1
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León-Lara X, Fichtner AS, Willers M, Yang T, Schaper K, Riemann L, Schöning J, Harms A, Almeida V, Schimrock A, Janssen A, Ospina-Quintero L, von Kaisenberg C, Förster R, Eberl M, Richter MF, Pirr S, Viemann D, Ravens S. γδ T cell profiling in a cohort of preterm infants reveals elevated frequencies of CD83+ γδ T cells in sepsis. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231987. [PMID: 38753245 PMCID: PMC11098939 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants are at high risk of developing neonatal sepsis. γδ T cells are thought to be an important set of effector cells in neonates. Here, γδ T cells were investigated in a longitudinal cohort of preterm neonates using next-generation sequencing, flow cytometry, and functional assays. During the first year of life, the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset showed dynamic phenotypic changes and elevated levels of fetal-derived Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were evident in infants with sepsis. Single-cell transcriptomics identified HLA-DRhiCD83+ γδ T cells in neonatal sepsis, which expressed genes related to antigen presentation. In vitro assays showed that CD83 was expressed on activated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in preterm and term neonates, but not in adults. In contrast, activation of adult Vγ9Vδ2 T cells enhanced CD86 expression, which was presumably the key receptor to induce CD4 T cell proliferation. Together, we provide a map of the maturation of γδ T cells after preterm birth and highlight their phenotypic diversity in infections.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Infant, Premature/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- CD83 Antigen
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Female
- Male
- Sepsis/immunology
- Cohort Studies
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Adult
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Neonatal Sepsis/immunology
- Infant
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena León-Lara
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Maike Willers
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Lennart Riemann
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schöning
- Translational Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Harms
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vicente Almeida
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Schimrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anika Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Constantin von Kaisenberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Sabine Pirr
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dorothee Viemann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Translational Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- PRIMAL (Priming IMmunity at the Beginning of Life) Consortium, Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Infection Research, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarina Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Li W, Zhao X, Ren C, Gao S, Han Q, Lu M, Li X. The therapeutic role of γδT cells in TNBC. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1420107. [PMID: 38933280 PMCID: PMC11199784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1420107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that presents significant therapeutic challenges due to the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression. As a result, conventional hormonal and targeted therapies are largely ineffective, underscoring the urgent need for novel treatment strategies. γδT cells, known for their robust anti-tumor properties, show considerable potential in TNBC treatment as they can identify and eliminate tumor cells without reliance on MHC restrictions. These cells demonstrate extensive proliferation both in vitro and in vivo, and can directly target tumors through cytotoxic effects or indirectly by promoting other immune responses. Studies suggest that expansion and adoptive transfer strategies targeting Vδ2 and Vδ1 γδT cell subtypes have shown promise in preclinical TNBC models. This review compiles and discusses the existing literature on the primary subgroups of γδT cells, their roles in cancer therapy, their contributions to tumor cell cytotoxicity and immune modulation, and proposes potential strategies for future γδT cell-based immunotherapies in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Department of Breast Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Department of Breast Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanxin Ren
- Department of The First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shang Gao
- Department of Breast Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Qinyu Han
- Department of Breast Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Breast Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangqi Li
- Department of Breast Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
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3
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Zhang C, Liu X, Xiao J, Jiang F, Fa L, Jiang H, Zhou L, Su W, Xu Z. γδ T cells in autoimmune uveitis pathogenesis: A promising therapeutic target. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115629. [PMID: 37257721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis is a non-infectious, inflammatory intraocular disease that affects the uveal and adjacent tissues. It frequently causes varying degrees of visual loss. Evidence for the strong association between activated γδ T cells and the development of autoimmune uveitis is growing. The innate and adaptive immune response are connected in the early phases by the γδ T cells that contain the γ and δ chains. γδ T cells can identify antigens in a manner that is not constrained by the MHC. When activated by various pathways, γδ T cells can not only secrete pro-inflammatory factors early on (such as IL-17), but they can also promote Th17 cells responses, which ultimately exacerbates autoimmune uveitis. Therefore, we review the mechanisms by which γδ T cells affect autoimmune uveitis in different activation and disease states. Moreover, we also prospect for immunotherapies targeting different γδ T cell-related action pathways, providing a reference for exploring new drug for the treatment of autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiuxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Fanwen Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Luzhong Fa
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Zhuping Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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4
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He K, Yan X, Wu D. Intestinal Behcet's Disease: A Review of the Immune Mechanism and Present and Potential Biological Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098176. [PMID: 37175882 PMCID: PMC10179024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Behcet's disease (BD) is a chronic and recurrent systemic vasculitis involving almost all organs and tissues. Intestinal BD is defined as BD with predominant gastrointestinal involvement, presenting severe complications such as massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage, perforation, and obstruction in some cases. To some extent, intestinal BD is classified as a member of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as it has a lot in common with classical IBD including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Certainly, the underlying pathogenesis is not the same and dysregulation of immune function is believed to be one of the main pathogeneses in intestinal BD, although the etiology has not been clear up to now. Biological agents are an emerging category of pharmaceuticals for various diseases, including inflammatory diseases and cancers, in recent decades. Based on the deep understanding of the immune mechanism of intestinal BD, biological agents targeting potential pathogenic cells, cytokines and pathways are optimized options. Recently, the adoption of biological agents such as anti-tumor necrosis factor agents has allowed for the effective treatment of patients with refractory intestinal BD who show poor response to conventional medications and are faced with the risk of surgical treatment. In this review, we have tried to summarize the immune mechanism and present potential biological agents of intestinal BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaxiao Yan
- Eight-year Medical Doctor Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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5
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Dimova T, Dimitrova V, Grozdanov P, Markova N. Placentа of BCG-Vaccinated Women in early Pregnancy is Colonized with Non-Immunogenic Mycobacterial L-forms. Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 89:e13650. [PMID: 36331422 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Long-lived mycobacterial L-forms (mL-forms) could be detected in the blood of BCG-vaccinated people. We have previously found mL-forms in term placentas and blood of neonates, delivered by healthy BCG-vaccinated mothers as first formal demonstration that BCG vaccination in the childhood of the woman could affect her placentobiome during pregnancy. Of note, the isolated mL-forms reverted to the cell-walled state of the parental BCG bacilli in vitro. METHOD OF STUDY Here, we analyzed triple samples of blood, decidua and chorion taken from BCG-vaccinated pregnant women, directed to elective abortions (6-12 gestation weeks). The colonization of the primary samples with mycobacterial L-forms (mL-forms) was evaluated using microbiological isolation and subsequent identification by real time PCR and morphological characterization by light microscopy and SEM. The potential of early placenta-derived mL-forms to expand mycobacteria-reactive γδ T cells in vitro was assessed using FACS, whereas their immunogenicity in vivo was followed up after i.p. inoculation in rats. RESULTS Our results showed two important findings: 1) viable filterable mL-forms varying in size, shape and proliferation modes are capable of colonizing the gestational tissues of BCG-vaccinated women early in pregnancy and 2) early placenta-derived mL-forms are not as immunogenic as walled M. bovis BCG bacilli, shown by lack of stimulation of mycobacteria-reactive γδ T cells co-cultured with early placenta-derived mL-forms and inefficient internalization of mL-forms by rat's peritoneal phagocytes in vivo. CONCLUSION Although generally thought to be reduced in virulence, mL-forms could provide a reservoir, hidden from the immune system especially in an immune privileged niche like placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Dimova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction "Acad. K. Bratanov", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Violeta Dimitrova
- Medical University, University Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital "Maichin Dom", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Grozdanov
- Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nadya Markova
- Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Chan KF, Duarte JDG, Ostrouska S, Behren A. γδ T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment-Interactions With Other Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894315. [PMID: 35880177 PMCID: PMC9307934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have shown that γδ T cells play a pivotal role in mediating the clearance of tumors and pathogen-infected cells with their potent cytotoxic, cytolytic, and unique immune-modulating functions. Unlike the more abundant αβ T cells, γδ T cells can recognize a broad range of tumors and infected cells without the requirement of antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Our group has recently demonstrated parts of the mechanisms of T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent activation of Vγ9Vδ2+ T cells by tumors following the presentation of phosphoantigens, intermediates of the mevalonate pathway. This process is mediated through the B7 immunoglobulin family-like butyrophilin 2A1 (BTN2A1) and BTN3A1 complexes. Such recognition results in activation, a robust immunosurveillance process, and elicits rapid γδ T-cell immune responses. These include targeted cell killing, and the ability to produce copious quantities of cytokines and chemokines to exert immune-modulating properties and to interact with other immune cells. This immune cell network includes αβ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells, and neutrophils, hence heavily influencing the outcome of immune responses. This key role in orchestrating immune cells and their natural tropism for tumor microenvironment makes γδ T cells an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the current understanding of these important interactions and highlight the implications of the crosstalk between γδ T cells and other immune cells in the context of anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Fei Chan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Da Gama Duarte
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone Ostrouska
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Behren
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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7
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Rha MS, Han JW, Koh JY, Lee HS, Kim JH, Cho K, Kim SI, Kim MS, Lee JG, Park SH, Joo DJ, Park JY, Shin EC. Impaired antibacterial response of liver sinusoidal Vγ9 +Vδ2 + T cells in patients with chronic liver disease. Gut 2022; 71:605-615. [PMID: 33472894 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The liver acts as a frontline barrier against diverse gut-derived pathogens, and the sinusoid is the primary site of liver immune surveillance. However, little is known about liver sinusoidal immune cells in the context of chronic liver disease (CLD). Here, we investigated the antibacterial capacity of liver sinusoidal γδ T cells in patients with various CLDs. DESIGN We analysed the frequency, phenotype and functions of human liver sinusoidal γδ T cells from healthy donors and recipients with CLD, including HBV-related CLD (liver cirrhosis (LC) and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)), alcoholic LC and LC or HCC of other aetiologies, by flow cytometry and RNA-sequencing using liver perfusates obtained during living donor liver transplantation. We also measured the plasma levels of D-lactate and bacterial endotoxin to evaluate bacterial translocation. RESULTS The frequency of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells was reduced in patients with CLD. Immunophenotypic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells from patients with CLD were persistently activated and pro-apoptotic. In addition, liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells from patients with CLD showed significantly decreased interferon (IFN)-γ production following stimulation with bacterial metabolites and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial IFN-γ response of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells significantly correlated with liver function, and inversely correlated with the plasma level of D-lactate in patients with CLD. Repetitive in vitro stimulation with E. coli induced activation, apoptosis and functional impairment of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells. CONCLUSION Liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells are functionally impaired in patients with CLD. Bacterial translocation and decreasing liver functions are associated with functional impairment of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Rha
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Han
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Young Koh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Seok Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjoo Cho
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Il Kim
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Soo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Geun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Joo
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,The Research Institute for Transplantation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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8
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Alice AF, Kramer G, Bambina S, Bahjat KS, Gough MJ, Crittenden MR. Listeria monocytogenes-infected human monocytic derived dendritic cells activate Vγ9Vδ2 T cells independently of HMBPP production. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16347. [PMID: 34381163 PMCID: PMC8358051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells express T cell receptors (TCR) that are preconfigured to recognize signs of pathogen infection. In primates, γδ T cells expressing the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR innately recognize (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but- 2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), a product of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4- phosphate (MEP) pathway in bacteria that is presented in infected cells via interaction with members of the B7 family of costimulatory molecules butyrophilin (BTN) 3A1 and BTN2A1. In humans, Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) vaccine platforms have the potential to generate potent Vγ9Vδ2 T cell recognition. To evaluate the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells by Lm-infected human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DC) we engineered Lm strains that lack components of the MEP pathway. Direct infection of Mo-DC with these bacteria were unchanged in their ability to activate CD107a expression in Vγ9Vδ2 T cells despite an inability to synthesize HMBPP. Importantly, functional BTN3A1 was essential for this activation. Unexpectedly, we found that cytoplasmic entry of Lm into human dendritic cells resulted in upregulation of cholesterol metabolism in these cells, and the effect of pathway regulatory drugs suggest this occurs via increased synthesis of the alternative endogenous Vγ9Vδ2 ligand isoprenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and/or its isomer dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). Thus, following direct infection, host pathways regulated by cytoplasmic entry of Lm can trigger Vγ9Vδ2 T cell recognition of infected cells without production of the unique bacterial ligand HMBPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro F Alice
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Gwen Kramer
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Shelly Bambina
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Keith S Bahjat
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.,Astellas Pharma US, 100 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michael J Gough
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA. .,The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.
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9
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Uldrich AP, Rigau M, Godfrey DI. Immune recognition of phosphoantigen-butyrophilin molecular complexes by γδ T cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:74-83. [PMID: 33017054 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are an important component of the immune system. They are often enriched in non-lymphoid tissues and exhibit diverse functional attributes including rapid activation, cytokine production, proliferation, and acquisition of cytotoxicity following both TCR-dependent and TCR-independent stimulation, but poor capacity for immunological memory. They can detect a broad range of antigens, although typically not peptide-MHC complexes in contrast to alpha-beta (αβ) T cells. In humans, a prominent population of γδ T cells, defined as Vγ9Vδ2+ cells, reacts to small phosphorylated non-peptide "phosphoantigens" (pAgs). The molecular mechanism underpinning this recognition is poorly defined, but is known to involve butyrophilin family members and appears to involve indirect pAg recognition via alterations to butyrophilin molecular complexes. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of pAg recognition by γδ T cells including the role of butyrophilins and in particular, a newly described role for butyrophilin 2A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Marc Rigau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Institute of Experimental Immunology at the University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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10
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Liou A, Van Arnam J, Pillai V, Seif AE, Tasian SK, Phillips CA. Transient atypical monocytosis after α/β T-cell-depleted haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28139. [PMID: 31867817 PMCID: PMC7721203 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Liou
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Van Arnam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vinodh Pillai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alix E. Seif
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah K. Tasian
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles A. Phillips
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Center for Applied Clinical Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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11
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Raffray L, Burton RJ, Baker SE, Morgan MP, Eberl M. Zoledronate rescues immunosuppressed monocytes in sepsis patients. Immunology 2019; 159:88-95. [PMID: 31606902 PMCID: PMC6904622 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe sepsis is often accompanied by a transient immune paralysis, which is associated with enhanced susceptibility to secondary infections and poor clinical outcomes. The functional impairment of antigen‐presenting cells is considered to be a major hallmark of this septic immunosuppression, with reduced HLA‐DR expression on circulating monocytes serving as predictor of mortality. Unconventional lymphocytes like γδ T‐cells have the potential to restore immune defects in a variety of pathologies including cancer, but their use to rescue sepsis‐induced immunosuppression has not been investigated. Our own previous work showed that Vγ9/Vδ2+ γδ T‐cells are potent activators of monocytes from healthy volunteers in vitro, and in individuals with osteoporosis after first‐time administration of the anti‐bone resorption drug zoledronate in vivo. We show here that zoledronate readily induces upregulation of HLA‐DR, CD40 and CD64 on monocytes from both healthy controls and sepsis patients, which could be abrogated by neutralising the pro‐inflammatory cytokines interferon (IFN)‐γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α in the cultures. In healthy controls, the upregulation of HLA‐DR on monocytes was proportional to the baseline percentage of Vγ9/Vδ2 T‐cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell population. Of note, a proportion of sepsis patients studied here did not show a demonstrable response to zoledronate, predominantly patients with microbiologically confirmed bloodstream infections, compared with sepsis patients with more localised infections marked by negative blood cultures. Taken together, our results suggest that zoledronate can, at least in some individuals, rescue immunosuppressed monocytes during acute sepsis and thus may help improve clinical outcomes during severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Raffray
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Department of Internal Medicine, Félix Guyon University Hospital of La Réunion, Saint Denis, France
| | - Ross J Burton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sarah E Baker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matt P Morgan
- Directorate of Critical Care, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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12
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Harawa V, Njie M, Keller T, Kim K, Jaworowski A, Seydel K, Rogerson SJ, Mandala W. Malawian children with uncomplicated and cerebral malaria have decreased activated Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells which increase in convalescence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223410. [PMID: 31600250 PMCID: PMC6786631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is responsible for almost half a million deaths annually. The role of Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells in malaria is still unclear. Studies have reported an association between this cell subset and malaria symptoms and severity. Profiles of Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells in bigger cohorts with different levels of clinical severity have not been described. Proportion, numbers, and activation status of Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells were measured by flow cytometry in 59 healthy controls (HCs), 58 children with uncomplicated malaria (UM) and 67 with cerebral malaria (CM,) during acute malaria and in convalescence 28 days later. Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cell were lower in children presenting with UM and CM than in HCs. Cell counts did not vary with malaria severity (CM median counts 40 x 103 cells/μL, IQR [23–103]; UM median counts 30 x 103 cells/μL [10–90], P = 0.224). Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cell counts increased during convalescence for UM (70 [40–60] x 103 cells/μL and CM (90 [60–140] x 103 cells/μL), to levels similar to those in HCs (70 [50–140] x 103 cells/μL), p = 0.70 and p = 0.40 respectively. Expression of the activation markers CD69 and HLA-DR on Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells was higher in malaria cases than in controls (HCs vs UM or CM, p < 0.0001) but was similar between UM and CM. HLA-DR expression remained elevated at 28 days, suggesting sustained activation of Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells during recovery. Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cell proportions and cells counts were suppressed in acute disease and normalized in convalescence, a phenomenon previously hypothesized to be due to transient migration of the cells to secondary lymphoid tissue. The presence of highly activated Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells suggests that this T cell subset plays a specific role in response to malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visopo Harawa
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Blantyre, Malawi
- * E-mail: (WM); (VH)
| | - Madi Njie
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas Keller
- University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kami Kim
- University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karl Seydel
- Blantyre Malaria Project, Blantyre, Malawi
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Rogerson
- Department of Medicine at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wilson Mandala
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi
- * E-mail: (WM); (VH)
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13
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Nguyen CT, Maverakis E, Eberl M, Adamopoulos IE. γδ T cells in rheumatic diseases: from fundamental mechanisms to autoimmunity. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:595-605. [PMID: 31506867 PMCID: PMC6815259 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The innate and adaptive arms of the immune system tightly regulate immune responses in order to maintain homeostasis and host defense. The interaction between those two systems is critical in the activation and suppression of immune responses which if unchecked may lead to chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. γδ T cells are non-conventional lymphocytes, which express T cell receptor (TCR) γδ chains on their surface and straddle between innate and adaptive immunity. Recent advances in of γδ T cell biology have allowed us to expand our understanding of γδ T cell in the dysregulation of immune responses and the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on γδ T cells and their roles in skin and joint inflammation as commonly observed in rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Thach Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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14
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Kumagai A, Shimizu K, Kurata R, Cui X, Isagawa T, Harada M, Nagai J, Yoshida Y, Ozaki KI, Takeda N, Semba H, Yonezawa T. Establishment of Novel Cells Stably Secreting Various Human IL-18 Recombinant Proteins. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:47-55. [PMID: 30727885 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190206203640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunotherapies against cancer, autoinmmune diseases or infection are remarkable development. These days programmed cell death (PD)-1 antibody-induced immune checkpoint blockade or chimeric antigen receptor-T cells (CAR-T) have been shown to have eminent therapeutic effects on tumor development. We have focused on adoptive transfer with human gamma delta T cells for novel immunotherapies. Additionally, IL-18 is one of the cytokines that enhances cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity of human gamma delta T cells. METHOD Thus, we established novel cell lines stably expressing and secreting various types of human recombinant IL-18 proteins to their culture supernatants using episomal vector. We also differentiated primary cultured human gamma delta T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes to validate biological activity of the IL-18 proteins using measuring IFN-γ by ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Finally, we demonstrated that the supernatant could activate human gamma delta T cells using monitoring interferon gamma in culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Kumagai
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Gene Research Center for Frontiers Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-14 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kenji Shimizu
- Division of Immune Regulation, Institute for Genome Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Riho Kurata
- Education and Research Center for Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Xiaofeng Cui
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, School of Materials and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Loushi Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Takayuki Isagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Harada
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Gene Research Center for Frontiers Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-14 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Graduate School of information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Jun Nagai
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Gene Research Center for Frontiers Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-14 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Ozaki
- Education and Research Center for Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihiko Takeda
- The University of Tokyo, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, 7- 3-1, Hongo, Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Semba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Cardiovascular Institute, Tokyo, Japan Nishiazabu 3-2-19, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0031, Japan
| | - Tomo Yonezawa
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Gene Research Center for Frontiers Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-14 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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15
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Aylward B, Clark M, Galileo D, Baernard A, Wilson J, Brannick E, Gressley T, Fecteau M, Davis W, Dyer R. Immune cell populations residing in mesenteric adipose depots and mesenteric lymph nodes of lean dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3452-3468. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Tong B, Liu X, Xiao J, Su G. Immunopathogenesis of Behcet's Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:665. [PMID: 30984205 PMCID: PMC6449449 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Behcet's disease (BD) is a chronic systemic inflammatory vasculitis of unknown etiology characterized by recurrent episodes of oral aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, skin lesions, ocular lesions, and other manifestations. Although the pathogenesis of BD is unclear, some studies have shown that immunological aberrations play an important role in the development and progression of BD. Infection-related trigger factors, including antigens and autoantigens, are believed to mediate the development of BD in patients with a genetic predisposition and subsequently activate the innate and adaptive immune systems, resulting in the production of numerous cytokines and chemokines to combat the infection-related factors. The study of the immunological mechanism of BD paves the way for the development of innovative therapies. Recently, novel biotherapy approaches, including interferon-α (IFN-α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) antagonists, and other agents that target interleukins and their receptors, have shown promising results in the treatment of patients with refractory BD and have improved the prognosis of BD. In this review, we provide the current concepts of BD immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bainan Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guanfang Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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17
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Krishnakumar V, Durairajan SSK, Alagarasu K, Li M, Dash AP. Recent Updates on Mouse Models for Human Immunodeficiency, Influenza, and Dengue Viral Infections. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030252. [PMID: 30871179 PMCID: PMC6466164 DOI: 10.3390/v11030252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-developed mouse models are important for understanding the pathogenesis and progression of immunological response to viral infections in humans. Moreover, to test vaccines, anti-viral drugs and therapeutic agents, mouse models are fundamental for preclinical investigations. Human viruses, however, seldom infect mice due to differences in the cellular receptors used by the viruses for entry, as well as in the innate immune responses in mice and humans. In other words, a species barrier exists when using mouse models for investigating human viral infections. Developing transgenic (Tg) mice models expressing the human genes coding for viral entry receptors and knock-out (KO) mice models devoid of components involved in the innate immune response have, to some extent, overcome this barrier. Humanized mouse models are a third approach, developed by engrafting functional human cells and tissues into immunodeficient mice. They are becoming indispensable for analyzing human viral diseases since they nearly recapitulate the human disease. These mouse models also serve to test the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral agents. This review provides an update on the Tg, KO, and humanized mouse models that are used in studies investigating the pathogenesis of three important human-specific viruses, namely human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus 1, influenza, and dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodhini Krishnakumar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamilnadu, Tiruvarur 610 005, India.
| | | | - Kalichamy Alagarasu
- Dengue/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India.
| | - Min Li
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKSAR, China.
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18
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Howard J, Zaidi I, Loizon S, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Déchanet-Merville J, Mamani-Matsuda M. Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Lymphocytes in the Immune Response to P. falciparum Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2760. [PMID: 30538708 PMCID: PMC6277687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium sp, the most lethal being Plasmodium falciparum. Clinical malaria is associated with the asexual replication cycle of Plasmodium parasites inside the red blood cells (RBCs) and a dysregulated immune response. Although the mechanisms of immune responses to blood—or liver-stage parasites have been extensively studied, this has not led to satisfactory leads for vaccine design. Among innate immune cells responding to infection are the non-conventional gamma-delta T-cells. The Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell subset, found only in primates, is activated in response to non-peptidic phosphoantigens produced by stressed mammalian cells or by microorganisms such as Mycobacteria, E.coli, and Plasmodium. The potential protective role of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells against infections and cancer progression is of current research interest. Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells have been shown to play a role in the early control of P. falciparum parasitemia and to influence malaria adaptive immunity via cytokine release and antigen presentation. They are activated and expanded during a primary P. falciparum infection in response to malaria phosphoantigens and their activity is modulated upon subsequent infections. Here, we review the wide range of functions by which Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells could both contribute to and protect from malaria pathology, with a particular focus on their ability to induce both innate and adaptive responses. We discuss how the multifunctional roles of these T-cells could open new perspectives on gamma-delta T-cell-based interventions to prevent or cure malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Howard
- Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Irfan Zaidi
- Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Séverine Loizon
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS ImmunoConcEpT UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
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19
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Mother-to-newborn transmission of mycobacterial L-forms and Vδ2 T-cell response in placentobiome of BCG-vaccinated pregnant women. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17366. [PMID: 29234108 PMCID: PMC5727158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to exist as a population of self-replicating forms with defective or entirely missing cell wall (L-forms) is an adaptive mechanism for their survival and reproduction under unfavorable conditions. Bacterial mother-to-fetus transfer is a universal phenomenon in the animal kingdom. However, data about vertical transfer of L bacterial forms are extremely scarce. Bacille Calmette-Guérin is an attenuated strain of M. bovis and the only licensed vaccine used for tuberculosis prevention. We already have shown that filterable L-forms of BCG exist freely in the vaccine and are able to reproduce and to form colonies. The present study was focused on the placental microbiome in the context of mother's BCG vaccination. Here we report an isolation of filterable mycobacterial L-form cultures from gestational tissues and blood of healthy newborns delivered by healthy BCG-vaccinated mothers after normal pregnancy. Of note, vertically transmitted mycobacterial L-forms as a part of placentobiome of the pregnant women didn't influence the number of resident pathogen-reactive Vδ2 cells. Placenta colonization with mycobacterial L-forms occurs by maternal blood-to-decidua transfer very early in gestation. Together, these data showed that BCG L-forms have the capacity to pass trans-placental barrier and that maternal BCG vaccination affects the placentobiome.
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20
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Sheel M, Beattie L, Frame TCM, de Labastida Rivera F, Faleiro RJ, Bunn PT, Montes de Oca M, Edwards CL, Ng SS, Kumar R, Amante FH, Best SE, McColl SR, Varelias A, Kuns RD, MacDonald KPA, Smyth MJ, Haque A, Hill GR, Engwerda CR. IL-17A-Producing γδ T Cells Suppress Early Control of Parasite Growth by Monocytes in the Liver. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5707-17. [PMID: 26538396 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular infections, such as those caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), require a potent host proinflammatory response for control. IL-17 has emerged as an important proinflammatory cytokine required for limiting growth of both extracellular and intracellular pathogens. However, there are conflicting reports on the exact roles for IL-17 during parasitic infections and limited knowledge about cellular sources and the immune pathways it modulates. We examined the role of IL-17 in an experimental model of VL caused by infection of C57BL/6 mice with L. donovani and identified an early suppressive role for IL-17 in the liver that limited control of parasite growth. IL-17-producing γδ T cells recruited to the liver in the first week of infection were the critical source of IL-17 in this model, and CCR2(+) inflammatory monocytes were an important target for the suppressive effects of IL-17. Improved parasite control was independent of NO generation, but associated with maintenance of superoxide dismutase mRNA expression in the absence of IL-17 in the liver. Thus, we have identified a novel inhibitory function for IL-17 in parasitic infection, and our results demonstrate important interactions among γδ T cells, monocytes, and infected macrophages in the liver that can determine the outcome of parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meru Sheel
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Lynette Beattie
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Teija C M Frame
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca J Faleiro
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia; Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Patrick T Bunn
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia; Institute of Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4215, Australia
| | - Marcela Montes de Oca
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Chelsea L Edwards
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Susanna S Ng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia; Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India; and
| | - Fiona H Amante
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Shannon E Best
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Antiopi Varelias
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Rachel D Kuns
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Kelli P A MacDonald
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Ashraful Haque
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Geoff R Hill
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Christian R Engwerda
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia;
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21
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Minculescu L, Sengeløv H. The role of gamma delta T cells in haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Scand J Immunol 2015; 81:459-68. [PMID: 25753378 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a potential curative treatment for haematological malignancies, it is still a procedure associated with substantial morbidity and mortality due to toxicity, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and relapse. Recent attempts of developing safer transplantation modalities increasingly focuses on selective cell depletion and graft engineering with the aim of retaining beneficial immune donor cells for the graft-versus-leukaemia (GVL) effect. In this context, the adoptive and especially innate effector functions of γδ T cells together with clinical studies investigating the effect of γδ T cells in relation to HSCT are reviewed. In addition to phospho-antigen recognition by the γδ T cell receptor (TCR), γδ T cells express receptors of the natural killer (NK) and natural cytotoxicity (NCR) families enabling them to recognize and kill leukaemia cells. Antigen recognition independent from the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allows for the theoretical possibility of mediating GVL without an allogeneic response in terms of GVHD. Early studies on the impact of γδ T cells in HSCT have reported conflicting results. Recent studies, however, do suggest an overall favourable effect of high γδ T cell immune reconstitution after HSCT; patients with elevated numbers of γδ T cells had a significantly higher overall survival rate and a decreased rate of acute GVHD compared to patients with low or normal γδ T cell counts. Further research in terms of effector mechanisms, subtypes and tissue distribution during the course of HSCT is needed to assess the potentially beneficial effects of γδ T cells in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Minculescu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Sengeløv
- Department of Haematology, National University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Park S, Kanayama K, Kaur K, Tseng HCH, Banankhah S, Quje DT, Sayre JW, Jewett A, Nishimura I. Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Developed in Mice: DISEASE VARIANTS REGULATED BY γδ T CELLS IN ORAL MUCOSAL BARRIER IMMUNITY. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17349-66. [PMID: 26013832 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.652305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), an uncommon co-morbidity in patients treated with bisphosphonates (BP), occurs in the segment of jawbone interfacing oral mucosa. This study aimed to investigate a role of oral mucosal barrier γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of ONJ. Female C57Bl/6J (B6) mice received a bolus zoledronate intravenous injection (ZOL, 540 μg/kg), and their maxillary left first molars were extracted 1 week later. ZOL-treated mice (WT ZOL) delayed oral wound healing with patent open wounds 4 weeks after tooth extraction with characteristic oral epithelial hyperplasia. γδ T cells appeared within the tooth extraction site and hyperplastic epithelium in WT ZOL mice. In ZOL-treated γδ T cell null (Tcrd(-/-) ZOL) mice, the tooth extraction open wound progressively closed; however, histological ONJ-like lesions were identified in 75 and 60% of WT ZOL and Tcrd(-/-) ZOL mice, respectively. Although the bone exposure phenotype of ONJ was predominantly observed in WT ZOL mice, Tcrd(-/-) ZOL mice developed the pustule/fistula disease phenotype. We further addressed the role of γδ T cells from human peripheral blood (h-γδ T cells). When co-cultured with ZOL-pretreated human osteoclasts in vitro, h-γδ T cells exhibited rapid expansion and robust IFN-γ secretion. When h-γδ T cells were injected into ZOL-treated immunodeficient (Rag2(-/-) ZOL) mice, the oral epithelial hyperplasia developed. However, Rag2(-/-) ZOL mice did not develop osteonecrosis. The results indicate that γδ T cells are unlikely to influence the core osteonecrosis mechanism; however, they may serve as a critical modifier contributing to the different oral mucosal disease variations of ONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sil Park
- From the Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics and Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Keiichi Kanayama
- From the Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics and the Department of Periodontology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Gifu 501-0296, Japan, and
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Han-Ching Helen Tseng
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Sina Banankhah
- From the Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics and
| | - Davood Talebi Quje
- From the Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics and
| | - James W Sayre
- the Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- From the Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics and Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California 90095,
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23
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Tyler CJ, Doherty DG, Moser B, Eberl M. Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells: Innate adaptors of the immune system. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:10-21. [PMID: 25659480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unconventional T cells are gaining center stage as important effector and regulatory cells that orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses. Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells are amongst the best understood unconventional T cells, as they are easily accessible in peripheral blood, can readily be expanded and manipulated in vitro, respond to microbial infections in vivo and can be exploited for novel tumor immunotherapies. We here review findings that suggest that Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, and possibly other unconventional human T cells, play an important role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity by promoting the activation and differentiation of various types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and even turning into APCs themselves, and thereby pave the way for antigen-specific effector responses and long-term immunological memory. Although the direct physiological relevance for most of these mechanisms still needs to be demonstrated in vivo, these findings may have implications for novel therapies, diagnostic tests and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Tyler
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Derek G Doherty
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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24
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Karunakaran MM, Herrmann T. The Vγ9Vδ2 T Cell Antigen Receptor and Butyrophilin-3 A1: Models of Interaction, the Possibility of Co-Evolution, and the Case of Dendritic Epidermal T Cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:648. [PMID: 25566259 PMCID: PMC4271611 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Most circulating human gamma delta T cells are Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Their hallmark is the expression of T cell antigen receptors (TCR) whose γ-chains show a Vγ9-JP (Vγ2-Jγ1.2) rearrangement and are paired with Vδ2-containing δ-chains, a dominant TCR configuration, which until recently seemed to occur in primates only. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells respond to phosphoantigens (PAg) such as (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), which is produced by many pathogens and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which accumulates in certain tumors or cells treated with aminobisphosphonates such as zoledronate. A prerequisite for PAg-induced activation is the contact of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with cells expressing butyrophilin-3 A1 (BTN3A1). We will first critically review models of how BTN3 might act in PAg-mediated Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation and then address putative co-evolution of Vγ9, Vδ2, and BTN3 genes. In those rodent and lagomorphs used as animal models, all three genes are lost but a data-base analysis showed that they emerged together with placental mammals. A strong concomitant conservation of functional Vγ9, Vδ2, and BTN3 genes in other species suggests co-evolution of these three genes. A detailed analysis was performed for the new world camelid alpaca (Vicugna pacos). It provides an excellent candidate for a non-primate species with presumably functional Vγ9Vδ2 T cells since TCR rearrangements share features characteristic for PAg-reactive primate Vγ9Vδ2 TCR and proposed PAg-binding sites of BTN3A1 have been conserved. Finally, we analyze the possible functional relationship between the butyrophilin-family member Skint1 and the γδ TCR-V genes used by murine dendritic epithelial T cells (DETC). Among placental mammals, we identify five rodents, the cow, a bat, and the cape golden mole as the only species concomitantly possessing potentially functional homologs of murine Vγ3, Vδ4 genes, and Skint1 gene and suggest to search for DETC like cells in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohindar M Karunakaran
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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25
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Byersdorfer CA. The role of Fatty Acid oxidation in the metabolic reprograming of activated t-cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:641. [PMID: 25566254 PMCID: PMC4270246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation represents a significant bioenergetic challenge for T-cells, which must undergo metabolic reprogramming to keep pace with increased energetic demands. This review focuses on the role of fatty acid metabolism, both in vitro and in vivo, following T-cell activation. Based upon previous studies in the literature, as well as accumulating evidence in allogeneic cells, I propose a multi-step model of in vivo metabolic reprogramming. In this model, a primary determinant of metabolic phenotype is the ubiquity and duration of antigen exposure. The implications of this model, as well as the future challenges and opportunities in studying T-cell metabolism, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Alan Byersdorfer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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26
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Eberl M, Friberg IM, Liuzzi AR, Morgan MP, Topley N. Pathogen-Specific Immune Fingerprints during Acute Infection: The Diagnostic Potential of Human γδ T-Cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:572. [PMID: 25431573 PMCID: PMC4230182 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eberl
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ida M. Friberg
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anna Rita Liuzzi
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matt P. Morgan
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Institute of Translation, Innovation, Methodology and Engagement, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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27
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Davey MS, Morgan MP, Liuzzi AR, Tyler CJ, Khan MWA, Szakmany T, Hall JE, Moser B, Eberl M. Microbe-specific unconventional T cells induce human neutrophil differentiation into antigen cross-presenting cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3704-3716. [PMID: 25165152 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The early immune response to microbes is dominated by the recruitment of neutrophils whose primary function is to clear invading pathogens. However, there is emerging evidence that neutrophils play additional effector and regulatory roles. The present study demonstrates that human neutrophils assume Ag cross-presenting functions and suggests a plausible scenario for the local generation of APC-like neutrophils through the mobilization of unconventional T cells in response to microbial metabolites. Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells are abundant in blood, inflamed tissues, and mucosal barriers. In this study, both human cell types responded rapidly to neutrophils after phagocytosis of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria producing the corresponding ligands, and in turn mediated the differentiation of neutrophils into APCs for both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells through secretion of GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. In patients with acute sepsis, circulating neutrophils displayed a similar APC-like phenotype and readily processed soluble proteins for cross-presentation of antigenic peptides to CD8(+) T cells, at a time when peripheral Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells were highly activated. Our findings indicate that unconventional T cells represent key controllers of neutrophil-driven innate and adaptive responses to a broad range of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Davey
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Matt P Morgan
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.,Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Rita Liuzzi
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Tyler
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Mohd Wajid A Khan
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Szakmany
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom.,Cwm Taf University Health Board, Llantrisant CF72 8XR, United Kingdom
| | - Judith E Hall
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Cardiff Institute of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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28
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Qi H, Kastenmüller W, Germain RN. Spatiotemporal basis of innate and adaptive immunity in secondary lymphoid tissue. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2014; 30:141-67. [PMID: 25150013 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-013254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid tissues are the sites of both innate and adaptive host defense. Aside from the relatively static nonhematopoietic stromal elements and some macrophages and dendritic cells, most of the cells in these tissues are in constant movement, but the organs maintain a defined microanatomy with preferred locations for the bulk of T cells, B cells, and other lymphocytes and subsets of myeloid cells. Here we describe both the cell dynamics and spatial organization of lymph nodes and review how both physical features and molecular cues guide cell movement to optimize host defense. We emphasize the role of locality in improving the efficiency of a system requiring rare cells to find each other and interact productively through membrane-bound or short-range secreted mediators and highlight how changes in steady-state cell positioning during an infectious challenge contribute to rapid generation of productive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
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29
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Khan MWA, Curbishley SM, Chen HC, Thomas AD, Pircher H, Mavilio D, Steven NM, Eberl M, Moser B. Expanded Human Blood-Derived γδT Cells Display Potent Antigen-Presentation Functions. Front Immunol 2014; 5:344. [PMID: 25101086 PMCID: PMC4107971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based immunotherapy strategies target tumors directly (via cytolytic effector cells) or aim at mobilizing endogenous anti-tumor immunity. The latter approach includes dendritic cells (DC) most frequently in the form of in vitro cultured peripheral blood monocytes-derived DC. Human blood γδT cells are selective for a single class of non-peptide agonists (“phosphoantigens”) and develop into potent antigen-presenting cells (APC), termed γδT-APC within 1–3 days of in vitro culture. Availability of large numbers of γδT-APC would be advantageous for use as a novel cellular vaccine. We here report optimal γδT cell expansion (>107 cells/ml blood) when peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals and melanoma patients were stimulated with zoledronate and then cultured for 14 days in the presence of IL-2 and IL-15, yielding γδT cell cultures of variable purity (77 ± 21 and 56 ± 26%, respectively). They resembled effector memory αβT (TEM) cells and retained full functionality as assessed by in vitro tumor cell killing as well as secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα) and cell proliferation in response to stimulation with phosphoantigens. Importantly, day 14 γδT cells expressed numerous APC-related cell surface markers and, in agreement, displayed potent in vitro APC functions. Day 14 γδT cells from PBMC of patients with cancer were equally effective as their counterparts derived from blood of healthy individuals and triggered potent CD8+ αβT cell responses following processing and cross-presentation of simple (influenza M1) and complex (tuberculin purified protein derivative) protein antigens. Of note, and in clear contrast to peripheral blood γδT cells, the ability of day 14 γδT cells to trigger antigen-specific αβT cell responses did not depend on re-stimulation. We conclude that day 14 γδT cell cultures provide a convenient source of autologous APC for use in immunotherapy of patients with various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Wajid A Khan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
| | - Stuart M Curbishley
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
| | - Hung-Chang Chen
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
| | - Andrew D Thomas
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano , Milan , Italy ; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Neil M Steven
- CR-UK Clinical Trials Unit, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham Medical School , Birmingham , UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
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30
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Sabbione F, Gabelloni ML, Ernst G, Gori MS, Salamone G, Oleastro M, Trevani A, Geffner J, Jancic CC. Neutrophils suppress γδ T-cell function. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:819-30. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Sabbione
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - María L. Gabelloni
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Glenda Ernst
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - María S. Gori
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gabriela Salamone
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología; Parasitología e Inmunología; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Matías Oleastro
- Hospital Nacional de Pediatría “Juan P. Garrahan”; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Analía Trevani
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología; Parasitología e Inmunología; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Jorge Geffner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS); Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología; Parasitología e Inmunología; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Carolina C. Jancic
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET - Academia Nacional de Medicina; Buenos Aires Argentina
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31
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McCarthy NE, Bashir Z, Vossenkämper A, Hedin CR, Giles EM, Bhattacharjee S, Brown SG, Sanders TJ, Whelan K, MacDonald TT, Lindsay JO, Stagg AJ. Proinflammatory Vδ2+ T Cells Populate the Human Intestinal Mucosa and Enhance IFN-γ Production by Colonic αβ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2752-63. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Pearce EL, Pearce EJ. Metabolic pathways in immune cell activation and quiescence. Immunity 2013; 38:633-43. [PMID: 23601682 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1109] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies of immune system metabolism ("immunometabolism") segregate along two paths. The first investigates the effects of immune cells on organs that regulate whole-body metabolism, such as adipose tissue and liver. The second explores the role of metabolic pathways within immune cells and how this regulates immune response outcome. Distinct metabolic pathways diverge and converge at many levels, and, therefore, cells face choices as to how to achieve their metabolic goals. There is interest in fully understanding how and why immune cells commit to particular metabolic fates and in elucidating the immunologic consequences of reaching a metabolic endpoint by one pathway versus another. This is particularly intriguing, given that metabolic commitment is influenced not only by substrate availability but also by signaling pathways elicited by metabolites. Thus, metabolic choices in cells enforce fate and function, and this area will be the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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33
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Cheng HY, Wu R, Gebre AK, Hanna RN, Smith DJ, Parks JS, Ley K, Hedrick CC. Increased cholesterol content in gammadelta (γδ) T lymphocytes differentially regulates their activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63746. [PMID: 23704936 PMCID: PMC3660587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammadelta (γδ) T lymphocytes respond quickly upon antigen encounter to produce a cytokine response. In this study, we sought to understand how functions of γδ T cells are differentially regulated compared to αβ T cells. We found that cholesterol, an integral component of the plasma membrane and a regulator of TCR signaling, is increased in γδ T cells compared to αβ T cells, and modulates their function. Higher levels of activation markers, and increased lipid raft content in γδ cells suggest that γδ T cells are more activated. Cholesterol depletion effectively decreased lipid raft formation and activation of γδ T cells, indicating that increased cholesterol content contributes to the hyper-activated phenotype of γδ T cells, possibly through enhanced clustering of TCR signals in lipid rafts. TCR stimulation assays and western blotting revealed that instead of a lower TCR threshold, enhanced TCR signaling through ERK1/2 activation is likely the cause for high cholesterol-induced rapid activation and proliferation in γδ T cells. Our data indicate that cholesterol metabolism is differentially regulated in γδ T cells. The high intracellular cholesterol content leads to enhanced TCR signaling and increases activation and proliferation of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yuan Cheng
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Runpei Wu
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Abraham K. Gebre
- Department of Pathology/Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard N. Hanna
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dan J. Smith
- Targeson, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - John S. Parks
- Department of Pathology/Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine C. Hedrick
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Welton JL, Morgan MP, Martí S, Stone MD, Moser B, Sewell AK, Turton J, Eberl M. Monocytes and γδ T cells control the acute-phase response to intravenous zoledronate: insights from a phase IV safety trial. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:464-71. [PMID: 23074158 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aminobisphosphonates (NBPs) are used widely against excessive bone resorption in osteoporosis and Paget's disease as well as in metastatic bone disease and multiple myeloma. Intravenous NBP administration often causes mild to severe acute-phase responses (APRs) that may require intervention with analgesics and antipyretics and lead to treatment noncompliance and nonadherence. We here undertook a phase IV safety trial in patients with osteoporosis to investigate the APR of otherwise healthy individuals to first-time intravenous treatment with the NBP zoledronate. This study provides unique insight into sterile acute inflammatory responses in vivo, in the absence of confounding factors such as infection or cancer. Our data show that both peripheral γδ T cells and monocytes become rapidly activated after treatment with zoledronate, which ultimately determines the clinical severity of the APR. Our study highlights a key role for IFN-γ in the zoledronate-induced APR and identifies pretreatment levels of monocytes and central/memory Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells as well as their responsiveness to zoledronate in vitro as predictive risk factors for the occurrence of subclinical and clinical symptoms. These findings have diagnostic and prognostic implications for patients with and without malignancy and are relevant for Vγ9/Vδ2 T-cell-based immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Welton
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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35
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Abstract
γδ T cells are a unique and conserved population of lymphocytes that have been the subject of a recent explosion of interest owing to their essential contributions to many types of immune response and immunopathology. But what does the integration of recent and long-established studies really tell us about these cells and their place in immunology? The time is ripe to consider the evidence for their unique and crucial functions. We conclude that whereas B cells and αβ T cells are commonly thought to contribute primarily to the antigen-specific effector and memory phases of immunity, γδ T cells are distinct in that they combine conventional adaptive features (inherent in their T cell receptors and pleiotropic effector functions) with rapid, innate-like responses that can place them in the initiation phase of immune reactions. This underpins a revised perspective on lymphocyte biology and the regulation of immunogenicity.
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36
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Lin CY, Kift-Morgan A, Moser B, Topley N, Eberl M. Suppression of pro-inflammatory T-cell responses by human mesothelial cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:1743-50. [PMID: 23355626 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human γδ T cells reactive to the microbial metabolite (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP) contribute to acute inflammatory responses. We have previously shown that peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated infections with HMB-PP producing bacteria are characterized by locally elevated γδ T-cell frequencies and poorer clinical outcome compared with HMB-PP negative infections, implying that γδ T cells may be of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic value in acute disease. The regulation by local tissue cells of these potentially detrimental γδ T-cell responses remains to be investigated. METHODS Freshly isolated γδ or αβ T cells were cultured with primary mesothelial cells derived from omental tissue, or with mesothelial cell-conditioned medium. Stimulation of cytokine production and proliferation by peripheral T cells in response to HMB-PP or CD3/CD28 beads was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Resting mesothelial cells were potent suppressors of pro-inflammatory γδ T cells as well as CD4+ and CD8+ αβ T cells. The suppression of γδ T-cell responses was mediated through soluble factors released by primary mesothelial cells and could be counteracted by SB-431542, a selective inhibitor of TGF-β and activin signalling. Recombinant TGF-β1 but not activin-A mimicked the mesothelial cell-mediated suppression of γδ T-cell responses to HMB-PP. CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate an important regulatory function of mesothelial cells in the peritoneal cavity by dampening pro-inflammatory T-cell responses, which may help preserve the tissue integrity of the peritoneal membrane in the steady state and possibly during the resolution of acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Yu Lin
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Novak Kujundžić R, Steffens WL, Brewer JM, Henzl MT, Ragland WL. Characterization of avian thymic hormone and chicken parvalbumin 3 target cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 15:282-8. [PMID: 23333630 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Avian thymic hormone (ATH) is a β-parvalbumin produced by epithelial cells in the thymic cortex and in the eyes of chickens. Chicken parvalbumin 3 (CPV3) is a homologous protein produced in the thymus and in hair cells of the chicken ear. ATH circulates in the blood on a five-day cycle and stimulates cell-mediated immunity when administered to young chickens. We report the identification of target cells for ATH and CPV3 and the immunophenotype of target cells for ATH. Newly hatched chicks were injected intracoelomically with ATH and killed 5, 10, 15 or 20 min later. Naïve chickens also were killed at 1, 7 and 14 days of age. Various tissues were examined by EM for the presence of either ATH or CPV3 using colloidal gold labeling. Gold particles were initially present on plasma membranes of lymphocytes in T cell areas of spleen and cecal tonsils from the chicks injected with ATH, internalized within 10 min, and accumulated in nuclei by 20 min. Immunofluorescence staining also identified the presence of ATH in T cell areas of spleen and cecal tonsils. Target cells labeled for ATH were immunophenotyped by double labeling. They were positive for CD3, CD8 and the lymphocyte receptor TCR-1, a phenotype characteristic of cytotoxic γδ T cells. Some of the target cells in the spleen were TCR-3 positive. Targeting of lymphocytes by CPV3 indicated that it may also be an immunomodulating hormone.
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Riganti C, Massaia M, Davey MS, Eberl M. Human γδ T-cell responses in infection and immunotherapy: common mechanisms, common mediators? Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1668-76. [PMID: 22806069 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Upon receiving the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1987, Susumu Tonegawa referred to the then recent discovery of the γδ T-cell receptor and stated that "while the function of the T cells bearing this receptor is currently unknown (…) these T cells may be involved in an entirely new aspect of immunity". [Tonegawa, S., Scand. J. Immunol. 1993. 38: 303-319]. Twenty-five years of intense research later this ambivalent view still holds true. Immunologists now appreciate that γδ T cells indeed represent a highly intriguing "new aspect of immunity" that is unique and distinct from conventional lymphocytes, yet even scientists in the field still struggle to understand the molecular basis of γδ T-cell responses, especially with respect to the enigmatic mode of antigen recognition. Here, we portray the peculiar responsiveness of human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells to microorganisms, tumor cells and aminobisphosphonates, in an attempt to integrate the corresponding - and at times confusing - findings into a "theory of everything" that may help explain how such diverse stimuli result in similar γδ T-cell responses via the recognition of soluble low molecular weight phosphoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Riganti
- Dipartimento di Genetica, Biologia e Biochimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Morandi F, Prigione I, Airoldi I. Human TCRγδ+ T cells represent a novel target for IL-27 activity. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1547-52. [PMID: 22678908 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
IL-27 and TCRγδ(+) T lymphocytes play critical roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses in health and disease, including infection and tumors. Although the activity of IL-27 is well characterized in different human immune cells, no information is available on the role of IL-27 in human TCRγδ(+) T lymphocytes. Here, we provide the first evidence that TCRγδ(+) T lymphocytes express both gp130 and WSX-1 chains of IL-27R, and that IL-27 may function in TCRγδ(+) T cells by (i) inducing STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation, (ii) stimulating cytotoxicity against tumor cells through upregulation of cytotoxic granules production, (iii) reducing the release of Th2-related cytokines, such as IL-5 and IL-13, and inducing IFN-γ production, and (iv) upregulating the expression of CD62L. These results highlighted a novel immunoregulatory property of human IL-27 that may be relevant in the immune response against tumors. Our results may offer new perspectives for the development of future clinical trials using IL-27 and TCRγδ(+) cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Morandi
- Laboratory of Oncology, G. Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy
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Wollersheim S, Fedarava K, Huebler M, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Berger F, Miera O, Schmitt KR. Establishment of a coculture model for studying inflammation after pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass: from bench to bedside. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2012; 32:269-76. [PMID: 22540942 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2011.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been known to induce an inflammatory response that is influenced by various factors. Hypothermia is supposed to reduce inflammation after CPB. We developed an in vitro coculture model for CPB and compared the effects of hypothermia on the inflammatory response in the coculture model with results from a clinical prospective randomized trial. The coculture model consisted of endothelial cells and monocytes. Cells were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and exposed to deep hypothermia (20°C) or normothermia (37°C). In the clinical trial, 20 patients undergoing CPB for ventricular septum defect receive either normothermic (37°C) or mild hypothermic (32°C) CPB. We observed a significant interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 release in the coculture model 2 and 24 h after the experimental start. In the clinical trial, cytokines were significantly increased directly after weaning from CPB and remained elevated until 24 h. IL-8 and IL-6 secretions were similar in the hypothermic and normothermic group of the coculture model and the patients after 24 h. These results demonstrate that the inflammatory reaction observed in our coculture model is comparable with the cytokine increase in the blood of children undergoing CPB. Our coculture model could be useful for studies on the mechanisms of CPB-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Wollersheim
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease/Pediatric Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Bansal RR, Mackay CR, Moser B, Eberl M. IL-21 enhances the potential of human γδ T cells to provide B-cell help. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:110-9. [PMID: 22009762 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells are a minor subset of T cells in human blood and differ from all other lymphocytes by their specific responsiveness to (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP), a metabolite produced by a large range of microbial pathogens. Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells can be skewed towards distinct effector functions, in analogy to, and beyond, the emerging plasticity of CD4(+) T cells. As such, depending on the microenvironment, Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells can assume features reminiscent of Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells as well as professional APCs. We here demonstrate that Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells express markers associated with follicular B helper T (T(FH) ) cells when stimulated with HMB-PP in the presence of IL-21. HMB-PP induces upregulation of IL-21R on Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells. In return, IL-21 plays a co-stimulatory role in the expression of the B-cell-attracting chemokine CXCL13, the CXCL13 receptor CXCR5 and the inducible co-stimulator by activated Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, and enhances their potential to support antibody production by B cells. The interaction between HMB-PP-responsive Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, IL-21-producing T(FH) cells and B cells in secondary lymphoid tissues is likely to impact on the generation of high affinity, class-switched antibodies in microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj R Bansal
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Nian H, Shao H, O'Brien RL, Born WK, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Activated gammadelta T cells promote the activation of uveitogenic T cells and exacerbate EAU development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:5920-7. [PMID: 21296823 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine how the activation of γδ T cells affects the generation of uveitogenic αβ T cells and the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). METHODS γδ T cells were isolated from B6 mice immunized with the uveitogenic peptide IRBP(1-20) and αβ T cells from immunized TCR-δ(-/-) mice. Resting γδ T cells were prepared by culture of separated γδ T cells in cytokine-free medium for 3 to 5 days, when they showed downregulation of CD69 expression. Activated γδ T cells were prepared by incubating resting γδ T cells with anti-γδ TCR (GL3) for 2 days. Responder αβ T cells were cocultured with immunizing antigen and antigen-presenting cells. The numbers of antigen-specific T cells expressing IL-17 or IFN-γ were determined by intracellular staining followed by FACS analysis after stimulation, with or without the addition of purified γδ T cells. The cytokines in the culture medium were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Highly enriched γδ T cells exert widely different effects on autoreactive αβ T cells in EAU, depending on the activation status of the γδ T cells. Whereas nonactivated γδ T cells had little effect on the activation of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein-specific αβ T cells in vitro and in vivo, activated γδ T cells promoted the generation of uveitogenic T cells and exacerbated the development of EAU. CONCLUSIONS The functional ability of γδ T cells is greatly influenced by their activation status. Activated γδ T cells exacerbate EAU through increased activation of uveitogenic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Nian
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Moser B, Eberl M. γδ T-APCs: a novel tool for immunotherapy? Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2443-52. [PMID: 21573785 PMCID: PMC11114695 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The series of seminal articles in this book clearly illustrate the multi-functional nature of γδ T cells. Some of the functions correlate with the tissue tropism of distinct γδ T cell subsets whereas others appear to result from oligoclonal selection. Here, we discuss the antigen-presenting cell (APC) function of the major subset of circulating γδ T cells, Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, present in human blood. During tissue culture, Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells uniformly respond to a class of non-peptide antigens, so-called prenyl pyrophosphates, derived from stressed host cells or from microbes. It is this feature that distinguishes human (and primate) Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells from αβ and γδ T cells of all other species and that forms the basis for detailed studies of human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells. One of the consequences of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cell activation is the rapid acquisition of APC characteristics (γδ T-APCs) reminiscent of mature dendritic cells (DCs). In the following discussion, we will discriminate between the potential use of γδ T-APCs as a cellular vaccine in immunotherapy and their role in anti-microbial immunity. Exploiting the APC function in γδ T-APCs represents a true novelty in current immunotherapy research and may lead to effective, anti-tumor immunity in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Moser
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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Tu W, Zheng J, Liu Y, Sia SF, Liu M, Qin G, Ng IHY, Xiang Z, Lam KT, Peiris JSM, Lau YL. The aminobisphosphonate pamidronate controls influenza pathogenesis by expanding a gammadelta T cell population in humanized mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1511-22. [PMID: 21708931 PMCID: PMC3135369 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
As shown in humanized mice, a population of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can reduce the severity and mortality of disease caused by infection with human and avian influenza viruses. There are few antiviral drugs for treating influenza, and the emergence of antiviral resistance has further limited the available therapeutic options. Furthermore, antivirals are not invariably effective in severe influenza, such as that caused by H5N1 viruses. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop alternative therapeutic strategies. Here, we show that human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells expanded by the aminobisphosphonate pamidronate (PAM) kill influenza virus–infected cells and inhibit viral replication in vitro. In Rag2−/−γc−/− immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human peripheral mononuclear cells (huPBMCs), PAM reduces disease severity and mortality caused by human seasonal H1N1 and avian H5N1 influenza virus, and controls the lung inflammation and viral replication. PAM has no such effects in influenza virus–infected Rag2−/−γc−/− mice reconstituted with Vγ9Vδ2 T cell–depleted huPBMCs. Our study provides proof-of-concept of a novel therapeutic strategy for treating influenza by targeting the host rather than the virus, thereby reducing the opportunity for the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. As PAM has been commonly used to treat osteoporosis and Paget’s disease, this new application of an old drug potentially offers a safe and readily available option for treating influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Davey MS, Lin CY, Roberts GW, Heuston S, Brown AC, Chess JA, Toleman MA, Gahan CGM, Hill C, Parish T, Williams JD, Davies SJ, Johnson DW, Topley N, Moser B, Eberl M. Human neutrophil clearance of bacterial pathogens triggers anti-microbial γδ T cell responses in early infection. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002040. [PMID: 21589907 PMCID: PMC3093373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human blood Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, monocytes and neutrophils share a responsiveness toward inflammatory chemokines and are rapidly recruited to sites of infection. Studying their interaction in vitro and relating these findings to in vivo observations in patients may therefore provide crucial insight into inflammatory events. Our present data demonstrate that Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells provide potent survival signals resulting in neutrophil activation and the release of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL8 (IL-8). In turn, Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells readily respond to neutrophils harboring phagocytosed bacteria, as evidenced by expression of CD69, interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. This response is dependent on the ability of these bacteria to produce the microbial metabolite (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP), requires cell-cell contact of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells with accessory monocytes through lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), and results in a TNF-α dependent proliferation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells. The antibiotic fosmidomycin, which targets the HMB-PP biosynthesis pathway, not only has a direct antibacterial effect on most HMB-PP producing bacteria but also possesses rapid anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting γδ T cell responses in vitro. Patients with acute peritoneal-dialysis (PD)-associated bacterial peritonitis – characterized by an excessive influx of neutrophils and monocytes into the peritoneal cavity – show a selective activation of local Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells by HMB-PP producing but not by HMB-PP deficient bacterial pathogens. The γδ T cell-driven perpetuation of inflammatory responses during acute peritonitis is associated with elevated peritoneal levels of γδ T cells and TNF-α and detrimental clinical outcomes in infections caused by HMB-PP positive microorganisms. Taken together, our findings indicate a direct link between invading pathogens, neutrophils, monocytes and microbe-responsive γδ T cells in early infection and suggest novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The immune system of all jawed vertebrates harbors three distinct lymphocyte populations – αβ T cells, γδ T cells and B cells – yet only higher primates including humans possess so-called Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, an enigmatic γδ T cell subset that uniformly responds to the majority of bacterial pathogens. For reasons that are not understood, this responsiveness is absent in all other animals although they too are constantly exposed to a plethora of potentially harmful micro-organisms. We here investigated how Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells respond to live microbes by mimicking physiological conditions in acute disease. Our experiments demonstrate that Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells recognize a small common molecule released when invading bacteria become ingested and killed by other white blood cells. The stimulation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells at the site of infection amplifies the inflammatory response and has important consequences for pathogen clearance and the development of microbe-specific immunity. However, if triggered at the wrong time or the wrong place, this rapid reaction toward bacteria may also lead to inflammation-related damage. These findings improve our insight into the complex cellular interactions in early infection, identify novel biomarkers of diagnostic and predictive value and highlight new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S. Davey
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Chan-Yu Lin
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Gareth W. Roberts
- Institute of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sinéad Heuston
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Amanda C. Brown
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Chess
- Department of Nephrology, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Toleman
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Cormac G. M. Gahan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tanya Parish
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Williams
- Institute of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Davies
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Johnson
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australia and New Zealand Dialysis Transplant Registry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Guzman E, Price S, Poulsom H, Hope J. Bovine γδ T cells: cells with multiple functions and important roles in immunity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 148:161-7. [PMID: 21501878 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The γδ T-cell receptor (TCR)-positive lymphocytes are a major circulating lymphocyte population in cattle, especially in young calves. In contrast, human and mice have low levels of circulating γδ TCR(+) T cells (γδ T cells). The majority of the circulating γδ T cells in ruminants express the workshop cluster 1 (WC1) molecule and are of the phenotype WC1(+) CD2(-) CD4(-) CD8(-). WC1 is a 220000 molecular weight glycoprotein with homology to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) family, closely related to CD163. The existence of 13 members in the bovine WC1 gene family has recently been demonstrated and although murine and human orthologues to WC1 genes exist, functional gene products have not been identified in species other than ruminants and pigs. Highly diverse TCRδ usage has been reported, with expanded variable genes in cattle compared to humans and mice. Differential γ chain usage is evident between populations of bovine γδ T cells, this may have implications for functionality. There is a growing body of evidence that WC1(+) γδ T cells are important in immune responses to mycobacteria and may have important roles in T cell regulation and antigen presentation. In this review, we will summarize recent observations in γδ T cell biology and the importance of γδ T cells in immune responses to mycobacterial infections in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrain Guzman
- Institute for Animal Health, Division of Immunology, Compton, Newbury RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
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Tsuda J, Li W, Yamanishi H, Yamamoto H, Okuda A, Kubo S, Ma Z, Terada N, Tanaka Y, Okamura H. Involvement of CD56brightCD11c+ Cells in IL-18–Mediated Expansion of Human γδ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2003-12. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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