TH17 cells in the big picture of immunology

Age-associated Senescent - T Cell Signaling Promotes Type 3 Immunity that Inhibits the Biomaterial Regenerative Response

Aging is associated with immunological changes that compromise response to infections and vaccines, exacerbate inflammatory diseases and can potentially mitigate tissue repair. Even so, age-related changes to the immune response to tissue damage and regenerative medicine therapies remain unknown. Here, it is characterized how aging induces changes in immunological signatures that inhibit tissue repair and therapeutic response to a clinical regenerative biological scaffold derived from extracellular matrix. Signatures of inflammation and interleukin (IL)-17 signaling increased with injury and treatment both locally and regionally in aged animals, and computational analysis uncovered age-associated senescent-T cell communication that promotes type 3 immunity in T cells. Local inhibition of type 3 immune activation using IL17-neutralizing antibodies improves healing and restores therapeutic response to the regenerative biomaterial, promoting muscle repair in older animals. These results provide insights into tissue immune dysregulation that occurs with aging that can be targeted to rejuvenate repair.

Multidimensional biological characteristics of ground glass nodules

The detection rate of ground glass nodules (GGNs) has increased in recent years because of their malignant potential but relatively indolent biological behavior; thus, correct GGN recognition and management has become a research focus. Many scholars have explored the underlying mechanism of the indolent progression of GGNs from several perspectives, such as pathological type, genomic mutational characteristics, and immune microenvironment. GGNs have different major mutated genes at different stages of development; EGFR mutation is the most common mutation in GGNs, and p53 mutation is the most abundant mutation in the invasive stage of GGNs. Pure GGNs have fewer genomic alterations and a simpler genomic profile and exhibit a gradually evolving genomic mutation profile as the pathology progresses. Compared to advanced lung adenocarcinoma, GGN lung adenocarcinoma has a higher immune cell percentage, is under immune surveillance, and has less immune escape. However, as the pathological progression and solid component increase, negative immune regulation and immune escape increase gradually, and a suppressive immune environment is established gradually. Currently, regular computer tomography monitoring and surgery are the main treatment strategies for persistent GGNs. Stereotactic body radiotherapy and radiofrequency ablation are two local therapeutic alternatives, and systemic therapy has been progressively studied for lung cancer with GGNs. In the present review, we discuss the characterization of the multidimensional molecular evolution of GGNs that could facilitate more precise differentiation of such highly heterogeneous lesions, laying a foundation for the development of more effective individualized treatment plans.

In silico approaches for the identification of potential allergens among hypothetical proteins from Alternaria alternata and its functional annotation

Direct exposure to the fungal species Alternaria alternata is a major risk factor for the development of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and inflammation. As of November 23rd 2020, the NCBI protein database showed 11,227 proteins from A. alternata genome as hypothetical proteins (HPs). Allergens are the main causative of several life-threatening diseases, especially in fungal infections. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to identify the potentially allergenic inducible proteins from the HPs in A. alternata and their associated functional assignment for the complete understanding of the complex biological systems at the molecular level. AlgPred and Structural Database of Allergenic Proteins (SDAP) were used for the prediction of potential allergens from the HPs of A. alternata. While analyzing the proteome data, 29 potential allergens were predicted by AlgPred and further screening in SDAP confirmed the allergic response of 10 proteins. Extensive bioinformatics tools including protein family classification, sequence-function relationship, protein motif discovery, pathway interactions, and intrinsic features from the amino acid sequence were used to successfully predict the probable functions of the 10 HPs. The functions of the HPs are characterized as chitin-binding, ribosomal protein P1, thaumatin, glycosyl hydrolase, and NOB1 proteins. The subcellular localization and signal peptide prediction of these 10 proteins has further provided additional information on localization and function. The allergens prediction and functional annotation of the 10 proteins may facilitate a better understanding of the allergenic mechanism of A. alternata in asthma and other diseases. The functional domain level insights and predicted structural features of the allergenic proteins help to understand the pathogenesis and host immune tolerance. The outcomes of the study would aid in the development of specific drugs to combat A. alternata infections.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Curcumin Effectively Mitigate Freund's Adjuvant- induced Arthritis via their Anti-inflammatory and Gene Expression of COX-1, IL-6 and IL-4

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a type of arthritis that damages joints and can affect the thymus and the spleen. RA is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system targets the body's own tissues. The causes of RA are unknown, although a genetic link is thought to be involved. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of curcumin, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and their combination on the disruption of serum cytokines, ankle joint, thymus and spleen histopathology, and affected genes in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in male and female Wistar rats.

METHODS

Experimental animals were organized into 16 groups (6 animals for each), eight groups including male rats and the other eight groups including females rats. The groups are normal control, CMC, curcumin, MSCs, CFA, CFA/curcumin, CFA/ MSCs and the arthritic group treated with MSCs and curcumin. One subcutaneous injection of 0.1 mL CFA was given to rats into the right hind leg footpad to induce RA. The arthritic rats were intravenously injected three times with bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) and/or treated orally with curcumin daily (100 mg per kg body weight per day) for 21 days.

RESULTS

Curcumin and BM-MSCs work together to dramatically (P < 0.05) restore the high serum PGE2 and IL-17 levels and lower the IL-13 level in arthritic rats to normal levels. Deleterious effects on the spleen and thymus histological structure were counteracted. Gene expression of COX-1 and IL-6 was increased and IL-4 was decreased; these changes were improved by the combination treatment (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Based on these findings, additive therapeutic effects on RA occur from the combined treatment of curcumin and BM-MSCs compared with their individual use (P < 0.05). Thus, it can be said that both curcumin and BM-MSCs are effective at reducing inflammation while also having beneficial effects on the ankle joint, thymus and spleen.

Impact of Air Pollution on Atopic Dermatitis: A Comprehensive Review

Air pollution is associated with multiple health problems worldwide, contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common allergic disease, and increasing evidence has revealed a role of air pollution in the development of atopic dermatitis. Air pollutants are derived from several sources, including harmful gases such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO), as well as particulate matter (PM) of various sizes, and bioaerosols. Possible mechanisms linking air pollution to atopic dermatitis include damage to the skin barrier through oxidative stress, increased water loss, physicochemical injury, and an effect on skin microflora. Furthermore, oxidative stress triggers immune dysregulation, leading to enhanced sensitization to allergens. There have been multiple studies focusing on the association between various types of air pollutants and atopic dermatitis. Since there are many confounders in the current research, such as climate, synergistic effects of mixed pollutants, and diversity of study population, it is not surprising that inconsistencies exist between different studies regarding AD and air pollution. Still, it is generally accepted that air pollution is a risk factor for AD. Future studies should focus on how air pollution leads to AD as well as effective intervention measures.

Atopic dermatitis is associated with the clinical course of inflammatory bowel disease

OBJECTIVES

There are a few studies about the relationship between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and atopic dermatitis (AD). It is implied that both diseases have common pathophysiologic mechanisms and can affect each other. However, little information is available on the effect of AD on the clinical course of patients with IBD.

METHODS

This is a multi-center, retrospective, observational study. We define AD as a chronic eczematoid dermatosis diagnosed by dermatologists. Patients with concurrent IBD and AD were defined as a case group. Age, gender, and IBD subtype-matched patients without AD were included as a reference group.

RESULTS

The numbers of patients in the case and reference groups were 61 and 122 respectively. There was a significantly shorter biologics-free survival in the case group than that in the reference group according to the multivariable-adjusted Cox regression analysis with the onset age, disease duration, smoking status, use of steroid, use of immunomodulator, initial C-reactive protein, initial erythrocyte sedimentation rate, presence of other allergic diseases and initial disease severity [hazard ratio (HR) 1.828, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.022-3.271, p = .042]. The trend was consistent in the subgroup analysis with ulcerative colitis (HR 3.498, 95% CI 1.066-11.481, p = .039), but not with Crohn's disease (HR 1.542, 95% CI 0.720-3.301, p = .265).

CONCLUSIONS

AD showed a significant effect on the biologics-free survival of patients with IBD and especially the UC subtype. Further mechanistic research is required to elucidate the pathogenesis of AD on the clinical course of IBD.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ameliorate PM2.5 exposure induced lung injury in mice through remodeling the gut microbiota and modulating the lung metabolism

Short-term or long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is related to increased incidences of respiratory diseases. This study aimed to investigate the influences of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammation, lung metabolic profile, and gut microbiota in PM2.5-induced lung injury mice. Mice were divided into four groups (n = 15, per group): two unsupplemented groups, control group and PM2.5 group, and two supplemented groups with ω-3 PUFAs, ω-3 PUFAs group, and ω-3 PUFAs + PM2.5 group. Mice in the supplemented groups were placed on an ω-3 PUFAs-enriched diet (ω-3 PUFAs, 21 g/kg). During the 5th to 6th week of dietary supplementation, mice were exposed to PM2.5 by intra-tracheal instillation. ω-3 PUFAs ameliorate lung histopathological injury, reduce inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, affect lung metabolite profile, and modulate gut microbiota in PM2.5-induced lung injury mice. Thus, supplementary ω-3 PUFAs showed effectiveness in attenuation of PM2.5-induced lung injury, indicating that the interventions exhibited preventive and therapeutic potential.

Deregulated phenotype of autoreactive Th17 and Treg clone cells in pemphigus vulgaris after in-vitro treatment with desmoglein antigen (Dsg-3)

The loss of balance between regulatory T (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) causes loss of tolerance against desmoglein (Dsg)-3 leading to pemphigus vulgaris (PV), an autoimmune bullous skin disorder associated with autoantibodies against Dsg-3. We aimed to elucidate the complex relationship of Th17 and Treg cells, their molecules, and the underlying mechanism in the development of PV disease. Using cytokine secretion assays, Th17 and Treg cells were sorted by FACS Aria-III within Dsg-3-responsive PBMC population and homogeneous T cell clones were generated in-vitro. Different cell surface molecules like CD25, GITR, CD122, CD152, CD45RO, IL-23R, STAT3, STAT5, CD127, HLA-DR, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6 and CCR7 were studied. The functional response of Th17 and Treg cells were elucidated by measuring the levels of various cytokines released by IL-10 and IL-17 T cells. The mRNA expression of transcription factors (FoxP3 and RORγt) was also analyzed. IL-17 secreting (Th17) cells with phenotype CD4⁺IL-17⁺ were greatly increased and IL-10 secreting (Treg) cells with phenotype CD4⁺IL-10⁺ were reduced in PV cases than healthy controls. The qPCR analysis showing high expression of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγt) mRNA in comparison to forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) mRNA confirmed the development of pro-inflammatory Th17 response in PV. Further, the cytokine profile of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines suggested defective suppressive functions in Treg cells with high inflammatory response. Our findings indicate that autoantigen Dsg-3 specifically allows the proliferation of IL-17 secreting T cells though has a negative effect on IL-10 secreting T cells leading to dysregulation of immunity in PV patients. This antagonistic relationship between Dsg-3-specific Th17 and Treg cells may be critical for the onset and persistence of inflammation in PV cases.

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies on the Effectiveness and Safety of Ustekinumab among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Eastern and Western Countries

BACKGROUND

Ustekinumab (UST) is an IL12/23 inhibitor utilized for altering inflammatory responses in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinical trials and case reports suggested that the effectiveness and safety of UST may differ among IBD patients in Eastern and Western countries. However, related data have not been systematically reviewed and analyzed.

METHODS

This systematic review and meta-analysis of the safety and effectiveness of UST in IBD included relevant literature from the Medline and Embase databases. The main outcomes were clinical response, clinical remission, endoscopic response, endoscopic remission, and adverse events in IBD.

RESULTS

We analyzed 49 real-world studies, most of which included patients with biological failure (89.1% CD and 97.1% UC). In UC patients, clinical remission rates were 34% at 12 weeks, 40% at 24 weeks, and 37% at 1 year. In CD patients, clinical remission rates were 46% at 12 weeks, 51% at 24 weeks, and 47% at 1 year. Clinical remission rates of CD patients were 40% at 12 weeks and 44% at 24 weeks in Western countries, versus 63% and 72% in Eastern countries, respectively.

CONCLUSION

UST is an effective drug for IBD with a promising safety profile. Although no RCTs have been performed in Eastern countries, the effectiveness of UST on CD patients is not inferior to that in Western countries based on the existing data.

Tonsillar transcriptional profiles in atopic and non-atopic subjects

BACKGROUND

Emerging research suggests that local lymphatic tissue such as tonsils have important role in regulating the immune responses. However, allergen sensitization-induced alterations in transcriptome of tonsils are not known.

OBJECTIVES

To examine the key differences in tonsillar gene expression between atopic and non-atopic subjects and further by type of sensitization.

METHODS

RNA-sequencing was performed on 52 tonsillar samples from atopic and non-atopic tonsillectomy patients. Sensitization to common food- and aero-allergen was defined by allergen specific IgE. Following groups were studied: (1) aero- and food-allergen sensitized (AS+FS) versus non-sensitized (NS), (2) aeroallergen-sensitized (AS) versus food-allergen sensitized (FS), (3) AS versus NS, (4) FS versus NS. Bioinformatics analysis was done using DESeq2(v3.10.2), WGCNA and GATK pipeline in R software (v3.3.1). Protein-protein interaction network was made from String database.

RESULTS

We studied 13 aeroallergen-sensitized, 6 food-allergen sensitized, 4 both food-and aero-allergen-sensitized and 29 non-sensitized tonsillectomy patients. Overall, 697 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in all sensitized subgroups including chemokines (CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10, CXCL11), IL-20RA, MUC1 and MUC20. When comparing different groups, the gene expression profiles overlapped except the AS versus FS group comparison, suggesting significantly different gene expression between the two sensitization subgroups. Furthermore, aeroallergen-sensitized subjects had more prominent immune responses compared with non-sensitized and food-allergen sensitized subjects including gene expression for IL-17 pathway and Toll-like receptor signalling pathway.

CONCLUSION

Allergic sensitization is associated with extensive tonsillar transcriptomic alterations and changes in immune related genes and pathways. Distinct differences were found between aero-allergen and food-allergen sensitization.

Integrating Network Pharmacology Approaches to Decipher the Multi-Target Pharmacological Mechanism of Microbial Biosurfactants as Novel Green Antimicrobials against Listeriosis

Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a serious food-borne pathogen that can cause listeriosis, an illness caused by eating food contaminated with this pathogen. Currently, the treatment or prevention of listeriosis is a global challenge due to the resistance of bacteria against multiple commonly used antibiotics, thus necessitating the development of novel green antimicrobials. Scientists are increasingly interested in microbial surfactants, commonly known as "biosurfactants", due to their antimicrobial properties and eco-friendly nature, which make them an ideal candidate to combat a variety of bacterial infections. Therefore, the present study was designed to use a network pharmacology approach to uncover the active biosurfactants and their potential targets, as well as the signaling pathway(s) involved in listeriosis treatment. In the framework of this study, 15 biosurfactants were screened out for subsequent studies. Among 546 putative targets of biosurfactants and 244 targets of disease, 37 targets were identified as potential targets for treatment of L. monocytogenes infection, and these 37 targets were significantly enriched in a Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, which aims to identify those biological processes, cellular locations, and molecular functions that are impacted in the condition studied. The obtained results revealed several important biological processes, such as positive regulation of MAP kinase activity, protein kinase B signaling, ERK1 and ERK2 cascade, ERBB signaling pathway, positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity, and regulation of caveolin-mediated endocytosis. Several important KEGG pathways, such as the ERBBB signaling pathway, TH17 cell differentiation, HIF-1 signaling pathway, Yersinia infection, Shigellosis, and C-type lectin receptor signaling pathways, were identified. The protein-protein interaction analysis yielded 10 core targets (IL2, MAPK1, EGFR, PTPRC, TNF, ITGB1, IL1B, ERBB2, SRC, and mTOR). Molecular docking was used in the latter part of the study to verify the effectiveness of the active biosurfactants against the potential targets. Lastly, we found that a few highly active biosurfactants, namely lichenysin, iturin, surfactin, rhamnolipid, subtilisin, and polymyxin, had high binding affinities towards IL2, MAPK1, EGFR, PTPRC, TNF, ITGB1, IL1B, ERBB2, SRC, and mTOR, which may act as potential therapeutic targets for listeriosis. Overall, based on the integrated network pharmacology and docking analysis, we found that biosurfactants possess promising anti-listeriosis properties and explored the pharmacological mechanisms behind their effect, laying the groundwork for further research and development.

The efficacy and safety of Yupingfeng Powder with variation in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: Study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an upper airways chronic inflammatory disease mediated by IgE, which affects 10%-20% of the population. The mainstay for allergic rhinitis nowadays include steroids and antihistamines, but their effects are less than ideal. Many patients therefore seek Chinese medicine for treatment and Yupingfeng Powder is one of the most common formulae prescribed. In this study, we aim to investigate the efficacy and safety of Yupingfeng Powder with variation for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Study design: This is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. A 2-week screening period will be implemented, and then eligible subjects with allergic rhinitis will receive interventions of either "Yupingfeng Powder with variation" granules or placebo granules for 8 weeks, followed by post treatment visits at weeks 12 and 16. The change in the Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) will be used as the primary outcome. Discussion: This trail will evaluate the efficacy and safety of Yupingfeng Powder in treating allergic rhinitis. The study may provide the solid evidence of Yupingfeng Powder with variation can produce better clinical efficacy than the placebo granules. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04976023.

The systemic-level repercussions of cancer-associated inflammation mediators produced in the tumor microenvironment

The tumor microenvironment is a dynamic, complex, and redundant network of interactions between tumor, immune, and stromal cells. In this intricate environment, cells communicate through membrane-membrane, ligand-receptor, exosome, soluble factors, and transporter interactions that govern cell fate. These interactions activate the diverse and superfluous signaling pathways involved in tumor promotion and progression and induce subtle changes in the functional activity of infiltrating immune cells. The immune response participates as a selective pressure in tumor development. In the early stages of tumor development, the immune response exerts anti-tumor activity, whereas during the advanced stages, the tumor establishes mechanisms to evade the immune response, eliciting a chronic inflammation process that shows a pro-tumor effect. The deregulated inflammatory state, in addition to acting locally, also triggers systemic inflammation that has repercussions in various organs and tissues that are distant from the tumor site, causing the emergence of various symptoms designated as paraneoplastic syndromes, which compromise the response to treatment, quality of life, and survival of cancer patients. Considering the tumor-host relationship as an integral and dynamic biological system, the chronic inflammation generated by the tumor is a communication mechanism among tissues and organs that is primarily orchestrated through different signals, such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and exosomes, to provide the tumor with energetic components that allow it to continue proliferating. In this review, we aim to provide a succinct overview of the involvement of cancer-related inflammation at the local and systemic level throughout tumor development and the emergence of some paraneoplastic syndromes and their main clinical manifestations. In addition, the involvement of these signals throughout tumor development will be discussed based on the physiological/biological activities of innate and adaptive immune cells. These cellular interactions require a metabolic reprogramming program for the full activation of the various cells; thus, these requirements and the by-products released into the microenvironment will be considered. In addition, the systemic impact of cancer-related proinflammatory cytokines on the liver-as a critical organ that produces the leading inflammatory markers described to date-will be summarized. Finally, the contribution of cancer-related inflammation to the development of two paraneoplastic syndromes, myelopoiesis and cachexia, will be discussed.

Atopic Diseases Are Associated With Development of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in Korea: A Nationwide Population-based Study

BACKGROUND & AIMS

The association between atopic diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is unclear. We conducted a nationwide population-based study in Korea to investigate the effect of atopic diseases on the development of IBD.

METHODS

A total of 9,923,521 participants, who received a medical check-up in 2009, were included and followed through 2017. The presence of any atopic diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic rhinitis (AR), and asthma, was evaluated. Patients who developed IBD, including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), were identified using claims data from National Health Insurance; the association between atopic diseases and the risk of IBD was evaluated using Cox proportional hazard models, and presented as adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) with 95% CIs.

RESULTS

During a mean follow-up period of 7.3 years, 1419 patients (0.014%) developed CD and 5897 patients (0.059%) developed UC. The incidences of CD (per 100,000 person-years) were 3.756, 2.248, and 2.346 in patients with AD, AR, or asthma, respectively. The incidences of UC were 11.952, 9.818, and 9.358 in patients with AD, AR, or asthma, respectively. Multivariable analysis revealed that the aHRs for incident CD in patients with AD, AR, or asthma were 2.02, 1.33, and 1.60 (95% CIs, 1.118-3.663, 1.149-1.529, and 1.193-2.136, respectively) compared with controls. The risks of incident UC in patients with AD, AR, or asthma were 1.51, 1.32, and 1.29 (95% CIs, 1.082-2.104, 1.229-1.410, and 1.115-1.491, respectively) compared with controls. Moreover, an increase in the number of atopic diseases gradually increased the risk for CD and UC; for 1 or 2 or more atopic diseases, the aHRs for CD were 1.35 and 1.65 (95% CIs, 1.171-1.560 and 1.146-2.376), and the aHRs for UC were 1.30 and 1.49 (95% CIs, 1.211-1.392 and 1.249-1.774), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on a nationwide population-based study in Korea, patients with any atopic disease, including AD, AR, or asthma, have an increased risk for CD and UC. The risk for IBD increases with the increase in the number of atopic diseases.

Naringin and Hesperidin Counteract Diclofenac-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Wistar Rats via Their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Activities

This study is aimed at evaluating the preventive effect and at suggesting the mode of actions of naringin and hesperidin and their combination in diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity. Male Wistar rats, intraperitoneally injected with diclofenac sodium (3 mg/kg b.wt/day), were orally treated with naringin (20 mg/kg b.wt/day) and hesperidin (20 mg/kg b.wt/day) and their combination for 4 weeks. The administrations of naringin and hesperidin to diclofenac-injected rats led to a significant decrease in the elevated serum ALT, AST, LDH, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin, TNF-α, and IL-17 levels as well as liver lipid peroxidation and liver p53 and caspase-3 mRNA expressions. In contrast, serum IL-4 level, liver GSH content, and liver GPx and SOD activities increased. In association, diclofenac-induced deleterious histological alterations including hydropic degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolization, apoptosis, and focal hepatic necrosis of hepatocytes associated with inflammatory cells' infiltration were remarkably improved by treatments with naringin and hesperidin. In conclusion, naringin, hesperidin, and their combination, which was the most potent, counteract diclofenac-induced liver injury via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic actions. Thus, this study recommends the use of naringin and hesperidin or their combination to resolve the side effects of drugs like diclofenac on the liver.

Naringin and Hesperidin Counteract Diclofenac-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Wistar Rats via Their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Activities

This study is aimed at evaluating the preventive effect and at suggesting the mode of actions of naringin and hesperidin and their combination in diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity. Male Wistar rats, intraperitoneally injected with diclofenac sodium (3 mg/kg b.wt/day), were orally treated with naringin (20 mg/kg b.wt/day) and hesperidin (20 mg/kg b.wt/day) and their combination for 4 weeks. The administrations of naringin and hesperidin to diclofenac-injected rats led to a significant decrease in the elevated serum ALT, AST, LDH, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin, TNF-α, and IL-17 levels as well as liver lipid peroxidation and liver p53 and caspase-3 mRNA expressions. In contrast, serum IL-4 level, liver GSH content, and liver GPx and SOD activities increased. In association, diclofenac-induced deleterious histological alterations including hydropic degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolization, apoptosis, and focal hepatic necrosis of hepatocytes associated with inflammatory cells’ infiltration were remarkably improved by treatments with naringin and hesperidin. In conclusion, naringin, hesperidin, and their combination, which was the most potent, counteract diclofenac-induced liver injury via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic actions. Thus, this study recommends the use of naringin and hesperidin or their combination to resolve the side effects of drugs like diclofenac on the liver.

Immune evolution from preneoplasia to invasive lung adenocarcinomas and underlying molecular features

The mechanism by which anti-cancer immunity shapes early carcinogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) is unknown. In this study, we characterize the immune contexture of invasive lung ADC and its precursors by transcriptomic immune profiling, T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing and multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF). Our results demonstrate that anti-tumor immunity evolved as a continuum from lung preneoplasia, to preinvasive ADC, minimally-invasive ADC and frankly invasive lung ADC with a gradually less effective and more intensively regulated immune response including down-regulation of immune-activation pathways, up-regulation of immunosuppressive pathways, lower infiltration of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) and anti-tumor helper T cells (Th), higher infiltration of regulatory T cells (Tregs), decreased T cell clonality, and lower frequencies of top T cell clones in later-stages. Driver mutations, chromosomal copy number aberrations (CNAs) and aberrant DNA methylation may collectively impinge host immune responses and facilitate immune evasion, promoting the outgrowth of fit subclones in preneoplasia into dominant clones in invasive ADC.

Studies of molecular pathways associated with blood neutrophil corticosteroid insensitivity in equine asthma

Severe equine asthma is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, neutrophilic inflammation and structural alterations of the lower airways. In asthmatic horses with neutrophilic inflammation, there is insensitivity to corticosteroids characterized by the persistence of neutrophils within the airways with therapy. We hypothesized that hypoxia or oxidative stress in the microenvironment of the lung contributes to this insensitivity of neutrophils to corticosteroids in asthmatic horses. Blood neutrophils isolated from horses with severe asthma (N = 8) and from healthy controls (N = 8) were incubated under different cell culture conditions simulating hypoxia and oxidative stress and, in the presence, or absence of dexamethasone. The pro-inflammatory gene and protein expression of neutrophils were studied. In both groups, pyocyanin-induced oxidative stress increased the mRNA expression of IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α. While IL-1β and TNF-α were downregulated by dexamethasone under these conditions, IL-8 was not. Simulated hypoxic conditions did not enhance pro-inflammatory gene expression in neutrophils from either group of horses. In conclusion, oxidative stress but not hypoxia may contribute to corticosteroid insensitivity via a selective gene regulation pathway. Equine neutrophil responses were similar in both heathy and asthmatic horses, indicating that it is not specific to asthmatic inflammation.

<p>Association of <em>IL-17</em> and <em>IL-23</em> Gene Variants with Plasma Levels and Risk of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in a Chinese Han Population</p>

Background

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common vaginal inflammatory disease in females. The interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis was involved in vaginal inflammation. Nevertheless, the relationship between gene polymorphisms in the IL-23/IL-17 axis and VVC risk is still unexplored.

Methods

We enrolled 217 VCC cases and 326 controls in this study. The genotyping of all polymorphisms was implemented by PCR-RFLP methods.

Results

Data indicated that IL-17F gene rs763780, IL-17A gene rs2275913, and IL-23R rs11209026 polymorphisms were linked with an elevated risk of VVC in Chinese ethnicity. Subgroup analyses uncovered that IL-23R rs11209026, IL-17A rs10484879 and IL-17F rs763780 polymorphisms increased the risk of VVC among smokers or individuals with BMI ≥25 kg/m². Additionally, IL-17F rs763780 polymorphism was shown to increase the risk of recurrent VVC (RVVC). Furthermore, IL-23 and IL-17 serum levels were higher among VVC cases than controls. We also observed that IL-23 and IL-17 gene polymorphisms were related to their serum levels. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis found that IL-17 and IL-23 serum levels were associated with the relapse of VVC.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study indicates that polymorphisms in the IL-23/IL-17 axis increase the risk of VVC.

Reduced CD4+T Cell CXCR3 Expression in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis

While T cells are considered to play a primary role in IgE-mediated atopic diseases, little is known about the systemic variations of T cell subsets from patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). To elucidate the characteristics of peripheral T cells, we analyzed natural killer, B cell, and T cell populations, performed T cell subset construction, and assessed chemokine receptor and associated serum cytokine expression in 25 AR patients and 20 healthy controls. Our results revealed increased levels of CD4⁺T cells, serum interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-γ, and reduced Th1 and Th17 subsets, identified by their chemokine receptors, in AR patients. These results suggest a systemic activation of T cell responses in AR. We further demonstrated that AR patients exhibit significantly reduced CD4⁺T cell CXCR3 expression, especially in patients with moderate-severe disease severity, demonstrating that CXCR3 is a potential key molecule that hinders the Th1/Th2 balance in AR pathology. Overall, systemic T cell activation occurred in AR patients and CXCR3 dramatically decreased in CD4⁺T cells, which may ultimately be used as a potential disease and/or therapeutic target.

Baicalin regulates Treg/Th17 cell imbalance by inhibiting autophagy in allergic rhinitis

BACKGROUND

Baicalin has many biological properties such as anti-oxidation and anti-allergy. The current study aimed to explore the effect of Baicalin on allergic rhinitis (AR) and its potential mechanism of action.

METHODS

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. Expression levels of Th17 and Treg cells-related proteins in nasal mucosa and peripheral blood cells were detected by real-time quantitative PCR, flow cytometry and Western blot. The mice were randomly divided into Control, ovalbumin (OVA), l-Baicalin, H-Baicalin, DSGC, 3-MA, and H-Baicalin + Rapa groups. Changes of allergic rhinitis conditions and eosinophil infiltration of the mice were detected and scored by Diff-Quik staining, and histological changes were observed by Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining and Periodate Schiff (PAS) staining. Serological changes, expression levels of interleukin-17A (IL-17A), interleukin-10 (IL-10), eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) and anti-OVA-specific antibodies were detected by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

Clinical case analysis found that AR patients had a Th17/Treg imbalance and activated autophagy, however, Baicalin restored Th17/Treg cell balance and inhibited autophagy in vitro. in vivo experiments demonstrated that Baicalin inhibited OVA-induced allergic nasal symptoms and the activation of autophagy pathway, which was the same as the regulation of 3-MA, while Rapa could weaken the effects of H-baicalin. Moreover, Baicalin reduced the infiltration of different inflammatory cells of the nasal lavage fluid, prevented the damages to epithelial cells, and improved nasal mucosal thickness and mucus secretion. In addition, Baicalin regulated the balance of mouse anti-OVA-specific antibody levels and expressions of Th17/Treg-associated cytokines.

CONCLUSION

Our study revealed that Baicalin can be used to treat AR, and the effect is realized through inhibiting autophagy to regulate Th17/Treg cell differentiation.

Association of IL-4 Polymorphisms with Allergic Rhinitis in Jordanian Population

Background and objectives: Allergic rhinitis has complex patterns of inheritance, and single nucleotide polymorphisms, a common genetic variation in a population, exert a significant role in allergic rhinitis pathology. The current study aimed to investigate the association of Interleukin-4 (IL-4) polymorphisms with allergic rhinitis. Materials and Methods: Our study included 158 patients with allergic rhinitis and 140 healthy controls from Jordan that were genotyped for IL-4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) C-589T (rs2243250) and T-2979G (rs2227284) using restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics version 24 software. Results: The results showed that the allelic frequency of the minor alleles was 0.19 and 0.67 for C-589T (rs2243250) and T-2979G (rs2227284) in the allergic rhinitis patients, respectively, while it was 0.18 for C-589T (rs2243250) and 0.64 T-2979G (rs2227284) in the control group. The homozygous (TT) genotype of C-589T (rs2243250) was significantly associated with allergic rhinitis (p < 0.05), while there was no association of any of T-2979G (rs2227284) genotypes with allergic rhinitis. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that genetic inter-population variation precipitates the differences in the percentages of many diseases among populations, including allergic rhinitis.

Associations of Th2, Th17, Treg cells, and IgA+ memory B cells with atopic disease in children: The Generation R Study

BACKGROUND

New insights into immune cells could contribute to treatment and monitoring of atopic disease. Because nongenetic factors shape the human immune system, we here studied these immune cells in a large cohort with atopic children with adjustment for prenatal and postnatal confounders.

METHODS

Information on atopic dermatitis, inhalant- and food-allergic sensitization, asthma lung function scores was obtained from 855 10-year-old children within the Generation R cohort. 11-color flow cytometry was performed to determine CD27⁺ and CD27^- IgG⁺ , IgE⁺ and IgA⁺ memory B cells, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg-memory cells from venous blood. Associations between any atopic disease, the individual atopic diseases, and immune cell numbers were determined.

RESULTS

Children with any atopic disease had higher Th2, Treg, Treg-memory, and CD27⁺ IgA⁺ memory B-cell numbers compared to children without atopic disease. When studying the individual diseases compared to children without the individual diseases, children with atopic dermatitis, inhalant-, and food-allergic sensitization had higher memory Treg cell numbers 12.3% (95% CI 4.2; 21.0), (11.1% (95% CI 3.0; 19.8), (23.7% (95% CI 7.9; 41.8), respectively. Children with food-allergic sensitization had higher total B and CD27⁺ IgA⁺ memory B-cell numbers (15.2% [95% CI 3.2; 28.7], 22.5% [95% CI 3.9; 44.3], respectively). No associations were observed between asthma and B- or T-cell numbers.

CONCLUSION

Children with any atopic disease and children with inhalant- and food-allergic sensitization or atopic dermatitis had higher circulating memory Treg cells, but not higher IgE⁺ B-cell numbers. The associations of higher Treg and CD27⁺ IgA⁺ B-cell numbers in children with food-allergic sensitization are suggestive of TGF-β-mediated compensation for chronic inflammation.

Magnolol exerts anti-asthmatic effects by regulating Janus kinase-signal transduction and activation of transcription and Notch signaling pathways and modulating Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in ovalbumin-sensitized asthmatic mice

Allergic asthma, is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airway presenting with airway hyperresponsiveness and airway remodelling. T helper cells-derived cytokines are critically associated with asthma pathogenesis. Janus kinase-signal transduction and activation of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling is found to be involved in asthma. Magnolol is a plant-derived bioactive compound with several pharmacological effects. The study aimed to assess the effects of magnolol in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic model. BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA. Magnolol (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg body weight) was administered to separate groups of animals. Dexamethasone was used as the positive control. Cellular infiltration into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were reduced on magnolol treatment. The levels of Th2 and Th17 cytokines were reduced with noticeably raised levels of interferon gamma. Lung function was improved effectively along with restoration of bronchial tissue architecture. OVA-specific immunoglobulin E levels in serum and BALF were decreased by magnolol. Magnolol reduced Th17 cell population and effectively modulated the JAK-STAT and Notch 1 signaling. The results suggest the promising use of magnolol in therapy for allergic asthma.

Effects of chocolate containing Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain NTM048 on immune function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background

Previous reports showed that oral administration of Leuconostoc mesenteroides strain NTM048 increases IgA levels and CD4+ T cell population in feces and mice, respectively, as revealed by flow cytometric analysis of splenocytes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chocolate supplemented with L. mesenteroides strain NTM048 (> 1.00 × 10⁹ CFU/day, NTM048) on the immune parameters of healthy subjects, using a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study design.

Methods

Participants (mean age: 46.3 years) ingested 28 g of test food daily, at a time of their own choice, for 4 weeks. The immunological parameters of all participants were evaluated two times (pre- and post- ingestion). At the end of the study, various immunological parameters of the participants were measured and scoring of immunological vigor (SIV) was performed using a comprehensive algorithm.

Results

Ingestion of NTM048-supplemented chocolate significantly improved SIV in the NTM048 group (18.6 ± 1.6) compared to that in the placebo group (17.8 ± 2.0) after 4 weeks (p = 0.049). Several immunological parameters (CD8⁺T cells, CD8⁺CD28⁺ T cells, and memory T cells) were significantly elevated in the NTM048 group as compared to the placebo group (all p < 0.05). In addition, T cell proliferation index at post-ingestion significantly increased compared with that at pre-ingestion in the NTM048 (p = 0.017) and placebo groups (p = 0.037), although no differences were observed between the two groups.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that ingestion of chocolate supplemented with NTM048 is effective against the age-related decline in T cell-related immune functions.

Trial registration

UMIN Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000021989. Registered 19 April 2016, https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000025321

Soluble transforming growth factor beta-1 enhances murine mast cell release of Interleukin 6 in IgE-independent and Interleukin 13 in IgE-dependent settings in vitro

INTRODUCTION

For immune cells transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) can enhance or repress effector functions. Here, we characterize the effects of TGF-β1 on IgE-mediated and IL-33-mediated activation of primary murine mast cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells (bone marrow derived mast cells; BMMC). We also investigated potential interactions between TGF-β1 and stem cell factor (SCF). We conclude TGF-β1 plays a selectively stimulatory role for mast cell cultures in vitro.

METHODS

BMMCs from C57BL/6 mice were differentiated with IL-3 and then treated with TGF-β1. BMMCs were exposed to TGF-β1, primed with IgE, activated with antigen, and then IL-6 and IL-13 cytokine release was quantified using ELISA. Additionally, the effects of TGF-β1 on both IgE and IL-33-mediated short term activation were observed via flow cytometric analysis of both surface LAMP-1 expression and intracellular IL-6. Receptor colocalization was visualized using fluorescence confocal microscopy and individual receptor expression levels were also quantified.

RESULTS

Resting IL-6 production increased with TGF-β1 but significance was lost following BMMC activation via IgE receptor (FcεRI) crosslinking. This was similar to a comparison effect due to SCF treatment alone, which also enhanced resting levels of IL-6. TGF-β1 treatment enhanced release of IL-13 only with FcεRI-IgE-mediated activation. TGF-β1 suppressed mobilization of IL-6 with short-term BMMC activation when stimulated with IL-33. Lastly, colocalization patterns of the SCF receptor (CD117) and FcεRI with IgE crosslinking were unaffected by TGF-β1 treatment, but individual expression levels for FcεRI, CD117, and TGFβRII were all reduced following either IgE activation or TGF-β1 treatment; this reduction was partially recovered in BMMCs that were both activated by IgE and treated with TGF-β1.

DISCUSSION

These data reveal a novel positive effect of soluble TGF-β1 on mast cell activation in vitro, suggesting mast cells may be activated through a non-canonical pathway by TGF-β1. Understanding this interaction will provide insight into the potential role of mast cells in settings where TGF-β1 is produced in an aberrant manner, such as in and around high grade tumors.

Association of interleukin-17a rs2275913 gene polymorphism and asthma risk: a meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Interleukin-17A (IL-17A), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. A number of studies have investigated the relationship between IL-17A rs2275913 polymorphism and risk of asthma. However, the results obtained are inconclusive. The aim of this meta-analysis is to clarify the relationship between IL-17A rs2275913 polymorphism and asthma risk.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Wanfang and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases, and data were extracted from eligible studies by two independent reviewers. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Publication bias, heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis were also assessed.

RESULTS

Ten studies with a total of 5016 subjects were included. Overall, the results indicated a significant association between the IL-17A rs2275913 polymorphism and the risk of asthma (G vs. A: OR = 0.866, 95% CI: 0.789-0.951, p = 0.003; GG+GA vs. AA: OR = 0.752, 95% CI: 0.633-0.895, p = 0.001). In subgroup analysis by age and ethnicity, the G allele of rs2275913 in IL-17A was significantly associated with a reduced risk of asthma in children and Asians.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this meta-analysis indicate that the G allele of rs2275913 in IL-17A is a protective factor for the development of asthma.

Influence of rutin on the effects of neonatal cigarette smoke exposure-induced exacerbated MMP-9 expression, Th17 cytokines and NF-κB/iNOS-mediated inflammatory responses in asthmatic mice model

Allergic asthma is one of the most enduring diseases of the airway. The T-helper cells and regulatory T-cells are critically involved in inflammatory responses, mucus hypersecretion, airway remodelling and in airway hyper-responsiveness. Cigarette smoke (CS) has been found to aggravate inflammatory responses in asthma. Though currently employed drugs are effective, associated side effects demand identification and development of novel drugs with negligible or no adverse effects. Rutin, plant-derived flavonoid has been found to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated the ability of rutin to modulate T-cells and inhibit inflammation in experimentally-induced asthma in cigarette smoke exposed mice. Separate groups of neonatal mice were exposed to CS for 10 days from post-natal days 2 to 11. After 2 weeks, the mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). Treatment group were given rutin (37.5 or 75 mg/kg body weight) during OVA sensitization and challenge. Rutin treatment was found to significantly inhibit cellular infiltration in the airways and Th2 and Th17 cytokine levels as well. Flow cytometry revealed effectively raised CD4⁺CD25⁺Fox3⁺ Treg cells and supressed Th17 cell population on rutin treatment. Airway hyper-responsiveness observed following CS and OVA challenge were inhibited by rutin. NF-κB and iNOS, chief regulators of inflammatory responses robustly activated by CS and OVA were down-regulated by rutin. Rutin also inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9, thereby aiding in prevention of airway remodelling in asthma thereby revealing to be a potent candidate in asthma therapy.

The airway inflammation induced by nasal inoculation of PM2.5 and the treatment of bacterial lysates in rats

Particulate matter (PM) is one of the most important environmental issues in China. This study aimed to explore the correlation between PM2.5 and airway inflammation in healthy rats. The PM2.5 group was given an intranasal instillation of PM2.5 suspension on 15 consecutive days, and each received oral saline from day 16 to 90. The BV intervention group was treated as the PM2.5 exposure group, except that BV instead of saline was given daily. A histopathologic examination was performed to evaluate the airway inflammation. The prevalence and function of Th1/Th2/Treg/Th17 cells were detected by flow cytometry and ELISA. The expression of AhR was detected by western blot and real-time PCR. We found that epithelial damage and increased infiltration of inflammatory cell were present in the airways after PM2.5 exposure; there was an immune imbalance of Th cells in the PM2.5 group; the expression of AhR was increased in the airways after PM2.5 exposure. In the PM2.5 + BV group, we demonstrated alleviated immune imbalance and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in the airways. Our study showed that exposure to PM2.5 induced airway inflammation. The imbalance of Th1/Th2/Treg/Th17 in PM2.5-induced airway inflammation might be associated with activation of the AhR pathway. Oral BV reduces PM2.5-induced airway inflammation and regulates systemic immune responses in rats.

Role of neutrophils in equine asthma

Neutrophilic bronchiolitis is the primary lesion in asthma-affected horses. Neutrophils are key actors in host defense, migrating toward sites of inflammation and infection, where they act as early responder cells toward external insults. However, neutrophils can also mediate tissue damage in various non-infectious inflammatory processes. Within the airways, these cells likely contribute to bronchoconstriction, mucus hypersecretion, and pulmonary remodeling by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators, including the cytokines interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-17, neutrophil elastase, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The mechanisms that regulate neutrophil functions in the tissues are complex and incompletely understood. Therefore, the inflammatory activity of neutrophils must be regulated with exquisite precision and timing, a task achieved through a complex network of mechanisms that regulates neutrophil survival. The discovery and development of compounds that can help regulate ROS, NET formation, cytokine release, and clearance would be highly beneficial in the design of therapies for this disease in horses. In this review, neutrophil functions during inflammation will be discussed followed by a discussion of their contribution to airway tissue injury in equine asthma.

Regulation of the IL-33/ST2 pathway contributes to the anti-inflammatory effect of acupuncture in the ovalbumin-induced murine asthma model

BACKGROUND

Bronchial asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease which has three main pathological features: airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway remodelling, and chronic inflammation. Acupuncture is known to be an effective integrative medical therapy that has been used in the treatment of several chronic diseases, including bronchial asthma. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of acupuncture on inflammation and regulation of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in a mouse model of asthma.

METHODS

The murine asthma model was established by both injection and inhalation of ovalbumin (OVA). Within 24 hours of the last OVA challenge, lung function was assessed by measurement of the airway resistance (R_L) and lung dynamic compliance (Cdyn). Pulmonary tissues were collected for the detection of pathological changes and mucus secretion. Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-33 and sST2 (secreted ST2) were detected by ELISA. Th17 cell proportions and counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were analysed by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

The results showed that AHR, chronic inflammation and mucus secretion were significantly suppressed by acupuncture treatment. R_L decreased while Cdyn increased after acupuncture treatment. There was an apparent decrease in the serum concentrations of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-33, and an increase in sST2 level compared with untreated asthmatic mice. Acupuncture also reduced the CD4 +IL-17A+ cell proportion and counts in BALF.

CONCLUSION

Acupuncture effectively protects lung function and attenuates airway inflammation in the OVA-induced mouse model of asthma, which supports the role of acupuncture as a potential therapy in asthma treatment.

Anti-inflammatory effects of interleukin-23 receptor cytokine-binding homology region rebalance T cell distribution in rodent collagen-induced arthritis

IL-23 is an important cytokine to regulate Th17 cell differentiation and promote the proliferation of inflammatory cells in Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases. The collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rat is a model of rheumatoid arthritis characterized by pronounced inflammatory auto-responses from B and T cells, especially Th17 cells in lesions. In the present study, we used rhIL23R-CHR to block the IL-23 signaling pathway to probe the importance of IL-23 in misbalancing the ratio of Th17/Th9/Treg cells in CIA rats. After treatments with rhIL23R-CHR, the CIA rats showed a significant decrease of secretions of IL-17 and IL-9, whereas FoxP3 was activated in the process, indicating that IL-23 can manipulate the balance of Th17/Th9/Treg cells. Similar to the animal model, IL-23 also possessed remarkable proinflammatory effects on human fibroblast-like synoviocyte cells (HFLS), showing synergetic outcomes with TNF-α. Together, IL-23 could act as a modulator to imbalance the ratio of Th17/Th9/Treg cells, and rhIL23R-CHR could serve as a potential therapeutic agent for RA patients.

Regulation of autoimmune myocarditis by host responses to the microbiome

The extensive, diverse communities that constitute the microbiome are increasingly appreciated as important regulators of human health and disease through inflammatory, immune, and metabolic pathways. We sought to elucidate pathways by which microbiota contribute to inflammatory, autoimmune cardiac disease. We employed an animal model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), which results in inflammatory and autoimmune pathophysiology and subsequent maladaptive cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Antibiotic dysbiosis protected mice from EAM and fibrotic cardiac dysfunction. Additionally, mice derived from different sources with different microbiome colonization profiles demonstrated variable susceptibility to disease. Unexpectedly, it did not track with segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB)-driven Th17 programming of CD4+ T cells in the steady-state gut. Instead, we found disease susceptibility to track with presence of type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s). Ablating ILCs by antibody depletion or genetic tools in adoptive transfer variants of the EAM model demonstrated that ILCs and microbiome profiles contributed to the induction of CCL20/CCR6-mediated inflammatory chemotaxis to the diseased heart. From these data, we conclude that sensing of the microbiome by ILCs is an important checkpoint in the development of inflammatory cardiac disease processes through their ability to elicit cardiotropic chemotaxis.

Novel key cytokines in allergy: IL-17, IL-22

The biology of the T cell cytokines Interleukin (IL-)17 and IL-22 has been a main focus in the field of clinical immunology in the last decade. This intensive interest in both cytokines has resulted in almost 5,000 scientific publications (www.pubmed.com) dealing with the molecular structure, extra- and intracellular signaling pathways, specific transcription factors and the function of IL-17 and IL-22. This review article highlights the main findings concerning IL-17 and IL-22 in the last years.

Avoiding contact allergens: from basic research to the in vitro identification of contact allergens

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a chemical-induced inflammatory skin disease. Contact allergens are low-molecular-weight chemicals that must react with proteins in order to become immunogenic. This interaction leads to the activation of innate immune and stress responses and to the formation of antigenic epitopes for T cells which are the effector cells of ACD. Due to the multitude of chemicals that surround us in our daily life and their potential sensitizing capacity, it is crucial to identify contact sensitizers before these chemicals are used in consumer products. Appropriate in vitro assays for hazard identification are urgently needed to replace animal-based assays. The EU-wide ban on sensitization testing of cosmetic ingredients in animals is in effect since March 2009 and the necessity to test more than 30,000 already marketed chemicals for their sensitizing potential under the EU regulation REACh has intensified the worldwide efforts to replace animal testing. We summarize here the current strategies to develop a battery of assays which allows the identification of contact allergens by in vitro alternatives to animal testing. Our main focus lies on the test systems recently developed within the EU project Sens-it-iv in which we participate.

Extracolonic Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Data from the GETECCU Eneida Registry

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was (a) To know the prevalence and distribution of extracolonic cancer (EC) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); (b) To estimate the incidence rate of EC; (c) To evaluate the association between EC and treatment with immunosuppressants and anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents.

METHODS

This was an observational cohort study.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

IBD and inclusion in the ENEIDA Project (a prospectively maintained registry) from GETECCU.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

Patients with EC before the diagnosis of IBD, lack of relevant data for this study, and previous treatment with immunosuppressants other than corticosteroids, thiopurines, methotrexate, or anti-TNF agents. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to evaluate the impact of several variables on the risk of EC, and any differences between survival curves were evaluated using the log-rank test. Stepwise multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to investigate factors potentially associated with the development of EC, including drugs for the treatment of IBD, during follow-up.

RESULTS

A total of 11,011 patients met the inclusion criteria and were followed for a median of 98 months. Forty-eight percent of patients (5,303) had been exposed to immunosuppressants or anti-TNF drugs, 45.8% had been exposed to thiopurines, 4.7% to methotrexate, and 21.6% to anti-TNF drugs. The prevalence of EC was 3.6%. In the multivariate analysis, age (HR=1.05, 95% CI=1.04-1.06) and having smoked (hazards ratio (HR)=1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.10-1.80) were the only variables associated with a higher risk of EC.

CONCLUSIONS

Neither immunosuppressants nor anti-TNF drugs seem to increase the risk of EC. Older age and smoking were associated with a higher prevalence of EC.

Haplotype of non-synonymous mutations within IL-23R is associated with susceptibility to severe malaria anemia in a P. falciparum holoendemic transmission area of Kenya

Background

Improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in pediatric severe malarial anemia (SMA) pathogenesis is a crucial step in the design of novel therapeutics. Identification of host genetic susceptibility factors in immune regulatory genes offers an important tool for deciphering malaria pathogenesis. The IL-23/IL-17 immune pathway is important for both immunity and erythropoiesis via its effects through IL-23 receptors (IL-23R). However, the impact of IL-23R variants on SMA has not been fully elucidated.

Methods

Since variation within the coding region of IL-23R may influence the pathogenesis of SMA, the association between IL-23R rs1884444 (G/T), rs7530511 (C/T), and SMA (Hb < 6.0 g/dL) was examined in children (n = 369, aged 6–36 months) with P. falciparum malaria in a holoendemic P. falciparum transmission area.

Results

Logistic regression analysis, controlling for confounding factor of anemia, revealed that individual genotypes of IL-23R rs1884444 (G/T) [GT; OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 0.78–2.31, P = 0.304 and TT; OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 0.53–7.74, P = 0.286] and IL-23R rs7530511 (C/T) [CT; OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 0.59–11.86, P = 0.202 and TT; OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 0.84–3.27, P = 0.142] were not associated with susceptibility to SMA. However, carriage of IL-23R rs1884444T/rs7530511T (TT) haplotype, consisting of both mutant alleles, was associated with increased susceptibility to SMA (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.07–4.19, P = 0.030).

Conclusion

Results presented here demonstrate that a haplotype of non-synonymous IL-23R variants increase susceptibility to SMA in children of a holoendemic P. falciparum transmission area.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2404-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Involvement of lncRNA-1700040D17Rik in Th17 cell differentiation and the pathogenesis of EAE

IL-23/STAT3 signaling pathway is a key process in Th17 cell differentiation, and Th17 cells are closely related to the development of autoimmune diseases. We previously designed and prepared rhIL23R-CHR protein to antagonize endogenous IL-23, showing effectiveness in the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. To further elucidate the mechanism of action, mouse lncRNA microarray was used to screen expression profiles of lncRNAs, and a particular lncRNA, 1700040D17Rik was found to down-regulate in EAE model and its expression was significantly increased after the treatment by rhIL23R-CHR. The function of 1700040D17Rik was revealed to associate with the differentiation of Th17 cells through the regulation of the key transcription factor RORγt. Together, regulation of Th17 cells through lncRNA is responsible for the effects of rhIL23R-CHR to balance the immune responses, and 1700040D17Rik has the potential to serve as a therapeutic target or a biomarker for autoimmune diseases.

Neutralization of interleukin-17 suppresses allergic rhinitis symptoms by downregulating Th2 and Th17 responses and upregulating the Treg response

Allergic rhinitis (AR) has long been considered to predominantly involve the actions of Th2 cells, with relatively small contributions from Th1 cells. In recent years, the discovery of Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells has rendered the Th1/Th2 balance paradigm more complex and expanded our understanding of the pathogenesis of AR. IL-17, a key cytokine produced by Th17 cells, is known to induce allergen-specific Th2 cell activation, eosinophil and neutrophil accumulation, and serum IgE production in asthma; all of these features may play important roles in AR. To the best of our knowledge, only a few studies have assessed the feasibility of using IL-17 antagonists to treat AR. Thus, the principal objectives of the present study were, first, to determine the status of Th17 and Treg cells in the nasal mucosa of a mouse model of AR, and, second, to investigate the effects of IL-17 on such cells and the therapeutic efficacy of anti-IL-17 antibodies (Abs) in the context of AR. Anti-IL-17 Abs were given intranasally during the re-challenge of BALB/c mice with ovalbumin (OVA)-induced AR. We measured the numbers of nasal rubbing motions and sneezes, eosinophil and neutrophil levels, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg parameters in the nasal mucosa. Anti-IL-17 Abs markedly reduced the number of nasal rubbing motions and sneezes, decreased eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration, reduced Th2 and Th17 responses, and increased the Treg response. Anti-IL-17 Ab treatment protects against AR. These results will improve our understanding of AR pathogenesis and may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for management of the condition.

Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of IL23R and IL17 with necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe gastrointestinal inflammatory disease in neonates, particularly in preterm infants. The interleukin (IL) 23/IL17 axis has been shown to play an important role in the gastrointestinal inflammation. However, the association of gene polymorphisms in the IL23/IL17 axis and the development of NEC remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore a possible genetic role of IL23R and IL17 in the development of NEC. We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL23R (rs10889677), IL17A (rs2275913), and IL17F (rs763780) by polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. A total of 102 NEC patients (stage II, n = 75; and stage III, n = 27) and 120 control subjects were recruited for the study. All of the participants were premature (gestational age < 37 weeks). Our results revealed that the combination of the IL17F rs763780 (TC + CC) genotype and the C allele both significantly increased the risk of NEC [odds ratio (OR) 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-3.43, P = 0.035; OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.06-3.13, P = 0.028, respectively]. Furthermore, the rs763780 (TC + CC) genotype was associated with increased severity of NEC and the incidence of NEC-related perforation [OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.10-7.12, P = 0.031; OR 3.86, 95% CI 1.10-13.53, P = 0.035, respectively]. However, IL23R rs10889677 and IL17A rs2275913 were not associated with the susceptibility to NEC. In conclusion, our data suggest that a variant of IL17F (rs763780) may contribute to the development of NEC.

Oral administration of Lactobacillus paracasei L9 attenuates PM2.5-induced enhancement of airway hyperresponsiveness and allergic airway response in murine model of asthma

This study investigated allergy immunotherapy potential of Lactobacillus paracasei L9 to prevent or mitigate the particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) enhanced pre-existing asthma in mice. Firstly, we used a mouse model of asthma (a 21-day ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge model) followed by PM2.5 exposure twice on the same day of the last challenge. PM2.5 was collected from the urban area of Beijing and underwent analysis for metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents. The results showed that PM2.5 exposure enhanced airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and lead to a mixed Th2/ IL-17 response in asthmatic mice. Secondly, the PM2.5 exposed asthmatic mice were orally administered with L9 (4×107, 4×109 CFU/mouse, day) from the day of first sensitization to the endpoint, for 20 days, to investigate the potential mitigative effect of L9 on asthma. The results showed that L9 ameliorated PM2.5 exposure enhanced AHR with an approximate 50% decrease in total airway resistance response to methacholine (48 mg/ml). L9 also prevented the exacerbated eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and decreased the serum level of total IgE and OVA-specific IgG1 by 0.44-fold and 0.3-fold, respectively. Additionally, cytokine production showed that L9 significantly decreased T-helper cell type 2 (Th2)-related cytokines (IL-4, -5, -13) and elevated levels of Th1 related IFN-γ in BALF. L9 also reduced the level of IL-17A and increased the level of TGF-β. Taken together, these results indicate that L9 may exert the anti-allergic benefit, possibly through rebalancing Th1/Th2 immune response and modulating IL-17 pro-inflammatory immune response. Thus, L9 is a promising candidate for preventing PM exposure enhanced pre-existing asthma.

Oral administration of Lactobacillus paracasei L9 attenuates PM2.5-induced enhancement of airway hyperresponsiveness and allergic airway response in murine model of asthma

This study investigated allergy immunotherapy potential of Lactobacillus paracasei L9 to prevent or mitigate the particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) enhanced pre-existing asthma in mice. Firstly, we used a mouse model of asthma (a 21-day ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge model) followed by PM2.5 exposure twice on the same day of the last challenge. PM2.5 was collected from the urban area of Beijing and underwent analysis for metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents. The results showed that PM2.5 exposure enhanced airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and lead to a mixed Th2/ IL-17 response in asthmatic mice. Secondly, the PM2.5 exposed asthmatic mice were orally administered with L9 (4×107, 4×109 CFU/mouse, day) from the day of first sensitization to the endpoint, for 20 days, to investigate the potential mitigative effect of L9 on asthma. The results showed that L9 ameliorated PM2.5 exposure enhanced AHR with an approximate 50% decrease in total airway resistance response to methacholine (48 mg/ml). L9 also prevented the exacerbated eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and decreased the serum level of total IgE and OVA-specific IgG1 by 0.44-fold and 0.3-fold, respectively. Additionally, cytokine production showed that L9 significantly decreased T-helper cell type 2 (Th2)-related cytokines (IL-4, -5, -13) and elevated levels of Th1 related IFN-γ in BALF. L9 also reduced the level of IL-17A and increased the level of TGF-β. Taken together, these results indicate that L9 may exert the anti-allergic benefit, possibly through rebalancing Th1/Th2 immune response and modulating IL-17 pro-inflammatory immune response. Thus, L9 is a promising candidate for preventing PM exposure enhanced pre-existing asthma.

Conjunctival Goblet Cell Function: Effect of Contact Lens Wear and Cytokines

This review focuses on conjunctival goblet cells and their essential function in the maintenance of eye health. The main function of goblet cells is to produce and secrete mucins that lubricate the ocular surface. An excess or a defect in those mucins leads to several alterations that makes goblet cells central players in maintaining the proper mucin balance and ensuring the correct function of ocular surface tissues. A typical pathology that occurs with mucous deficiency is dry eye disease, whereas the classical example of mucous hyperproduction is allergic conjunctivitis. In this review, we analyze how goblet cell number and function can be altered in these diseases and in contact lens (CL) wearers. We found that most published studies focused exclusively on the goblet cell number. However, recent advances have demonstrated that, along with mucin secretion, goblet cells are also able to secrete cytokines and respond to them. We describe the effect of different cytokines on goblet cell proliferation and secretion. We conclude that it is important to further explore the effect of CL wear and cytokines on conjunctival goblet cell function.

Baicalin attenuates inflammation in mice with OVA-induced asthma by inhibiting NF-κB and suppressing CCR7/CCL19/CCL21

Baicalin, extracted and purified from the Chinese medicinal plant, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Huang qin in Chinese), exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity against asthma. However, it remains unknown whether baicalin inhibits the activity of CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and its ligands, which are crucial for the initiation of airway inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the effects of baicalin on CCR7 and its ligands, CCL19 and CCL21, as well as on the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway in a mouse model of asthma. A mouse model of acute asthma was established by exposing the mice to ovalbumin (OVA) (by intraperitoneal injection and inhalational challenge). Within 24 h of the final OVA challenge, lung function was detected by direct airway resistance analysis. Lung tissues were examined for pathological changes. Inflammatory cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were assessed. ELISA was utilized to evaluate the OVA-IgE, CCL19 and CCL21 levels in BALF. The interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels in serum were also detected by ELISA. The protein expression levels of CCR7, as well as that of phosphorylated IκBα (p-IκBα) and phosphorylated p65 (p-p65) were determined by western blot analysis and RT-qPCR was used to determine the CCR7 mRNA levels. Our data demonstrated that the oral administration of baicalin significantly improved pulmonary function and attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration into the lungs. Baicalin also decreased the levels of OVA-IgE, IL-6, TNF-α and CCR7, as well as those of its ligand, CCL19; the levels of NF-κB were also markedly suppressed by baicalin. The CCR7 mRNA level was substantially decreased. Our results thus suggest that baicalin exerts an inhibitory effect on airway inflammation, and this effect may be associated with the inhibition of CCR7 and CCL19/CCL21, which may provide new mechanistic insight into the anti‑inflammatory effects of baicalin.

The Use of Adjuvants for Enhancing Allergen Immunotherapy Efficacy

One key approach to increase the efficacy and the safety of immunotherapy is the use of adjuvants. However, many of the adjuvants currently in use can cause adverse events, raising concerns regarding their clinical use, and are geared toward productive immune responses but not necessarily tolerogenic responses. Thus, novel adjuvants for immunotherapy are needed and are being developed. Essential is their potential to boost appropriate tolerogenic adaptive immune responses to allergens while limiting side effects. This review provides an overview of adjuvants currently in clinical use or under development and discusses their therapeutic effect in enhancing allergen-induced tolerance.

microRNA and Allergy

Allergy is a common hypersensitivity disorder of the immune system, which, along with other factors, is also subjected to regulation by microRNAs. The most common allergic diseases are allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy, which all are multifactorial and very heterogeneous conditions, highlighting the need for more individualized treatment techniques. More particular key questions in relation to allergic diseases are how microRNAs influence the differentiation, polarization, plasticity and functions of T helper and other immune cells, as well as the development of immune tolerance. In addition, microRNAs can affect allergic inflammation and tissue remodeling through their functions in epithelial and other tissue cells. Among immune system-related microRNAs, miR-21, miR-146a, and miR-155 are the most intensively studied and have convincingly been demonstrated to regulate immune responses and tissue inflammation in allergic diseases. Further characterization of microRNA functions is important, as similar to other conditions, the modulation of microRNA expression could potentially be used for therapeutic purposes in allergic diseases in the future. In addition, miRNAs could be implemented as biomarkers for endotyping complex allergic conditions.