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Rohaim MA, Naggar RFE, Atasoy MO, Munir M. Molecular Virology of Orthopoxviruses with Special Reference to Monkeypox Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:111-124. [PMID: 38801574 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Poxviruses are large (200-450 nm) and enveloped viruses carrying double-stranded DNA genome with an epidermal cell-specific adaptation. The genus Orthopoxvirus within Poxviridae family constitutes several medically and veterinary important viruses including variola (smallpox), vaccinia, monkeypox virus (MPXV), and cowpox. The monkeypox disease (mpox) has recently emerged as a public health emergency caused by MPXV. An increasing number of human cases of MPXV have been documented in non-endemic nations without any known history of contact with animals brought in from endemic and enzootic regions, nor have they involved travel to an area where the virus was typically prevalent. Here, we review the MPXV replication, virus pathobiology, mechanism of viral infection transmission, virus evasion the host innate immunity and antiviral therapies against Mpox. Moreover, preventive measures including vaccination were discussed and concluded that cross-protection against MPXV may be possible using antibodies that are directed against an Orthopoxvirus. Despite the lack of a specialised antiviral medication, several compounds such as Cidofovir and Ribavirin warrant consideration against mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Rohaim
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Rania F El Naggar
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Mustafa O Atasoy
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK.
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2
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Yashavarddhan MH, Bohra D, Rana R, Tuli HS, Ranjan V, Rana DS, Ganguly NK. Comprehensive overview of 2022 human monkeypox outbreak and its pathology, prevention, and treatment: A strategy for disease control. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127504. [PMID: 37812873 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The 2022 Monkeypox virus, an evolved DNA strain originating in Africa, exhibits heightened human-to-human transmissibility and potential animal transmission. Its host remains unidentified. While its initial slow transmission rate restrained global impact, 2022 saw a surge in cases, causing widespread concern in over 103 countries by September. This virus's distinctive human-to-human transmission marks a crucial shift, demanding a prompt revaluation of containment strategies. However, the host source for this shift requires urgent research attention. Regrettably, no universal preventive or curative methods have emerged for this evolved virus. Repurposed from smallpox vaccines, only some vaccinations offer a partial defense. Solely one therapeutic drug is available. The article's essence is to provide a comprehensive grasp of the virus's epidemiology, morphology, immune invasion mechanisms, and existing preventive and treatment measures. This knowledge equips researchers to devise strategies against its spread and potential public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Yashavarddhan
- Department of Biotechnology & Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India
| | - Deepika Bohra
- Department of Biotechnology & Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India
| | - Rashmi Rana
- Department of Biotechnology & Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India.
| | | | - Vivek Ranjan
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India
| | | | - Nirmal Kumar Ganguly
- Department of Biotechnology & Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India
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3
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Zhao Y, Sui L, Wu P, Li L, Liu L, Ma B, Wang W, Chi H, Wang ZD, Wei Z, Hou Z, Zhang K, Niu J, Jin N, Li C, Zhao J, Wang G, Liu Q. EGR1 functions as a new host restriction factor for SARS-CoV-2 to inhibit virus replication through the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH8. J Virol 2023; 97:e0102823. [PMID: 37772822 PMCID: PMC10653994 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01028-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Emerging vaccine-breakthrough severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants highlight an urgent need for novel antiviral therapies. Understanding the pathogenesis of coronaviruses is critical for developing antiviral drugs. Here, we demonstrate that the SARS-CoV-2 N protein suppresses interferon (IFN) responses by reducing early growth response gene-1 (EGR1) expression. The overexpression of EGR1 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication by promoting IFN-regulated antiviral protein expression, which interacts with and degrades SARS-CoV-2 N protein via the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH8 and the cargo receptor NDP52. The MARCH8 mutants without ubiquitin ligase activity are no longer able to degrade SARS-CoV-2 N proteins, indicating that MARCH8 degrades SARS-CoV-2 N proteins dependent on its ubiquitin ligase activity. This study found a novel immune evasion mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 utilized by the N protein, which is helpful for understanding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and guiding the design of new prevention strategies against the emerging coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Liyan Sui
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Wu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Letian Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenfang Wang
- Department of Pathogenbiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongmiao Chi
- Department of Pathogenbiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ze-Dong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhijun Hou
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Kaiyu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jixue Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Pathogenbiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Bhat EA, Ali T, Sajjad N, Kumar R, Bron P. Insights into the structure, functional perspective, and pathogenesis of ZIKV: an updated review. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115175. [PMID: 37473686 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) poses a serious threat to the entire world. The rapid spread of ZIKV and recent outbreaks since 2007 have caused worldwide concern about the virus. Diagnosis is complicated because of the cross-reactivity of the virus with other viral antibodies. Currently, the virus is diagnosed by molecular techniques such as RT-PCR and IgM-linked enzyme immunoassays (MAC-ELISA). Recently, outbreaks and epidemics have been caused by ZIKV, and severe clinical symptoms and congenital malformations have also been associated with the virus. Although most ZIKV infections present with a subclinical or moderate flu-like course of illness, severe symptoms such as Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults and microcephaly in children of infected mothers have also been reported. Because there is no reliable cure for ZIKV and no vaccine is available, the public health response has focused primarily on preventing infection, particularly in pregnant women. A comprehensive approach is urgently needed to combat this infection and stop its spread and imminent threat. In view of this, this review aims to present the current structural and functional viewpoints, structure, etiology, clinical prognosis, and measures to prevent this transmission based on the literature and current knowledge. Moreover, we provide thorough description of the current understanding about ZIKV interaction with receptors, and a comparative examination of its similarities and differences with other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eijaz Ahmed Bhat
- CBS (Centre de Biologie Structurale), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 29 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Tufail Ali
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Nasreena Sajjad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Jammu and Kashmir 190006, India
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Patrick Bron
- CBS (Centre de Biologie Structurale), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 29 rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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Liu X, Zhao Z, Dai W, Liao K, Sun Q, Chen D, Pan X, Feng L, Ding Y, Wei S. The Development of Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4308. [PMID: 37686584 PMCID: PMC10486426 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM) is a highly aggressive form of brain cancer that poses a significant challenge for treatment in neuro-oncology, and the survival status of patients after relapse usually means rapid deterioration, thus becoming the leading cause of death among patients. In recent years, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma by stimulating the body's immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells, which could be used in combination with other treatments such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy to improve outcomes for patients with recurrent glioblastoma. This therapy combines several key methods such as the use of monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy, checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viral therapy cancer vaccines, and combination strategies. In this review, we mainly document the latest immunotherapies for the treatment of glioblastoma and especially focus on rGBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (X.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Zihui Zhao
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China;
| | - Wufei Dai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China;
| | - Kuo Liao
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Q.S.); (L.F.)
| | - Dongjiang Chen
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, USC Keck Brain Tumor Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Xingxin Pan
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Lishuang Feng
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Q.S.); (L.F.)
| | - Ying Ding
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (X.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Shiyou Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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6
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Le-Trilling VTK, Maaßen F, Katschinski B, Hengel H, Trilling M. Deletion of the non-adjacent genes UL148 and UL148D impairs human cytomegalovirus-mediated TNF receptor 2 surface upregulation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1170300. [PMID: 37600801 PMCID: PMC10437809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a prototypical β-herpesvirus which frequently causes morbidity and mortality in individuals with immature, suppressed, or senescent immunity. HCMV is sensed by various pattern recognition receptors, leading to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). TNFα binds to two distinct trimeric receptors: TNF receptor (TNFR) 1 and TNFR2, which differ in regard to their expression profiles, affinities for soluble and membrane-bound TNFα, and down-stream signaling pathways. While both TNF receptors engage NFκB signaling, only the nearly ubiquitously expressed TNFR1 exhibits a death domain that mediates TRADD/FADD-dependent caspase activation. Under steady-state conditions, TNFR2 expression is mainly restricted to immune cells where it predominantly submits pro-survival, proliferation-stimulating, and immune-regulatory signals. Based on the observation that HCMV-infected cells show enhanced binding of TNFα, we explored the interplay between HCMV and TNFR2. As expected, uninfected fibroblasts did not show detectable levels of TNFR2 on the surface. Intriguingly, however, HCMV infection increased TNFR2 surface levels of fibroblasts. Using HCMV variants and BACmid-derived clones either harboring or lacking the ULb' region, an association between TNFR2 upregulation and the presence of the ULb' genome region became evident. Applying a comprehensive set of ULb' gene block and single gene deletion mutants, we observed that HCMV mutants in which the non-adjacent genes UL148 or UL148D had been deleted show an impaired ability to upregulate TNFR2, coinciding with an inverse regulation of TACE/ADAM17.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabienne Maaßen
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg−Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Katschinski
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg−Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg−Essen, Essen, Germany
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Li H, Huang QZ, Zhang H, Liu ZX, Chen XH, Ye LL, Luo Y. The land-scape of immune response to monkeypox virus. EBioMedicine 2022; 87:104424. [PMID: 36584594 PMCID: PMC9797195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human monkeypox is a viral zoonotic smallpox-like disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) and has become the greatest public health threat in the genus Orthopoxvirus after smallpox was eradicated. The host immune response to MPXV plays an essential role in disease pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. MPXV infection leads to skin lesions with the genital area as the main feature in the current outbreak and triggers a strong immune response that results in sepsis, deep tissue abscess, severe respiratory disease, and injuries to multiple immune organs. Emerging evidence shows that the immunopathogenesis of MPXV infection is closely associated with impaired NK-cell function, lymphopenia, immune evasion, increased antibodies, increased blood monocytes and granulocytes, cytokine storm, inhibition of the host complement system, and antibody-dependent enhancement. In this overview, we discuss the immunopathology and immunopathogenesis of monkeypox to aid the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies against monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Qi-Zhao Huang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 250033, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Liu
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hui Chen
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Li-Lin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China,Corresponding author: Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
| | - Yang Luo
- College of Life Sciences and Laboratory Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, PR China,Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, Yunnan, 650118, PR China,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangjin Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 402260, PR China,Corresponding author: College of Life Sciences and Laboratory Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, PR China.
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8
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Song Q, Zhao X, Cao C, Duan M, Shao C, Jiang S, Zhou B, Zhou Y, Dong W, Yang Y, Wang X, Song H. Research advances on interferon (IFN) response during BVDV infection. Res Vet Sci 2022; 149:151-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gospel of malignant Glioma: Oncolytic virus therapy. Gene 2022; 818:146217. [PMID: 35093451 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioma accounts for nearly 80% of all intracranial malignant tumors. It is a major challenge to society as it is causes to impaired brain function in many patients. Currently, gliomas are mainly treated with surgery, postoperative radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the curative effects of these treatments are not satisfactory. Oncolytic virus (OV) is a novel treatment which works by activating the immune functions and inducing apoptosis of tumor cells. The OV propagates indefinitely in the host cell, eventually leading to the death of host cell. Subsequently, a large number of antigens and signal molecules are released which exert antitumor immunity. Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown that G207, DNX2401, Zika and other viruses have important roles in malignant tumors. For example, these viruses can reduce the growth of tumor cells without causing severe complications. However, the known OVs have not been clearly classified. Herein, we divided OVs into neurotropic and non-neurophilic OVs based on whether the OVs are naturally neurotropic or not. The therapeutic effects of each group were compared. Finally, challenges encountered in the clinical application of OVs in the treatment of malignant gliomas were summarized.
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Boodhoo N, Matsuyama-Kato A, Shojadoost B, Behboudi S, Sharif S. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 non-structural proteins 1 and 15 proteins mediate antiviral immune evasion. CURRENT RESEARCH IN VIROLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 3:100021. [PMID: 35187506 PMCID: PMC8837493 DOI: 10.1016/j.crviro.2022.100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infection with pathogenic viruses is often sensed by innate receptors such as Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) which stimulate type I and III interferons (IFNs) responses, to generate an antiviral state within many cell types. To counteract these antiviral systems, many viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), encode non-structural proteins (NSPs) that mediate immune evasion. Using an overexpression system in A549 cells, we demonstrated a significant increase (p ≤ 0.0001) in Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV)-EGFP reporter virus replication in cell lines overexpressing either the SARS-CoV-2 NSP1 or NSP15 when compared to control A549 cells. The increase in VSV-EGFP virus output was associated with a decrease in TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 protein expression and a lack of antiviral protein production. Truncation of both NSP1 and NSP15 led to an increase in cellular TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 as well as a decrease in TLR2 expression respectively. This observation can be attributed to the presence of a functional domain in NSP1 and NSP15 between amino acid (aa) 120–180 and aa 230–346, respectively. Both TLR3 and TLR9 ligands but not TLR2 ligand were highly effective at overcoming NSP1 and NSP15 functional interference based on significant decrease (p ≤ 0.0001) in VSV-EGFP virus replication. NSP1 or NSP15 intracellular interactions are likely low affinity interactions that can be easily disrupted by stimulating cells with specific TLR3 and TLR9 ligands. This report provides insights into the role of SARS-CoV-2 NSP1 and NSP15 in limiting specific TLR pathway activation, as an evasive mechanism against host innate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Boodhoo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bahram Shojadoost
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shahriar Behboudi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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11
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Guerrero-Arguero I, Tellez-Freitas CM, Weber KS, Berges BK, Robison RA, Pickett BE. Alphaviruses: Host pathogenesis, immune response, and vaccine & treatment updates. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34435944 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pathogens belonging to the Alphavirus genus, in the Togaviridae family, are transmitted primarily by mosquitoes. The signs and symptoms associated with these viruses include fever and polyarthralgia, defined as joint pain and inflammation, as well as encephalitis. In the last decade, our understanding of the interactions between members of the alphavirus genus and the human host has increased due to the re-appearance of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Asia and Europe, as well as its emergence in the Americas. Alphaviruses affect host immunity through cytokines and the interferon response. Understanding alphavirus interactions with both the innate immune system as well as the various cells in the adaptive immune systems is critical to developing effective therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the latest research on alphavirus-host cell interactions, underlying infection mechanisms, and possible treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Guerrero-Arguero
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - K Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Bradford K Berges
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Richard A Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Brett E Pickett
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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12
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Baasch S, Ruzsics Z, Henneke P. Cytomegaloviruses and Macrophages-Friends and Foes From Early on? Front Immunol 2020; 11:793. [PMID: 32477336 PMCID: PMC7235172 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Starting at birth, newborn infants are exposed to numerous microorganisms. Adaptation of the innate immune system to them is a delicate process, with potentially advantageous and harmful implications for health development. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are highly adapted to their specific mammalian hosts, with which they share millions of years of co-evolution. Throughout the history of mankind, human CMV has infected most infants in the first months of life without overt implications for health. Thus, CMV infections are intertwined with normal immune development. Nonetheless, CMV has retained substantial pathogenicity following infection in utero or in situations of immunosuppression, leading to pathology in virtually any organ and particularly the central nervous system (CNS). CMVs enter the host through mucosal interfaces of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract, where macrophages (MACs) are the most abundant immune cell type. Tissue MACs and their potential progenitors, monocytes, are established target cells of CMVs. Recently, several discoveries have revolutionized our understanding on the pre- and postnatal development and site-specific adaptation of tissue MACs. In this review, we explore experimental evidences and concepts on how CMV infections may impact on MAC development and activation as part of host-virus co-adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Baasch
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Qiu Y, Geng X, Ban J, Liu Y. MicroRNA-218 inhibits type I interferon production and facilitates virus immune evasion via targeting RIG-I. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:396-403. [PMID: 31912548 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The host protective immunity against viral infection requires the effective detection of viral antigens and the subsequent production of type I interferons (IFNs) by host immune cells. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is the crucial signaling element responsible for sensing viral RNA component and initiating the downstream antiviral signaling pathways, leading to the production of type I IFNs. In this work, we identified microRNA-218 (miR-218) as a new virus-induced miRNA that dampens the expression of RIG-I in mouse and human macrophages, leading to the impaired production of type I IFNs. Interfering miR-218 expression rescued RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling and thus protected macrophages from viral infection. Hence, our results provide new understanding of miRNA-mediated viral immune evasion and may be potentially useful for the treatment of viral infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongle Qiu
- Department of Stomatology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xixue Geng
- Department of Pathology, Chinese Medicine Hospital in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jiandong Ban
- Department of Stomatology, Hebei Eye Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Yuanhang Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Second Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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14
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Kolb P, Sijmons S, McArdle MR, Taher H, Womack J, Hughes C, Ventura A, Jarvis MA, Stahl-Hennig C, Hansen S, Picker LJ, Malouli D, Hengel H, Früh K. Identification and Functional Characterization of a Novel Fc Gamma-Binding Glycoprotein in Rhesus Cytomegalovirus. J Virol 2019; 93:e02077-18. [PMID: 30487278 PMCID: PMC6364020 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02077-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors recognizing the Fc part of immunoglobulin G (FcγRs) are key determinants in antibody-mediated immune responses. Members of the Herpesviridae interfere with this immune regulatory network by expressing viral FcγRs (vFcγRs). Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes four distinct vFcγRs that differ with respect to their IgG subtype specificity and their impact on antibody-mediated immune function in vitro The impact of vFcγRs on HCMV pathogenesis and immunomodulation in vivo is not known. The closest evolutionary animal model of HCMV is rhesus CMV (RhCMV) infection of rhesus macaques. To enable the characterization of vFcγR function in this model, we studied IgG binding by RhCMV. We show that lysates of RhCMV-infected cells contain an IgG-binding protein of 30 kDa encoded by the gene Rh05 that is a predicted type I glycoprotein belonging to the RL11 gene family. Upon deletion of Rh05, IgG-Fc binding by RhCMV strain 68-1 is lost, whereas ectopic expression of Rh05 results in IgG binding to transfected cells consistent with Rh05 being a vFcγR. Using a set of reporter cell lines stably expressing human and rhesus FcγRs, we further demonstrate that Rh05 antagonizes host FcγR activation. Compared to Rh05-intact RhCMV, RhCMVΔRh05 showed an increased activation of host FcγR upon exposure of infected cells to IgG from RhCMV-seropositive animals, suggesting that Rh05 protects infected cells from opsonization and IgG-dependent activation of host FcγRs. However, antagonizing host FcγR activation by Rh05 was not required for the establishment and maintenance of infection of RhCMV, even in a seropositive host, as shown by the induction of T cell responses to heterologous antigens expressed by RhCMV lacking the gene region encoding Rh05. In contrast to viral evasion of natural killer cells or T cell recognition, the evasion of antibody-mediated effects does not seem to be absolutely required for infection or reinfection. The identification of the first vFcγR that efficiently antagonizes host FcγR activation in the RhCMV genome will thus permit more detailed studies of this immunomodulatory mechanism in promoting viral dissemination in the presence of natural or vaccine-induced humoral immunity.IMPORTANCE Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) offers a unique model for studying human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pathogenesis and vaccine development. RhCMV infection of nonhuman primates greatly broadened the understanding of mechanisms by which CMVs evade or reprogram T cell and natural killer cell responses in vivo However, the role of humoral immunity and viral modulation of anti-CMV antibodies has not been studied in this model. There is evidence from in vitro studies that HCMVs can evade humoral immunity. By gene mapping and with the help of a novel cell-based reporter assay system we characterized the first RhCMV encoded IgG-Fcγ binding glycoprotein as a potent antagonist of rhesus FcγR activation. We further demonstrate that, unlike evasion of T cell immunity, this viral Fcγ receptor is not required to overcome anti-CMV immunity to establish secondary infections. These findings enable more detailed studies of the in vivo consequences of CMV evasion from IgG responses in nonhuman primate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kolb
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steven Sijmons
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew R McArdle
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Husam Taher
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennie Womack
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Colette Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Abigail Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael A Jarvis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Scott Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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15
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Matsumura T, Hida S, Kitazawa M, Fujii C, Kobayashi A, Takeoka M, Taniguchi SI, Miyagawa SI. Fascin1 suppresses RIG-I-like receptor signaling and interferon-β production by associating with IκB kinase ϵ (IKKϵ) in colon cancer. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6326-6336. [PMID: 29496994 PMCID: PMC5925820 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.819201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascin1 is an actin-bundling protein involved in cancer cell migration and has recently been shown also to have roles in virus-mediated immune cell responses. Because viral infection has been shown to activate immune cells and to induce interferon-β expression in human cancer cells, we evaluated the effects of fascin1 on virus-dependent signaling via the membrane- and actin-associated protein RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I) in colon cancer cells. We knocked down fascin1 expression with shRNA retrovirally transduced into a DLD-1 colon cancer and L929 fibroblast-like cell lines and used luciferase reporter assays and co-immunoprecipitation to identify fascin1 targets. We found that intracellular poly(I·C) transfection to mimic viral infection enhances the RIG-I/MDA5 (melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5)-mediated dimerization of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3). The transfection also significantly increased the expression levels of IRF-7, interferon-β, and interferon-inducible cytokine IP-10 in fascin1-deleted cells compared with controls while significantly suppressing cell growth, migration, and invasion. We also found that fascin1 constitutively interacts with IκB kinase ϵ (IKKϵ) in the RIG-I signaling pathway. In summary, we have identified fascin1 as a suppressor of the RIG-I signaling pathway associating with IκB kinase ϵ in DLD-1 colon cancer cells to suppress immune responses to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomio Matsumura
- From the Departments of Molecular Oncology and
- Aging Biology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
- the Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, and
| | - Shigeaki Hida
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Health Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Masato Kitazawa
- the Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, and
| | - Chifumi Fujii
- From the Departments of Molecular Oncology and
- the Department of Advanced Medicine for Health Promotion, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan and
| | - Akira Kobayashi
- the Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, and
| | - Michiko Takeoka
- the Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, and
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16
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Guo L, Xu XQ, Zhou L, Zhou RH, Wang X, Li JL, Liu JB, Liu H, Zhang B, Ho WZ. Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Release Antiviral Factors That Inhibit HIV Infection of Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29515574 PMCID: PMC5825896 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a rich source of CD4+ T cells and macrophages, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a major target site for HIV infection. The interplay between GI-resident macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) constitutes an important element of GI innate immunity against pathogens. In this study, we investigated whether human IECs have the ability to produce antiviral factors that can inhibit HIV infection of macrophages. We demonstrated that IECs possess functional toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), the activation of which resulted in induction of key interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRF3 and IRF7), IFN-β, IFN-λ, and CC chemokines (MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES), the ligands of HIV entry co-receptor CCR5. In addition, TLR3-activated IECs release exosomes that contained the anti-HIV factors, including IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs: ISG15, ISG56, MxB, OAS-1, GBP5, and Viperin) and HIV restriction miRNAs (miRNA-17, miRNA-20, miRNA-28, miRNA-29 family members, and miRNA-125b). Importantly, treatment of macrophages with supernatant (SN) from the activated IEC cultures inhibited HIV replication. Further studies showed that IEC SN could also induce the expression of antiviral ISGs and cellular HIV restriction factors (Tetherin and APOBEC3G/3F) in HIV-infected macrophages. These findings indicated that IECs might act as an important element in GI innate immunity against HIV infection/replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Guo
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi-Qiu Xu
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Run-Hong Zhou
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jie-Liang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jin-Biao Liu
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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17
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The Lymphotoxin β Receptor Is Essential for Upregulation of IFN-Induced Guanylate-Binding Proteins and Survival after Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:7375818. [PMID: 28845089 PMCID: PMC5563413 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7375818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) signaling plays an important role in efficient initiation of host responses to a variety of pathogens, encompassing viruses, bacteria, and protozoans via induction of the type I interferon response. The present study reveals that after Toxoplasma gondii infection, LTβR−/− mice show a substantially reduced survival rate when compared to wild-type mice. LTβR−/− mice exhibit an increased parasite load and a more pronounced organ pathology. Also, a delayed increase of serum IL-12p40 and a failure of the protective IFNγ response in LTβR−/− mice were observed. Serum NO levels in LTβR−/− animals rose later and were markedly decreased compared to wild-type animals. At the transcriptional level, LTβR−/− animals exhibited a deregulated expression profile of several cytokines known to play a role in activation of innate immunity in T. gondii infection. Importantly, expression of the IFNγ-regulated murine guanylate-binding protein (mGBP) genes was virtually absent in the lungs of LTβR−/− mice. This demonstrates clearly that the LTβR is essential for the induction of a type II IFN-mediated immune response against T. gondii. The pronounced inability to effectively upregulate host defense effector molecules such as GBPs explains the high mortality rates of LTβR−/− animals after T. gondii infection.
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18
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Artuso M, Roldán J, Scolaro L, Carlucci M. Viruses: As mediators in “ Élan vital ” of the “creative” evolution. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 46:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Wu L, Hu K, Zhang L, Chen W, Chen X, You R, Yin L, Guan YQ. Preparation and characterization of latex films photo-immobilized with IFN-α. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 145:104-113. [PMID: 27137809 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We developed a biomaterial by photo-immobilizing interferon-α (IFN-α) on the surface of latex condom films for the prevention and treatment of cervicitis, cervical cancers and diseases caused by cervical virus. The IFN-α modification by photoactive N-(4-azidobenzoyloxy) succinimide was characterized on a nano-scale by spectroscopy analysis and micro morphology. The anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, and anti-viral effects of the modified bioactive latex films were evaluated by antibacterial susceptibility testing, Gram staining, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. Our results showed that the photo-immobilized IFN-α latex films effectively inhibited the growth of both Neisseria gonorrhoeae and human cervical cancer HeLa cells. Moreover, the expression of anti-viral proteins, including P56, MxA, and 2', 5'-OAS, in the human cervical epithelial cell line NC104 was significantly increased by photo-immobilized IFN-α latex films. Taken together, these results suggest that photo-immobilized IFN-α latex films may have therapeutic effects against cervicitis, cervical cancers, and cervical virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Kaikai Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wuya Chen
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Rong You
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Liang Yin
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yan-Qing Guan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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20
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Berry CM. Understanding Interferon Subtype Therapy for Viral Infections: Harnessing the Power of the Innate Immune System. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 31:83-90. [PMID: 27544015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Type I and III interferons (IFNs) of the innate immune system belong to a polygenic family, however the individual subtype mediators of the antiviral response in viral infections have been hindered by a lack of reagents. Evaluation studies using different IFN subtypes have distinguished distinct protein properties with different efficacies towards different viruses, opening promising avenues for immunotherapy. This review largely focuses on the application of IFN-α/β and IFN-λ therapies for viral infections, influenza, herpes, HIV and hepatitis. Such IFN subtype therapies may help to cure patients with virus infections where no vaccine exists. The ability of cell types to secrete a number of IFN subtypes from a multi-gene family may be an intuitive counterattack on viruses that evade IFN subtype responses. Hence, clinical use of virus-targeted IFN subtypes may restore antiviral immunity in viral infections. Accumulating evidence suggests that individual IFN subtypes have differential efficacies in selectively activating immune cell subsets to enhance antiviral immune responses leading to production of sustained B and T cell memory. Cytokine therapy can augment innate immunity leading to clearance of acute virus infections but such treatments may have limited effects on chronic virus infections that establish lifelong latency. Therefore, exploiting individual IFN subtypes to select those with the ability to sculpt protective responses as well as reinstating those targeted by viral evasion mechanisms may inform development of improved antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Berry
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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21
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Valekova I, Jarkovska K, Kotrcova E, Bucci J, Ellederova Z, Juhas S, Motlik J, Gadher SJ, Kovarova H. Revelation of the IFNα, IL-10, IL-8 and IL-1β as promising biomarkers reflecting immuno-pathological mechanisms in porcine Huntington's disease model. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 293:71-81. [PMID: 27049565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies on Huntington's disease (HD) demonstrated altered immune response in HD gene carriers. Using multiplexing immunoassay, we simultaneously investigated seven cytokines in secretomes of microglia and blood monocytes, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum collected from transgenic HD minipigs at pre-symptomatic disease stage. Decline in IFNα and IL-10 was observed in CSF and secretome of microglia whilst elevated IL-8 and IL-1β levels were secreted by microglia. Additionally, IL-8 was increased in serum. The proportion of mutant huntingtin in microglia may have causative impact on cytokine production. IFNα, IL-10, IL-8 and IL-1β represent promising biomarkers reflecting immuno-pathological mechanisms in porcine HD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Valekova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karla Jarkovska
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kotrcova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - John Bucci
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 5791 Van Allen Way, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Zdenka Ellederova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Juhas
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Motlik
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Suresh Jivan Gadher
- Thermo Fisher Scientific - Life Science Solutions, 7335 Executive Way, Frederick, MD 21704, USA
| | - Hana Kovarova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic.
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22
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Guo M, Wei J, Huang X, Zhou Y, Yan Y, Qin Q. JNK1 Derived from Orange-Spotted Grouper, Epinephelus coioides, Involving in the Evasion and Infection of Singapore Grouper Iridovirus (SGIV). Front Microbiol 2016; 7:121. [PMID: 26903999 PMCID: PMC4748057 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) regulates cellular responses to various extracellular stimuli, environmental stresses, pathogen infections, and apoptotic agents. Here, a JNK1, Ec-JNK1, was identified from orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Ec-JNK1 has been found involving in the immune response to pathogen challenges in vivo, and the infection of Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) and SGIV-induced apoptosis in vitro. SGIV infection activated Ec-JNK1, of which phosphorylation of motif TPY is crucial for its activity. Over-expressing Ec-JNK1 phosphorylated transcription factors c-Jun and promoted the infection and replication of SGIV, while partial inhibition of the phosphorylation of Ec-JNK1 showed the opposite effects by over-expressing the dominant-negative EcJNK1-Δ183-185 mutant. Interestingly, SGIV enhanced the viral infectivity by activating Ec-JNK1 which in turn drastically inhibited the antiviral responses of type 1 IFN, indicating that Ec-JNK1 could be involved in blocking IFN signaling during SGIV infection. In addition, Ec-JNK1 enhanced the activation of AP-1, p53, and NF-κB, and resulted in increasing the levels of SGIV-induced cell death. The caspase 3-dependent activation correlated with the phosphorylation of Ec-JNK1 and contributed to SGIV-induced apoptosis. Taken together, SGIV modulated the phosphorylation of Ec-JNK1 to inactivate the antiviral signaling, enhance the SGIV-induced apoptosis and activate transcription factors for efficient infection and replication. The “positive cooperativity” molecular mechanism mediated by Ec-JNK1 contributes to the successful evasion and infection of iridovirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Jingguang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University Haikou, China
| | - Yang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China
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23
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Zheng Q, Hou J, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Cao X. Type I IFN-Inducible Downregulation of MicroRNA-27a Feedback Inhibits Antiviral Innate Response by Upregulating Siglec1/TRIM27. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:1317-26. [PMID: 26700765 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Upon recognition of viral components by pattern recognition receptors, including TLRs and retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like helicases, cells are activated to produce type I IFN, which plays key roles in host antiviral innate immune response. However, excessive IFN production may induce immune disorders, and the mechanisms responsible for the regulation of type I IFN production have attracted much attention. Furthermore, type I IFN activates the downstream IFN/JAK/STAT pathway to modulate expression of a set of genes against viral infection, but whether these genes can feedback regulate type I IFN production is poorly understood. In this study, by screening the microRNAs modulated by viral infection in macrophages, we identified that microRNA (miR)-27a was significantly downregulated via the IFN/JAK/STAT1/runt-related transcription factor 1 pathway. Inducible downregulation of miR-27a, in turn, negatively regulated vesicular stomatitis virus-triggered type I IFN production, thus promoting vesicular stomatitis virus replication in macrophages. Mechanistically, we found that miR-27a directly targeted sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin (Siglec)1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif-containing protein 27 (TRIM27), both of which were previously verified as negative regulators of type I IFN production. Furthermore, we constructed "Sponge" transgenic mice against miR-27a expression and found that Siglec1 and TRIM27 expression were elevated whereas type I IFN production was inhibited and viral replication was aggregated in vivo. Therefore, type I IFN-induced downregulation of miR-27a can upregulate Siglec1 and TRIM27 expression, feedback inhibiting type I IFN production in antiviral innate response. Our study outlines a new negative way to feedback regulate type I IFN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; and
| | - Jin Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yingyun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; and
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; and National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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24
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Schirrmacher V. Signaling through RIG-I and type I interferon receptor: Immune activation by Newcastle disease virus in man versus immune evasion by Ebola virus (Review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:3-10. [PMID: 25998621 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, two types of RNA viruses are compared with regard to the type I interferon (IFN) response in order to obtain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immune activation or evasion. Upon human infection, both viruses exert either beneficial or detrimental effects. The Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a type strain for avian paramyxoviruses, while the Ebola virus (EBOV), is a virus affecting primates. During evolution, both viruses specifically adapted to their respective hosts, acquiring sophisticated viral escape mechanisms. Two types of receptors play an important role in the life cycle of these two viruses: cytoplasmic retinoic acid‑inducible gene I (RIG‑I) and membrane expressed type I IFN receptor (IFNAR). In mouse and human cells, NDV is a strong inducer of the type I IFN response. The early phase of this is initiated by signaling through RIG‑I and the late response by signaling through IFNAR. EBOV does not induce type I IFN responses in humans as it has viral proteins that specifically and strongly interfere with RIG‑I and IFNAR signaling, as well as immune activation. In this review, we discuss whether the beneficial effects of one virus can be exploited in the fight against the detrimental effects of the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Schirrmacher
- Division of Tumorimmunology, The Immunological and Oncological Center of Cologne, D‑50674 Cologne, Germany
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25
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Abstract
Pestiviruses are among the economically most important pathogens of livestock. The biology of these viruses is characterized by unique and interesting features that are both crucial for their success as pathogens and challenging from a scientific point of view. Elucidation of these features at the molecular level has made striking progress during recent years. The analyses revealed that major aspects of pestivirus biology show significant similarity to the biology of human hepatitis C virus (HCV). The detailed molecular analyses conducted for pestiviruses and HCV supported and complemented each other during the last three decades resulting in elucidation of the functions of viral proteins and RNA elements in replication and virus-host interaction. For pestiviruses, the analyses also helped to shed light on the molecular basis of persistent infection, a special strategy these viruses have evolved to be maintained within their host population. The results of these investigations are summarized in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Tautz
- Institute for Virology and Cell Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Birke Andrea Tews
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gregor Meyers
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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26
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Warnking K, Klemm C, Löffler B, Niemann S, van Krüchten A, Peters G, Ludwig S, Ehrhardt C. Super-infection with Staphylococcus aureus inhibits influenza virus-induced type I IFN signalling through impaired STAT1-STAT2 dimerization. Cell Microbiol 2014; 17:303-17. [PMID: 25293394 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial super-infections are a major complication in influenza virus-infected patients. In response to infection with influenza viruses and bacteria, a complex interplay of cellular signalling mechanisms is initiated, regulating the anti-pathogen response but also pathogen-supportive functions. Here, we show that influenza viruses replicate to a higher efficiency in cells co-infected with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). While cells initially respond with increased induction of interferon beta upon super-infection, subsequent interferon signalling and interferon-stimulated gene expression are rather impaired due to a block of STAT1-STAT2 dimerization. Thus, S. aureus interrupts the first line of defence against influenza viruses, resulting in a boost of viral replication, which may lead to enhanced viral pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Warnking
- Institute of Molecular Virology (IMV), Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149, Muenster, Germany
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27
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Abstract
A hallmark of the antiviral response is the induction of interferons. First discovered in 1957 by Issac and Lindeman, interferons are noted for their ability to interfere with viral replication. Interferons act via autocrine and paracrine pathways to induce an antiviral state in infected cells and in neighboring cells containing interferon receptors. Interferons are the frontline defenders against viral infection and their primary function is to locally restrict viral propagation. Viruses have evolved mechanisms to escape the host interferon response, thus gaining a replicative advantage in host cells. This review will discuss recent findings on the mechanisms viruses use to evade the host interferon response. This knowledge is important because the treatment of viral infections is a challenge of global proportions and a better understanding of the mechanisms viruses use to persist in the host may uncover valuable insights applicable to the discovery of novel drug targets.
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28
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Trilling M, Le VTK, Rashidi-Alavijeh J, Katschinski B, Scheller J, Rose-John S, Androsiac GE, Jonjić S, Poli V, Pfeffer K, Hengel H. “Activated” STAT Proteins: A Paradoxical Consequence of Inhibited JAK-STAT Signaling in Cytomegalovirus-Infected Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:447-58. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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29
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Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 p30, but not p12/p8, counteracts toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4 signaling in human monocytes and dendritic cells. J Virol 2013; 88:393-402. [PMID: 24155397 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01788-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) p30 protein, essential for virus infectivity in vivo, is required for efficient infection of human dendritic cells (DCs) but not B and T cells in vitro. We used a human monocytic cell line, THP-1, and dendritic cells to study the mechanism of p30 and p12/p8 requirements in these cell types. p30 inhibited the expression of interferon (IFN)-responsive genes (ISG) following stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and by poly(I·C) of TLR3 but not of TLR7/8 with imiquimod. Results with THP-1 mirrored those for ex vivo human primary monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-mDC). The effect of p30 on TLR signaling was also demonstrated by ablating its expression within a molecular clone of HTLV-1. HTLV-1 infection of monocytes inhibited TLR3- and TLR4-induced ISG expression by 50 to 90% depending on the genes, whereas the isogenic clone p30 knockout virus was less effective at inhibiting TLR3 and TRL4 signaling and displayed lower infectivity. Viral expression and inhibition of ISG transcription was, however, rescued by restoration of p30 expression. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that p30 inhibits initiation and elongation of PU.1-dependent transcription of IFN-α1, IFN-β, and TLR4 genes upon TLR stimulation. In contrast, experiments conducted with p12/p8 did not demonstrate an effect on ISG expression. These results provide a mechanistic explanation of the requirement of p30 for HTLV-1 infectivity in vivo, suggest that dampening interferon responses in monocytes and DCs is specific for p30, and represent an essential early step for permissive HTLV-1 infection and persistence.
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30
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Antoniak S, Owens AP, Baunacke M, Williams JC, Lee RD, Weithäuser A, Sheridan PA, Malz R, Luyendyk JP, Esserman DA, Trejo J, Kirchhofer D, Blaxall BC, Pawlinski R, Beck MA, Rauch U, Mackman N. PAR-1 contributes to the innate immune response during viral infection. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1310-22. [PMID: 23391721 DOI: 10.1172/jci66125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation is a host defense system that limits the spread of pathogens. Coagulation proteases, such as thrombin, also activate cells by cleaving PARs. In this study, we analyzed the role of PAR-1 in coxsackievirus B3-induced (CVB3-induced) myocarditis and influenza A infection. CVB3-infected Par1(-/-) mice expressed reduced levels of IFN-β and CXCL10 during the early phase of infection compared with Par1(+/+) mice that resulted in higher viral loads and cardiac injury at day 8 after infection. Inhibition of either tissue factor or thrombin in WT mice also significantly increased CVB3 levels in the heart and cardiac injury compared with controls. BM transplantation experiments demonstrated that PAR-1 in nonhematopoietic cells protected mice from CVB3 infection. Transgenic mice overexpressing PAR-1 in cardiomyocytes had reduced CVB3-induced myocarditis. We found that cooperative signaling between PAR-1 and TLR3 in mouse cardiac fibroblasts enhanced activation of p38 and induction of IFN-β and CXCL10 expression. Par1(-/-) mice also had decreased CXCL10 expression and increased viral levels in the lung after influenza A infection compared with Par1(+/+) mice. Our results indicate that the tissue factor/thrombin/PAR-1 pathway enhances IFN-β expression and contributes to the innate immune response during single-stranded RNA viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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31
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Peterhans E, Schweizer M. BVDV: A pestivirus inducing tolerance of the innate immune response. Biologicals 2013; 41:39-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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32
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Trilling M, Le VTK, Hengel H. Interplay between CMVs and interferon signaling: implications for pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:1269-82. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most human individuals are latently infected with human CMV, a prototypic β-herpesvirus, frequently acquired during early childhood. In the absence of adequate immune control, the otherwise asymptomatic infection causes life-threatening disease. To enable efficient replication and to maintain lifelong latency in immunocompetent hosts, CMVs have evolved numerous molecules mediating immune evasive properties, targeting both innate and adaptive immune responses. Upon infection, cells secrete interferons (IFNs), which initiate an extremely fast signal transduction cascade upon binding to their cognate receptors, culminating in a pronounced change in the cellular gene expression profile. This response leads to the establishment of an intracellular antimicrobial state and to the recruitment, as well as stimulation, of the adaptive immune system. Unfortunately, CMVs impede the IFN system by interfering with its induction, signaling and downstream effector functions. This review aims to present our current understanding of such cytomegaloviral IFN-evasive properties, their pathogenic implications and potential for therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, Robert-Koch-Haus, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 179, D-45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Vu Thuy Khanh Le
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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33
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Hesse J, Ameres S, Besold K, Krauter S, Moosmann A, Plachter B. Suppression of CD8+ T-cell recognition in the immediate-early phase of human cytomegalovirus infection. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:376-386. [PMID: 23100361 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.045682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) interferes with MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation and thereby reduces recognition by CD8(+) T-cells. This interference is mediated primarily by endoplasmic reticulum-resident glycoproteins that are encoded in the US2-11 region of the viral genome. Such a suppression of recognition would be of particular importance immediately after infection, because several immunodominant viral antigens are already present in the cell in this phase. However, which of the evasion proteins gpUS2-11 interfere(s) with antigen presentation to CD8(+) T-cells at this time of infection is not known. Here we address this question, using recombinant viruses (RV) that express only one of the immunoevasins gpUS2, gpUS3 or gpUS11. Infection with RV-US3 had only a limited impact on the presentation of peptides from the CD8(+) T-cell antigens IE1 and pp65 under immediate-early (IE) conditions imposed by cycloheximide/actinomycin D blocking. Unexpectedly, both RV-US2 and RV-US11 considerably impaired the recognition of IE1 and pp65 by CD8(+) T-cells, and both US2 and, to a lesser extent, US11 were transcribed under IE conditions. Thus, gpUS2 and gpUS11 are key effectors of MHC class I immunoevasion immediately after HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hesse
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ameres
- Clinical Cooperation Group Immunooncology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Besold
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffi Krauter
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Moosmann
- Clinical Cooperation Group Immunooncology, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bodo Plachter
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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34
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Li Y, Fan X, He X, Sun H, Zou Z, Yuan H, Xu H, Wang C, Shi X. MicroRNA-466l inhibits antiviral innate immune response by targeting interferon-alpha. Cell Mol Immunol 2012; 9:497-502. [PMID: 23042536 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective recognition of viral infections and subsequent triggering of antiviral innate immune responses are essential for the host antiviral defense, which is tightly regulated by multiple regulators, including microRNAs (miRNAs). A previous study showed that miR-466l upregulates IL-10 expression in macrophages by antagonizing RNA-binding protein tristetraprolin-mediated IL-10 mRNA degradation. However, the ability of miR-466l to regulate antiviral immune responses remains unknown. Here, we found that interferon-alpha (IFN-α) expression was repressed in Sendai virus (SeV)- and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-infected macrophages and in dendritic cells transfected with miR-466l expression. Moreover, multiple IFN-α species can be directly targeted by miR-466l through their 3' untranslated region (3'UTR). This study has demonstrated that miR-466l could directly target IFN-α expression to inhibit host antiviral innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingke Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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35
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Perwitasari O, Cho H, Diamond MS, Gale M. Inhibitor of κB kinase epsilon (IKK(epsilon)), STAT1, and IFIT2 proteins define novel innate immune effector pathway against West Nile virus infection. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44412-23. [PMID: 22065572 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.285205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus is an emerging virus whose virulence is dependent upon viral evasion of IFN and innate immune defenses. The actions of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) impart control of virus infection, but the specific ISGs and regulatory pathways that restrict West Nile virus (WNV) are not defined. Here we show that inhibitor of κB kinase ε (IKKε) phosphorylation of STAT1 at serine 708 (Ser-708) drives IFIT2 expression to mediate anti-WNV effector function of IFN. WNV infection was enhanced in cells from IKKε(-/-) or IFIT2(-/-) mice. In IKKε(-/-) cells, the loss of IFN-induced IFIT2 expression was linked to lack of STAT1 phosphorylation on Ser-708 but not Tyr-701 nor Ser-727. STAT1 Ser-708 phosphorylation occurs independently of IRF-3 but requires signaling through the IFN-α/β receptor as a late event in the IFN-induced innate immune response that coincides with IKKε-responsive ISGs expression. Biochemical analyses show that STAT1 tyrosine dephosphorylation and CRM1-mediated STAT1 nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling are required for STAT1 Ser-708 phosphorylation. When compared with WT mice, WNV-infected IKKε(-/-) mice exhibit enhanced kinetics of virus dissemination and increased pathogenesis concomitant with loss of STAT1 Ser-708 phosphorylation and IFIT2 expression. Our results define an IFN-induced IKKε signaling pathway of specific STAT1 phosphorylation and IFIT2 expression that imparts innate antiviral immunity to restrict WNV infection and control viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Perwitasari
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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36
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Abstract
All life must survive their corresponding viruses. Thus antiviral systems are essential in all living organisms. Remnants of virus derived information are also found in all life forms but have historically been considered mostly as junk DNA. However, such virus derived information can strongly affect host susceptibility to viruses. In this review, I evaluate the role viruses have had in the origin and evolution of host antiviral systems. From Archaea through bacteria and from simple to complex eukaryotes I trace the viral components that became essential elements of antiviral immunity. I conclude with a reexamination of the 'Big Bang' theory for the emergence of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates by horizontal transfer and note how viruses could have and did provide crucial and coordinated features.
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37
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Viral ancestors of antiviral systems. Viruses 2011; 3:1933-58. [PMID: 22069523 PMCID: PMC3205389 DOI: 10.3390/v3101933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
All life must survive their corresponding viruses. Thus antiviral systems are essential in all living organisms. Remnants of virus derived information are also found in all life forms but have historically been considered mostly as junk DNA. However, such virus derived information can strongly affect host susceptibility to viruses. In this review, I evaluate the role viruses have had in the origin and evolution of host antiviral systems. From Archaea through bacteria and from simple to complex eukaryotes I trace the viral components that became essential elements of antiviral immunity. I conclude with a reexamination of the ‘Big Bang’ theory for the emergence of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates by horizontal transfer and note how viruses could have and did provide crucial and coordinated features.
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38
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Yatim N, Albert M. Dying to Replicate: The Orchestration of the Viral Life Cycle, Cell Death Pathways, and Immunity. Immunity 2011; 35:478-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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39
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Identification of DNA-damage DNA-binding protein 1 as a conditional essential factor for cytomegalovirus replication in interferon-γ-stimulated cells. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002069. [PMID: 21698215 PMCID: PMC3116810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse cytomegaloviral (MCMV) protein pM27 represents an indispensable factor for viral fitness in vivo selectively, antagonizing signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2)-mediated interferon signal transduction. We wished to explore by which molecular mechanism pM27 accomplishes this effect. We demonstrate that pM27 is essential and sufficient to curtail the protein half-life of STAT2 molecules. Pharmacologic inhibition of the proteasome restored STAT2 amounts, leading to poly-ubiquitin-conjugated STAT2 forms. PM27 was found in complexes with an essential host ubiquitin ligase complex adaptor protein, DNA-damage DNA-binding protein (DDB) 1. Truncation mutants of pM27 showed a strict correlation between DDB1 interaction and their ability to degrade STAT2. SiRNA-mediated knock-down of DDB1 restored STAT2 in the presence of pM27 and strongly impaired viral replication in interferon conditioned cells, thus phenocopying the growth attenuation of M27-deficient virus. In a constructive process, pM27 recruits DDB1 to exploit ubiquitin ligase complexes catalyzing the obstruction of the STAT2-dependent antiviral state of cells to permit viral replication.
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40
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Classical swine fever virus N(pro) limits type I interferon induction in plasmacytoid dendritic cells by interacting with interferon regulatory factor 7. J Virol 2011; 85:8002-11. [PMID: 21680532 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00330-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are detected by different classes of pattern recognition receptors that lead to the activation of interferon regulatory factors (IRF) and consequently to the induction of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β). In turn, efficient viral strategies to escape the type I IFN-induced antiviral mechanisms have evolved. Previous studies established that pestivirus N(pro) antagonizes the early innate immune response by targeting the transcription factor IRF3 for proteasomal degradation. Here, we report that N(pro) of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) interacts also with IRF7, another mediator of type I IFN induction. We demonstrate that the Zn-binding domain of N(pro) is essential for the interaction of N(pro) with IRF7. For IRF3 and IRF7, the DNA-binding domain, the central region, and most of the regulatory domain are required for the interaction with N(pro). Importantly, the induction of IRF7-dependent type I IFN responses in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) is reduced after wild-type CSFV infection compared with infection with virus mutants unable to interact with IRF7. This is associated with lower levels of IRF7 in pDC. Consequently, wild-type but not N(pro) mutant CSFV-infected pDC show reduced responses to other stimuli. Taken together, the results of this study show that CSFV N(pro) is capable of manipulating the function of IRF7 in pDC and provides the virus with an additional strategy to circumvent the innate defense.
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41
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How pathogen-derived cysteine proteases modulate host immune responses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 712:192-207. [PMID: 21660666 PMCID: PMC7123607 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8414-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, cysteine proteases are essential for the induction and development of both innate and adaptive immune responses. These proteases play a role in antigen-and pathogen-recognition and elimination, signal processing and cell homeostasis. Many pathogens also secrete cysteine proteases that often act on the same target proteins as the mammalian proteases and thereby can modulate host immunity from initial recognition to effector mechanisms. Pathogen-derived proteases range from nonspecific proteases that degrade multiple proteins involved in the immune response to enzymes that are very specific in their mode of action. Here, we overview current knowledge of pathogen-derived cysteine proteases that modulate immune responses by altering the normal function of key receptors or pathways in the mammalian immune system.
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42
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Eguchi H, Fujiwara N, Sakiyama H, Yoshihara D, Suzuki K. Hydrogen peroxide enhances LPS-induced nitric oxide production via the expression of interferon beta in BV-2 microglial cells. Neurosci Lett 2011; 494:29-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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43
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Hutchinson S, Sims S, O'Hara G, Silk J, Gileadi U, Cerundolo V, Klenerman P. A dominant role for the immunoproteasome in CD8+ T cell responses to murine cytomegalovirus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14646. [PMID: 21304910 PMCID: PMC3033404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is an important animal model of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a β-Herpesvirus that infects the majority of the world's population and causes disease in neonates and immunocompromised adults. CD8+ T cells are a major part of the immune response to MCMV and HCMV. Processing of peptides for presentation to CD8+ T cells may be critically dependent on the immunoproteasome, expression of which is affected by MCMV. However, the overall importance of the immunoproteasome in the generation of immunodominant peptides from MCMV is not known. We therefore examined the role of the immunoproteasome in stimulation of CD8+ T cell responses to MCMV – both conventional memory responses and those undergoing long-term expansion or “inflation”. We infected LMP7−/− and C57BL/6 mice with MCMV or with newly-generated recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVVs) encoding the immunodominant MCMV protein M45 in either full-length or epitope-only minigene form. We analysed CD8+ T cell responses using intracellular cytokine stain (ICS) and MHC Class I tetramer staining for a panel of MCMV-derived epitopes. We showed a critical role for immunoproteasome in MCMV affecting all epitopes studied. Interestingly we found that memory “inflating” epitopes demonstrate reduced immunoproteasome dependence compared to non-inflating epitopes. M45-specific responses induced by rVVs remain immunoproteasome-dependent. These results help to define a critical restriction point for CD8+ T cell epitopes in natural cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and potentially in vaccine strategies against this and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hutchinson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Sims
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Geraldine O'Hara
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Silk
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Molecular Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Molecular Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Molecular Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Reinhard H, Le VTK, Ohlin M, Hengel H, Trilling M. Exploitation of herpesviral transactivation allows quantitative reporter gene-based assessment of virus entry and neutralization. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14532. [PMID: 21264213 PMCID: PMC3022015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviral entry is a highly elaborated process requiring many proteins to act in precise conjunction. Neutralizing antibodies interfere with this process to abrogate viral infection. Based on promoter transactivation of a reporter gene we established a novel method to quantify herpesvirus entry and neutralization by antibodies. Following infection with mouse and human cytomegalovirus and Herpes simplex virus 1 we observed promoter transactivation resulting in substantial luciferase expression (>1000-fold). No induction was elicited by UV-inactivated viruses. The response was MOI-dependent and immunoblots confirmed a correlation between luciferase induction and pp72-IE1 expression. Monoclonal antibodies, immune sera and purified immunoglobulin preparations decreased virus-dependent luciferase induction dose-dependently, qualifying this approach as surrogate virus neutralization test. Besides the reduced hands-on time, this assay allows analysis of herpesvirus entry in semi-permissive and non-adherent cells, which were previously non-assessable but play significant roles in herpesvirus pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Reinhard
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vu Thuy Khanh Le
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mats Ohlin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail: (HH); (MT)
| | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail: (HH); (MT)
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Kubota T, Matsuoka M, Xu S, Otsuki N, Takeda M, Kato A, Ozato K. PIASy inhibits virus-induced and interferon-stimulated transcription through distinct mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8165-8175. [PMID: 21199872 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.195255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) family proteins regulates innate immune responses by controlling transcription induced by Toll-like receptor, RIG-I-like receptor signaling, and JAK/STAT pathways. Here, we show that PIASy negatively regulates type I interferon (IFN) transcription. Virus infection led to enhanced type I IFN induction in PIASy null cells, and conversely PIASy overexpression reduced IFN transcription. A mutation in the LXXLL motif of the SAP domain abolished inhibition of IFN-stimulated gene expression but did not affect virus or Toll-like receptor/RIG-I-like receptor-stimulated IFN transcription, indicating that PIASy employs distinct mechanisms to inhibit virus-induced and IFN-stimulated transcription. SUMO E3 activity was not required for PIASy inhibition of IFN transcription; however, PIASy relied on the SUMO modification mechanism to inhibit IFN transcription, because the activity of the SUMO-interacting motif was required for inhibition, and knockdown of SUMO E2 enzyme UBC9 decreased inhibitory activity of PIASy. Our results demonstrate that PIASy negatively regulates both IFN transcription and IFN-stimulated gene expression through multiple mechanisms utilizing the function of different domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayumi Matsuoka
- Bacterial Pathogenesis and Infection Control, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan and
| | - Songxiao Xu
- the Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, Genomics of Differentiation Program, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2753
| | | | | | | | - Keiko Ozato
- the Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, Genomics of Differentiation Program, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2753
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Abstract
The overwhelming majority of RNase activity is engaged in catabolic processes. Viruses have no metabolism of their own, but rely completely on host cellular energy and substrate provision to support the biochemical processes necessary for virus replication. It is therefore obvious that RNA hydrolysis does not represent an obligate step in the viral life cycle that would have to be governed by viral proteins. Accordingly, RNases are found only rarely in the viral proteomes and serve special functions. In this chapter, several virus-specific RNases will be described and their role in the viral life cycle discussed. The text will concentrate on RNases of members of the nidoviruses, herpesviruses, pestiviruses, and several viruses with segmented negative-strand RNA genome including influenza virus. These enzymes are involved in specific steps of viral gene expression, viral genome replication, shutoff of host cellular gene expression, and interference with the host’s immune response to virus infection.
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Jia D, Rahbar R, Chan RWY, Lee SMY, Chan MCW, Wang BX, Baker DP, Sun B, Peiris JSM, Nicholls JM, Fish EN. Influenza virus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) disrupts interferon signaling. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13927. [PMID: 21085662 PMCID: PMC2978095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) function as the first line of defense against viral infections by modulating cell growth, establishing an antiviral state and influencing the activation of various immune cells. Viruses such as influenza have developed mechanisms to evade this defense mechanism and during infection with influenza A viruses, the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) encoded by the virus genome suppresses induction of IFNs-α/β. Here we show that expression of avian H5N1 NS1 in HeLa cells leads to a block in IFN signaling. H5N1 NS1 reduces IFN-inducible tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT2 and STAT3 and inhibits the nuclear translocation of phospho-STAT2 and the formation of IFN-inducible STAT1:1-, STAT1:3- and STAT3:3- DNA complexes. Inhibition of IFN-inducible STAT signaling by NS1 in HeLa cells is, in part, a consequence of NS1-mediated inhibition of expression of the IFN receptor subunit, IFNAR1. In support of this NS1-mediated inhibition, we observed a reduction in expression of ifnar1 in ex vivo human non-tumor lung tissues infected with H5N1 and H1N1 viruses. Moreover, H1N1 and H5N1 virus infection of human monocyte-derived macrophages led to inhibition of both ifnar1 and ifnar2 expression. In addition, NS1 expression induces up-regulation of the JAK/STAT inhibitors, SOCS1 and SOCS3. By contrast, treatment of ex vivo human lung tissues with IFN-α results in the up-regulation of a number of IFN-stimulated genes and inhibits both H5N1 and H1N1 virus replication. The data suggest that NS1 can directly interfere with IFN signaling to enhance viral replication, but that treatment with IFN can nevertheless override these inhibitory effects to block H5N1 and H1N1 virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlin Jia
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ramtin Rahbar
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Renee W. Y. Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Suki M. Y. Lee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael C. W. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben Xuhao Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Darren P. Baker
- Biogen Idec Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bing Sun
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - J. S. Malik Peiris
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - John M. Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Eleanor N. Fish
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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A recombinant measles virus unable to antagonize STAT1 function cannot control inflammation and is attenuated in rhesus monkeys. J Virol 2010; 85:348-56. [PMID: 20980517 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00802-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles remains a leading cause of death worldwide among children because it suppresses immune function. The measles virus (MV) P gene encodes three proteins (P, V, and C) that interfere with innate immunity, controlling STAT1, STAT2, mda5, and perhaps other key regulators of immune function. We identified here three residues in the shared domain of the P and V proteins-tyrosine 110, valine 112, and histidine 115-that function to retain STAT1 in the cytoplasm and inhibit interferon transcription. This information was used to generate a recombinant measles virus unable to antagonize STAT1 function (STAT1-blind MV) differing only in these three residues from a wild-type strain of well-defined virulence. This virus was used to assess the relevance of P and V interactions with STAT1 for virulence in primates. When a group of six rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was inoculated intranasally with STAT1-blind MV, viremia was short-lived, and the skin rash and other clinical signs observed with wild-type MV were absent. The STAT1-blind virus less efficiently controlled the inflammatory response, as measured by enhanced transcription of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from infected hosts. Importantly, neutralizing antibody titers and MV-specific T-cell responses were equivalent in hosts infected with either virus. These findings indicate that efficient MV interactions with STAT1 are required to sustain virulence in a natural host by controlling the inflammatory response against the virus. They also suggest that selectively STAT1-blind MV may have utility as vectors for targeted oncolysis and vaccination.
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Autocrine interferon priming in macrophages but not dendritic cells results in enhanced cytokine and chemokine production after coronavirus infection. mBio 2010; 1. [PMID: 20978536 PMCID: PMC2957079 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00219-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses efficiently inhibit interferon (IFN) induction in nonhematopoietic cells and conventional dendritic cells (cDC). However, IFN is produced in infected macrophages, microglia, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). To begin to understand why IFN is produced in infected macrophages, we infected bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) and as a control, bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) with the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). As expected, BMM but not BMDC expressed type I IFN. IFN production in infected BMM was nearly completely dependent on signaling through the alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) receptor (IFNAR). Several IFN-dependent cytokines and chemokines showed the same expression pattern, with enhanced production in BMM compared to BMDC and dependence upon signaling through the IFNAR. Exogenous IFN enhanced IFN-dependent gene expression in BMM at early times after infection and in BMDC at all times after infection but did not stimulate expression of molecules that signal through myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Collectively, our results show that IFN is produced at early times postinfection (p.i.) in MHV-infected BMM, but not in BMDC, and primes expression of IFN and IFN-responsive genes. Further, our results also show that BMM are generally more responsive to MHV infection, since MyD88-dependent pathways are also activated to a greater extent in these cells than in BMDC. Coronaviruses cause diseases with various degrees of severity in humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In domestic and companion animals, coronaviruses induce interferon (IFN) in only a few cell types. In particular, macrophages, which are known to have both protective and pathogenic roles in coronavirus infections, express IFN while dendritic cells do not. Little is known about the basis of these cell-specific differences in IFN induction. Here, we show that an animal coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus, induces IFN and other IFN-responsive molecules in macrophages, but not in dendritic cells, via a feedback loop that is dependent upon low-level IFN expression at early times after infection. This pathway of cellular activation may be a useful target for modulating macrophage function in order to selectively enhance the antivirus immune response and diminish the pathogenic role of these cells in SARS and other coronavirus infections.
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Yoo JK, Baker DP, Fish EN. Interferon-β modulates type 1 immunity during influenza virus infection. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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