mainly controlled by each peripheral clock and partially by the central clock as well. The digestive, absorptive, and metabolic capacities of nutrients also show the day-night variations in several peripheral tissues such as small intestine and liver. It is therefore indicated that the bioavailability or metabolic capacity of nutrients depends on the time of day. In fact, the postprandial response of blood triacylglycerol to a specific diet and glucose tolerance exhibit clear time-of-day effects. Meal frequency and distribution within a day are highly related to metabolic functions, and optimal time-restricted feeding has the potential to prevent several metabolic dysfunctions. In this review, we summarize the time-of-day-dependent postprandial response of macronutrients to each meal and the involvement of circadian clock system in the time-of-day effect. Furthermore, the chronic beneficial and adverse effects of meal time and eating pattern on metabolism and its related diseases are discussed. Finally, we discuss the timing-dependent effects of exercise on the day-night variation of exercise performance and therapeutic potential of time-controlled-exercise for promoting general health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Aoyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Shibata
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Abstract
Essentially all biological processes fluctuate over the course of the day, observed at cellular (eg, transcription, translation, and signaling), organ (eg, contractility and metabolism), and whole-body (eg, physical activity and appetite) levels. It is, therefore, not surprising that both cardiovascular physiology (eg, heart rate and blood pressure) and pathophysiology (eg, onset of adverse cardiovascular events) oscillate during the 24-hour day. Chronobiological influence over biological processes involves a complex interaction of factors that are extrinsic (eg, neurohumoral factors) and intrinsic (eg, circadian clocks) to cells. Here, we focus on circadian governance of 6 fundamentally important processes: metabolism, signaling, electrophysiology, extracellular matrix, clotting, and inflammation. In each case, we discuss (1) the physiological significance for circadian regulation of these processes (ie, the good); (2) the pathological consequence of circadian governance impairment (ie, the bad); and (3) whether persistence/augmentation of circadian influences contribute to pathogenesis during distinct disease states (ie, the ugly). Finally, the translational impact of chronobiology on cardiovascular disease is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Rana
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Sumanth D Prabhu
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Martin E Young
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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18
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Joo J, Williamson SA, Vazquez AI, Fernandez JR, Bray MS. The influence of 15-week exercise training on dietary patterns among young adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:1681-1690. [PMID: 30659257 PMCID: PMC6639161 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Little is currently known about how exercise may influence dietary patterns and/or food preferences. The present study aimed to examine the effect of a 15-week exercise training program on overall dietary patterns among young adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS This study consisted of 2680 young adults drawn from the Training Intervention and Genetics of Exercise Response (TIGER) study. Subjects underwent 15 weeks of aerobic exercise training, and exercise duration, intensity, and dose were recorded for each session using computerized heart rate monitors. In total, 4355 dietary observations with 102 food items were collected using a self-administered food frequency questionnaire before and after exercise training (n = 2476 at baseline; n = 1859 at 15 weeks). Dietary patterns were identified using a Bayesian sparse latent factor model. Changes in dietary pattern preferences were evaluated based on the pre/post-training differences in dietary pattern scores, accounting for the effects of gender, race/ethnicity, and BMI. RESULTS Within each of the seven dietary patterns identified, most dietary pattern scores were decreased following exercise training, consistent with increased voluntary regulation of food intake. A longer duration of exercise was associated with decreased preferences for the western (β: -0.0793; 95% credible interval: -0.1568, -0.0017) and snacking (β: -0.1280; 95% credible interval: -0.1877, -0.0637) patterns, while a higher intensity of exercise was linked to an increased preference for the prudent pattern (β: 0.0623; 95% credible interval: 0.0159, 0.1111). Consequently, a higher dose of exercise was related to a decreased preference for the snacking pattern (β: -0.0023; 95% credible interval: -0.0042, -0.0004) and an increased preference for the prudent pattern (β: 0.0029; 95% credible interval: 0.0009, 0.0048). CONCLUSIONS The 15-week exercise training appeared to motivate young adults to pursue healthier dietary preferences and to regulate their food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Joo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sinead A Williamson
- Departments of Information, Risk, & Operations Management and Statistics & Data Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ana I Vazquez
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jose R Fernandez
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Molly S Bray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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19
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Brooker PG, Gomersall SR, King NA, Leveritt MD. The feasibility and acceptability of morning versus evening exercise for overweight and obese adults: A randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2019; 14:100320. [PMID: 30705992 PMCID: PMC6348200 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The time of day that people exercise could have an influence on the efficacy of exercise for weight loss, via differences in adherence and/or physiological adaptations. However, there is currently no evidence to support an optimal time of day for exercise to maximise efficacy. PURPOSE To examine the feasibility and acceptability of prescribed morning and evening exercise. METHODS Twenty inactive, overweight adults aged 18-60 years were recruited for a 12-week intervention and randomized to one of three groups using a 2:2:1 random allocation ratio: i) morning exercise (AM; n = 9); ii) evening exercise (PM; n = 7); or iii) waitlist control (CON; n = 4). Exercise groups were prescribed self-paced walking or running on a treadmill to achieve a weekly total of 250 min. Feasibility and acceptability data were collected, and physiological and behavioural outcomes associated with energy balance were measured at baseline, mid- and post-intervention. RESULTS Attrition was low (n = 2 dropped out), with high measurement completion rates (>80%). The intervention groups had high adherence rates to exercise sessions (94% and 87% for the AM and PM groups, respectively). No adverse events resulting from the intervention were reported. Both intervention groups displayed improvements to their cardiometabolic risk profile; cardiorespiratory fitness improved by 5.2 ± 4.7, and 4.6 ± 4.5 mL kg-1.min-1 and body fat percentage reduced by 1.2 ± 1.4, and -0.6 ± 1.2% for AM and PM groups, respectively. CONCLUSION This feasibility study provides evidence that morning and evening exercise interventions are feasible, and also provides justification for a large-scale randomized controlled trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12616000457448p, 7/4/2016).
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Key Words
- 3-FU, 3-month follow-up
- 6-FU, 6-month follow-up
- AM, morning exercise
- BL, baseline
- BMI, body mass index
- CON, control
- DXA, dual x-ray absorptiometry
- Energy balance
- Exercise
- Feasibility
- LFPQ, Leeds food preference questionnaire
- MARCA, Multimedia activity recall for children and adults
- MEQ, morningness-eveningness questionnaire
- MVPA, moderate-vigorous physical activity
- PAL, physical activity level
- PM, evening exercise
- PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index
- RMR, resting metabolic rate
- RPE, ratings of perceived exertion
- Randomized controlled trial
- TFEQ, three-factor eating questionnaire
- Time of day
- VAS, visual analogue scale
- VO2peak, peak oxygen uptake
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige G. Brooker
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sjaan R. Gomersall
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neil A. King
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael D. Leveritt
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Abstract
Physiologic and pathologic stressors promote changes in metabolism that are associated with cardiac remodeling. Metabolic alterations in the heart are a summation of responses of several organs and organ systems, which transform the milieu of circulating substrates and stimuli and prompt cardiac adaptation or remodeling. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which metabolism causes cardiac remodeling remain unclear. Difficulties in delineating metabolic mechanisms of tissue remodeling are in part due to technical issues as well as to the lack of conceptual clarity with regard to causal entailment of metabolic processes. This review discusses some metabolic mechanisms by which stressors such as exercise, pregnancy, and pressure overload promote metabolism-mediated cardiac remodeling. Adopting conceptual frameworks based in relational biology and delineating hierarchies of metabolic causation could lend new insight into how metabolism coordinates cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford G Hill
- Envirome Institute, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
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21
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Fulghum K, Hill BG. Metabolic Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Cardiac Remodeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:127. [PMID: 30255026 PMCID: PMC6141631 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise has a myriad of physiological benefits that derive in part from its ability to improve cardiometabolic health. The periodic metabolic stress imposed by regular exercise appears fundamental in driving cardiovascular tissue adaptation. However, different types, intensities, or durations of exercise elicit different levels of metabolic stress and may promote distinct types of tissue remodeling. In this review, we discuss how exercise affects cardiac structure and function and how exercise-induced changes in metabolism regulate cardiac adaptation. Current evidence suggests that exercise typically elicits an adaptive, beneficial form of cardiac remodeling that involves cardiomyocyte growth and proliferation; however, chronic levels of extreme exercise may increase the risk for pathological cardiac remodeling or sudden cardiac death. An emerging theme underpinning acute as well as chronic cardiac adaptations to exercise is metabolic periodicity, which appears important for regulating mitochondrial quality and function, for stimulating metabolism-mediated exercise gene programs and hypertrophic kinase activity, and for coordinating biosynthetic pathway activity. In addition, circulating metabolites liberated during exercise trigger physiological cardiac growth. Further understanding of how exercise-mediated changes in metabolism orchestrate cell signaling and gene expression could facilitate therapeutic strategies to maximize the benefits of exercise and improve cardiac health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Fulghum
- Department of Medicine, Envirome Institute, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Bradford G. Hill
- Department of Medicine, Envirome Institute, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Louisville, KY, United States
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22
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Nishii A, Amemiya S, Kubota N, Nishijima T, Kita I. Adaptive Changes in the Sensitivity of the Dorsal Raphe and Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nuclei to Acute Exercise, and Hippocampal Neurogenesis May Contribute to the Antidepressant Effect of Regular Treadmill Running in Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:235. [PMID: 29225572 PMCID: PMC5705550 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing clinical evidence suggests that regular physical exercise can prevent or reduce the incidence of stress-related psychiatric disorders including depressive symptoms. Antidepressant effect of regular exercise may be implicated in monoaminergic transmission including serotonergic transmission, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and hippocampal neurogenesis, but few general concepts regarding the optimal exercise regimen for stimulating neural mechanisms involved in antidepressant properties have been developed. Here, we examined how 4 weeks of treadmill running at different intensities (0, 15, 25 m/min, 60 min/day, 5 times/week) alters neuronal activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), which is the major source of serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the central nervous system, and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), in which corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons initiate the activation of the HPA axis, during one session of acute treadmill running at different speeds (0, 15, 25 m/min, 30 min) in male Wistar rats, using c-Fos immunohistochemistry. We also examined neurogenesis in the hippocampus using immunohistochemistry for doublecortin (DCX) and assessed depressive-like behavior using the forced swim test after regular exercise for 4 weeks. In the pre-training period, acute treadmill running at low speed, but not at high speed, increased c-Fos positive nuclei in the DRN compared with the sedentary control. The number of c-Fos positive nuclei in the PVN during acute treadmill running was increased in a running speed-dependent manner. Regular exercise for 4 weeks, regardless of the training intensity, induced an enhancement of c-Fos expression in the DRN during not only low-speed but also high-speed acute running, and generally reduced c-Fos expression in the PVN during acute running compared with pre-training. Furthermore, regular treadmill running for 4 weeks enhanced DCX immunoreactivity in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), and resulted in decreased depressive-like behavior, regardless of the training intensity. These results suggest that long-term repeated exercise, regardless of the training intensity, improves depressive-like behavior through adaptive changes in the sensitivity of DRN and PVN neurons to acute exercise, and hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayu Nishii
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Amemiya
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kubota
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishijima
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kita
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Human Health Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
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23
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Abstract
Numerous animal cardiac exercise models using animal subjects have been established to uncover the cardiovascular physiological mechanism of exercise or to determine the effects of exercise on cardiovascular health and disease. In most cases, animal-based cardiovascular exercise modalities include treadmill running, swimming, and voluntary wheel running with a series of intensities, times, and durations. Those used animals include small rodents (e.g., mice and rats) and large animals (e.g., rabbits, dogs, goats, sheep, pigs, and horses). Depending on the research goal, each experimental protocol should also describe whether its respective exercise treatment can produce the anticipated acute or chronic cardiovascular adaptive response. In this chapter, we will briefly describe the most common kinds of animal models of acute and chronic cardiovascular exercises that are currently being conducted and are likely to be chosen in the near future. Strengths and weakness of animal-based cardiac exercise modalities are also discussed.
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Seo DY, Lee SR, Kim N, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Han J. Humanized animal exercise model for clinical implication. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:1673-87. [PMID: 24647666 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity function as a patho-physiological process that can prevent, manage, and regulate numerous chronic conditions, including metabolic syndrome and age-related sarcopenia. Because of research ethics and technical difficulties in humans, exercise models using animals are requisite for the future development of exercise mimetics to treat such abnormalities. Moreover, the beneficial or adverse outcomes of a new regime or exercise intervention in the treatment of a specific condition should be tested prior to implementation in a clinical setting. In rodents, treadmill running (or swimming) and ladder climbing are widely used as aerobic and anaerobic exercise models, respectively. However, exercise models are not limited to these types. Indeed, there are no golden standard exercise modes or protocols for managing or improving health status since the types (aerobic vs. anaerobic), time (morning vs. evening), and duration (continuous vs. acute bouts) of exercise are the critical determinants for achieving expected beneficial effects. To provide insight into the understanding of exercise and exercise physiology, we have summarized current animal exercise models largely based on aerobic and anaerobic criteria. Additionally, specialized exercise models that have been developed for testing the effect of exercise on specific physiological conditions are presented. Finally, we provide suggestions and/or considerations for developing a new regime for an exercise model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Yun Seo
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Bok Ji-Ro 75, Busanjin-Gu, Busan, 613-735, Republic of Korea
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