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Ho CH, Cheng CH, Huang TW, Peng SY, Lee KM, Cheng PC. Switched phenotypes of macrophages during the different stages of Schistosoma japonicum infection influenced the subsequent trends of immune responses. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2021; 55:503-526. [PMID: 34330662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play crucial roles in immune responses during the course of schistosomal infections. METHODS We currently investigated influence of immunocompetent changes in macrophages via microarray-based analysis, mRNA expression analysis, detection of serum cytokines, and subsequent evaluation of the immune phenotypes following the differentiation of infection-induced lymphocytes in a unique T1/T2 double-transgenic mouse model. RESULTS The gradual upregulation of genes encoding YM1, YM2, and interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 receptors in infected mice indicated the role of type 2 alternatively activated macrophages (M2, AAMφs) in immune responses after Schistosoma japonicum egg production. FACS analysis showed that surface markers MHC class II (IA/IE) and CD8α+ of the macrophages also exhibited a dramatic change at the various time points before and after egg-production. The transgenic mouse experiments further demonstrated that the shifting of macrophage phenotypes influenced the percentage of helper T (Th)-2 cells, which was observed to be higher than that of Th1 cells, which increased only at 3 and 5 weeks post-infection. The differentiation of effector B cells showed a similar but more significant trend toward type-2 immunity. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the infection of mice with S. japonicum resulted in a final Th2- and Be2-skewed immune response. This may be due to phenotypic changes in the macrophages. The influence of alternatively activated macrophages was also activated by S. japonicum egg production. This study elucidated the existence of variations in immune mechanisms at the schistosome infection stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hsun Ho
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiung Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Wen Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Kin-Mu Lee
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ching Cheng
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Manlai U, Chang SW, Lee SC, Ho WJ, Hsu TH, Lin JG, Lin CM, Chen YI, Chang SL. Hypoglycemic Effect of Electroacupuncture Combined with Antrodia cinnamomea in Dexamethasone-Induced Insulin-Resistant Rats. Med Acupunct 2021; 33:58-64. [PMID: 33613812 DOI: 10.1089/acu.2020.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Antrodia cinnamomea (AC), a medicinal mushroom indigenous to Taiwan, exerts various pharmacologic activities. This study compared and evaluated the hypoglycemic effect of treatment with electroacupuncture (EA) combined with AC in steroid-induced insulin-resistant (SIIR) rats. Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into saline, EA, AC, AC+EA, and rosiglitazone (TZD) groups. Plasma-glucose levels were measured in serial blood samples and compared before and after treatment in each group. The levels of signaling proteins-glucose transporter 4, (GLUT4), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K), and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-were analyzed by Western blotting to explore their mechanisms of action. Results: The AC+EA group had reduced plasma-glucose levels at 30 and 60 minutes in SIIR rats, compared to normal rats, and this was better than the EA, AC, and TZD groups at 60 minutes. Furthermore, the signaling protein (GLUT4, PI3-K, and AMPK) levels were increased significantly. Conclusions: These findings showed improved hypoglycemic activity and insulin resistance after EA combined with AC treatment. Therefore, the combined therapy might be a more-effective method than the individual therapies that elevates the expression of the signal proteins, as observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unurzul Manlai
- College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Su-Wei Chang
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Lee
- College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Wai-Jane Ho
- College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Hao Hsu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jaug-Geng Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ming Lin
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan
| | - Ying-I Chen
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Liang Chang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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3
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Lu KH, Pan YC, Sheen LY. Combination of cut-log cultivated fruiting body and solid-state cultured mycelia of Taiwanofungus camphoratus ameliorates CCl 4-induced liver injury in rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2020; 10:166-174. [PMID: 32257880 PMCID: PMC7109478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Taiwanofungus camphoratus, a medicinal mushroom indigenous to Taiwan, possesses various pharmacological functions. The most recognized ethnopharmacological relevance of T. camphoratus is hepatoprotection since it was traditionally used for treating liver disorders by Taiwan aborigines. The aim of this study is to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of the combination of fruiting body and solid-state cultured mycelia of T. camphoratus (LDAC) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced chronic liver damage in rats. We treated Wistar rats daily with low, medium and high [87.5, 175 and 437.5 mg/kg body weight (bw), respectively] doses of LDAC for 9 weeks. After the first week of treatment, rats were administered 20% CCl4 (0.5 mL/0.3 kg bw) twice a week to induce liver damage until the treatment ended. The results showed that administration of LDAC by oral gavage significantly reduced the absolute weight of the liver and the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in CCl4-treated rats. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and catalase (CAT) were increased by LDAC treatment. Moreover, LDAC improved CCl4-induced hepatic vacuolization, necrosis and fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner, and no adverse effects were observed in the LDAC-treated groups. Based on the results, LDAC is a promising hepatoprotective agent for preventing and ameliorating CCl4-induced chronic liver injury, and this effect might be exerted through activation of the antioxidant defense system. Combining cut-log fruiting body and solid-state mycelia of T. camphoratus is an efficient production. The HPLC fingerprint shows the index compounds in the combination (LDAC). LDAC decreases serum ALT and AST levels and elevates antioxidant activity in CCl4-treated rats. LDAC dramatically improves rat hepatic necrosis and fibrosis induced by CCl4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hung Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.,Department of Hospitality Management, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan County 266, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.,Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.,National Center for Food Safety Education and Research, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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4
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Lee KY, Lee YL, Chiang MH, Wang HY, Chen CY, Lin CH, Chen YC, Fan CK, Cheng PC. Schistosoma egg antigens suppress LPS-induced inflammation in human IMR-90 cells by modulation of JAK/STAT1 signaling. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2020; 54:501-513. [PMID: 32033858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of the balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory events during the treatment of pulmonary infection is very important. Soluble Schistosoma egg antigens (SEA) can effectively inhibit the expression of cytokines during hepatic acute inflammation. However, the mechanisms by which these proteins suppress the inflammatory responses in lung cells remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of SEA to inhibit pulmonary inflammation. METHODS The effects of SEA were investigated in LPS-treated lung IMR-90 cells. The involvement of the JAK/STAT-1 signaling pathway in these effects was evaluated by employing CBA assays, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting experiments. RESULTS Pretreatment of IMR-90 cells with appropriate concentrations of SEA protected cells against the cytotoxic effects of LPS-induced inflammation in a time-dependent manner. SEA pretreatment significantly attenuated the LPS-induced activation of the JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway, including the upregulation of JAK1/2 and STAT1, as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines. The level of phosphorylated STAT1 gradually declined in response to increasing concentrations of SEA. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that SEA-induced anti-inflammatory effects initiate with the downregulation of the IFN-γ-JAK-STAT1 signaling pathway, resulting in the attenuation of LPS-induced inflammation in IMR-90 cells. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity of SEA in an in vitro model of pulmonary inflammation, involving the modulation of JAK/STAT1 signaling. We propose SEA as potential therapeutic or preventive agents for the selective suppression of STAT1 and the control of inflammatory response in lung IMR-90 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Yun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Lee
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiu Chiang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yang Wang
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Yu Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hong Lin
- The Affiliated Senior High School of National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chou Chen
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Development Center for Biotechnology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Kwung Fan
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ching Cheng
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Lin LH, Chi CH, Zhang XH, Chen YJ, Wang MF. Immunomodulatory Effects of Fruiting Body Extract and Solid-State-Cultivated Mycelia of Taiwanofungus camphoratus. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092256. [PMID: 31546903 PMCID: PMC6770431 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Taiwanofungus camphoratus is a rare and valuable medicinal mushroom indigenous to Taiwan. It has traditionally been used to promote good health. This study aimed to explore the immunomodulatory effects of “Leader Deluxe Taiwanofungus camphoratus capsule” (LDAC). LDAC is a healthy food product composed of fruiting body extract and solid-state-cultivated mycelia of T. camphoratus. Two complementary studies were performed. In the first, LDAC was orally administered to BABL/c female mice for 6 weeks as part of a non-specific immune study. In the second, mice were treated with LDAC for 8 weeks and immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) in a specific immune study. LDAC increased the growth of splenic immune cells and enhanced the activity of macrophages and natural killer cells. It increased the levels of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-γ, serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G, and OVA-IgG, and decreased the levels of IL-4, IL-5, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, serum IgE, and OVA-IgE. Thus, the findings of this study strongly supported the idea that LDAC possesses immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Hung Lin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Shalu Dist., Taichung 43301, Taiwan.
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tanzi Dist., Taichung 42743, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Hsin Chi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Shalu Dist., Taichung 43301, Taiwan.
| | - Xiao-Han Zhang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Shalu Dist., Taichung 43301, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Ju Chen
- Bachelor Program in Health Care and Social Work for Indigenous Students, College of Humanities & Social Sciences, Providence University, Shalu Dist., Taichung 43301, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Fu Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Shalu Dist., Taichung 43301, Taiwan.
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You RI, Lee YP, Su TY, Lin CC, Chen CS, Chu CL. A Benzenoid 4,7-Dimethoxy-5-Methyl-L, 3-Benzodioxole from Antrodia cinnamomea Attenuates Dendritic Cell-Mediated Th2 Allergic Responses. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:1271-1287. [PMID: 31488035 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in initiating immune responses; however, DCs also induce Th2-related allergic sensitivities. Thus, DCs become a target for therapeutic design in allergic diseases. In this study, we aim to investigate the anti-allergic effect of pure compounds from a medicinal mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea (Ac) on DC-induced allergic responses. We identified a benzenoid compound 4,7-dimethoxy-5-methyl-l,3-benzodioxole (DMB) which may modulate Th2 polarization in bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) and in a murine food allergy model. DMB effectively reduced the Th2 adjuvant cholera toxin (CT)-induced BMDC maturation and cytokine production. In studying the mechanism, DMB blocked the molecular processes involved in Th2 induction, including cAMP activation, IL-33 production, and IRF4/Tim4 upregulation, in CT-activated BMDCs. Furthermore, DMB treatment attenuated the symptoms, clinical scores, and Th2 responses of CT-induced ovalbumin (OVA)-specific food allergy in mice at sensitization stage. These results indicated that DMB could suppress DC function for Th2 polarization and mitigate allergic responses. Thus, DMB may have potential to be a novel agent for preventing or treating food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-In You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Pang Lee
- Department of Health Administration, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan.,Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Dentistry, Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yi Su
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsin University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Chu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Huang TT, Lan YW, Chen CM, Ko YF, Ojcius DM, Martel J, Young JD, Chong KY. Antrodia cinnamomea induces anti-tumor activity by inhibiting the STAT3 signaling pathway in lung cancer cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5145. [PMID: 30914735 PMCID: PMC6435735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of an Antrodia cinnamomea ethanol extract (ACEE) on lung cancer cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. ACEE produced dose-dependent cytotoxic effects and induced apoptosis in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. ACEE treatment increased expression of p53 and Bax, as well as cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP, while reducing expression of survivin and Bcl-2. ACEE also reduced the levels of JAK2 and phosphorylated STAT3 in LLC cells. In a murine allograft tumor model, oral administration of ACEE significantly inhibited LLC tumor growth and metastasis without affecting serum biological parameters or body weight. ACEE increased cleavage of caspase-3 in murine tumors, while decreasing STAT3 phosphorylation. In addition, ACEE reduced the growth of human tumor xenografts in nude mice. Our findings therefore indicate that ACEE inhibits lung tumor growth and metastasis by inducing apoptosis and by inhibiting the STAT3 signaling pathway in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Teng Huang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Wei Lan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, and Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.,The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fei Ko
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan.,Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei, 10508, Taiwan.,Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
| | - David M Ojcius
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA
| | - Jan Martel
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - John D Young
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan. .,Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei, 10508, Taiwan. .,Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan. .,Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Kowit-Yu Chong
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan. .,Centre for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, 43000, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Chen JH, T H Wu A, T W Tzeng D, Huang CC, Tzeng YM, Chao TY. Antrocin, a bioactive component from Antrodia cinnamomea, suppresses breast carcinogenesis and stemness via downregulation of β-catenin/Notch1/Akt signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 52:70-78. [PMID: 30599914 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We identified increased β-catenin and Atk expression was associated with drug resistance and poor prognosis in breast cancer patients using public databases. Antrocin treatment suppressed breast tumorigenesis and stemness properties. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE We aimed to provide preclinical evidence for antrocin, an active component of Antrodia cinnamomea, as a potential small-molecule drug for treating drug-resistant breast cancer. METHODS Various in vitro assays including SRB, Boyden chamber, colony formation, drug combination index and tumor sphere generation were used to determine the anti-cancer and stemness effects of antrocin. Mouse xenograft models were used to evaluate antrocin's effect in vivo. RESULTS Antrocin treatment suppressed the viability, migration colony formation and mammosphere generation. Antrocin-mediated anti-cancer effects were associated with the decreased expression of oncogenic and stemness markers such as β-catenin, Akt and Notch1. A sequential regimen of antrocin and paclitaxel synergistically inhibit breast cancer viability in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Our preclinical evidence supports antrocin's ability of inhibiting tumorigenic and stemness properties in breast cancer cells. Further develop of antrocin should be encouraged; the combined use of antrocin and paclitaxel may also be considered for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hong Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defence Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alexander T H Wu
- The PhD Program of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defence Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David T W Tzeng
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Cheng Huang
- Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital SiJhih, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yew-Min Tzeng
- Center for General Education, National Taitung University, Taitung 95092, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan.
| | - Tsu-Yi Chao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan.
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9
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Munyangi J, Cornet-Vernet L, Idumbo M, Lu C, Lutgen P, Perronne C, Ngombe N, Bianga J, Mupenda B, Lalukala P, Mergeai G, Mumba D, Towler M, Weathers P. Effect of Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra tea infusions on schistosomiasis in a large clinical trial. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 51:233-240. [PMID: 30466622 PMCID: PMC6990975 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Schistosomiasis (bilharzia), a serious neglected tropical disease affecting millions, has few cost-effective treatments, so two Artemisia wormwood species, A. annua and A. afra, were compared with the current standard praziquantel (PZQ) treatment in an 800 patient clinical trial, August-November of 2015. METHODS The double blind, randomized, superiority clinical trial had three treatment arms: 400 for PZQ, 200 for A. annua, and 200 for A. afra. PZQ-treated patients followed manufacturer posology. Artemisia-treated patients received 1 l/d of dry leaf/twig tea infusions divided into 3 aliquots daily, for 7 days with 28-day follow-up. RESULTS Of 800 enrolled patients having an average of >700 Schistosoma mansoni eggs per fecal sample, 780 completed the trial. Within 14 days of treatment, all Artemisia-treated patients had no detectable eggs in fecal smears, a result sustained 28 days post treatment. Eggs in fecal smears of PZQ-treated patients were undetectable after D21. More males than females who entered the trial had melena, but both genders responded equally well to treatment; by D28 melena disappeared in all patients. In all arms, eosinophil levels declined by about 27% from D0 to D28. From D0 to D28 hemoglobin increases were greater in PZQ and A. afra-treated patients than in A. annua-treated patients. Hematocrit increases were greater from D0 to D28 for patients treated with either PZQ or A. annua compared to those treated with A. afra. Gender comparison showed that A. afra-treated males had significantly greater hemoglobin and hematocrit increases by D28 than either PZQ or A. annua-treated males. In contrast, PZQ and A. afra-treated females had greater hemoglobin and hematocrit increases than A. annua-treated females. Both adults and pediatric patients treated with A. annua responded better compared to PZQ treatment. CONCLUSION Both A. annua and A. afra provided faster effective treatment of schistosomiasis and should be considered for implementation on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Munyangi
- Faculté de Médecine Université de Kolwesi/Lualaba, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Lucile Cornet-Vernet
- Vice Présidente de La Maison de l'Artemisia(association Loi 1901), 20 rue Pierre Demours, 75017Paris, France.
| | - Michel Idumbo
- Centre de Santé de Lubile, Maniema, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Chen Lu
- Department of Mathematics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA
| | | | | | - Nadège Ngombe
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jacques Bianga
- Programme National Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Maniema, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Bavon Mupenda
- Ecole de Santé Publique Université de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Paul Lalukala
- Ministère Provincial de Santé Publique Maniema, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Dieudonné Mumba
- Faculté de Médecine Université de Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Melissa Towler
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA
| | - Pamela Weathers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA
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Hu Q, Du H, Ma G, Pei F, Ma N, Yuan B, Nakata PA, Yang W. Purification, identification and functional characterization of an immunomodulatory protein from Pleurotus eryngii. Food Funct 2018; 9:3764-3775. [PMID: 29897364 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00604k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pleurotus eryngii contains bioactive compounds that can activate the immune system. Here we report the identification, purification, and functional characterization of the bioactive P. eryngii protein (PEP) 1b. PEP 1b was discovered to be a 21.9 kDa protein with the ability to induce the M1-polarization of the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 cells. Biochemical measurements showed that PEP 1b stimulated nitric oxide (NO), IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α production and regulated inducible NO synthase. Phosphorylation and inhibitor studies revealed that PEP 1b promoted the translocation of NF-kB from the cytosol to the nucleus allowing the induction of target gene expression and NO production. The phosphorylation of JNK and ERK1/2 was found to be necessary for NO production. Each phosphorylation pathway was found to require a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 as a prerequisite for PEP 1b-induced NO production. This study suggests that PEP 1b is an immunomodulatory protein that can boost cellular immune responses through the activation of the TLR4-NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhui Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China.
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11
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Chen CF, Su CH, Lai MN, Ng LT. Differences in water soluble non-digestible polysaccharides and anti-inflammatory activities of fruiting bodies from two cultivated Xylaria nigripes strains. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:728-734. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Perera N, Yang FL, Lu YT, Li LH, Hua KF, Wu SH. Antrodia cinnamomea Galactomannan Elicits Immuno-stimulatory Activity Through Toll-like Receptor 4. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1378-1388. [PMID: 30123083 PMCID: PMC6097488 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.24564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea (A. cinnamomea) is a medicinal fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat different kinds of ailments, including liver diseases, abdominal pain, drug intoxication, diarrhea, itchy skin, hypertension, and cancer. Polysaccharides have been identified as one of the major pharmacologically active ingredients present in A. cinnamomea. The present study aims to investigate the immunoenhancing activity of galactomannan isolated from A. cinnamomea. The cold water-soluble polysaccharide (galactomannan-repeated; MW>70 kDa; named ACP) of A. cinnamomea was isolated, and immunostimulatory properties were studied through different immune cell models including mouse macrophages and human dendritic cells. Through Toll-like receptor 4, ACP stimulated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in J774A.1 mouse macrophages, mouse peritoneal macrophages and human dendritic cells. It was further identified that ACP elicited its immunostimulatory activity through protein kinase C-α (PKC-α) and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) phosphorylation. Furthermore, ACP exerted the endotoxin tolerance-like effect through NF-κB inhibition. These findings demonstrate the potential of A. cinnamomea galactomannan as an immunostimulator or an adjuvant in immunotherapy and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namal Perera
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka
| | - Feng-Ling Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Tung Lu
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Hui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linsen, Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiung Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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13
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Huang TT, Lan YW, Ko YF, Chen CM, Lai HC, Ojcius DM, Martel J, Young JD, Chong KY. Antrodia cinnamomea produces anti-angiogenic effects by inhibiting the VEGFR2 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 220:239-249. [PMID: 29609012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The medicinal mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea has been used to treat cancer but its anti-angiogenic effects have not been studied in detail. AIM OF THE STUDY The main objective of this study was to determine the molecular mechanism of activity underlying the anti-angiogenic effects of A. cinnamomea. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of an A. cinnamomea ethanol extract (ACEE) on cell migration and microvessel formation were investigated in endothelial cells in vitro and Matrigel plugs implanted into mice in vivo. Activation of intracellular signaling pathways was examined using Western blotting. Protein expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry in a mouse model of lung metastasis. RESULTS We show that treatment with ACEE inhibits cell migration and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). ACEE suppresses phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and expression of pro-angiogenic kinases in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-treated HUVECs, in addition to reducing expression of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). ACEE treatment inhibits VEGF-induced microvessel formation in Matrigel plugs in vivo. In addition, ACEE significantly reduces VEGFR2 expression in Lewis lung carcinoma cells and downregulates the expression of cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) and VEGFR2 in murine lung metastases. CONCLUSION These results indicate that A. cinnamomea produces anti-angiogenic effects by inhibiting the VEGFR2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Teng Huang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Wei Lan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fei Ko
- Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei 10508, Taiwan; Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Center for Integrative Evolutionary Galliformes Genomics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chih Lai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Research Center of Bacterial Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
| | - David M Ojcius
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Jan Martel
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - John D Young
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei 10508, Taiwan; Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Kowit-Yu Chong
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
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Structural characteristics and bioactive properties of a novel polysaccharide from Flammulina velutipes. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 197:147-156. [PMID: 30007599 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A new water-soluble polysaccharide (FVP1) was extracted from Flammulina velutipes by traditional method "water extraction and alcohol precipitation" and purified by column chromatography. Physicochemical characterization showed that FVP1 was a homogeneous polysaccharide with a relative molecular weight of 54.78 kDa. It is composed of mannose (7.74%), glucose (70.41%), and galactose (16.38%). FVP1 (1000 mg/mL) possessed significant immune activity by increasing the secretion of nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (3183 ± 133.84 pg/mL), interleukin (IL)-6 (1133.21 ± 39.05 pg/mL), and IL-12 (579.96 ± 74.53 pg/mL) in macrophages. Furthermore, FVP1 showed significant hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBV) activity through reducing the expression of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA replication. These results suggest a novel role for FVP1 to be applied as an immunomodulators in dietary supplements to prevent HBV infection.
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Comparative genome and transcriptome analysis reveal the medicinal basis and environmental adaptation of artificially cultivated Taiwanofungus camphoratus. Mycol Prog 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-018-1391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Chen YY, Lo CP, Lin CC, Hsieh YH. Effects of Taiwanofungus camphoratus on non-specific and specific immune activities in mice. Mycology 2018; 9:129-135. [PMID: 30123668 PMCID: PMC6059145 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1437837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Taiwanofungus camphoratus is a precious medicinal fungus endemic to Taiwan and has been used as traditional medicine for a long time. Many pharmacological studies have revealed that T. camphoratus possessed various biological activities, such as immunomodulatory effects, anticancer activity and liver protective function. The aim of this study is to investigate the non-specific and antigen (ovalbumin [OVA])-specific immunomodulation effects of solid-state cultivated powder of T. camphoratus (Leader Antrodia cinnamomea [LAC]) in BABL/c male mice. In non-specific and antigen-specific immune function studies, 8-week-old mice were orally administered with LAC for 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. The results have shown that the proliferation of splenic immune cells, phagocytic activity of macrophages and cytolytic activity of natural killer cells were enhanced by LAC. Additionally, LAC increased the levels of IL-2, TNF-α, INF-γ, GM-CSF and serum OVA-IgG and OVA-IgM. These findings provided evidences that LAC had the immunomodulation effects on both antigen-specific and non-specific immune responses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yu Chen
- Taiwan Leader Biotech Corp., Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Ping Lo
- Taiwan Leader Biotech Corp., Taipei City, Taiwan
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4,7-Dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,3-benzodioxole from Antrodia camphorata inhibits LPS-induced inflammation via suppression of NF-κB and induction HO-1 in RAW264.7 cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 31:186-94. [PMID: 26745712 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Several benzenoid compounds have been isolated from Antrodia camphorata are known to have excellent anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of 4,7-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,3-benzodioxole (DMB), one of the major benzenoid compounds isolated from the mycelia of A. camphorata. DMB significantly decreased the LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, DMB suppressed the protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, DMB significantly suppressed LPS-induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and this inhibition was found to be associated with decreases in the phosphorylation and degradation of its inhibitor, inhibitory κB-α (IκB-α). Moreover, we found that DMB markedly inhibited the protein expression level of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Furthermore, treatment with DMB significantly increased hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in RAW264.7 cells, which is further confirmed by hemin, a HO-1 enhancer, significantly attenuated the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory molecules and iNOS and TLR4 protein levels. Taken together, the present study suggests that DMB may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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18
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The Ethanolic Extract of Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Antrodia camphorata) Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Enhances Cytotoxicity of Cisplatin and Doxorubicin on Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:415269. [PMID: 26557666 PMCID: PMC4628761 DOI: 10.1155/2015/415269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Taiwanofungus camphoratus (synonym Antrodia camphorata) is a widely used medicinal fungus in the folk medicine of Taiwan with several pharmacological features such as anti-inflammatory, liver protection, antihypertensive, and antioxidative activities. The ethanolic extract of T. camphoratus (TCEE) which contains abundant bioactive compounds including triterpenoids and polysaccharides also has antitumor effects in various human cancer cell lines. The aims of this study are to clarify the antitumor effects of TCEE on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells and also evaluate the combination drug effects with conventional chemotherapy agents, cisplatin and doxorubicin. In the present study, the TCEE treatment induced cell cycle arrest and suppressed cell growth on both Hep3B and HepJ5 cells. Expression of cell cycle inhibitors, P21 and P27, and activation of apoptosis executer enzyme, caspase-3, were also induced by TCEE. In combination with the chemotherapy agents, TCEE treatment further enhanced the tumor suppression efficiency of cisplatin and doxorubicin. These results together suggested that TCEE is a potential ingredient for developing an integrated chemotherapy for human liver cancer.
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Lin CC, Pan IH, Li YR, Pan YG, Lin MK, Lu YH, Wu HC, Chu CL. The adjuvant effects of high-molecule-weight polysaccharides purified from Antrodia cinnamomea on dendritic cell function and DNA vaccines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116191. [PMID: 25723174 PMCID: PMC4344241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological activity of the edible basidiomycete Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) has been studied extensively. Many effects, such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, have been reported from either crude extracts or compounds isolated from AC. However, research addressing the function of AC in enhancing immunity is rare. The aim of the present study is to investigate the active components and the mechanism involved in the immunostimulatory effect of AC. We found that polysaccharides (PS) in the water extract of AC played a major role in dendritic cell (DC) activation, which is a critical leukocyte in initiating immune responses. We further size purified and identified that the high-molecular weight PS fraction (greater than 100 kDa) exhibited the activating effect. The AC high-molecular weight PSs (AC hmwPSs) promoted pro-inflammatory cytokine production by DCs and the maturation of DCs. In addition, DC-induced antigen-specific T cell activation and Th1 differentiation were increased by AC hmwPSs. In studying the molecular mechanism, we confirmed the activation of the MAPK and NF-κB pathways in DCs after AC hmwPSs treatment. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TLR2 and TLR4 are required for the stimulatory activity of AC hmwPSs on DCs. In a mouse tumor model, we demonstrated that AC hmwPSs enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy of the HER-2/neu DNA vaccine by facilitating specific Th1 responses. Thus, we conclude that hmwPSs are the major components of AC that stimulate DCs via the TLR2/TLR4 and NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways. The AC hmwPSs have potential to be applied as adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Hong Pan
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Rong Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Gen Pan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kuem Lin
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Huang Lu
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chieh Wu
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Chu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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20
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Fa KN, Yang CM, Chen PC, Lee YY, Chyau CC, Hu ML. Anti-metastatic effects of antrodan, the Antrodia cinnamomea mycelia glycoprotein, in lung carcinoma cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 74:476-82. [PMID: 25583024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the anti-metastatic effects of antrodan, the glycoprotein from Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) mycelia, through direct actions and indirect immunomodulatory effects in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC). Antrodan was isolated from AC mycelia by alkali extraction, acid precipitation, and purification using sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. In the direct anti-metastatic action, antrodan (30-70 μg/mL) was found to significantly inhibit invasion and migration of LLC cells, and these effects involved up-regulation of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, and nm23-H1 protein expression leading to decreased activities and protein expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. For testing the indirect immunomodulatory effect, antrodan was incubated for 3d with mononuclear cells (MNCs) isolated from human peripheral blood to obtain the condition medium (CM). Antrodan significantly increased interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-1β levels, but decreased TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 levels in the MMC-CM, which also significantly inhibited invasion, migration, and the activities and protein expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, but significantly increased protein expression of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and nm23-H1 in LLC cells. The indirect immunomodulatory effect of antrodan was stronger than the direct anti-metastatic effect at the same concentrations (50 and 60 μg/mL). Overall, the results suggest the anti-metastatic potential of antrodan in LLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ning Fa
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Yang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Ying Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | | | - Miao-Lin Hu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Cheng PC, Huang CC, Chiang PF, Lin CN, Li LL, Lee TW, Lin B, Chen IC, Chang KW, Fan CK, Luo TY. Radioprotective effects ofAntrodia cinnamomeaare enhanced on immune cells and inhibited on cancer cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:841-52. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.911989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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Zhang H, Hu YD, Lu RQ, Xia YJ, Zhang BB, Xu GR. Integrated strategy of pH-shift and glucose feeding for enhanced production of bioactive Antrodin C in submerged fermentation of Antrodia camphorata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 41:1305-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Antrodin C is one of the most potent bioactive components produced by the medicinal mushroom Antrodia camphorata. However, almost all studies in this field have focused on the biological activity of Antrodin C and relatively rare information has been reported regarding the biosynthetic process of Antrodin C. In this study, the strategies of pH-shift and glucose feeding for enhanced production of Antrodin C in submerged fermentation of A. camphorata were successfully applied in stirred bioreactors. The critical parameters for pH-shift and glucose feeding were systematically investigated. On one hand, the optimal culture pH for cell growth was distinct with Antrodin C biosynthesis and the maximum Antrodin C production was obtained by maintaining the first-stage culture at initial pH 4.5 and adjusted to 6.0 at day 8. On the other hand, it was beneficial for the Antrodin C accumulation with the initial glucose concentration of 40 g/L and feeding glucose to keep the residual sugar above 10 g/L. The maximum Antrodin C production (1,549.06 mg/L) was about 2.1-fold higher than that of control in 15-L stirred bioreactors by taking advantage of the integrated strategy of pH-shift and glucose feeding. These results would be helpful for the design of a highly efficient Antrodin C biosynthesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- grid.258151.a 0000000107081323 Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Dan Hu
- grid.258151.a 0000000107081323 Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Qiu Lu
- grid.258151.a 0000000107081323 Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jun Xia
- grid.267139.8 000000009188055X School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 200093 Shanghai People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo-Bo Zhang
- grid.258151.a 0000000107081323 Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Gan-Rong Xu
- grid.258151.a 0000000107081323 Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi People’s Republic of China
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Chen WTL, Yang TS, Chen HC, Chen HH, Chiang HC, Lin TC, Yeh CH, Ke TW, Chen JS, Hsiao KH, Kuo ML. Effectiveness of a novel herbal agent MB-6 as a potential adjunct to 5-fluoracil–based chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. Nutr Res 2014; 34:585-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chiu CH, Peng CC, Ker YB, Chen CC, Lee A, Chang WL, Chyau CC, Peng RY. Physicochemical characteristics and anti-inflammatory activities of antrodan, a novel glycoprotein isolated from Antrodia cinnamomea mycelia. Molecules 2013; 19:22-40. [PMID: 24451244 PMCID: PMC6271056 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) is a unique fungus found inhabiting the rotten wood of Cinnamomum kanehirai. A submerged liquid culture of AC has been developed and its bioproducts have been used to meet the market demand for natural fruiting bodies. AC exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. Previously, we isolated polysaccharide AC-2 from AC mycelia by means of alkali extraction with subsequent acid precipitation and found it had a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, a novel polysaccharide named “antrodan” was obtained by further purification of AC-2 using Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. Antrodan exhibited a molecular weight of 442 kD and contained a particularly high content of uronic acid (152.6 ± 0.8 mg/g). The protein content was 71.0%, apparently, higher than the carbohydrate content (14.1%), and thus antrodan was characterized as a glycoprotein. Its total glucan content was 15.65%, in which β-glucan (14.20%) was prominently higher than α-glucan (1.45%). Its FTIR confirmed the presence of β-linkages between sugars, and intramolecular amide bonds between sugars and amino acids. Its 1H-NMR spectrum showed that antrodan was a complex union of α- and β-glucans, which had (1→4)-linked α-Glcp and (1→3)-linked β-Glcp linkages to the carbohydrate chains via asparagine linked to protein site. Biologically, antrodan was confirmed to be totally non-detrimental to RAW 264.7 cell line even at dose as high as 400 μg/mL. It showed potent suppressing effect on the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 cell line. Moreover, antrodan significantly reduced the nitrogen oxide production at doses as low as 18.75 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hung Chiu
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu District, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Bee Ker
- Department of Applied Food Technology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu District, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Grape King Biotechnology Inc., Zhongli City, Taoyuan County 320, Taiwan
| | - Arwen Lee
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu District, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lin Chang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu District, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu District, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
| | - Robert Y Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu District, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
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Antrodia camphorata-fermented product cultured in deep ocean water has more liver protection against thioacetamide-induced fibrosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:9955-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lu MC, El-Shazly M, Wu TY, Du YC, Chang TT, Chen CF, Hsu YM, Lai KH, Chiu CP, Chang FR, Wu YC. Recent research and development of Antrodia cinnamomea. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 139:124-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ethanol Extract of Antrodia camphorata Grown on Germinated Brown Rice Suppresses Inflammatory Responses in Mice with Acute DSS-Induced Colitis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:914524. [PMID: 23818935 PMCID: PMC3683464 DOI: 10.1155/2013/914524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory activity of Antrodia camphorata (AC) grown on germinated brown rice (CBR) extract was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. CBR suppressed the release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG) E2 from lipopolysaccharide-(LPS-)stimulated RAW264.7 cells. CBR inhibited the level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-(COX-)2 proteins, and it activated p38-MAPK, extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK), and NF-κB in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA expression was reduced in CBR-treated RAW264.7 cells. In concert with in vitro data, CBR suppressed the levels of dextran-sulfate-sodium-(DSS-)induced iNOS and COX-2 proteins in the colon tissue. CBR treatment inhibited activated p38-MAPK, ERK, and NF-κB proteins in the colon tissue of DSS-induced mice. TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression was reduced in DSS+CBR-treated mice. The disease activity index and histological scores were significantly lower in CBR-treated mice (500 mg/kg/day) than in DSS-treated mice (P < 0.05 versus DSS). This is the first report of anti-inflammatory activity of CBR in DSS-induced acute colitis. These results suggest that CBR is a promising, potential agent for preventing acute colitis through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling and its upstream signaling molecules, including MAPKs.
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Polysaccharides from extracts of Antrodia camphorata mycelia and fruiting bodies modulate inflammatory mediator expression in mice with polymicrobial sepsis. Nutrition 2012; 28:942-9. [PMID: 22541057 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antrodia camphorata (AC) is a traditional Chinese medicine, and the polysaccharides contained within AC (AC-PSs) are reported to possess various biological functions. This study extracted AC-PSs from mycelia and fruiting bodies and evaluated their influences on inflammatory mediator expressions in septic mice. METHODS There were one normal control (NC) and three experimental groups. The normal control group underwent a sham operation, whereas the experimental groups underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce sepsis. Mice in the experimental groups were further divided into saline, mycelia, and fruiting body treatment groups. Saline or AC-PSs were injected intraperitoneally twice at 0.5 and 1 h after CLP and the mice were sacrificed at 6 or 16 h after sepsis for further analysis. RESULTS Compared with the normal control group, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-10, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels in plasma and/or peritoneal lavage fluid in the septic mice dramatically increased after CLP. The increased levels of these inflammatory mediators in the two AC-PS-treated groups had decreased by 16 h after CLP. Messenger RNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and IL-10 in the splenocytes were lower in the 2 AC-PS-treated groups than in the saline group. Consistent with the results, lung nuclear factor-κB expressions decreased and less severe interstitial inflammation was observed in the histologic finding after CLP in mice that had received AC-PSs. The fruiting body group had higher white blood cell counts and lower IL-6 levels in the peritoneal lavage fluid 6 h after CLP, whereas the interferon-γ level was higher 16 h after CLP than in the saline group. These alterations were not found in mice injected with the mycelia extract. CONCLUSION The administration of AC-PSs from mycelia or fruiting bodies decreased the inflammatory mediator expressions at the location of injury and in the circulation, especially in the late stage of sepsis. AC-PSs from fruiting bodies seemed to be more effective in decreasing the inflammatory response than those from mycelia. These findings suggest that AC-PSs from mycelia and fruiting bodies have potential protective effects against polymicrobial sepsis.
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Wang LC, Wang SE, Wang JJ, Tsai TY, Lin CH, Pan TM, Lee CL. In vitro and in vivo comparisons of the effects of the fruiting body and mycelium of Antrodia camphorata against amyloid β-protein-induced neurotoxicity and memory impairment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:1505-19. [PMID: 22350319 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antrodia camphorata is a particular and precious medicinal mushroom, and its fruiting body was found to provide more efficient protection from oxidative stress and inflammation than its mycelium because of its higher content of triterpenoids, total phenols, and so on. In the previous in vitro studies, the mycelium of A. camphorata is proven to provide strong neuroprotection in neuron cells and suggested to have the potential of protection against neurotoxicity of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) known as the risk factor toward Alzheimer's disease (AD) development. However, the in vivo study and the comparison study with the fruiting body have not yet been investigated. This study compared the effect of the fruiting body and mycelium of A. camphorata on alleviating the Aβ40-induced neurocytotoxicity in the in vitro Aβ-damaged neuron cell model (PC-12 cell treated with Aβ40) and memory impairment in the in vivo AD animal model induced with a continuous brain infusion of Aβ40. In the results of in vitro and in vivo studies, the fruiting body possessed stronger anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory abilities for inhibiting neurocytotoxicity in Aβ40-treated PC-12 cells and Aβ40 accumulation in Aβ40-infused brain than mycelium. Moreover, hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein expression, known as an important AD risk factor, was suppressed by the treatment of fruiting body rather than that of mycelium in the in vitro and in vivo studies. These comparisons supported the reasons why the fruiting body resulted in a more significant improvement effect on working memory ability than mycelium in the AD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chun Wang
- Continuing Education School, National Taitung Junior College, Taitung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Ko HJ, Song A, Lai MN, Ng LT. Immunomodulatory properties of Xylaria nigripes in peritoneal macrophage cells of Balb/c mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:762-768. [PMID: 22044578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Wu Ling Shen, a folklore name for Xylaria nigripes (XN), is a high value medicinal fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine. AIM OF STUDY The present study aimed to examine the immunomodulatory properties of aqueous (XN-H) and ethanol (XN-E) XN extracts in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peritoneal macrophage cells of Balb/c mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS After treating the macrophage cells with LPS (1 μg/ml) and different XN extracts, the immunomodulatory properties were determined by the responses of inflammatory mediators, namely nitrite oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)) and cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ) production, iNOS, COX-2 and IκB-α expression, and NF-κB activation. RESULTS Results showed that treatment of macrophages with 5-30 μg/ml of XN-H or XN-E plus 1 μg/ml LPS exhibited no cytotoxic effect on cell viability. At these concentrations, although both XN-H and XN-E showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on NO, PGE(2), IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ production in LPS-stimulated macrophages, a greater potency was noted in the XN-H treated group. RT-PCR assay also showed that XN-H possessed a greater inhibition than XN-E on iNOS and COX-2 RNA expression. Furthermore, XN-H also showed a significant stronger suppression than XN-E on the LPS-induced IκB-α phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. XN-E showed a higher total flavonoid and phenol contents but a lower β-glucan content than XN-H. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results conclude that XN-H possesses a stronger anti-inflammatory activity than XN-E, and its mechanism of action could be mediated by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 expression via the NF-κB signaling pathway, and these activities could be contributed by the β-glucan content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Jiun Ko
- Department of Food Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Utzinger J, N’Goran EK, Caffrey CR, Keiser J. From innovation to application: social-ecological context, diagnostics, drugs and integrated control of schistosomiasis. Acta Trop 2011; 120 Suppl 1:S121-37. [PMID: 20831855 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Compared to malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, schistosomiasis remains a truly neglected tropical disease. Schistosomiasis, perhaps more than any other disease, is entrenched in prevailing social-ecological systems, since transmission is governed by human behaviour (e.g. open defecation and patterns of unprotected surface water contacts) and ecological features (e.g. living in close proximity to suitable freshwater bodies in which intermediate host snails proliferate). Moreover, schistosomiasis is intimately linked with poverty and the disease has spread to previously non-endemic areas as a result of demographic, ecological and engineering transformations. Importantly though, thanks to increased advocacy there is growing awareness, financial and technical support to control and eventually eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem at local, regional and global scales. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent progress made in innovation, validation and application of new tools and strategies for research and integrated control of schistosomiasis. First, we explain that schistosomiasis is deeply embedded in social-ecological systems and explore linkages with poverty. We then summarize and challenge global statistics, risk maps and burden estimates of human schistosomiasis. Discovery and development research pertaining to novel diagnostics and drugs forms the centrepiece of our review. We discuss unresolved issues and emerging opportunities for integrated and sustainable control of schistosomiasis and conclude with a series of research needs.
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Cheng PC, Lin CN, Chen YJ, Chang FS, Tsaihong JC, Lee KM. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 participates in Schistosoma mansoni inflammatory responses. Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:276-86. [PMID: 21332515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses to microbial products are amplified by a pathway mediated by triggering a receptor expressed on the myeloid cells (TREM)-1. Relatively a few studies have been performed to investigate the role of TREM-1 in macrophage activation in response to parasitic infection. In this study, we delineate the role of the innate immunoreceptor TREM-1 in the parasite Schistosoma mansoni infection model from early to late (chronic) phases of infection. Flow cytometry analysis revealed gradual increase in the production of TREM-1 protein on CD11b(+) myeloid cells, with maximum production at 5 weeks p.i. Similar results in the pattern of TREM-1 mRNA expressions in splenic CD11b(+) cells from infected mice were obtained by real-time PCR. However, unlike in spleen, the TREM-1 mRNA expression in liver tissue showed no significant increase throughout the infection, including periods of maximum production of parasite eggs. Administration of schistosoma egg homogenate antigen to stimulate J774A.1 cells inhibited TREM-1 expression on the surface, indicating that some substances of the Schistosma eggs may inhibit the expression of TREM-1 on macrophages, lowering the macrophage-mediated inflammatory response of infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-C Cheng
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Macrophage mediated anti-proliferation effects of Anthodia camphorata non-polysaccharide based extracts on human hepatoma cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011; 75:624-32. [PMID: 21512226 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that medicinal mushrooms might induce different types of immune responses. Anthodia camphorata (A. camphorata) has attracted much attention for its therapeutic effects in treating hepatoma. We tested this anti-tumor effects using immunomodulation of macrophages and extracts of A. camphorata. We evaluated the anti-proliferation effects of various extracts of A. camphorata from fruiting bodies (AC-FB), mycelium of solid-state cultures (AC-SS), liquid-state cultures (AC-LS) and polyaccharide extracts from liquid-state cultures (AC-PS), and extracts of A. camphorata stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell-conditioned mediums (MC-CMs). We measured cell proliferation and, did migration assays by cell cycle analysis and by observing apoptosis-related proteins (AKT, PARP-1, and NF-κB) and the mRNA expression of cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) of macrophages in human hepatoma cell lines. Our results revealed that two of the extracts (AC-FB and AC-SS) had better anti-proliferation effects, implying an immunomodulatory role the macrophages might play. This outcome is consistent with findings that AC-FB and AC-SS increase mRNA expression of TNF-α and the corresponding expression of apoptosis-related proteins on activation of MC-CMs, while A. camphorata polysaccharides induce macrophage-derived anti-tumor activities in human hepatoma cells via IL-1β and Akt activation. These results indicate that anti-tumor effects exerted by modulation of macrophage activation of A. camphorate may be influenced by the other constituents which (contained little or no polysaccharide) of A. camphorata.
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Geethangili M, Tzeng YM. Review of Pharmacological Effects of Antrodia camphorata and Its Bioactive Compounds. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:212641. [PMID: 19687189 PMCID: PMC3095428 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antrodia camphorata is a unique mushroom of Taiwan, which has been used as a traditional medicine for protection of diverse health-related conditions. In an effort to translate this Eastern medicine into Western-accepted therapy, a great deal of work has been carried out on A. camphorata. This review discusses the biological activities of the crude extracts and the main bioactive compounds of A. camphorata. The list of bioactivities of crude extracts is huge, ranging from anti-cancer to vasorelaxation and others. Over 78 compounds consisting of terpenoids, benzenoids, lignans, benzoquinone derivatives, succinic and maleic derivatives, in addition to polysaccharides have been identified. Many of these compounds were evaluated for biological activity. Many activities of crude extracts and pure compounds of A. camphorata against some major diseases of our time, and thus, a current review is of great importance. It is concluded that A. camphorata can be considered as an efficient alternative phytotherapeutic agent or a synergizer in the treatment of cancer and other immune-related diseases. However, clinical trails of human on A. camphorata extracts are limited and those of pure compounds are absent. The next step is to produce some medicines from A. camphorata, however, the production may be hampered by problems related to mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madamanchi Geethangili
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences and Technology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, Taiwan
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Characterization and functional elucidation of a fucosylated 1,6-α-d-mannogalactan polysaccharide from Antrodia cinnamomea. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Liu KJ, Leu SJ, Su CH, Chiang BL, Chen YL, Lee YL. Administration of polysaccharides from Antrodia camphorata modulates dendritic cell function and alleviates allergen-induced T helper type 2 responses in a mouse model of asthma. Immunology 2009; 129:351-62. [PMID: 19909376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by airway inflammation caused by the dysregulated production of cytokines secreted by allergen-specific type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. Antrodia camphorata is a commonly used fungus in Asian folk medicine, and A. camphorata polysaccharides are reported to possess anti-cancer activities. In this study, the immunomodulatory effects of purified fractionated polysaccharides (GF2) from A. camphorata on dendritic cells (DCs) and their potential preventive effects against ovalbumin (OVA) -induced asthma were investigated. In the presence of GF2, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -activated DCs exhibited up-regulated expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and co-stimulatory molecules, as well as enhanced interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-12 production. GF2 treatment on LPS-activated DCs suppressed naïve CD4(+) T-cell proliferation and Th2 cell polarization with IL-10 production in an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. In animal experiments, a high dose of GF2 efficiently reduced expression levels of OVA-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgE. However, lower doses of GF2 significantly enhanced OVA-specific IgG2a production. Our data also showed that administration of GF2 dose-dependently inhibited the development of airway hyperresponsiveness, airway eosinophilia and Th2 responses. OVA-specific CD4(+) T cells from higher doses of GF2-treated mice had significantly lower proliferative capacities compared with control mice. Moreover, treatment with GF2 significantly increased the high levels of IL-10 and low levels of interferon-gamma produced by T cells. Taken together, these data indicate that administration of A. camphorata polysaccharides (GF2) may have therapeutic potential when used as an adjuvant for the immunomodulatory treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Jiunn Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Yu YL, Chen IH, Shen KY, Huang RY, Wang WR, Chou CJ, Chang TT, Chu CL. A triterpenoid methyl antcinate K isolated from Antrodia cinnamomea promotes dendritic cell activation and Th2 differentiation. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2482-91. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200839039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Ao ZH, Xu ZH, Lu ZM, Xu HY, Zhang XM, Dou WF. Niuchangchih (Antrodia camphorata) and its potential in treating liver diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 121:194-212. [PMID: 19061947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Niuchangchih (Antrodia camphorata (M. Zang & C.H. Su) Sheng H. Wu, Ryvarden & T.T. Chang) is a basidiomycete endemic to Taiwan. It is well known as a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and Taiwanese aborigines used this species to treat liver diseases and food and drug intoxication. The compounds identified in Niuchangchih are predominantly polysaccharides, triterpenoids, steroids, benzenoids and maleic/succinic acid derivatives. Recent research has revealed that Niuchangchih possesses extensive biological activity, such as hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, immuno-modulatory, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The fruiting bodies and fermented products of Niuchangchih have been reported to exhibit activity when treating liver diseases, such as preventing ethanol-, CCl(4)- and cytokine-induced liver injury, inhibiting the hepatitis B virus, ameliorating fatty liver and liver fibrosis, and inhibiting liver cancer cells. This review will address the protective effects of Niuchangchih on the pathological development of liver diseases, and the underlying mechanisms of action are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Hua Ao
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, PR China
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Kuo MC, Chang CY, Cheng TL, Wu MJ. Immunomodulatory effect of Antrodia camphorata mycelia and culture filtrate. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 120:196-203. [PMID: 18778764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Antrodia camphorata, a precious folkloric medicinal mushroom, has been used to treat tumorigenic diseases in Taiwan. This study was to investigate the innate immunity augmentation effects of different fractions prepared from hot water extracts of submerged cultured Antrodia camphorata (AC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The cytokine induction potency of AC fraction in diluted peripheral blood culture was measured by ELISA. The effects of AC fraction on phagocytic activity and CD11b expression were measured by the ingestion of FITC-labeled Escherichia coli and by labeling with PE-labeled CD11b monoclonal antibody, respectively, using flow cytometry. The molecular mass of hot water-soluble polysaccharides and content of adenosine in AC fraction were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and HPLC, respectively. RESULTS The mycelia fraction, Fr. M II, and culture filtrate fractions, Fr. E II and Fr. E III, showed the strongest TNF-alpha and IL-6 induction effect as a function of their concentration. These fractions (20mug/ml) also showed marked activity in enhancing phagocytosis in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and monocytes. In parallel, the expression of CD11b, an early marker of PMN activation, was also up-regulated dose-dependently. Composition analysis suggested that immunomodulatory effect of mycelia is mainly attributed to the 10-20kDa polysaccharides and adenosine. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidences that Antrodia camphorata can modulate innate immunity and may serve as an adjuvant for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chun Kuo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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