1
|
Varghese SS, Dhawan S. Senescence: a double-edged sword in beta-cell health and failure? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1196460. [PMID: 37229454 PMCID: PMC10203573 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1196460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a complex process marked by permanent cell-cycle arrest in response to a variety of stressors, and acts as a safeguard against the proliferation of damaged cells. Senescence is not only a key process underlying aging and development of many diseases, but has also been shown to play a vital role in embryogenesis as well as tissue regeneration and repair. In context of the pancreatic beta-cells, that are essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis, replicative senescence is responsible for the age-related decline in regenerative capacity. Stress induced premature senescence is also a key early event underlying beta-cell failure in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Targeting senescence has therefore emerged as a promising therapeutic avenue for diabetes. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate the induction of beta-cell senescence in response to various stressors remain unclear. Nor do we know if senescence plays any role during beta-cell growth and development. In this perspective, we discuss the significance of senescence in beta-cell homeostasis and pathology and highlight emerging directions in this area that warrant our attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sangeeta Dhawan
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Li T, Zhou Z, Xiao Y. Emerging roles of Galectin-3 in diabetes and diabetes complications: A snapshot. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:569-577. [PMID: 35083706 PMCID: PMC9156459 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09704-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a member of the galectin family, widely expressed in immune cells and plays a role mainly in inflammation, autoimmunity, apoptosis, and chemotaxis. We summarized the roles of Galectin-3 in diabetes and its complications, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Clinical research has determined that the circulating level of Galectin-3 is closely related to diabetes and its complications, thus it is promising to use Galectin-3 as a predictor and biomarker for those diseases. Galectin-3 also may be considered as an ideal therapeutic target, which has broad prospects in the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications, especially macrovascular and microvascular complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Rd, Changsha, 410011, China
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Changsha, 176, West Labour Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Rd, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Rd, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139, Renmin Rd, Changsha, 410011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alves FDAV, Oliveira LDLS, Salomão NG, Provance DW, Basilio-de-Oliveira CA, Basílio-de-Oliveira R, Moragas LJ, de Carvalho JJ, Mohana-Borges R, Rabelo K, Paes MV. Cytokines and inflammatory mediators: Markers involved in interstitial damage to the pancreas in two dengue fever cases associated with acute pancreatitis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262785. [PMID: 35041718 PMCID: PMC8765625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue viral (DENV) infections can lead to acute pancreatitis and associated tissue damage. This study examined the pancreas from two fatal cases of DENV for histopathological changes as well as for the detection of cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators. Tissue sections were prepared for examination by ultrastructural and histopathological techniques. Sections from the pancreas of non-infected individuals were prepared in parallel as a control. The presence of viral replication in macrophages was detected by co-staining for the proteins NS3 and CD68 by immunofluorescence. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect cells that expressed cytokines and inflammatory mediators to characterize the inflammatory response. Edema, acinar necrosis and fibrosis areas associated with a mononuclear infiltrate were found in infected tissues. The major site of virus replication appeared to be macrophages based on their exclusive presentation of the viral protein NS3. Pancreatic tissues from the infected individuals also displayed increased levels of high mobility group box-1, caspase-3, gelatinase B and tumor necrosis factor alpha compared to controls. The presence of virus replicating macrophages in the pancreas was associated with multiple changes in tissue structure that included elevated levels of cytokines and inflammatory markers that may differentiate acute pancreatitis due to DENV infections from other causes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe de Andrade Vieira Alves
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Lucca de Lima S. Oliveira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Natália Gedeão Salomão
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - David William Provance
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | - Leandro Junqueira Moragas
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Jorge José de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Kíssila Rabelo
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marciano Viana Paes
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oropeza D, Cigliola V, Romero A, Chera S, Rodríguez-Seguí SA, Herrera PL. Stage-specific transcriptomic changes in pancreatic α-cells after massive β-cell loss. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:585. [PMID: 34340653 PMCID: PMC8330016 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07812-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of pancreatic insulin-secreting β-cells due to metabolic or autoimmune damage leads to the development of diabetes. The discovery that α-cells can be efficiently reprogrammed into insulin-secreting cells in mice and humans has opened promising avenues for innovative diabetes therapies. β-cell loss triggers spontaneous reprogramming of only 1–2% of α-cells, limiting the extent of regeneration. Most α-cells are refractory to conversion and their global transcriptomic response to severe β-cell loss as well as the mechanisms opposing their reprogramming into insulin producers are largely unknown. Here, we performed RNA-seq on FAC-sorted α-cells to characterize their global transcriptional responses at different time points after massive β-cell ablation. Results Our results show that α-cells undergo stage-specific transcriptional changes 5- and 15-days post-diphtheria toxin (DT)-mediated β-cell ablation. At 5 days, α-cells transiently upregulate various genes associated with interferon signaling and proliferation, including Interferon Induced Protein with Tetratricopeptide Repeats 3 (Ifit3). Subsequently, at 15 days post β-cell ablation, α-cells undergo a transient downregulation of genes from several pathways including Insulin receptor, mTOR and MET signaling. Conclusions The results presented here pinpoint novel markers discriminating α-cells at different stages after acute β-cell loss, and highlight additional signaling pathways that are modulated in α-cells in this context. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07812-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oropeza
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Cigliola
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Present address: Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Agustín Romero
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Simona Chera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Science, Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Santiago A Rodríguez-Seguí
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Pedro L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
GUPTA DIVYA, UPPAL VARINDER, BANSAL NEELAM, GUPTA ANURADHA. Differentiation of pancreatic endocrine islets in buffalo fetus. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i5.104607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Pancreas of 24 buffalo foetii collected from abattoir and veterinary clinics, GADVASU, Ludhiana were studied. The buffalo foetii were divided into three groups after measuring their CVRL, viz. Group I (CVRL between 0–20 cm), Group II (CVRL above 20 cm and up to 40 cm) and Group III (CVRL above 40 cm) and their approximate age was calculated. The tissues were processed and paraffin sections were cut and stained with different histological stains. In Group I, at 7.5 cm CVRL (62 days), the endocrine cells were scattered either in between the developing acinar cells and primitive tubules or were localized within primitive tubules. The alpha cells were large, round or oval in shape having eosinophilic cytoplasm and large nucleus whereas beta cells were small basophilic cells. At 12.8 cm CVRL (86 days), small groups of cells were present containing purely alpha cells or purely beta cells. Well developed islets of Langerhans with ill-defined capsule were observed at 19 cm CVRL (114 days). At 10.7 cm CVRL (77 days), certain cells which were morphologically different from cells of islets of Langerhans and acinar cells started to assemble and many capillaries were invading these cells. At 12.8 cm CVRL (86 days), these assembled cells formed well developed islets called perilobular islets. These large sized islets were developing at the periphery of lobules. The perilobular islets underwent regressive changes whereas islet of Langerhans increased in number simultaneously.
Collapse
|
6
|
Cruz AF, Rohban R, Esni F. Macrophages in the pancreas: Villains by circumstances, not necessarily by actions. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 8:807-824. [PMID: 32885589 PMCID: PMC7654401 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Mounting evidence suggest that macrophages play crucial roles in disease and tissue regeneration. However, despite much efforts during the past decade, our knowledge about the extent of macrophages' contribution to adult pancreatic regeneration after injury or during pancreatic disease progression is still limited. Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that some macrophage features that normally would contribute to healing and regeneration may be detrimental in pancreatic cancer. Altogether, the current literature contains conflicting reports on whether macrophages act as friends or foe in these conditions. Methods and Results In this review, we briefly review the origins of tissue resident and infiltrating macrophages and the importance of cellular crosstalking between macrophages and other resident cells in tissue regeneration. The primary objective of this review is to summarize our knowledge of the distinct roles of tissue resident and infiltrating macrophages, the impact of M1 and M2 macrophage phenotypes, and emerging evidence on macrophage crosstalking in pancreatic injury, regeneration, and disease. Conclusion Macrophages are involved with various stages of pancreatic cancer development, pancreatitis, and diabetes. Elucidating their role in these conditions will aid the development of targeted therapeutic treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F Cruz
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rokhsareh Rohban
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Farzad Esni
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Matt SM, Gaskill PJ. Where Is Dopamine and how do Immune Cells See it?: Dopamine-Mediated Immune Cell Function in Health and Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:114-164. [PMID: 31077015 PMCID: PMC6842680 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is well recognized as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and regulates critical functions in a variety of peripheral systems. Growing research has also shown that dopamine acts as an important regulator of immune function. Many immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopamine related proteins, enabling them to actively respond to dopamine and suggesting that dopaminergic immunoregulation is an important part of proper immune function. A detailed understanding of the physiological concentrations of dopamine in specific regions of the human body, particularly in peripheral systems, is critical to the development of hypotheses and experiments examining the effects of physiologically relevant dopamine concentrations on immune cells. Unfortunately, the dopamine concentrations to which these immune cells would be exposed in different anatomical regions are not clear. To address this issue, this comprehensive review details the current information regarding concentrations of dopamine found in both the central nervous system and in many regions of the periphery. In addition, we discuss the immune cells present in each region, and how these could interact with dopamine in each compartment described. Finally, the review briefly addresses how changes in these dopamine concentrations could influence immune cell dysfunction in several disease states including Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, as well as the collection of pathologies, cognitive and motor symptoms associated with HIV infection in the central nervous system, known as NeuroHIV. These data will improve our understanding of the interactions between the dopaminergic and immune systems during both homeostatic function and in disease, clarify the effects of existing dopaminergic drugs and promote the creation of new therapeutic strategies based on manipulating immune function through dopaminergic signaling. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Matt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - P J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Drexhage HA, Dik WA, Leenen PJM, Versnel MA. The Immune Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes: Not Only Thinking Outside the Cell but Also Outside the Islet and Out of the Box. Diabetes 2016; 65:2130-3. [PMID: 27456621 DOI: 10.2337/dbi16-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hemmo A Drexhage
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim A Dik
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter J M Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjan A Versnel
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bogdani M. Thinking Outside the Cell: A Key Role for Hyaluronan in the Pathogenesis of Human Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2016; 65:2105-14. [PMID: 27456615 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shinozawa T, Yoshikawa HY, Takebe T. Reverse engineering liver buds through self-driven condensation and organization towards medical application. Dev Biol 2016; 420:221-229. [PMID: 27364470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The self-organizing tissue-based approach coupled with induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology is evolving as a promising field for designing organoids in culture and is expected to achieve valuable practical outcomes in regenerative medicine and drug development. Organoids show properties of functional organs and represent an alternative to cell models in conventional two-dimensional differentiation platforms; moreover, organoids can be used to investigate mechanisms of development and disease, drug discovery and toxicity assessment. Towards a more complex and advanced organoid model, it is essential to incorporate multiple cell lineages including developing vessels. Using a self-condensation method, we recently demonstrated self-organizing "organ buds" of diverse systems together with human mesenchymal and endothelial progenitors, proposing a new reverse engineering method to generate a more complex organoid structure. In this section, we review characters of organ bud technology based on two important principles: self-condensation and self-organization focusing on liver bud as an example, and discuss their practicality in regenerative medicine and potential as research tools for developmental biology and drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Shinozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | - Hiroshi Y Yoshikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
McGuiness B, Gibney SM, Beumer W, Versnel MA, Sillaber I, Harkin A, Drexhage HA. Exaggerated Increases in Microglia Proliferation, Brain Inflammatory Response and Sickness Behaviour upon Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation in Non-Obese Diabetic Mice. Neuroimmunomodulation 2016; 23:137-150. [PMID: 27529430 PMCID: PMC5296925 DOI: 10.1159/000446370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, an established model for autoimmune diabetes, shows an exaggerated reaction of pancreas macrophages to inflammatory stimuli. NOD mice also display anxiety when immune-stimulated. Chronic mild brain inflammation and a pro-inflammatory microglial activation is critical in psychiatric behaviour. OBJECTIVE To explore brain/microglial activation and behaviour in NOD mice at steady state and after systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. METHODS Affymetrix analysis on purified microglia of pre-diabetic NOD mice (8-10 weeks) and control mice (C57BL/6 and CD1 mice, the parental non-autoimmune strain) at steady state and after systemic LPS (100 μg/kg) administration. Quantitative PCR was performed on the hypothalamus for immune activation markers (IL-1β, IFNγ and TNFα) and growth factors (BDNF and PDGF). Behavioural profiling of NOD, CD1, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice at steady state was conducted and sickness behaviour/anxiety in NOD and CD1 mice was monitored before and after LPS injection. RESULTS Genome analysis revealed cell cycle/cell death and survival aberrancies of NOD microglia, substantiated as higher proliferation on BrdU staining. Inflammation signs were absent. NOD mice had a hyper-reactive response to novel environments with some signs of anxiety. LPS injection induced a higher expression of microglial activation markers, a higher brain pro-inflammatory set point (IFNγ, IDO) and a reduced expression of BDNF and PDGF after immune stimulation in NOD mice. NOD mice displayed exaggerated and prolonged sickness behaviour after LPS administration. CONCLUSION After stimulation with LPS, NOD mice display an increased microglial proliferation and an exaggerated inflammatory brain response with reduced BDNF and PDGF expression and increased sickness behaviour as compared to controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry McGuiness
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sinead M. Gibney
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Beumer
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Andrew Harkin
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hemmo A. Drexhage
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- *Prof. Hemmo A. Drexhage, Department of Immunology, Na1105, Erasmus MC's Gravendijkwal 230 NL-3015 CE Rotterdam (The Netherlands) E-Mail
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khadra A, Schnell S. Development, growth and maintenance of β-cell mass: models are also part of the story. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 42:78-90. [PMID: 25720614 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells in the islets of Langerhans play a crucial role in regulating glucose homeostasis in the circulation. Loss of β-cell mass or function due to environmental, genetic and immunological factors leads to the manifestation of diabetes mellitus. The mechanisms regulating the dynamics of pancreatic β-cell mass during normal development and diabetes progression are complex. To fully unravel such complexity, experimental and clinical approaches need to be combined with mathematical and computational models. In the natural sciences, mathematical and computational models have aided the identification of key mechanisms underlying the behavior of systems comprising multiple interacting components. A number of mathematical and computational models have been proposed to explain the development, growth and death of pancreatic β-cells. In this review, we discuss some of these models and how their predictions provide novel insight into the mechanisms controlling β-cell mass during normal development and diabetes progression. Lastly, we discuss a handful of the major open questions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anmar Khadra
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Santiago Schnell
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA; Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA; Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Beumer W, Welzen-Coppens JMC, van Helden-Meeuwsen CG, Gibney SM, Drexhage HA, Versnel MA. The gene expression profile of CD11c+ CD8α- dendritic cells in the pre-diabetic pancreas of the NOD mouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103404. [PMID: 25166904 PMCID: PMC4148310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major dendritic cell (DC) subsets have been described in the pancreas of mice: The CD11c+ CD8α- DCs (strong CD4+ T cell proliferation inducers) and the CD8α+ CD103+ DCs (T cell apoptosis inducers). Here we analyzed the larger subset of CD11c+ CD8α- DCs isolated from the pancreas of pre-diabetic NOD mice for genome-wide gene expression (validated by Q-PCR) to elucidate abnormalities in underlying gene expression networks. CD11c+ CD8α- DCs were isolated from 5 week old NOD and control C57BL/6 pancreas. The steady state pancreatic NOD CD11c+ CD8α- DCs showed a reduced expression of several gene networks important for the prime functions of these cells, i.e. for cell renewal, immune tolerance induction, migration and for the provision of growth factors including those for beta cell regeneration. A functional in vivo BrdU incorporation test showed the reduced proliferation of steady state pancreatic DC. The reduced expression of tolerance induction genes (CD200R, CCR5 and CD24) was supported on the protein level by flow cytometry. Also previously published functional tests on maturation, immune stimulation and migration confirm the molecular deficits of NOD steady state DC. Despite these deficiencies NOD pancreas CD11c+ CD8α- DCs showed a hyperreactivity to LPS, which resulted in an enhanced pro-inflammatory state characterized by a gene profile of an enhanced expression of a number of classical inflammatory cytokines. The enhanced up-regulation of inflammatory genes was supported by the in vitro cytokine production profile of the DCs. In conclusion, our data show that NOD pancreatic CD11c+ CD8α- DCs show various deficiencies in steady state, while hyperreactive when encountering a danger signal such as LPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Beumer
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sinead M. Gibney
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hemmo A. Drexhage
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Marjan A. Versnel
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tong Z, Liu W. IgG-positive cells surround pancreatic ducts and form multiple layers after streptozotocin treatment. Autoimmunity 2014; 46:369-74. [PMID: 24001204 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.773977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous studies of diabetes have focused on cell-mediated immunity to pancreatic islet cells, little is known about immune cells in the pancreatic duct region. In this study, we found that membrane immunoglobulin G (IgG)-positive cells comprised about 1.4% of the total pancreatic cells in mice, forming a thin septum that surrounds large and medium pancreatic ducts. The IgG-positive cells showed low expression of beta-catenin and were amylase-, cytokeratin-, insulin-, and glucagon-negative. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the IgG-positive cells were also positive for CD45, Sca-1, c-Kit, CD49f, and CD133, and negative for Flk-1, suggesting that they were undifferentiated hematopoietic cells. On day 5 after streptozotocin treatment, the percentage of periductal IgG-positive cells increased to 3.37% of total pancreatic cells, and the periductal IgG-positive cells formed multiple layers (beta-catenin-low, and amylase-, cytokeratin-, insulin-, glucagon-negative). These cells were Ki67-negative, suggesting they were recruited from hematopoietic cells. We further found that IgG-positive cells formed multiple layers around large ducts of pancreas from NOD mice. Our findings reveal the existence of periductal IgG-positive cells in the adult mouse pancreas, which were activated during streptozotocin-induced diabetes, adding a new dimension to our understanding of immunity in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zan Tong
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Calderari S, Irminger JC, Giroix MH, Ehses JA, Gangnerau MN, Coulaud J, Rickenbach K, Gauguier D, Halban P, Serradas P, Homo-Delarche F. Regenerating 1 and 3b gene expression in the pancreas of type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90045. [PMID: 24587207 PMCID: PMC3936001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerating (REG) proteins are associated with islet development, β-cell damage, diabetes and pancreatitis. Particularly, REG-1 and REG-3-beta are involved in cell growth/survival and/or inflammation and the Reg1 promoter contains interleukin-6 (IL-6)-responsive elements. We showed by transcriptome analysis that islets of Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes, overexpress Reg1, 3α, 3β and 3γ, vs Wistar islets. Goto-Kakizaki rat islets also exhibit increased cytokine/chemokine expression/release, particularly IL-6. Here we analyzed Reg1 and Reg3β expression and REG-1 immuno-localization in the GK rat pancreas in relationship with inflammation. Isolated pancreatic islets and acinar tissue from male adult Wistar and diabetic GK rats were used for quantitative RT-PCR analysis. REG-1 immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin sections with a monoclonal anti-rat REG-1 antibody. Islet cytokine/chemokine release was measured after 48 h-culture. Islet macrophage-positive area was quantified on cryostat sections using anti-CD68 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antibodies. Pancreatic exocrine-to-endocrine Reg1 and Reg3β mRNA ratios were markedly increased in Wistar vs GK rats. Conversely, both genes were upregulated in isolated GK rat islets. These findings were unexpected, because Reg genes are expressed in the pancreatic acinar tissue. However, we observed REG-1 protein labeling in acinar peri-ductal tissue close to islets and around large, often disorganized, GK rat islets, which may retain acinar cells due to their irregular shape. These large islets also showed peri-islet macrophage infiltration and increased release of various cytokines/chemokines, particularly IL-6. Thus, IL-6 might potentially trigger acinar REG-1 expression and secretion in the vicinity of large diabetic GK rat islets. This increased acinar REG-1 expression might reflect an adaptive though unsuccessful response to deleterious microenvironment.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Chemokines/blood
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lithostathine/genetics
- Lithostathine/metabolism
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Calderari
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 872, Team 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Irminger
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Hélène Giroix
- Equipe associée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 4413-Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), Team 1 (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine (B2PE)), Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jan A. Ehses
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Noëlle Gangnerau
- Equipe associée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 4413-Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), Team 1 (Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine (B2PE)), Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Josiane Coulaud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 872, Team 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Katharina Rickenbach
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Gauguier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 872, Team 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Halban
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Serradas
- INSERM UMRS 872, Team 9, CRC, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Homo-Delarche
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 872, Team 6, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers (CRC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Islets form in the pancreas after the first endocrine cells have arisen as either single cells or small cell clusters in the epithelial cords. These cords constitute the developing pancreas in one of its earliest recognizable stages. Islet formation begins at the time the cords transform into a branching ductal system, continues while the ductal system expands, and finally stops before the exocrine tissue of ducts and acini reaches its final expansion. Thus, islets continuously arise from founder cells located in the branching and ramifying ducts. Islets arising from proximal duct cells locate between the exocrine lobules, develop strong autonomic and sensory innervations, and pass their blood to efferent veins (insulo-venous efferent system). Islets arising from cells of more distal ducts locate within the exocrine lobules, respond to nerve impulses ending at neighbouring blood vessels, and pass their blood to the surrounding acini (insulo-acinar portal system). Consequently, the section of the ductal system from which an islet arises determines to a large extent its future neighbouring tissue, architecture, properties, and functions. We note that islets interlobular in position are frequently found in rodents (rats and mice), whereas intralobularly-located, peripheral duct islets prevail in humans and cattle. Also, we expound on bovine foetal Laguesse islets as a prominent foetal type of type 1 interlobular neuro-insular complexes, similar to neuro-insular associations frequently found in rodents. Finally, we consider the probable physiological and pathophysiological implications of the different islet positions within and between species.
Collapse
|
17
|
Al Shamsi M, Shahin A, Iwakura Y, Lukic ML, Mensah-Brown EPK. Pam3CSK(4) enhanced beta cell loss and diabetogenesis: the roles of IFN-gamma and IL-17. Clin Immunol 2013; 149:86-96. [PMID: 23899994 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toll like receptors are primary sensors of both innate and adaptive immune systems. They activate APCs and influence T-cell function in inflammatory autoimmune response. Studies have shown that TLR manipulation may lead to either tolerance or trigger autoimmunity. Using diabetogenic and subdiabetogenic multiple low doses of streptozotocin, we demonstrate here that Pam3 CYS-CK4 a TLR-2 agonist, enhances and promotes diabetes in C57BL/6 male mice following increased apoptosis of β islet cells. FACS analysis of isolated pancreatic lymph node cells revealed significant increased number of macrophages, dendritic cells, CD4(+) TNF-α(+), CD4(+) IFN-γ(+) and most significantly, CD4(+) IL-17(+) and reduced number of CD25(+)Fox p3(+) T cells after Pam3CSK4 treatment. Genetic deletion of IFN-γ prevents whereas deletion of IL-17 reduced severity of Pam3CSK4-induced enhancement of diabetes. TLR-2 agonist-enhanced diabetogenesis is also influenced by enhanced influx of antigen presenting cells and suppression of regulatory T cell activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Al Shamsi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fernández-Millán E, de Toro-Martín J, Lizárraga-Mollinedo E, Escrivá F, Álvarez C. Role of endogenous IL-6 in the neonatal expansion and functionality of Wistar rat pancreatic alpha cells. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1098-107. [PMID: 23435784 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Plasma glucagon concentrations rise sharply during the early postnatal period. This condition is associated with increased alpha cell mass. However, the trophic factors that regulate alpha cell turnover during the perinatal period have not been studied. Macrophage infiltrations are present in the neonatal pancreas, and this cell type releases cytokines such as IL-6. Alpha cells have been identified as a primary target of IL-6 actions. We therefore investigated the physiological relevance of IL-6 to neonatal pancreatic alpha cell maturation. METHODS Histochemical analyses were performed to quantify alpha cell mass, replication and apoptosis. Pancreatic Il6 expression was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. The biological effect of IL-6 was tested in two in vivo rat models of IL-6 blockade and chronic undernutrition. RESULTS Alpha cell mass increased sharply shortly after birth but decreased significantly after weaning. Pancreatic alpha cell proliferation was as high as 2.5% at the beginning of suckling but diminished with time to 1.2% in adulthood. Similarly, alpha cell neoformation was remarkably high on postnatal day (PN) 4, whereas alpha cell apoptosis was low throughout the neonatal period. Moreover, Il6 mRNA exhibited developmental upregulation in the pancreas of suckling rats, with the highest expression on PN2. Neutralisation of IL-6 reduced alpha cell mass expansion and glucagon production. IL-6 staining was detected within the islets, mainly in the alpha cells. Finally, undernourished neonates showed altered alpha cell number and function and delayed appearance of IL-6 in the pancreas. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data point to a potential role for local IL-6 in the regulation of alpha cell growth and function during suckling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Fernández-Millán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pan FC, Bankaitis ED, Boyer D, Xu X, Van de Casteele M, Magnuson MA, Heimberg H, Wright CVE. Spatiotemporal patterns of multipotentiality in Ptf1a-expressing cells during pancreas organogenesis and injury-induced facultative restoration. Development 2013; 140:751-64. [PMID: 23325761 DOI: 10.1242/dev.090159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic multipotent progenitor cells (MPCs) produce acinar, endocrine and duct cells during organogenesis, but their existence and location in the mature organ remain contentious. We used inducible lineage-tracing from the MPC-instructive gene Ptf1a to define systematically in mice the switch of Ptf1a(+) MPCs to unipotent proacinar competence during the secondary transition, their rapid decline during organogenesis, and absence from the mature organ. Between E11.5 and E15.5, we describe tip epithelium heterogeneity, suggesting that putative Ptf1a(+)Sox9(+)Hnf1β(+) MPCs are intermingled with Ptf1a(HI)Sox9(LO) proacinar progenitors. In the adult, pancreatic duct ligation (PDL) caused facultative reactivation of multipotency factors (Sox9 and Hnf1β) in Ptf1a(+) acini, which undergo rapid reprogramming to duct cells and longer-term reprogramming to endocrine cells, including insulin(+) β-cells that are mature by the criteria of producing Pdx1(HI), Nkx6.1(+) and MafA(+). These Ptf1a lineage-derived endocrine/β-cells are likely formed via Ck19(+)/Hnf1β(+)/Sox9(+) ductal and Ngn3(+) endocrine progenitor intermediates. Acinar to endocrine/β-cell transdifferentiation was enhanced by combining PDL with pharmacological elimination of pre-existing β-cells. Thus, we show that acinar cells, without exogenously introduced factors, can regain aspects of embryonic multipotentiality under injury, and convert into mature β-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fong Cheng Pan
- Vanderbilt University Program in Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vaccination with epigenetically treated mesothelioma cells induces immunisation and blocks tumour growth. Vaccine 2011; 29:5534-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
21
|
Chamson-Reig A, Arany EJ, Hill DJ. Lineage tracing and resulting phenotype of haemopoietic-derived cells in the pancreas during beta cell regeneration. Diabetologia 2010; 53:2188-97. [PMID: 20585934 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Transplantation of bone marrow-derived haemopoietic stem cells following streptozotocin (STZ) treatment to induce pancreatic beta cell loss in mice causes the partial regeneration of beta cell mass, with many haemopoietic cells demonstrating endothelial cell markers. This study used genetically tagged haemopoietic lineage-derived cells to determine how endogenous cells are mobilised following beta cell loss and subsequent replacement. METHODS A double transgenic mouse model, Vav-iCre; R26R-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), was used where only haemopoietic lineage cells expressed the Vav1 gene promoter allowing expression of the YFP reporter gene. Between postnatal days 2 and 4 mice were injected with STZ or vehicle (control) and body weight and glycaemia were monitored. Mice were killed between days 10 and 130, and the pancreases were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS YFP-expressing cells infiltrated the pancreas at all ages, being present around newly forming islets at the pancreatic ducts, and within larger islets. Small numbers of YFP-positive cells (<5%) co-stained for the macrophage markers F4/80 or Mac1, for cytokeratin 19, or for the transcription factor pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1), but no co-localisation was seen with insulin or other endocrine hormones. Within islets approximately 30% of YFP-positive cells co-stained for the endothelial cell marker CD31, and following STZ the number of haemopoietic-derived cells, and the proportion that were CD31-positive, both significantly increased after 21 and 40 days, coincident with a partial replacement of beta cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that following beta cell loss endogenous haemopoietic-lineage cells contribute to intra-islet angiogenesis, which supports a partial recovery of beta cell mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Chamson-Reig
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph's Health Care, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON, Canada N6A 4V2
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jones HB, Nugent D, Jenkins R. Variation in characteristics of islets of Langerhans in insulin-resistant, diabetic and non-diabetic-rat strains. Int J Exp Pathol 2010; 91:288-301. [PMID: 20384904 PMCID: PMC2884097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2010.00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of the histopathological and plasma biochemical characteristics of diabetic and non-diabetic rat strains [Han and AP Wistar, lean and obese Zucker Fatty (ZF), and lean and obese Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats] was performed at 6 or 14 weeks of age. Wistar and lean ZF and ZDF rats showed no or minimal islet pathology or plasma biochemical alterations at both timepoints. Obese ZFs were euglycaemic at both timepoints and mildly and severely hyperinsulinaemic at 6 and 14 weeks respectively. Islet morphology was normal at 6 weeks but at 14 weeks, islet hyperplasia was present with a minority showing degenerative changes namely, beta-cell vacuolation, vascular congestion and haemorrhage with minimal mononuclear cell and T lymphocytic infiltration. Obese ZDFs were euglycaemic and moderately hyperinsulinaemic at 6 weeks and severely hyperglycaemic with minor hypoinsulinaemia at 14 weeks. Obese ZDFs at 6 weeks showed mainly normal islets with some displaying degeneration (ranging from beta-cell vacuolation alone to the features described above). At 14 weeks, islet degeneration was more severe and widespread: beta-cell death was present in numerous islets at low level. Islet beta-cell numbers were reduced or absent (with associated reduction in insulin immunostaining) within the islets that now consisted predominantly of fibroblasts, collagen and mononuclear cells. Fibroproliferation consisting of smooth muscle actin-alpha-positive tissue was associated with mononuclear cell infiltration. Some fibrous scars were visible indicative of lost islets. Islet degeneration in obese ZF and ZDF rats was not accompanied by a reduction in beta-cell proliferation or in compensatory proliferation of beta-cell neogenic clusters. In the light of recent reports of adaptive and inflammation-mediated degenerative changes in human non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) islets, the hypertrophy/hyperplasia of beta-cells and islet degeneration involving infiltration by monocyte/macrophages in obese ZF and obese ZDF rats respectively offers substantial potential for elucidation of the processes involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huw Bowen Jones
- Pathology Department, Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mensah-Brown E, Shahin A, Parekh K, Hakim AA, Shamisi MA, Hsu DK, Lukic ML. Functional capacity of macrophages determines the induction of type 1 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1084:49-57. [PMID: 17151292 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1372.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are potent immune regulators and are critical in the development and pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. They are said to be the first cell type to infiltrate the pancreatic islet, serve as antigen-presenting cells, and are important as effector cells during diabetogenesis. The article examines the role of macrophages in autoimmune diabetes with particular emphasis on the role of galectin-3, a beta-galactoside-binding lectin, and T1/ST2, an IL-1 receptor-like protein, both of which play significant roles in the immunomodulatory functions of macrophages. Multiple low-dose streptozotocin (MLD-STZ) induces infiltration of mononuclear cells in the islets of susceptible strains leading to insulitis. Deletion of the galectin-3 gene from C57BL/6 mice significantly attenuates this effect as evaluated by quantitative histology of mononuclear cells and loss of insulin-producing beta cells. In contrast, deletion of the ST2 gene enhanced insulitis after MLD-STZ treatment when compared with relatively resistant wild-type BALB/c mice. Thus, it appears that functional capacity of macrophages influences their participation in T helper (Th) 1-mediated autoimmunity and the development of autoimmune diabetogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Epk Mensah-Brown
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Strom A, Wang GS, Reimer R, Finegood DT, Scott FW. Pronounced cytosolic aggregation of cellular prion protein in pancreatic beta-cells in response to hyperglycemia. J Transl Med 2007; 87:139-49. [PMID: 17146448 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)), an N-linked glycoprotein, is expressed in a variety of tissues, but its functions remain unclear. PrP(C) is abundantly expressed in the endocrine pancreas, which regulates blood glucose homeostasis. Therefore, we investigated whether the expression of PrP(C) was altered in islets of Langerhans in a model of spontaneous type 1 diabetes, the diabetes-prone BioBreeding (BBdp) rat and a model of beta-cell adaptation to hyperglycemia, the chronic glucose-infused Sprague Dawley rat. Pancreatic sections from animals aged 7-100 days were stained immunohistochemically and evaluated using light, fluorescence and confocal microscopy. PrP(C) was ubiquitously expressed in all four major endocrine cell types within islets. Surprisingly, cytosolic inclusions containing PrP(C) were identified exclusively in a subpopulation of insulin-producing beta-cells. The inclusions exhibited different molecular characteristics from the PrP aggregates previously described in vitro in neurons. The frequency of beta-cells with PrP(C) inclusions increased with age and was threefold greater in diabetes-prone rats than in controls at 100 days. Cytosolic PrP(C) expression in beta-cells was suppressed whereas the number and size of PrP(C) inclusions markedly increased in response to hyperglycemia during the first 2 days of continuous glucose infusion in Sprague Dawley rats. In summary, this is the first report describing in vivo cytosolic PrP(C) aggregation. These unique PrP(C) inclusions were beta-cell specific, more frequent in diabetes-prone animals, and responded to hyperglycemia in glucose-infused Sprague Dawley rats. These data suggest a potential dysfunction in beta-cells of diabetes-prone rats, and point to new avenues for the study of diabetes pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Strom
- Molecular Medicine, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chaparro RJ, Konigshofer Y, Beilhack GF, Shizuru JA, McDevitt HO, Chien YH. Nonobese diabetic mice express aspects of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:12475-80. [PMID: 16895987 PMCID: PMC1832259 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604317103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the onset of autoimmune destruction, type 1 diabetic patients and an animal model, the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, show morphological and functional abnormalities in target organs, which may act as inciting events for leukocyte infiltration. To better understand these abnormalities, but without the complications associated with lymphocytic infiltrates, we examined genes expressed in autoimmune target tissues of NOD/severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice and of autoimmune-resistant C57BL/6/scid mice. Our results suggest that the NOD genetic background may predispose them to diabetic complications, including insulin resistance in the absence of high circulating glucose levels and without autoimmune destruction of their beta cells. Several of these genes lie within known type 1 and 2 diabetes loci. These data suggest that the NOD mouse may be a good candidate to study an interface between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo José Chaparro
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- To whom correspondence may be sent at the present address:
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461. E-mail:
| | - Yves Konigshofer
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Georg F. Beilhack
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- Medicine, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Judith A. Shizuru
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- Medicine, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Hugh O. McDevitt
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- Microbiology and Immunology and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Yueh-hsiu Chien
- *Program in Immunology and Departments of
- Microbiology and Immunology and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Homo-Delarche F, Calderari S, Irminger JC, Gangnerau MN, Coulaud J, Rickenbach K, Dolz M, Halban P, Portha B, Serradas P. Islet inflammation and fibrosis in a spontaneous model of type 2 diabetes, the GK rat. Diabetes 2006; 55:1625-33. [PMID: 16731824 DOI: 10.2337/db05-1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The molecular pathways leading to islet fibrosis in diabetes are unknown. Therefore, we studied gene expression in islets of 4-month-old Goto-Kakizaki (GK) and Wistar control rats. Of 71 genes found to be overexpressed in GK islets, 24% belong to extracellular matrix (ECM)/cell adhesion and 34% to inflammatory/immune response families. Based on gene data, we selected several antibodies to study fibrosis development during progression of hyperglycemia by immunohistochemistry. One-month-old GK and Wistar islets appeared to be similar. Two-month-old GK islets were strongly heterogenous in terms of ECM accumulation compared with Wistar islets. GK islet vascularization, labeled by von Willebrand factor, was altered after 1 month of mild hyperglycemia. Numerous macrophages (major histocompatibility complex class II(+) and CD68(+)) and granulocytes were found in/around GK islets. These data demonstrate that marked inflammatory reaction accompanies GK islet fibrosis and suggest that islet alterations in this nonobese model of type 2 diabetes develop in a way reminiscent of microangiopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Homo-Delarche
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 7059, National Center for Scientific Research, Diderot University, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang X, He Z, Ghosh S. Investigation of the age-at-onset heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes through mathematical modeling. Math Biosci 2006; 203:79-99. [PMID: 16723139 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneity between young- and adult-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) is well known, but not well understood. We approach this question through mathematical formulation and analysis of the dynamic interactions between the immune cells and the pancreatic islet beta-cells that lead to the beta-cell destruction. Utilizing the perturbation expansion method we investigate the dynamic stability of our system under fast and slow beta-cell turnover limits. We find that if autoimmunity is initiated when the turnover is slow (adult age), a stable steady state can exist with reduced number of beta-cells, where the beta-cell regeneration balances the ongoing autoimmune destruction. This implies that a slow disease process is possible. In contrast, if autoimmunity occurs when the beta-cell turnover is rapid (young age), such a stable state will never be attained and the destruction will progress unabated, leading to an acute disease onset. The major findings of our model are consistent with clinical observations, and it offers an explanation for the dynamic and phenotypic heterogeneity between young- and adult-onset T1D. More importantly, the model analyses point out that pathways regulating beta-cell turnover can be new targets to interfere with the disease process of T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xujing Wang
- Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Research Institute of the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mensah-Brown EPK, Shahin A, Al-Shamisi M, Wei X, Lukic ML. IL-23 leads to diabetes induction after subdiabetogenic treatment with multiple low doses of streptozotocin. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:216-23. [PMID: 16358360 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
IL-23, a proximal regulator of IL-17, may be a major driving force in the induction of autoimmune inflammation. We have used a model of subdiabetogenic treatment with multiple low doses of streptozotocin (MLD-STZ; 4 x 40 mg/kg body weight) in male C57BL/6 mice to study the effect of IL-23 on immune-mediated beta cell damage and the development of diabetes, as evaluated by blood glucose, quantitative histology, immunohistochemistry and expression of relevant cytokines in the islets. Ten daily injections of 400 ng IL-23, starting on the first day of MLD-STZ administration led to significant and sustained hyperglycemia along with weight loss compared with controls (no IL-23), and a significant increase in the number of infiltrating cells, a lower insulin content, enhanced apoptosis, expression of IFN-gamma and IL-17 (not seen in the controls) and a significant increase in the expression of TNF-alpha and IL-18 in the pancreatic islets. IL-23 treatment started 5 days prior to MLD-STZ administration had no effect on diabetogenesis or cytokines expression in the pancreatic islets. We provide the first evidence in an animal model that IL-23 is involved in the development of type-1 diabetes, by inducing IL-17 and possibly IFN-gamma production in the target tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric P K Mensah-Brown
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hermann R, Mantere J, Lipponen K, Veijola R, Soltesz G, Otonkoski T, Simell O, Knip M, Ilonen J. Lack of association of PAX4 gene with type 1 diabetes in the Finnish and Hungarian populations. Diabetes 2005; 54:2816-9. [PMID: 16123375 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.9.2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the possible contribution of the PAX4 transcription factor gene to the genetic background of type 1 diabetes. We analyzed four coding polymorphisms of the PAX4 gene in 498 cases with type 1 diabetes and 825 control subjects from Finland and Hungary. All patients were diagnosed under the age of 15 years according to the World Health Organization criteria. All four PAX4 variants (three in exon 9 and one in exon 3) were genotyped using DNA sequencing. In addition, all Finnish subjects were typed for HLA DR-DQ, insulin gene (-23) HphI, and CTLA4 CT60 polymorphisms. The +1,168 C/A coding variant of PAX4 was found to be polymorphic in both populations (P321H, rs712701). No difference was observed in the genotype frequencies between cases and control subjects, nor was any disease association detected when patients were stratified according to age at diagnosis, sex, HLA, insulin gene, or CTLA4 genotypes. Our data indicate that the +1,168 C/A variant of PAX4 gene does not play any essential role in genetic type 1 diabetes susceptibility. The strong coherence between the datasets of the two ethnic groups studied with highly contrasting disease incidence, socioeconomic characteristics, and profoundly diverse environment emphasizes the impact of this finding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hermann
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Loiler SA, Tang Q, Clarke T, Campbell-Thompson ML, Chiodo V, Hauswirth W, Cruz P, Perret-Gentil M, Atkinson MA, Ramiya VK, Flotte TR. Localized Gene Expression Following Administration of Adeno-associated Viral Vectors via Pancreatic Ducts. Mol Ther 2005; 12:519-27. [PMID: 15979413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer into pancreatic cells in vivo could be of immense therapeutic benefit in cases of type 1 diabetes (T1D) through the production of molecules capable of interrupting the progression of autoimmunity or promoting regeneration of insulin-secreting beta cells. We adapted a clinically relevant surgical technique (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) to deliver rAAV encoding human alpha1-antitrypsin (approved gene symbol SERPINA1) to the pancreas of 3-week-old Fisher 344 rats and C57BL/6 mice. We compared natural as well as bioengineered serotypes of rAAV (rAAV1, rAAV2/Apo, rAAV8) as well as different promoters (chicken beta-actin, human insulin) for their expression in vivo. Rats injected with rAAV1 showed the highest hAAT expression (week 2, rAAV1/CB-AT, 579 +/- 457 ng/ml). In mice, rAAV8 vector delivered the highest serum concentration of hAAT (week 2, rAAV8/CB-AT, 19 +/- 6 microg/ml). The chicken beta-actin promoter provided the highest expression in both rodent experiments. Immunohistochemical staining indicated transduction primarily of pancreatic acinar cells with either the rAAV1/CB-AT vector in the rat or the rAAV8/CB-AT vector in the mouse. This study demonstrates that rAAV vectors can be designed to deliver therapeutic genes efficiently to the pancreas and achieve high levels of gene expression and may be useful in treating pancreatic disorders, including T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Loiler
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Throsby M, Coulaud J, Durant S, Homo-Delarche F. Increased transcriptional preproinsulin II beta-cell activity in neonatal nonobese diabetic mice: in situ hybridization analysis. Rev Diabet Stud 2005; 2:75-83. [PMID: 17491682 PMCID: PMC1783555 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2005.2.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the prediabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, a spontaneous model of type 1 diabetes, we previously reported transient postweaning hyperinsulinemia followed by progressive islet hyperplasia. A modified in situ hybridization technique was used to determine whether these effects were accompanied by changes in insulin transcriptional activity as a function of age. We found that NOD neonates express higher levels of preproinsulin II primary transcripts than age-matched C57BL/6 mice, but this difference disappeared within the first wk of age. To manipulate insulin transcriptional activity in NOD neonates, NOD mothers were treated with insulin during the last two wk of gestation. A down-regulation of beta-cell hyperactivity was observed in female NOD neonates but not in male neonates. By contrast, the same insulin treatment applied to NODscid (severe combined immunodeficiency) mothers, devoid of functional lymphocytes but showing like NOD mice postweaning hyperinsulinemia, increased transcriptional beta-cell activity in both sexes of neonates. In conclusion, NOD mice exhibit successive and transient signs of beta-cell hyperactivity, reflected as early as birth by high transcriptional preproinsulin II activity and later, from weaning to around 10 wk of age, by hyperinsulinemia. Of note, when thinking in terms of in utero disease programming, the NOD neonatal transcriptional beta-cell hyperactivity could be modulated by environmental (maternal and/or fetal) factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Throsby
- Crucell Holland B.V., Leiden 2301 CA, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvie Durant
- INSERM U530, Centre Universitaire-UFR Biomédicale, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Francoise Homo-Delarche
- CNRS UMR 7059, Paris 7 University, 75005 Paris, France
- Address correspondence to: Francoise Homo-Delarche, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Affiliation(s)
- M Tiedge
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Atkinson MA. ADA Outstanding Scientific Achievement Lecture 2004. Thirty years of investigating the autoimmune basis for type 1 diabetes: why can't we prevent or reverse this disease? Diabetes 2005; 54:1253-63. [PMID: 15855308 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.5.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years ago, a convergence of investigational observations lead to the now widely accepted notion that type 1 diabetes results from an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta-cells in subjects genetically predisposed to the disease. Improvements in understanding of the natural history of type 1 diabetes, the biochemical identification of autoantigens, the discovery of spontaneous animal models for the disease, the availability of immune-modulating agents, and other important facets, including disease prediction, drove an early sense of optimism that the prevention of type 1 diabetes was possible and, in some research circles, that ability was thought to be within a not-to-distant reach. Unfortunately, those early expectations proved overly optimistic, and despite the aforementioned knowledge gains, the generation of improved investigational tools, the identification of methods to prevent the disease in animal models, and the formation of very large disease prevention trials, a means to prevent type 1 diabetes in humans continues to remain elusive. Believing in the concept of "informative failures" (a.k.a., wise people learn from their mistakes), this lecture reviews the knowledge base collected over this time period and, when combined with an analysis of those research experiences, sets forth a proposal for future investigations that will, hopefully, turn discoveries into a means for the prevention or reversal of type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, ARB-R3-128, 1600 SW Archer Rd., Gainesville, FL 32610-0275, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sia C, Homo-Delarche F. Tolerance induction and endogenous regeneration of pancreatic beta-cells in established autoimmune diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud 2005; 1:198-206. [PMID: 17491705 PMCID: PMC1783694 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2004.1.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies aimed at the understanding of the multifactorial development of autoimmune diabetes have made substantial contributions toward elucidating the molecular mechanisms that open the road to an effective prevention of defective immune responses. Immunomodulatory regimens capable of inducing tolerance are shown to be effective even in the reversal of established autoimmune diabetes in animal models. Experimental trials including the reeducation of autoreactive T cells, depletion of macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells, as well as the use of monoclonal antibodies, have yielded encouraging results, but have not yet been translated into beneficial clinical outcomes. In addition, we are now seeing an emergence of promising new directions aimed at the induction of islet regeneration by endogenous factors, suggesting that the repair of pancreatic tissue is possible without the need for an engraftment of donor tissue. These recent waves of technological progress have injected new hope for a combined therapy to offer diabetic patients long-term benefits of insulin independence. This article reviews the latest findings on diabetic pathogenesis and discusses promising avenues to tolerance induction and islet regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Sia
- Department of Immunology, United Biomedical Inc., 25 Davids Drive, Hauppage, New York 11788, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Roep BO, Atkinson M, von Herrath M. Satisfaction (not) guaranteed: re-evaluating the use of animal models of type 1 diabetes. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 4:989-97. [PMID: 15573133 DOI: 10.1038/nri1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Without a doubt, rodent models have been instrumental in describing pathways that lead to pancreatic beta-cell destruction, evaluating potential causes of type 1 diabetes and providing proof-of-principle for the potential of immune-based interventions. However, despite more than two decades of productive research, we are still yet to define an initiating autoantigen for the human disease, to determine the precise mechanisms of beta-cell destruction in humans and to design interventions that prevent or cure type 1 diabetes. In this Perspective article, we propose that a major philosophical change would benefit this field, a proposition that is based on evaluation of situations in which rodent models have provided useful guidance and in which they have led to disappointments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart O Roep
- Bart O. Roep is at the Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden NL-2300 RC, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Roep BO, Atkinson M. Animal models have little to teach us about type 1 diabetes: 1. In support of this proposal. Diabetologia 2004; 47:1650-6. [PMID: 15490110 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-004-1517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B O Roep
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, E3-Q, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|