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Wang C, Zhong J, Hu J, Cao C, Qi S, Ma R, Fu W, Zhang X, Akdis CA, Gao Y. IL-37 protects against house dust mite-induced airway inflammation and airway epithelial barrier dysfunction via inhibiting store-operated calcium entry. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112525. [PMID: 38941668 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway epithelial barrier dysfunction has been proved to contribute to the development of type 2 inflammation of asthma. Interleukin (IL)-37 is a negative regulator of immune responses and allergic airway inflammation. However, whether IL-37 has any effect on airway epithelial barrier has been unknown. METHODS We evaluated the role of IL-37 in both mouse model and cultured 16HBE cells. Histology and ELISA assays were used to evaluate airway inflammation. FITC-dextran permeability assay was used to evaluate the airway epithelial barrier function. Immunofluorescence, western blot and quantitative Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) were used to evaluate the distribution and expression of tight junction proteins. RT-PCR and Ca2+ fluorescence measurement were used to evaluate the mRNA expression and activity of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). RESULTS IL-37 inhibited house dust mite (HDM)-induced airway inflammation and decreased the levels of IgE in serum and type 2 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) compared to asthmatic mice. IL-37 protected against HDM-induced airway epithelial barrier dysfunction, including reduced leakage of FITC-dextran, enhanced expression of TJ proteins, and restored the membrane distribution of TJ proteins. Moreover, IL-37 decreased the level of IL-33 in the BALF of asthmatic mice and the supernatants of HDM-treated 16HBE cells. IL-37 decreased the peak level of Ca2+ fluorescence induced by thapsigargin and HDM, and inhibited the mRNA expression of Orai1, suggesting an inhibiting effect of IL-37 on SOCE in airway epithelial cells. CONCLUSION IL-37 plays a protective role in airway inflammation and HDM-induced airway epithelial barrier dysfunction by inhibiting SOCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchang Wang
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Zhong
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaqian Hu
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Can Cao
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiquan Qi
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruxue Ma
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolian Zhang
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Yadong Gao
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Allergy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Involvement and therapeutic implications of airway epithelial barrier dysfunction in type 2 inflammation of asthma. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:519-531. [PMID: 35170505 PMCID: PMC8920422 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 inflammation is a complex immune response and primary mechanism for several common allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. It is the predominant type of immune response against helminths to prevent their tissue infiltration and induce their expulsion. Recent studies suggest that epithelial barrier dysfunction contributes to the development of type 2 inflammation in asthma, which may partly explain the increasing prevalence of asthma in China and around the globe. The epithelial barrier hypothesis has recently been proposed and has received great interest from the scientific community. The development of leaky epithelial barriers leads to microbial dysbiosis and the translocation of bacteria to inter- and sub-epithelial areas and the development of epithelial tissue inflammation. Accordingly, preventing the impairment and promoting the restoration of a deteriorated airway epithelial barrier represents a promising strategy for the treatment of asthma. This review introduces the interaction between type 2 inflammation and the airway epithelial barrier in asthma, the structure and molecular composition of the airway epithelial barrier, and the assessment of epithelial barrier integrity. The role of airway epithelial barrier disruption in the pathogenesis of asthma will be discussed. In addition, the possible mechanisms underlying the airway epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by allergens and environmental pollutants, and current treatments to restore the airway epithelial barrier are reviewed.
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Toyota H, Sugimoto N, Kobayashi K, Suzuki Y, Takeshita Y, Ito A, Ujino M, Tomyo F, Sakasegawa H, Koizumi Y, Kuramochi M, Yamaguchi M, Nagase H. Comprehensive analysis of allergen-specific IgE in COPD: mite-specific IgE specifically related to the diagnosis of asthma-COPD overlap. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2021; 17:13. [PMID: 33541385 PMCID: PMC7860183 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-021-00514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the relationship between allergic sensitization and increased respiratory symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been suggested, which allergen has a significant effect on COPD pathology is unclear. This study aimed to identify the specific IgE related to clinical features of COPD and the diagnosis of asthma-COPD overlap (ACO). Methods We recruited 76 patients with COPD and analyzed 39 IgE using panel IgE test (View Allergy 39®). ACO was diagnosed according to the Japanese Respiratory Society Guidelines. Results As for perennial aeroallergens, the positivity for moth (31.5%), Candida (23.7%), Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (22.4%) and house dust (22.4%), and concerning pollen, Japanese cedar (35.5%) and Japanese cypress (22.2%) exceeded 20%. Only the positivity of IgE for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and house dust was significantly higher in ACO compared with that in non-ACO COPD. Moreover, it contributed to the diagnosis of ACO in an IgE class-dependent manner. Patients with cockroach IgE exhibited higher residual volume, whereas those with Japanese cedar IgE exhibited better diffusion capacity than negative patients. The contribution for ACO diagnosis by the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was comparable among total IgE (cutoff value: 158 IU/mL), blood eosinophil count (234/μL), and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (31.0 ppb). Conclusions The prominent role of mite-specific IgE in the diagnosis and pathology of ACO and the potentially detrimental effect of cockroach sensitization on air trapping in COPD were suggested. The finding highlights the future development of a treatment targeting IgE as a treatable trait in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Toyota
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Naoya Sugimoto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Konomi Kobayashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yuki Suzuki
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yuri Takeshita
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Ayaka Ito
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Mariko Ujino
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Fuminori Tomyo
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Sakasegawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yuta Koizumi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Michio Kuramochi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Masao Yamaguchi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagase
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.
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Petit A, Knabe L, Khelloufi K, Jory M, Gras D, Cabon Y, Begg M, Richard S, Massiera G, Chanez P, Vachier I, Bourdin A. Bronchial Epithelial Calcium Metabolism Impairment in Smokers and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Decreased ORAI3 Signaling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 61:501-511. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0228oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Petit
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Addictology, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucie Knabe
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Addictology, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1046, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9214, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Kamel Khelloufi
- CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille UMR 7325, and
| | - Myriam Jory
- UMR 5221 CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Montpellier, France
| | - Delphine Gras
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Centre de recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition, INSERM U1263 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 1260, Clinique des Bronches Allergies et Sommeil, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Yann Cabon
- Department of Medical Information, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France; and
| | - Malcolm Begg
- Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Data Processing Unit, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Richard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1046, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9214, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gladys Massiera
- UMR 5221 CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Chanez
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Centre de recherche en CardioVasculaire et Nutrition, INSERM U1263 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 1260, Clinique des Bronches Allergies et Sommeil, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Vachier
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Addictology, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Bourdin
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Addictology, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1046, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9214, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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5
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Abstract
Mucociliary clearance is critically important in protecting the airways from infection and from the harmful effects of smoke and various inspired substances known to induce oxidative stress and persistent inflammation. An essential feature of the clearance mechanism involves regulation of the periciliary liquid layer on the surface of the airway epithelium, which is necessary for normal ciliary beating and maintenance of mucus hydration. The underlying ion transport processes associated with airway surface hydration include epithelial Na+ channel-dependent Na+ absorption occurring in parallel with CFTR and Ca2+-activated Cl- channel-dependent anion secretion, which are coordinately regulated to control the depth of the periciliary liquid layer. Oxidative stress is known to cause both acute and chronic effects on airway ion transport function, and an increasing number of studies in the past few years have identified an important role for autophagy as part of the physiological response to the damaging effects of oxidation. In this review, recent studies addressing the influence of oxidative stress and autophagy on airway ion transport pathways, along with results showing the potential of autophagy modulators in restoring the function of ion channels involved in transepithelial electrolyte transport necessary for effective mucociliary clearance, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M O'Grady
- Departments of Animal Science, Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota
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Jang E, Nguyen QT, Kim S, Kim D, Le THN, Keslar K, Dvorina N, Aronica MA, Min B. Lung-Infiltrating Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells Are Quantitatively and Qualitatively Different during Eosinophilic and Neutrophilic Allergic Airway Inflammation but Essential To Control the Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3943-3951. [PMID: 29093062 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding functions of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) during allergic airway inflammation remains incomplete. In this study, we report that, during cockroach Ag-induced allergic airway inflammation, Foxp3+ Tregs are rapidly mobilized into the inflamed lung tissues. However, the level of Treg accumulation in the lung was different depending on the type of inflammation. During eosinophilic airway inflammation, ∼30% of lung-infiltrating CD4 T cells express Foxp3, indicative of Tregs. On the contrary, only ∼10% of infiltrating CD4 T cells express Foxp3 during neutrophilic airway inflammation. Despite the different accumulation, the lung inflammation and inflammatory T cell responses were aggravated following Treg depletion, regardless of the type of inflammation, suggesting regulatory roles for Tregs. Interestingly, however, the extent to which inflammatory responses are aggravated by Treg depletion was significantly greater during eosinophilic airway inflammation. Indeed, lung-infiltrating Tregs exhibit phenotypic and functional features associated with potent suppression. Our results demonstrate that Tregs are essential regulators of inflammation, regardless of the type of inflammation, although the mechanisms used by Tregs to control inflammation may be shaped by environmental cues available to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Jang
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | - Quang Tam Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | - Sohee Kim
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | - Dongkyun Kim
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | - Thi Hong Nga Le
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | - Karen Keslar
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | - Nina Dvorina
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | - Mark A Aronica
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Booki Min
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
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7
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Pomés A, Mueller GA, Randall TA, Chapman MD, Arruda LK. New Insights into Cockroach Allergens. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 17:25. [PMID: 28421512 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-017-0694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review addresses the most recent developments on cockroach allergen research in relation to allergic diseases, especially asthma. RECENT FINDINGS The number of allergens relevant to cockroach allergy has recently expanded considerably up to 12 groups. New X-ray crystal structures of allergens from groups 1, 2, and 5 revealed interesting features with implications for allergen standardization, sensitization, diagnosis, and therapy. Cockroach allergy is strongly associated with asthma particularly among children and young adults living in inner-city environments, posing challenges for disease control. Environmental interventions targeted at reducing cockroach allergen exposure have provided conflicting results. Immunotherapy may be a way to modify the natural history of cockroach allergy and decrease symptoms and asthma severity among sensitized and exposed individuals. The new information on cockroach allergens is important for the assessment of allergen markers of exposure and disease, and for the design of immunotherapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., 700 Harris Street, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
| | - Geoffrey A Mueller
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, Intramural Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, MD-MR01, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Thomas A Randall
- Integrative Bioinformatics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, MD-MR01, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Martin D Chapman
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., 700 Harris Street, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - L Karla Arruda
- Department of Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
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8
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van Bilsen JHM, Sienkiewicz-Szłapka E, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Willemsen LEM, Antunes CM, Molina E, Smit JJ, Wróblewska B, Wichers HJ, Knol EF, Ladics GS, Pieters RHH, Denery-Papini S, Vissers YM, Bavaro SL, Larré C, Verhoeckx KCM, Roggen EL. Application of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept to structure the available in vivo and in vitro mechanistic data for allergic sensitization to food proteins. Clin Transl Allergy 2017; 7:13. [PMID: 28507730 PMCID: PMC5429547 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-017-0152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The introduction of whole new foods in a population may lead to sensitization and food allergy. This constitutes a potential public health problem and a challenge to risk assessors and managers as the existing understanding of the pathophysiological processes and the currently available biological tools for prediction of the risk for food allergy development and the severity of the reaction are not sufficient. There is a substantial body of in vivo and in vitro data describing molecular and cellular events potentially involved in food sensitization. However, these events have not been organized in a sequence of related events that is plausible to result in sensitization, and useful to challenge current hypotheses. The aim of this manuscript was to collect and structure the current mechanistic understanding of sensitization induction to food proteins by applying the concept of adverse outcome pathway (AOP). MAIN BODY The proposed AOP for food sensitization is based on information on molecular and cellular mechanisms and pathways evidenced to be involved in sensitization by food and food proteins and uses the AOPs for chemical skin sensitization and respiratory sensitization induction as templates. Available mechanistic data on protein respiratory sensitization were included to fill out gaps in the understanding of how proteins may affect cells, cell-cell interactions and tissue homeostasis. Analysis revealed several key events (KE) and biomarkers that may have potential use in testing and assessment of proteins for their sensitizing potential. CONCLUSION The application of the AOP concept to structure mechanistic in vivo and in vitro knowledge has made it possible to identify a number of methods, each addressing a specific KE, that provide information about the food allergenic potential of new proteins. When applied in the context of an integrated strategy these methods may reduce, if not replace, current animal testing approaches. The proposed AOP will be shared at the www.aopwiki.org platform to expand the mechanistic data, improve the confidence in each of the proposed KE and key event relations (KERs), and allow for the identification of new, or refinement of established KE and KERs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Elena Molina
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Barbara Wróblewska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Harry J Wichers
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edward F Knol
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Simona L Bavaro
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
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9
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Jairaman A, Maguire CH, Schleimer RP, Prakriya M. Allergens stimulate store-operated calcium entry and cytokine production in airway epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32311. [PMID: 27604412 PMCID: PMC5015156 DOI: 10.1038/srep32311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant immune responses to environmental allergens including insect allergens from house dust mites and cockroaches contribute to allergic inflammatory diseases such as asthma in susceptible individuals. Airway epithelial cells (AECs) play a critical role in this process by sensing the proteolytic activity of allergens via protease-activated receptors (PAR2) to initiate inflammatory and immune responses in the airway. Elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ is an important signaling event in this process, yet the fundamental mechanism by which allergens induce Ca2+ elevations in AECs remains poorly understood. Here we find that extracts from dust mite and cockroach induce sustained Ca2+ elevations in AECs through the activation of Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels encoded by Orai1 and STIM1. CRAC channel activation occurs, at least in part, through allergen mediated stimulation of PAR2 receptors. The ensuing Ca2+ entry then activates NFAT/calcineurin signaling to induce transcriptional production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. These findings highlight a key role for CRAC channels as regulators of allergen induced inflammatory responses in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Jairaman
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL 60611, Chicago, USA
| | - Chelsea H Maguire
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL 60611, Chicago, USA
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL 60611, Chicago, USA
| | - Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, IL 60611, Chicago, USA
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10
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Bhagwat SS, Larsen AK, Seternes OM, Bang BE. Mixed exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and seafood proteases augments inflammatory signalling in an airway epithelial cell model (A549). Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 32:1866-1874. [PMID: 26149191 DOI: 10.1177/0748233715590914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Seafood industry workers exhibit increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms due to exposure to bioaerosols containing a mixture of bioactive agents. In this study, a human pulmonary epithelial cell model (A549) was exposed to mixtures of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) agonists H-Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Lys-Val-NH2 (SLIGKV-NH2), purified salmon ( Salmo salar) trypsin or purified king crab ( Paralithodes camtschaticus) trypsin. The inflammatory response was measured based on nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation of transcription in a luciferase reporter gene assay and interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We observed that mixtures of SLIGKV-NH2 or trypsins with LPS augmented the activation of NF-κB and secretion of IL-8. The effect on IL-8 secretion was synergistic when both trypsins and LPS were used in the lower concentration range. The results demonstrate that exposure to mixtures of agents that are relevant to seafood industry workplaces may lead to increased inflammatory signalling compared with exposure to the individual agents alone. Furthermore, the results indicate that synergism may occur with the combined exposure to seafood trypsins and LPS and is most likely to occur when exposure to either agent is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampada S Bhagwat
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,2 Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anett K Larsen
- 3 Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ole-Morten Seternes
- 4 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Berit E Bang
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,2 Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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11
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Son GY, Son A, Yang YM, Park W, Chang I, Lee JH, Shin DM. Airborne allergens induce protease activated receptor-2-mediated production of inflammatory cytokines in human gingival epithelium. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 61:138-43. [PMID: 26561723 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In reaching the airways inhaled allergens pass through and contact with the oral mucosa. Although they are often responsible for initiating asthmatic attacks, it is unknown whether airborne allergens can also trigger chronic inflammation of gingival epithelial cells leading to chronic periodontitis. In this study, we investigated the inflammatory responses of human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) to airborne allergens, particularly German cockroach extract (GCE) with a focus on calcium signaling. DESIGN HGECs isolated from healthy donors were stimulated with GCE. Intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) was measured with Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester (Fura-2/AM) staining. Expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, IL-6, and NOD-like receptor family, pyridine domain-containing (NLRP) 3 was analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS GCE promoted increase in the [Ca(2+)]i in a dose-dependent manner. Depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) by the ER Ca(2+) ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin (Tg) but not the depletion of extracellular Ca(2+) abolished the GCE-induced increase in [Ca(2+)]i. Treatment of phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor (U73122) or 1,4,5-trisinositolphosphate (IP3) receptor inhibitor (2-APB) also prevented GCE-induced increase in [Ca(2+)]i. Protease activated receptor (PAR)-2 activation mainly mediated the GCE-induced increase in [Ca(2+)]i and enhanced the expression of IL-8, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-6 in HGECs. CONCLUSIONS GCE activates PAR-2, which can induce PLC/IP3-dependent Ca(2+) signaling pathway, ultimately triggering inflammation via the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and NLRP 3 in HGECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Yeon Son
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aran Son
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonse Park
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inik Chang
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Min Shin
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Ambrosino N, Casaburi R, Chetta A, Clini E, Donner CF, Dreher M, Goldstein R, Jubran A, Nici L, Owen CA, Rochester C, Tobin MJ, Vagheggini G, Vitacca M, ZuWallack R. 8th international conference on management and rehabilitation of chronic respiratory failure: the long summaries – part 1. Multidiscip Respir Med 2015. [PMCID: PMC4595244 DOI: 10.1186/s40248-015-0026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper summarizes the Part 1 of the proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Management and Rehabilitation of Chronic Respiratory Failure, held in Pescara, Italy, on 7 and 8 May, 2015. It summarizes the contributions from numerous experts in the field of chronic respiratory disease and chronic respiratory failure. The outline follows the temporal sequence of presentations. This paper (Part 1) includes sections regarding: Advances in Asthma and COPD Therapy (Novel Therapeutic Targets for Asthma: Proteinases, Blood Biomarker Changes in COPD Patients); The problem of Hospital Re-Admission following Discharge after the COPD Exacerbation (Characteristics of the Hospitalized COPD Patient, Reducing Hospital Readmissions Following COPD Exacerbation).
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Yang D, Hong JH. Dexmedetomidine Modulates Histamine-induced Ca(2+) Signaling and Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Expression. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:413-20. [PMID: 26330753 PMCID: PMC4553400 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.5.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine is a sedative and analgesic agent that exerts its effects by selectively agonizing α2 adrenoceptor. Histamine is a pathophysiological amine that activates G protein-coupled receptors, to induce Ca(2+) release and subsequent mediate or progress inflammation. Dexmedetomidine has been reported to exert inhibitory effect on inflammation both in vitro and in vivo studies. However, it is unclear that dexmedetomidine modulates histamine-induced signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. This study was carried out to assess how dexmedetomidine modulates histamine-induced Ca(2+) signaling and regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes encoding interleukin (IL)-6 and -8. To elucidate the regulatory role of dexmedetomidine on histamine signaling, HeLa cells and human salivary gland cells which are endogenously expressed histamine 1 receptor were used. Dexmedetomidine itself did not trigger Ca(2+) peak or increase in the presence or absence of external Ca(2+). When cells were stimulated with histamine after pretreatment with various concentrations of dexmedetomidine, we observed inhibited histamine-induced [Ca(2+)]i signal in both cell types. Histamine stimulated IL-6 mRNA expression not IL-8 mRNA within 2 hrs, however this effect was attenuated by dexmedetomidine. Collectively, these findings suggest that dexmedetomidine modulates histamine-induced Ca(2+) signaling and IL-6 expression and will be useful for understanding the antagonistic properties of dexmedetomidine on histamine-induced signaling beyond its sedative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongki Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Korea
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14
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Jung KH, Lovinsky-Desir S, Perzanowski M, Liu X, Maher C, Gil E, Torrone D, Sjodin A, Li Z, Perera FP, Miller RL. Repeatedly high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and cockroach sensitization among inner-city children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 140:649-56. [PMID: 26073203 PMCID: PMC4492866 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposures to traffic-related air pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been associated with the development and exacerbation of asthma. However, there is limited evidence on whether these pollutants are associated with the development of cockroach sensitization, a strong risk factor for urban asthma. We hypothesized that repeatedly high PAH exposure during childhood would be associated with increased risk of new cockroach sensitization. METHODS As part of the research being conducted by the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health (CCCEH) birth cohort study in New York, a spot urine sample was collected from children at age 5 years (2003-2008) and again at age 9-10 years (2008-2012; n=248) and analyzed for 10 PAH metabolites. Repeatedly high PAH (High-High) exposure was defined as measures above median for age 5 PAH metabolites at both time points. Child blood samples at age 5 and 9 years were analyzed for total, anti-cockroach, mouse, dust mite, cat and dog IgE. Relative risks (RR) were estimated with multivariable modified Poisson regression. RESULTS Individual PAH metabolite levels, except for 1-naphthol (1-OH-NAP), increased by 10-60% from age 5 to age 9-10. The prevalence of cockroach sensitization increased from 17.6% (33/188) at age 5 to 33.0% (62/188) at 9 years (p=0.001). After controlling for potential covariates including cockroach sensitization at age 5 in regression analyses, positive associations were found between repeatedly high exposure (High-High) to 1-OH-NAP, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (3-OH-PHEN), or 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-PYR) and cockroach sensitization at age 9 (p-values<0.05). Compared to Low-Low exposure, the relative risk (RR) [95% CI] with repeatedly high exposure was 1.83 [1.06-3.17] for 1-OH-NAP, 1.54 [1.06-2.23] for 3-OH-PHEN, and 1.59 [1.04-2.43] for 1-OH-PYR. CONCLUSIONS Repeatedly high levels of urinary PAH metabolites during childhood may increase likelihood of sensitization to cockroach allergen in urban inner-city children at age 9 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwa Jung
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630 W. 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Stephanie Lovinsky-Desir
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 3959 Broadway, CHC 7-745, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Matthew Perzanowski
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, 722W. 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Christina Maher
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630 W. 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Eric Gil
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630 W. 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - David Torrone
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630 W. 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Andreas Sjodin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Organic Analytical Toxicology Branch, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Zheng Li
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Organic Analytical Toxicology Branch, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Frederica P Perera
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Rachel L Miller
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630 W. 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, United States; Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, United States; Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630 W. 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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15
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Son GY, Shin DM, Hong JH. Bacterial PAMPs and Allergens Trigger Increase in [Ca(2+)]i-induced Cytokine Expression in Human PDL Fibroblasts. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:291-7. [PMID: 25954136 PMCID: PMC4422971 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.3.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An oral environment is constantly exposed to environmental factors and microorganisms. The periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts within this environment are subject to bacterial infection and allergic reaction. However, how these condition affect PDL fibroblasts has yet to be elucidated. PDL fibroblasts were isolated from healthy donors. We examined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and measuring the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). This study investigated the receptors activated by exogenous bacterial pathogens (Lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan) and allergens (German cockroach extract and house dust mite) as well as these pathogenic mediators-induced effects on the intracellular Ca2+ signaling in human PDL fibroblasts. Moreover, we evaluated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) and bone remodeling mediators (receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and osteoprotegerin) and intracellular Ca2+-involved effect. Bacterial pathogens and allergic mediators induced increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and these results are dependent on intracellular Ca2+. However, bacterial pathogens and allergic mediators did not lead to increased expression of bone remodeling mediators, except lipopolysaccharide-induced effect on receptor activator of NF-κB ligand expression. These experiments provide evidence that a pathogens and allergens-induced increase in [Ca2+]i affects the inflammatory response in human PDL fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Yeon Son
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Dong Min Shin
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, Gachon Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Korea
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16
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Gandhi VD, Vliagoftis H. Airway epithelium interactions with aeroallergens: role of secreted cytokines and chemokines in innate immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:147. [PMID: 25883597 PMCID: PMC4382984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells are the first line of defense against the constituents of the inhaled air, which include allergens, pathogens, pollutants, and toxic compounds. The epithelium not only prevents the penetration of these foreign substances into the interstitium, but also senses their presence and informs the organism’s immune system of the impending assault. The epithelium accomplishes the latter through the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that recruit and activate innate immune cells at the site of assault. These epithelial responses aim to eliminate the inhaled foreign substances and minimize their detrimental effects to the organism. Quite frequently, however, the innate immune responses of the epithelium to inhaled substances lead to chronic and high level release of pro-inflammatory mediators that may mediate the lung pathology seen in asthma. The interactions of airway epithelial cells with allergens will be discussed with particular focus on interactions-mediated epithelial release of cytokines and chemokines and their role in the immune response. As pollutants are other major constituents of inhaled air, we will also discuss how pollutants may alter the responses of airway epithelial cells to allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek D Gandhi
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
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17
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Bizikova P, Pucheu-Haston CM, Eisenschenk MNC, Marsella R, Nuttall T, Santoro D. Review: Role of genetics and the environment in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:95-e26. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bizikova
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27606 USA
| | - Cherie M. Pucheu-Haston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Louisiana State University; 1909 Skip Bertman Drive Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | | | - Rosanna Marsella
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Tim Nuttall
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; University of Edinburgh; Roslin EH25 9RG UK
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; 2015 SW 16th Avenue Gainesville FL 32610 USA
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18
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Kale SL, Arora N. Per a 10 activates human derived epithelial cell line in a protease dependent manner via PAR-2. Immunobiology 2014; 220:525-32. [PMID: 25468564 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease activity of Per a 10 has been shown to modulate dendritic cells toward Th-2 polarization and to induce airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the role of serine protease activity of Per a 10 in inducing biochemical responses in epithelial cells. METHODS Per a 10 was inactivated by heat treatment (ΔPer a 10) or AEBSF (iPer a 10). A549 cells were exposed to either enzymatically active/inactive Per a 10. The supernatant was analyzed for the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by ELISA. Ca(2+) mobilization was analyzed by flow cytometry. A PAR-2 derived synthetic peptide 28GTNRSSKGRSLIGKVDGTSHVTGKGVTC54 was incubated with Per a 10 and the resultant cleaved products were analyzed by LC-MS. PAR-2 activation was inhibited by PAR-2 cleavage inhibiting antibody. RESULTS ΔPer a 10 was completely inactivated whereas iPer a 10 showed some residual activity. nPer a 10 having protease activity increased the secretion of IL-6, IL-8 and GMCSF from A549 in a dose and time dependent manner whereas iPer a 10 has reduced cytokine secretion. ΔPer a 10 and rPer a 10 were unable to activate the cells. nPer a 10 mobilized intracellular Ca(2+). nPer a 10 cleaved the PAR-2 derived peptide between arginine and serine residues (36R-S37) to expose PAR-2 ligand SLIGKV, as determined by LC-MS. Incubating with anti-PAR-2 cleavage antibody showed diminished cytokine secretion when treated with nPer a 10. CONCLUSION Serine protease activity of Per a 10 activates A549 cells to secrete proinflammatory cytokines by PAR-2 activation and Ca(2+)mobilization and can be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar L Kale
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; Department of Biotechnology, University of Pune, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Naveen Arora
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India.
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Bhagwat SS, Larsen AK, Winberg JO, Seternes OM, Bang BE. Salmon and king crab trypsin stimulate interleukin-8 and matrix metalloproteinases via protease-activated receptor-2 in the skin keratinocytic HaCaT cell line. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 69:303-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Evaluation on potential contributions of protease activated receptors related mediators in allergic inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:829068. [PMID: 24876677 PMCID: PMC4021743 DOI: 10.1155/2014/829068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) have been recognized as a distinctive four-member family of seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be cleaved by certain serine proteases. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the role of PARs in allergic inflammation, the fundamental pathologic changes of allergy, but the potential roles of PARs in allergy remain obscure. Since many of these proteases are produced and actively involved in the pathologic process of inflammation including exudation of plasma components, inflammatory cell infiltration, and tissue damage and repair, PARs appear to make important contribution to allergy. The aim of the present review is to summarize the expression of PARs in inflammatory and structural cells, the influence of agonists or antagonists of PARs on cell behavior, and the involvement of PARs in allergic disorders, which will help us to better understand the roles of serine proteases and PARs in allergy.
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Pomés A, Arruda LK. Investigating cockroach allergens: aiming to improve diagnosis and treatment of cockroach allergic patients. Methods 2013; 66:75-85. [PMID: 23916425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cockroach allergy is an important health problem associated with the development of asthma, as a consequence of chronic exposure to low levels of allergens in susceptible individuals. In the last 20 years, progress in understanding the disease has been possible, thanks to the identification and molecular cloning of cockroach allergens and their expression as recombinant proteins. Assays for assessment of environmental allergen exposure have been developed and used to measure Bla g 1 and Bla g 2, as markers of cockroach exposure. IgE antibodies to cockroach extracts and to specific purified allergens have been measured to assess sensitization and analyze association with exposure and disease. With the development of the field of structural biology and the expression of recombinant cockroach allergens, insights into allergen structure, function, epitope mapping and allergen-antibody interactions have provided further understanding of mechanisms of cockroach allergic disease at the molecular level. This information will contribute to develop new approaches to allergen avoidance and to improve diagnosis and therapy of cockroach allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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22
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Gandhi VD, Davidson C, Asaduzzaman M, Nahirney D, Vliagoftis H. House Dust Mite Interactions with Airway Epithelium: Role in Allergic Airway Inflammation. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 13:262-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11882-013-0349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
Allergic asthma is on the rise in developed countries, and cockroach exposure is a major risk factor for the development of asthma. In recent years, a number of studies have investigated the importance of allergen-associated proteases in modulating allergic airway inflammation. Many of the studies have suggested the importance of allergen-associated proteases as having a direct role on airway epithelial cells and dendritic cells. In most cases, activation of the protease activated receptor (PAR)-2 has been implicated as a mechanism behind the potent allergenicity associated with cockroaches. In this review, we focus on recent evidence linking cockroach proteases to activation of a variety of cells important in allergic airway inflammation and the role of PAR-2 in this process. We will highlight recent data exploring the potential mechanisms involved in the biological effects of the allergen.
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24
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Kim JY, Sohn JH, Choi JM, Lee JH, Hong CS, Lee JS, Park JW. Alveolar macrophages play a key role in cockroach-induced allergic inflammation via TNF-α pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47971. [PMID: 23094102 PMCID: PMC3477122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of the serine protease in the German cockroach allergen is important to the development of allergic disease. The protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, which is expressed in numerous cell types in lung tissue, is known to mediate the cellular events caused by inhaled serine protease. Alveolar macrophages express PAR-2 and produce considerable amounts of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. We determined whether the serine protease in German cockroach extract (GCE) enhances TNF-α production by alveolar macrophages through the PAR-2 pathway and whether the TNF-α production affects GCE-induced pulmonary inflammation. Effects of GCE on alveolar macrophages and TNF-α production were evaluated using in vitro MH-S and RAW264.6 cells and in vivo GCE-induced asthma models of BALB/c mice. GCE contained a large amount of serine protease. In the MH-S and RAW264.7 cells, GCE activated PAR-2 and thereby produced TNF-α. In the GCE-induced asthma model, intranasal administration of GCE increased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammatory cell infiltration, productions of serum immunoglobulin E, interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13 and TNF-α production in alveolar macrophages. Blockade of serine proteases prevented the development of GCE induced allergic pathologies. TNF-α blockade also prevented the development of such asthma-like lesions. Depletion of alveolar macrophages reduced AHR and intracellular TNF-α level in pulmonary cell populations in the GCE-induced asthma model. These results suggest that serine protease from GCE affects asthma through an alveolar macrophage and TNF-α dependent manner, reflecting the close relation of innate and adaptive immune response in allergic asthma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Young Kim
- Ewha Womans University College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Ho Sohn
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chein-Soo Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Shil Lee
- Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, South Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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25
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Sohn MH, Kim KE. The cockroach and allergic diseases. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2012; 4:264-9. [PMID: 22950031 PMCID: PMC3423599 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2012.4.5.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cockroach represents one of the most common sources of indoor allergens worldwide, and 40%-60% of patients with asthma in urban and inner-city areas possess IgE antibodies to cockroach allergens. In Korean homes, four cockroach species have been found, of which the most commonly encountered is the German cockroach. The pathogenic mechanism underlying the association between cockroach allergens and allergic diseases has not been fully elucidated. Allergenicity is associated with the cockroach allergens themselves, enzymatic protease activity, and ligands for pattern recognition receptors. Although allergen-specific adaptive immune responses orchestrate the cockroach allergic response, recent data suggest that the innate immune system is also a critical contributor to pathogenesis. We review the current evidence for the demographics of cockroach exposure and sensitization, characteristics of cockroach allergens, and inflammatory responses to cockroach allergens initiated through protease-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Allergy, Severance Medical Research Institute, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Shin YS, Sohn JH, Kim JY, Lee JH, Cho SH, Hong SJ, Lee JS, Hong CS, Park JW. Endotoxin is not essential for the development of cockroach induced allergic airway inflammation. Yonsei Med J 2012; 53:593-602. [PMID: 22477005 PMCID: PMC3343443 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2012.53.3.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cockroach (CR) is an important inhalant allergen and can induce allergic asthma. However, the mechanism by which CR induces airway allergic inflammation and the role of endotoxin in CR extract are not clearly understood in regards to the development of airway inflammation. In this study, we evaluated whether endotoxin is essential to the development of CR induced airway allergic inflammation in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Airway allergic inflammation was induced by intranasal administration of either CR extract, CR with additional endotoxin, or endotoxin depleted CR extract, respectively, in BALB/c wild type mice. CR induced inflammation was also evaluated with toll like receptor-4 (TLR-4) mutant (C3H/HeJ) and wild type (C3H/HeN) mice. RESULTS Intranasal administration of CR extracts significantly induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), eosinophilic and neutrophilic airway inflammation, as well as goblet cell hyperplasia in a dose-dependent manner. The addition of endotoxin along with CR allergen attenuated eosinophilic inflammation, interleukin (IL)-13 level, and goblet cell hyperplasia of respiratory epithelium; however, it did not affect the development of AHR. Endotoxin depletion in CR extract did not attenuate eosinophilic inflammation and lymphocytosis in BAL fluid, AHR and IL-13 expression in the lungs compared to CR alone. The attenuation of AHR, eosinophilic inflammation, and goblet cell hyperplasia induced by CR extract alone was not different between TLR-4 mutant and the wild type mice. In addition, heat inactivated CR extract administration induced attenuated AHR and eosinophilic inflammation. CONCLUSION Endotoxin in CR extracts may not be essential to the development of airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Sohn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
- Department of Life Science, Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Jong Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Shil Lee
- Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongwon, Korea
| | - Chein-Soo Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seou, Korea
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Role of Allergen Source-Derived Proteases in Sensitization via Airway Epithelial Cells. J Allergy (Cairo) 2012; 2012:903659. [PMID: 22523502 PMCID: PMC3303585 DOI: 10.1155/2012/903659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activity is a characteristic common to many allergens. Allergen source-derived proteases interact with lung epithelial cells, which are now thought to play vital roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Allergen source-derived proteases act on airway epithelial cells to induce disruption of the tight junctions between epithelial cells, activation of protease-activated receptor-2, and the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin. These facilitate allergen delivery across epithelial layers and enhance allergenicity or directly activate the immune system through a nonallergic mechanism. Furthermore, they cleave regulatory cell surface molecules involved in allergic reactions. Thus, allergen source-derived proteases are a potentially critical factor in the development of allergic sensitization and appear to be strongly associated with heightened allergenicity.
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Lee MF, Song PP, Hwang GY, Lin SJ, Chen YH. Sensitization to Per a 2 of the American cockroach correlates with more clinical severity among airway allergic patients in Taiwan. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 108:243-8. [PMID: 22469443 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Taiwan, 57.5% of asthmatic patients are allergic to cockroaches, which are a major indoor allergen for immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated respiratory diseases. OBJECTIVE To determine whether sensitization to different cockroach allergenic components correlates with different clinical manifestations and severities. METHODS The complementary DNAs (cDNAs) encoding for Per a 1 through 7 and Per a 9 were generated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and cloned into the Escherichia coli expression system. Sixty-four subjects were divided into 3 groups based on the clinical severity of their allergic reaction: those with persistent asthma and rhinitis (AS), those with allergic rhinitis only (AR), and the nonallergic controls (NA). Serum levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL-20), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were measured, and the binding frequencies to each recombinant allergen were examined. RESULTS Serum levels of IL-8, MCP-1, and CCL-20 were significantly higher in the AS group than in the AR and NA groups. The numbers of IgE-binding allergens did not correlate with the clinical severity of airway allergy to cockroaches. However, 81% in the AS group had IgE-binding activity to Per a 2, which was significantly higher than that of the AR group (45%, P < .05). In contrast, 80% of AR patients had IgE-binding activity to Per a 9 compared with only 28.5% of AS patients (P < .01). CONCLUSION Allergens from American cockroaches do not have equal importance in terms of pathogenicity. Sensitization to Per a 2 correlates with more severe airway allergy and elevated proinflammatory chemokines. This may help in selecting target allergens for component resolved diagnosis and immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mey-Fann Lee
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, and General Education Center, Overseas Chinese University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway disease characterized by paroxysmal airflow obstruction evoked by irritative stimuli on a background of allergic lung inflammation. Currently, there is no cure for asthma, only symptomatic treatment. In recent years, our understanding of the involvement of coagulation and anticoagulant pathways, the fibrinolytic system, and platelets in the pathophysiology of asthma has increased considerably. Asthma is associated with a procoagulant state in the bronchoalveolar space, further aggravated by impaired local activities of the anticoagulant protein C system and fibrinolysis. Protease-activated receptors have been implicated as the molecular link between coagulation and allergic inflammation in asthma. This review summarizes current knowledge of the impact of the disturbed hemostatic balance in the lungs on asthma severity and manifestations and identifies new possible targets for asthma treatment.
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Esposito WA, Chew GL, Correa JC, Chillrud SN, Miller RL, Kinney PL. Quantitative measurement of airborne cockroach allergen in New York City apartments. INDOOR AIR 2011; 21:512-20. [PMID: 21658130 PMCID: PMC3690577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We designed and tested a sampling and analysis system for quantitative measurement of airborne cockroach allergen with sufficient sensitivity for residential exposure assessment. Integrated 1-week airborne particle samples were collected at 10-15 LPM in 19 New York City apartments in which an asthmatic child who was allergic to cockroach allergen resided. Four simultaneous air samples were collected in each home: at heights of 0.3 and 1 m in the child's bedroom and in the kitchen. Extracts of air samples were analyzed by ELISA for the cockroach allergen Bla g2, modified by amplifying the colorimetric signal generated via use of AMPLI-Q detection system (DAKO Corporation, Carpinteria, CA, USA). Settled dust samples were quantified by conventional ELISA. Of the homes where cockroach allergen was detected in settled dust, Bla g2 also was detected in 87% and 93% of air samples in the bedroom and kitchen, respectively. Airborne Bla g2 levels were highly correlated within and between the bedroom and kitchen locations (P < 0.001). Expressed as picogram per cubic meter, the room average geometric mean for Bla g2 concentrations was 1.9 pg/m³ (95% CI 0.63, 4.57) and 3.8 pg/m³ (95% CI 1.35, 9.25) in bedrooms and kitchens, respectively. This method offers an attractive supplement to settled dust sampling for cockroach allergen exposure health studies. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Until now, cockroach allergen exposures have usually been assessed by collection and analysis of settled dust, on the assumption that airborne cockroach allergen cannot be reliably measured. In this study, a sensitive and quantitative method for measuring indoor airborne exposures to cockroach allergens involving a 7-day integrated total suspended particulate (TSP) sample collected at approximately 10-15 l/min was developed. Investigators are now empowered with an alternative exposure assessment method to supplement their studies and the understanding of allergen aerodynamics in the homes of children with asthma. We report airborne cockroach allergen in apartments, suggesting an ongoing burden of inhalation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Esposito
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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He S, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Wei J, Yang L, Yang H, Sun W, Zeng X, Yang P. Analysis of properties and proinflammatory functions of cockroach allergens Per a 1.01s. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:288-295. [PMID: 21535080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cockroaches have been identified as one of the major indoor allergens inducing perennial rhinitis and asthma. Per a 1s are a group of the major allergens from American cockroach. Although Per a 1s are major allergens from American cockroach, factors contributing to the allergenicity of Per a 1s are still poorly defined. To investigate the effects of Per a 1s on the expression of PARs and the release of proinflammatory cytokines from mast cells. Per a 1.0101 and Per a 1.0104 were cloned from American cockroach and then expressed in Eschericia coli. The purified allergens were used to stimulate P815 mast cells, and the expression of protease-activated receptors (PARs) was determined by real-time RT-PCR and flow cytometry. The levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in culture media were detected with ELISA. Sera from 80 and 77.3% of cockroach allergy patients reacted to recombinant Per a (rPer a) 1.0101 and rPer a 1.0104, confirming they are major allergens. Both rPer a 1.0101 and rPer a 1.0104 had no enzymatic activity, but rPer a 1.0101 upregulated the expression of PAR-1 and PAR-2, and rPer a 1.0104 enhanced the expression of PAR-1 and PAR-4 proteins. Both recombinant allergens were able to increase the release of IL-4 and IL-13 from P815 mast cells. This is the first study aiming to investigate functions of group 1 allergens of American cockroach. rPer a 1.0101 and rPer a 1.0104 have the capacity to upregulate the expression of PARs and to enhance Th2 cytokine production in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S He
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Z Zhang
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - H Zhang
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J Wei
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - L Yang
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - H Yang
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - W Sun
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - X Zeng
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - P Yang
- Clinical Research Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, ChinaThe Key Immunopharmacology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Pathophysiology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaSchool of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, Jiangsu, 223300Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Day SB, Ledford JR, Zhou P, Lewkowich IP, Page K. German cockroach proteases and protease-activated receptor-2 regulate chemokine production and dendritic cell recruitment. J Innate Immun 2011; 4:100-10. [PMID: 21876326 DOI: 10.1159/000329132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that serine proteases in German cockroach (GC) feces (frass) decreased experimental asthma through the activation of protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2. Since dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in the initiation of asthma, we queried the role of GC frass proteases in modulating CCL20 (chemokine C-C motif ligand 20) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production, factors that regulate pulmonary DCs. A single exposure to GC frass resulted in a rapid, but transient, increase in GM-CSF and a steady increase in CCL20 in the airways of mice. Instillation of protease-depleted GC frass or instillation of GC frass in PAR-2-deficient mice significantly decreased chemokine release. A specific PAR-2-activating peptide was also sufficient to induce CCL20 production. To directly assess the role of the GC frass protease in chemokine release, we enriched the protease from GC frass and confirmed that the protease was sufficient to induce both GM-CSF and CCL20 production in vivo. Primary airway epithelial cells produced both GM-CSF and CCL20 in a protease- and PAR-2-dependent manner. Finally, we show a decreased percentage of myeloid DCs in the lung following allergen exposure in PAR-2-deficient mice compared to wild-type mice. However, there was no difference in GC frass uptake. Our data indicate that, through the activation of PAR-2, allergen-derived proteases are sufficient to induce CCL20 and GM-CSF production in the airways. This leads to increased recruitment and/or differentiation of myeloid DC populations in the lungs and likely plays an important role in the initiation of allergic airway responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scottie B Day
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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33
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A synonymous variation in protease-activated receptor-2 is associated with atopy in Korean children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:1326-1334.e3. [PMID: 21839502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic diseases are the most common chronic diseases of childhood, and the genetics of atopy are complex and heterogeneous. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is involved in various inflammatory diseases, but the association of PAR-2 with allergic diseases remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To examine the contribution of genetic variation of PAR-2 to atopic phenotypes in the Korean childhood cohort. METHODS We identified PAR-2 variations in a Korean population and conducted association analyses by using 316 unrelated atopic and 210 nonatopic subjects. We analyzed serum IgE and total eosinophil count levels and examined PAR-2 mRNA and protein expression levels. RESULTS In the case-control association analysis, atopy was significantly associated with a single c.621C>T (p.I207I, rs631465) polymorphism of PAR-2 (P = .001, odds ratio = 1.95). Subjects with the c.621T risk allele had significantly higher serum IgE (P = .004) and total eosinophil count (P = .03) levels. Moreover, the positive association of c.621T was reproduced in the replication study (P = .01, joint P value of the replication < .001). An in silico analysis of RNA secondary structure prediction revealed that the C to T conversion at c.621 greatly increased predicted PAR-2 mRNA stability. This was also confirmed by an in vitro assay for mRNA stability. Furthermore, following an in vivo approach on gene expression in PBMCs showed that the expression levels of PAR-2 mRNA and protein in subjects with the c.621CT or TT genotype were significantly higher than in those with the c.621CC genotype. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the synonymous c.621C>T polymorphism in PAR-2 might be associated with the risk of atopy, potentially by altering PAR-2 gene expression.
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Wada K, Matsuwaki Y, Moriyama H, Kita H. Cockroach induces inflammatory responses through protease-dependent pathways. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 155 Suppl 1:135-41. [PMID: 21646809 DOI: 10.1159/000327500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cockroaches is a major risk factor for asthma. Products from cockroaches may contain proteases and ligands for pattern recognition receptors. These molecules may activate airway inflammatory cells, such as eosinophils, that are involved in asthma. Among inner-city children, cockroach allergens play an especially important role in increasing asthma morbidity. The molecular mechanism for this association between cockroach exposure and asthma is not fully understood. Enzymatic activities from cockroaches activate inflammatory cells in the airways and may also exacerbate certain human airway diseases, such as asthma. We recently reported that cockroach extracts contain pepstatin A-sensitive proteases that activate PAR-2 and induce activation and degranulation of human eosinophils. This review focuses on the effects of cockroach on various inflammatory cells, including eosinophils, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, and T cells, in allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Wada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Murakami Y, Shimizu M, Ikada Y. A new protease assay system using gelatin thin film for monitoring indoor air quality. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING : JEM 2011; 13:328-333. [PMID: 21157609 DOI: 10.1039/c0em00424c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulates have a major influence on the quality of indoor environments, which in turn affects human health. Both allergens and proteases are major etiological factors in allergic disease. Thus, the monitoring of environmental protease particulates is very important for the management of allergic disease. Protease-monitoring systems have been introduced in industry, but have not been applied to domestic settings, probably because of the high cost and many complex steps involved in these systems. In this study, we developed an indoor protease-monitoring system which can easily detect protease particulates without need for pre-treatment of dust samples or complex measuring instruments such as fluorescent plate reader. As a protease substrate, gelatin thin film (GTF) was adopted to evaluate small amounts of house dust particulates. The principle of this assay is based on the hydrolysis of GTF. Protease molecules spread from a particulate to GTF can hydrolyze the gelatin, thereby producing a spot on the GTF. This hydrolyzed spot visualized by staining was much larger than the particulate size, making visible to naked eye. The GTF method facilitated the observation of a subtle increase in protease particulates fallen on the GTF after the turnover of a used bed-quilt. The newly developed GTF method seems to be a suitable tool for protease monitoring at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Murakami
- Department of Indoor Environmental Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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Arizmendi NG, Abel M, Mihara K, Davidson C, Polley D, Nadeem A, El Mays T, Gilmore BF, Walker B, Gordon JR, Hollenberg MD, Vliagoftis H. Mucosal allergic sensitization to cockroach allergens is dependent on proteinase activity and proteinase-activated receptor-2 activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3164-72. [PMID: 21270400 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)) activation in the airways leads to allergic sensitization to concomitantly inhaled Ags, thus implicating PAR(2) in the pathogenesis of asthma. Many aeroallergens with proteinase activity activate PAR(2). To study the role of PAR(2) in allergic sensitization to aeroallergens, we developed a murine model of mucosal sensitization to cockroach proteins. We hypothesized that PAR(2) activation in the airways by natural allergens with serine proteinase activity plays an important role in allergic sensitization. Cockroach extract (CE) was administered to BALB/c mice intranasally on five consecutive days (sensitization phase) and a week later for four more days (challenge phase). Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and allergic airway inflammation were assessed after the last challenge. To study the role of PAR(2), mice were exposed intranasally to a receptor-blocking anti-PAR(2) Ab before each administration of CE during the sensitization phase. Mucosal exposure to CE induced eosinophilic airway inflammation, AHR, and cockroach-specific IgG1. Heat-inactivated or soybean trypsin inhibitor-treated CE failed to induce these effects, indicating that proteinase activity plays an important role. The use of an anti-PAR(2) blocking Ab during the sensitization phase completely inhibited airway inflammation and also decreased AHR and the production of cockroach-specific IgG1. PAR(2) activation by CE acts as an adjuvant for allergic sensitization even in the absence of functional TLR4. We conclude that CE induces PAR(2)-dependent allergic airway sensitization in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. PAR(2) activation may be a general mechanism used by aeroallergens to induce allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narcy G Arizmendi
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Induction of interleukin 8 by American cockroach allergens from human airway epithelial cells via extracellular signal regulatory kinase and jun N-terminal kinase but not p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010; 105:234-40. [PMID: 20800791 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cockroaches are potent aeroallergens associated with asthma. Several reports suggest that a novel group of G protein-linked receptors, protease-activated receptors (PARs), may be involved in the intracellular signaling pathway induced by aeroallergens of the epithelial cells. OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanisms of American cockroach allergens (CraA) on interleukin 8 (IL-8) in human pulmonary epithelial cells. METHODS Protease activities of CraA were quantified by the Azocoll method. The gene and protein expressions of IL-8 from CraA-stimulated A549 cells were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The activity of different mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was assessed by Western blot. RESULTS CraA-induced A549 cell IL-8 secretion in a dose-dependent manner at both the messenger RNA and protein levels. CraA-induced IL-8 secretion can be blocked by serine protease inhibitors, phenylmethane sulfonyl fluoride, and aprotinin but not by other protease inhibitors. Blocking antibodies against the cleavage sites of PAR-2 and PAR-3, but not of PAR-1, inhibited CraA-induced IL-8 production. CraA induced significant PAR-2 and PAR-3 messenger RNA upregulation and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK/1/2) and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation but not p38 MAPK. Furthermore, ERK1/2 (U0126) and JNK (SP600125) inhibitors inhibited CraA-induced IL-8 secretion by 100% and 45%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Both PAR-2 and PAR-3 might play a role in CraA-induced IL-8 secretion from human airway epithelial cells. It signals mainly through the ERK1/2 and partly from the JNK pathways. The key receptors and signaling molecules mediate cytokine release from the respiratory epithelium and can be potential therapeutic targets in treating cockroach allergy.
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Martel C, Nielsen GD, Mari A, Licht TR, Poulsen LK. Bibliographic review on the potential of microorganisms, microbial products and enzymes to induce respiratory sensitization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [PMCID: PMC7163639 DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2010.en-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Martel
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute Denmark
| | | | - Adriano Mari
- Center for Clinical and Experimental llergology Italy
| | - Tine Rask Licht
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute Denmark
| | - Lars K. Poulsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute Denmark
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Warren NJ, Tawhai MH, Crampin EJ. The effect of intracellular calcium oscillations on fluid secretion in airway epithelium. J Theor Biol 2010; 265:270-7. [PMID: 20488194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Airway epithelium has been shown to elicit fluid secretion after a rise in intracellular calcium. This rise in intracellular calcium has been shown to display complex oscillations in many species after the binding of particular agonists to extracellular receptors. Fluid secreted by the airway epithelium is used to maintain the depth of the periciliary liquid (PCL) above the apical membrane of the epithelial cells lining the bronchial airways. Previous mathematical models have been published which separately consider the electrophysiology involved in regulating periciliary liquid depth, and the transmission of intracellular calcium waves in airway epithelial tissue. In this paper we present a mathematical model that combines these previous models and allows the effect of oscillations in intracellular calcium on fluid secretion by airway epithelial cells to be investigated. We show that an oscillatory calcium response produces different fluid secretion properties to that elicited by a tonic rise in intracellular calcium. These differences are shown to be due to saturation of the Ca(2+) activated ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Warren
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, Level 6, 70 Symond St, Auckland, New Zealand
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Cho HJ, Choi JY, Yang YM, Hong JH, Kim CH, Gee HY, Lee HJ, Shin DM, Yoon JH. House dust mite extract activates apical Cl(-) channels through protease-activated receptor 2 in human airway epithelia. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:1254-63. [PMID: 20186875 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adequate fluid secretion from airway mucosa is essential for maintaining mucociliary clearance, and fluid hypersecretion is a prominent feature of inflammatory airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis. House dust mite extract (HDM) has been reported to activate protease-activated receptors (PARs), which play various roles in airway epithelia. However, the role of HDM in regulating ion transporters and fluid secretion has not been investigated. We examined the effect of HDM on ion transport in human primary nasal epithelial cells. The Ca(2+)-sensitive dye Fura2-AM was used to determine intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) by means of spectrofluorometry in human normal nasal epithelial cells (NHNE). Short-circuit current (Isc) was measured using Ussing chambers. Fluid secretion from porcine airway mucosa was observed by optical measurement. HDM extract (10 microg/Ml) effectively cleaved the PAR-2 peptide and induced an increase of [Ca(2+)](i) that was abolished by desensitization with trypsin, but not with thrombin. Apical application of HDM-induced Isc sensitive to both a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) inhibitor and a Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel (CaCC) inhibitor. HDM extract also stimulated fluid secretion from porcine airway mucosa. HDM extract activated PAR-2 and apical Cl(-) secretion via CaCC and CFTR, and HDM-induced fluid secretion in porcine airway mucosa. Our results suggest a role for PAR-2 in mucociliary clearance and fluid hypersecretion of airway mucosa in response to air-borne allergens such as HDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Ju Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Day SB, Zhou P, Ledford JR, Page K. German cockroach frass proteases modulate the innate immune response via activation of protease-activated receptor-2. J Innate Immun 2010; 2:495-504. [PMID: 20588004 DOI: 10.1159/000317195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen exposure can induce an early innate immune response; however, the mechanism by which this occurs has not been addressed. In this report, we demonstrate a role for the active serine proteases in German cockroach (GC) feces (frass) and protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 in modulating the innate immune response. A single exposure of GC frass induced inflammatory cytokine production and cellular infiltration in the airways of mice. In comparison, exposure to protease-depleted GC frass resulted in diminution of inflammatory cytokine production and airway neutrophilia, but had no effect on macrophage infiltration. Selective activation of PAR-2 confirmed that PAR-2 was sufficient to induce airway inflammation. Exposure of GC frass to PAR-2-deficient mice led to decreased immune responses to GC frass compared to wild-type mice. Using the macrophage as an early marker of the innate immune response, we found that GC frass induced significant release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from primary alveolar macrophages. This effect was dependent on the intrinsic proteases in GC frass. We confirmed GC frass-induced cytokine expression was mediated by activation of NF-kappaB and ERK in a macrophage cell line. Collectively, these data suggest a central role for GC frass protease-PAR-2 activation in regulating the innate immune response through the activation of alveolar macrophages. Understanding the potential role of protease-PAR-2 activation as a danger signal or adjuvant could yield attractive therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scottie B Day
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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Jeong KY, Kim C, Yong TS. Enzymatic activities of allergen extracts from three species of dust mites and cockroaches commonly found in Korean home. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2010; 48:151-5. [PMID: 20585532 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Allergen extracts from dust mites and cockroaches commonly found in Korean homes were used to evaluate their enzymatic activity as they are believed to influence allergenicity. Allergen extracts were prepared from 3 dust mite species (Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae) and 3 cockroach species (Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana, and P. fuliginosa) maintained in the Korea National Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank. Proteins were extracted in PBS after homogenization using liquid nitrogen. The activities of various enzymes were investigated using the API Zym system. No significant difference in phosphatase, lipase, or glycosidase activity was observed among the 6 allergen extracts, but much difference was observed in protease activity. Protease activity was assessed in more detail by gelatin zymography and the EnzChek assay. Extract from T. putrescentiae showed the highest protease activity, followed by those of the cockroach extracts. Extracts from D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus showed only weak protease activity. Gelatinolytic activity was detected mainly in a 30-kDa protein in D. farinae, a 28-kDa protein in D. pteronyssinus, a > 26-kDa protein in T. putrescentiae, a > 20-kDa protein in B. germanica, and a > 23-kDa protein in P. americana and P. fuliginosa. The information on various enzymatic activities obtained in this study may be useful for future studies. In particular, the strong protease activity found in cockroach extracts could contribute to sensitization to cockroach allergens, which is known to be associated with the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Yong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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Page K, Ledford JR, Zhou P, Dienger K, Wills-Karp M. Mucosal sensitization to German cockroach involves protease-activated receptor-2. Respir Res 2010; 11:62. [PMID: 20497568 PMCID: PMC2889872 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is on the rise in developed countries. A common characteristic of allergens is that they contain intrinsic protease activity, and many have been shown to activate protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 in vitro. The role for PAR-2 in mediating allergic airway inflammation has not been assessed using a real world allergen. METHODS Mice (wild type or PAR-2-deficient) were sensitized to German cockroach (GC) feces (frass) or protease-depleted GC frass by either mucosal exposure or intraperitoneal injection and measurements of airway inflammation (IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, and IFNgamma levels in the lung, serum IgE levels, cellular infiltration, mucin production) and airway hyperresponsiveness were performed. RESULTS Following systemic sensitization, GC frass increased airway hyperresponsiveness, Th2 cytokine release, serum IgE levels, cellular infiltration and mucin production in wild type mice. Interestingly, PAR-2-deficient mice had similar responses as wild type mice. Since these data were in direct contrast to our finding that mucosal sensitization with GC frass proteases regulated airway hyperresponsiveness and mucin production in BALB/c mice (Page et. al. 2007 Resp Res 8:91), we backcrossed the PAR-2-deficient mice into the BALB/c strain. Sensitization to GC frass could now occur via the more physiologically relevant method of intratracheal inhalation. PAR-2-deficient mice had significantly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, Th2 and Th17 cytokine release, serum IgE levels, and cellular infiltration compared to wild type mice when sensitization to GC frass occurred through the mucosa. To confirm the importance of mucosal exposure, mice were systemically sensitized to GC frass or protease-depleted GC frass via intraperitoneal injection. We found that removal of proteases from GC frass had no effect on airway inflammation when administered systemically. CONCLUSIONS We showed for the first time that allergen-derived proteases in GC frass elicit allergic airway inflammation via PAR-2, but only when allergen was administered through the mucosa. Importantly, our data suggest the importance of resident airway cells in the initiation of allergic airway disease, and could make allergen-derived proteases attractive therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Page
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Abstract
Allergic diseases, which have reached epidemic proportions, are caused by inappropriate immune responses to a relatively small number of environmental proteins. The molecular basis for the propensity of specific proteins to promote maladaptive, allergic responses has been difficult to define. Recent data suggest that the ability of such proteins to promote allergic responses in susceptible hosts is a function of their ability to interact with diverse pathways of innate immune recognition and activation at mucosal surfaces. This review highlights recent insights into innate immune activation by allergens--through proteolytic activity, engagement of pattern recognition receptors, molecular mimicry of TLR signaling complex molecules, lipid-binding activity, and oxidant potential--and the role of such activation in inducing allergic disease. A greater understanding of the fundamental origins of allergenicity should help define new preventive and therapeutic targets in allergic disease.
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Yong TS, Jeong KY. Household arthropod allergens in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2010; 47 Suppl:S143-53. [PMID: 19885330 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.s.s143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Arthropods are important in human health, which can transmit pathogens to humans, parasitize, or produce important allergens. Allergy prevalence becomes higher in Korea recently as well as other developed countries in contrast to a decrease of infectious diseases. Allergic diseases caused by household arthropods have increased dramatically during the last few decades since human beings spend more their time for indoor activities in modernized life style. Household arthropods are one of the most common causes of allergic diseases. Biological characterization of household arthropods and researches on their allergens will provide better understanding of the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and suggest new therapeutic ways. Therefore, studies on arthropods of allergenic importance can be considered one of the major research areas in medical arthropodology and parasitology. Here, the biology of several household arthropods, including house dust mites and cockroaches, the 2 most well known arthropods living indoor together with humans worldwide, and characteristics of their allergens, especially the research activities on these allergens performed in Korea, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
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Warren NJ, Tawhai MH, Crampin EJ. A mathematical model of calcium-induced fluid secretion in airway epithelium. J Theor Biol 2009; 259:837-49. [PMID: 19442670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of periciliary liquid (PCL) depth is of central importance to mucociliary clearance by the airway epithelium. Without adequate hydration mucociliary transport would cease, leading to build up of mucus in the airways, and impairing the clearance of any trapped inhaled particulates. Airway epithelial cells are known to release ATP under a number of stress conditions. Cell surface receptors bind ATP and trigger an intracellular calcium response which regulates the gating of specific ion channels on the apical and basolateral cell membranes. This shifts the electrochemical balance, resulting in the accumulation of Na(+) and Cl(-) in the periciliary liquid, and providing an osmotic driving force for water flux. In this study, we present a mathematical model of a single airway epithelial cell which describes the fluid secretion elicited after a rise in intracellular calcium. The model provides a basis to quantitatively analyse the influence of intracellular calcium signalling on fluid movement. The model demonstrates behaviour consistent with a number of experimental data on manipulating periciliary liquid volume and tonicity, and provides a quantitative basis for analysing the role of the different membrane ion channels in determining water flux following different physiological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Warren
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, CBD, Auckland, New Zealand.
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K6PC-5, a Direct Activator of Sphingosine Kinase 1, Promotes Epidermal Differentiation Through Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:2166-78. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The epithelial layer occupies a strategic important location between an organisms' interior and exterior environment. Although as such it forms a physical barrier between both environments, it became clear that the role of the epithelium extends far beyond this rather passive role. Through specialized receptors and other more general mechanisms, the epithelial layer is not only able to sense changes in its environment but also to actively respond to these changes. These responses allow the epithelium to contribute to wound and tissue repair, to the defense against micro-organisms, and to the control and regulation of the locale immune response. In this review, we focus on signals acting on epithelium from the exterior environment, how these signals are processed and identify research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Vroling
- Amsterdam Medical Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Mite and Cockroach Allergens Activate Protease-Activated Receptor 2 and Delay Epidermal Permeability Barrier Recovery. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1930-9. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Hong JH, Hong JY, Park B, Lee SI, Seo JT, Kim KE, Sohn MH, Shin DM. Chitinase activates protease-activated receptor-2 in human airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:530-5. [PMID: 18474671 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0410oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian chitinase released by airway epithelia is thought to be an important mediator of disease manifestation in an experimental model of asthma. However, the intracellular signaling mechanisms engaged by exogenous chitinase in human airway epithelial cells are unknown. Here, we investigated the direct effects of exogenous chitinase from Streptomyces griseus on Ca(2+) signaling in human airway epithelial cells. Spectrofluorometry was used to measure intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in fura-2-AM-loaded cells. S. griseus chitinase induced dose-dependent [Ca(2+)](i) increases in normal human bronchial epithelial cells and promoted [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations in H292 cells. Chitinase-induced [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations were independent of extracellular Ca(2+), suggesting that the observed [Ca(2+)](i) increases were due to Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores. Accordingly, after depleting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) with the ER Ca(2+) ATPase inhibitor, thapsigargin, chitinase-mediated [Ca(2+)](i) increases were abolished. Treatment with the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122 or the 1, 4, 5-trisinositolphosphate (IP(3)) receptor inhibitor 2-APB attenuated chitinase-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increases. Desensitization of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) by repetitive agonist stimulation or siRNA-mediated PAR-2 knock-down revealed that chitinase-mediated [Ca(2+)](i) increases were exclusively mediated by PAR-2 activation. Finally, chitinase was found to cleave a model peptide representing the cleavage site of PAR-2 and enhanced IL-8 production. These results indicate that exogenous chitinase is a potent proteolytic activator of PAR-2 that can directly induce PLC/IP(3)-dependent Ca(2+) signaling in human airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Oral Biology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Center for Natural Defense System, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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