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Cheng J, Wu C, Wang Y, Wang Z, He Y, Shen J. The antidepressant-like effect and proposed mechanism of action of TPN672MA, a novel serotonin-dopamine receptor modulator for the treatment of schizophrenia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 242:173809. [PMID: 38936482 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
TPN672MA, an innovative antipsychotic drug candidate currently in clinical trials, acts as a dopamine D2/D3 receptor partial agonist, serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist, and serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist. Preclinical investigations have demonstrated its potential in treating the core symptoms of schizophrenia. The present study highlights TPN672MA's significant antidepressant-like effects in classical behavioral models, such as the chronic social defeat stress paradigm. The pronounced 5-HT1A receptor agonism and D2/D3 receptor partial agonism of TPN672MA likely contribute to its therapeutic effects in depression. Additionally, TPN672MA's antidepressant-like efficacy may be linked to its ability to enhance the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD95) in the hippocampus. Furthermore, TPN672MA displayed a more rapid onset of antidepressant-like action. In conclusion, TPN672MA represents a promising new drug candidate for the treatment of symptoms of schizophrenia and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chunhui Wu
- Vigonvita (Shanghai) Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200000, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yang He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jingshan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Zhao T, Luo J, Liu T, Xie K, Tang M. Secondary analysis of neurotransmitter metabolism and cognitive function in first-diagnosed, drug-naïve adult patients with major depressive disorder. Behav Brain Res 2024; 473:115193. [PMID: 39122091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Growing evidence suggests that neurotransmitters may be associated with cognitive decline in MDD. This study primarily investigated the differences in cognitive functions between MDD patients and healthy controls, and explored the potential association between neurotransmitters and cognitive function of MDD patients. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled 87 first-diagnosed and drug-naïve patients with MDD and 50 healthy controls. Neurotransmitters (glutamine, glutamic acid, γ-2Aminobutiric acid, kainate, vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 3-methoxy 4-hydroxyphenyl ethylene glycol (MHPG), noradrenaline (NE), homovanillic acid, dihydroxy-phenyl acetic acid (DOPAC), dopamine (DA), tryptophane, kynurenine, 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) were measured using LC-MS/MS and cognitive functions were assessed by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Then associative analyses with adjustment (female, age, BMI, education) by multiple linear regression between neurotransmitters and cognitive functions especially in MDD patients were performed. RESULTS MDD patients had lower RBANS scores in immediate memory, delayed memory and RBANS scores after adjustment. Neurotransmitters were associated with the cognitive levels of MDD patients after adjustment: DOPAC and DOPAC/DA had positive association with immediate memory score; DOPAC, DOPAC/DA and (VMA+MHPG)/NE were positively associated with attention score; NE was negatively associated with language score; DOPAC/DA was positively associated with both delayed memory and RBANS scores. CONCLUSION Patients had greater cognitive impairment especially in memory. Furthermore, plasma neurotransmitter may be related to MDD and play an important role in cognitive impairment in MDD, especially in memory and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Junhao Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kaiqiang Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Mimi Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
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Adeoluwa OA, Eduviere AT, Adeoluwa GO, Otomewo LO, Adeniyi FR. The monoaminergic pathways are involved in the antidepressant-like effect of quercetin. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2497-2506. [PMID: 37851059 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin, a plant-derived flavonoid, is an antioxidant and has demonstrated antidepressant and anti-inflammatory activities in several animal models. However, there is scanty information on the underlying mechanisms of its antidepressant property. This present study aimed at assessing the involvement of monoaminergic systems in the antidepressant-like activity of quercetin in experimental animals. Mice received varying doses of quercetin (25, 50 &100 mg/kg daily) and were then subjected to open field test (OPF), despair tests, the reserpine test, and the yohimbine lethality test (YLT). In addition, monoaminergic involvement was investigated by combining quercetin (100 mg/kg) with dopaminergic antagonists (haloperidol and sulpiride), adrenergic blockers (prazosin, propranolol and yohimbine), and serotonergic blockers/inhibitors (metergoline). The results showed that quercetin produced significant anti-immobility effects in the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), suggesting antidepressant activity. In addition, the potentiation of yohimbine lethality by quercetin further indicates its antidepressant-like property. This antidepressant action demonstrated was, however, blocked when quercetin was co-administered with dopaminergic, adrenergic and serotonergic antagonists, suggesting involvement of the monoaminergic system in the antidepressant action of quercetin. Nevertheless, quercetin did not significantly alter the locomotor activity of mice, which implies lack of stimulant effect. Taken together, these outcomes suggest that monoaminergic systems are likely involved in the anti-depressant effect of quercetin in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun Adebayo Adeoluwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
| | - Anthony Taghogho Eduviere
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Gladys Onyinye Adeoluwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Lily Oghenevovwero Otomewo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Funmilayo Racheal Adeniyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
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Tripp G, Wickens J. Using rodent data to elucidate dopaminergic mechanisms of ADHD: Implications for human personality. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 7:e2. [PMID: 38384667 PMCID: PMC10877278 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2023.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
An altered behavioral response to positive reinforcement has been proposed to be a core deficit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a congenic animal strain, displays a similarly altered response to reinforcement. The presence of this genetically determined phenotype in a rodent model allows experimental investigation of underlying neural mechanisms. Behaviorally, the SHR displays increased preference for immediate reinforcement, increased sensitivity to individual instances of reinforcement relative to integrated reinforcement history, and a steeper delay of reinforcement gradient compared to other rat strains. The SHR also shows less development of incentive to approach sensory stimuli, or cues, that predict reward after repeated cue-reward pairing. We consider the underlying neural mechanisms for these characteristics. It is well known that midbrain dopamine neurons are initially activated by unexpected reward and gradually transfer their responses to reward-predicting cues. This finding has inspired the dopamine transfer deficit (DTD) hypothesis, which predicts certain behavioral effects that would arise from a deficient transfer of dopamine responses from actual rewards to reward-predicting cues. We argue that the DTD predicts the altered responses to reinforcement seen in the SHR and individuals with ADHD. These altered responses to reinforcement in turn predict core symptoms of ADHD. We also suggest that variations in the degree of dopamine transfer may underlie variations in personality dimensions related to altered reinforcement sensitivity. In doing so, we highlight the value of rodent models to the study of human personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Tripp
- Human Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jeff Wickens
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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Čukić M, Olejarzcyk E, Bachmann M. Fractal Analysis of Electrophysiological Signals to Detect and Monitor Depression: What We Know So Far? ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 36:677-692. [PMID: 38468058 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Depression is currently one of the most complicated public health problems with the rising number of patients, increasing partly due to pandemics, but also due to increased existential insecurities and complicated aetiology of disease. Besides the tsunami of mental health issues, there are limitations imposed by ambiguous clinical rules of assessment of the symptoms and obsolete and inefficient standard therapy approaches. Here we are summarizing the neuroimaging results pointing out the actual complexity of the disease and novel attempts to detect depression that are evidence-based, mostly related to electrophysiology. It is repeatedly shown that the complexity of resting-state EEG recorded in patients suffering from depression is increased compared to healthy controls. We are discussing here how that can be interpreted and what we can learn about future effective therapies. Also, there is evidence that novel options of treatment, like different modalities of electromagnetic stimulation, are successful just because they are capable of decreasing that aberrated complexity. And complexity measures extracted from electrophysiological signals of depression patients can serve as excellent features for further machine learning models in order to automatize detection. In addition, after initial detection and even selection of responders for further therapy route, it is possible to monitor the therapeutic flow for one person, which leads us to possible tailored treatment for patients suffering from depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Čukić
- Empa Swiss Federal Labs for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Elzbieta Olejarzcyk
- Nalez Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Volchegorskii IA, Rassokhina LM, Miroshnichenko IU. [Possibilities of «therapeutic retargeting» of 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid derivatives due to their dopaminergic action]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2024; 124:17-26. [PMID: 38529859 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202412403117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The review is devoted to a comparative analysis of the clinical efficacy of the original domestic derivatives of 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid (emoxipine, reamberin and mexidol) in comparison with the results of an experimental study of their dopaminergic action. The position that the dopaminomimetic activity of emoxipin, reamberin and mexidol largely determines their anti-ischemic, antihypoxic, insulin-potentiating neuroprotective, nootropic and antidepressant potential has been substantiated. A comparative analysis of the safety profile of emoxipine, reamberin and mexidol was carried out, taking into account potential and real side-effects caused by iatrogenic deviations from the eudopaminergic state. It has been shown that mexidol (2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate), which is simultaneously a derivative of 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid, has the best balance of efficacy and safety. A generalized assessment of the available data on the successful use of off-label derivatives of 3-hydroxypyridine and succinic acid indicates the advisability of a significant expansion of indications for their clinical use. The authors resume that the «therapeutic retargeting» of emoxipin, reamberin and mexidol (i.e. their use for qualitatively new indications) will contribute to progress in the treatment of socially significant and most common diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L M Rassokhina
- South Ural State Medical University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
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Papp M, Gruca P, Litwa E, Lason M, Willner P. Optogenetic stimulation of transmission from prelimbic cortex to nucleus accumbens core overcomes resistance to venlafaxine in an animal model of treatment-resistant depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 123:110715. [PMID: 36610613 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our earlier study demonstrated that repeated optogenetic stimulation of afferents from ventral hippocampus (vHIP) to the prelimbic region of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) overcame resistance to antidepressant treatment in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. These results suggested that antidepressant resistance may result from an insufficiency of transmission from vHIP to mPFC. Here we examined whether similar effects can be elicited from major output of mPFC; the pathway from to nucleus accumbens core (NAc). METHOD WKY rats were subjected to Chronic Mild Stress and were used in two sets of experiments: 1) they were treated acutely with optogenetic stimulation of afferents to NAc core originating from the mPFC, and 2) they were treated with chronic (5 weeks) venlafaxine (10 mg/kg) and/or repeated (once weekly) optogenetic stimulation of afferents to NAc originating from either mPFC or vHIP. RESULTS Chronic mild stress procedure decreased sucrose intake, open arm entries on elevated plus maze, and novel object recognition test. Acute optogenetic stimulation of the mPFC-NAc and vHIP-NAc pathways had no effect in sucrose or plus maze tests, but increased object recognition. Neither venlafaxine nor mPFC-NAc optogenetic stimulation alone was effective in reversing the effects of CMS, but the combination of chronic antidepressant and repeated optogenetic stimulation improved behaviour on all three measures. CONCLUSIONS The synergism between venlafaxine and mPFC-NAc optogenetic stimulation supports the hypothesis that the mechanisms of non-responsiveness of WKY rats involves a failure of antidepressant treatment to restore transmission in the mPFC-NAc pathway. Together with earlier results, this implicates insufficiency in a vHIP-mPFC-NAc circuit in non-responsiveness to antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Papp
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Gruca
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Litwa
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lason
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paul Willner
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Vieira-Coelho MA, Martel F. Inhibition of kidney potassium channels by fluoxetine: In vivo and in vitro studies. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2023; 37:226-234. [PMID: 36103995 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies have demonstrated that fluoxetine, a commonly used antidepressant drug, can modulate the activity of K+ channels. In the present study, we investigated the in vivo effect of acute and sub-chronic treatment of rats with fluoxetine on K+ renal transport. Furthermore, OK cells, a kidney epithelial cell line, were used in order to evaluate the in vitro effect of fluoxetine on K+ currents. In the sub-chronic study, fluoxetine was administrated daily (10 mg/kg, p.o.) for 15 days to male adult Wistar rats. In the acute study, rats were given increasing doses of fluoxetine (1, 3, 10, 30 and 50 mg/kg, p.o.) for 24 h. Results from the sub-chronic study show that urinary K+ content (in mmol/L) was markedly reduced in the fluoxetine-treated animals (fluoxetine: 83 ± 9; control: 131 ± 10; P < 0.001). K+ fractional renal excretion (in %) was also significantly lower in the fluoxetine group (fluoxetine: 6 ± 1; control: 13 ± 2; P < 0.001). No significant changes was observed in creatinine clearance and on renal tubular Na+ ,K+ -ATPase activity. Results obtained from the acute study demonstrate that, after a 24-h administration, fluoxetine produced a dose-dependent decrease in urinary K+ , with an ED50 (in mg/kg) of 4.2 (2.8; 5.5) and a maximal effect of 62% reduction. In vitro, fluoxetine produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of K+ currents in OK cells, with an EC50 of 107 (84.8; 129.5) μM. In conclusion, fluoxetine produces a marked reduction on urinary K+ excretion; this effect constitutes an in vivo evidence for the inhibitory action of fluoxetine on kidney epithelial K+ channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Vieira-Coelho
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Martel
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Marano G, Mazza M, Lisci FM, Ciliberto M, Traversi G, Kotzalidis GD, De Berardis D, Laterza L, Sani G, Gasbarrini A, Gaetani E. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Psychoneuroimmunological Insights. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061496. [PMID: 36986226 PMCID: PMC10059722 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the role that the intestinal microbiota and the related autoimmune processes may have in the genesis and presentation of some psychiatric diseases. An alteration in the communication of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, which constitutes a communicative model between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastro-enteric tract, has been identified as one of the possible causes of some psychiatric diseases. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe evidence supporting a role of the gut microbiota in psychiatric diseases and the impact of diet on microbiota and mental health. Change in the composition of the gut microbiota could determine an increase in the permeability of the intestinal barrier, leading to a cytokine storm. This could trigger a systemic inflammatory activation and immune response: this series of events could have repercussions on the release of some neurotransmitters, altering the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and reducing the presence of trophic brain factors. Although gut microbiota and psychiatric disorders seem to be connected, more effort is needed to understand the potential causative mechanisms underlying the interactions between these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Marano
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Mazza
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Maria Lisci
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Ciliberto
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianandrea Traversi
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fatebenefratelli Isola Tiberina-Gemelli Isola, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios Demetrios Kotzalidis
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Lucrezia Laterza
- CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sani
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics, Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gaetani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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DiMarco E, Sadibolova R, Jiang A, Liebenow B, Jones RE, Ul Haq I, Siddiqui MS, Terhune DB, Kishida KT. Time perception reflects individual differences in motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.02.530411. [PMID: 36909605 PMCID: PMC10002735 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.02.530411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic signaling in the striatum has been shown to play a critical role in the perception of time. Decreasing striatal dopamine efficacy is at the core of Parkinson's disease (PD) motor symptoms and changes in dopaminergic action have been associated with many comorbid non-motor symptoms in PD. We hypothesize that patients with PD perceive time differently and in accordance with their specific comorbid non-motor symptoms and clinical state. We recruited patients with PD and compared individual differences in patients' clinical features with their ability to judge millisecond to second intervals of time (500ms-1100ms) while on or off their prescribed dopaminergic medications. We show that individual differences in comorbid non-motor symptoms, PD duration, and prescribed dopaminergic pharmacotherapeutics account for individual differences in time perception performance. We report that comorbid impulse control disorder is associated with temporal overestimation; depression is associated with decreased temporal accuracy; and PD disease duration and prescribed levodopa monotherapy are associated with reduced temporal precision and accuracy. Observed differences in time perception are consistent with hypothesized dopaminergic mechanisms thought to underlie the respective motor and non-motor symptoms in PD, but also raise questions about specific dopaminergic mechanisms. In future work, time perception tasks like the one used here, may provide translational or reverse translational utility in investigations aimed at disentangling neural and cognitive systems underlying PD symptom etiology. One Sentence Summary Quantitative characterization of time perception behavior reflects individual differences in Parkinson's disease motor and non-motor symptom clinical presentation that are consistent with hypothesized neural and cognitive mechanisms.
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Blockade of dopamine D3 receptor in ventral tegmental area attenuating contextual fear memory. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114179. [PMID: 36592493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The abnormal fear memory will lead to the onset of stress disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and so on. Therefore, the intervention in the formation of abnormal fear memory will provide a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of PTSD. In our previous studies, we found that blockade of dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) with highly selective antagonist YQA14 or knockout of DRD3 was able to attenuate the expression or retrieval of fear memory in PTSD animal models. However, the neurobiological mechanism of regulation of DRD3 in fear is unclear. In the present research, we clarified that DRD3 was expressed in the dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Then, we identified that microinjection of YQA14 (1 μg/0.2 μl/side) in VTA before the aversive stimuli in the training session or during days subsequent to the shock significantly meliorated the freezing behaviors in the inescapable electric foot-shock model. At last, using fiber photometry system, we found that microinjection of YQA14 in VTA promoted the dopamine neurotransmitter release in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), and pre-training YQA14 infusion in VTA lowered the increase of dopamine (DA) in BLA induced by shock during the training session or by context during the retrieval session. All above the results demonstrated that YQA14 attenuated the fear learning through the blockade of DRD3 in VTA decreasing the excitability of the projection to BLA. This study may provide new mechanisms and potential intervention targets for stress disorders with abnormal fear memory.
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Greenwald MK, Moses TEH, Lundahl LH, Roehrs TA. Anhedonia modulates benzodiazepine and opioid demand among persons in treatment for opioid use disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1103739. [PMID: 36741122 PMCID: PMC9892948 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Benzodiazepine (BZD) misuse is a significant public health problem, particularly in conjunction with opioid use, due to increased risks of overdose and death. One putative mechanism underlying BZD misuse is affective dysregulation, via exaggerated negative affect (e.g., anxiety, depression, stress-reactivity) and/or impaired positive affect (anhedonia). Similar to other misused substances, BZD consumption is sensitive to price and individual differences. Although purchase tasks and demand curve analysis can shed light on determinants of substance use, few studies have examined BZD demand, nor factors related to demand. Methods This ongoing study is examining simulated economic demand for alprazolam (among BZD lifetime misusers based on self-report and DSM-5 diagnosis; n = 23 total; 14 male, 9 female) and each participant's preferred-opioid/route using hypothetical purchase tasks among patients with opioid use disorder (n = 59 total; 38 male, 21 female) who are not clinically stable, i.e., defined as being early in treatment or in treatment longer but with recent substance use. Aims are to determine whether: (1) BZD misusers differ from never-misusers on preferred-opioid economic demand, affective dysregulation (using questionnaire and performance measures), insomnia/behavioral alertness, psychiatric diagnoses or medications, or urinalysis results; and (2) alprazolam demand among BZD misusers is related to affective dysregulation or other measures. Results Lifetime BZD misuse is significantly (p < 0.05) related to current major depressive disorder diagnosis, opioid-negative and methadone-negative urinalysis, higher trait anxiety, greater self-reported affective dysregulation, and younger age, but not preferred-opioid demand or insomnia/behavioral alertness. Alprazolam and opioid demand are each significantly positively related to higher anhedonia and, to a lesser extent, depression symptoms but no other measures of negative-affective dysregulation, psychiatric conditions or medications (including opioid agonist therapy or inpatient/outpatient treatment modality), or sleep-related problems. Conclusion Anhedonia (positive-affective deficit) robustly predicted increased BZD and opioid demand; these factors could modulate treatment response. Routine assessment and effective treatment of anhedonia in populations with concurrent opioid and sedative use disorder may improve treatment outcomes. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03696017, identifier NCT03696017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K. Greenwald
- Substance Abuse Research Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Tabitha E. H. Moses
- Substance Abuse Research Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Leslie H. Lundahl
- Substance Abuse Research Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Timothy A. Roehrs
- Substance Abuse Research Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Sleep Disorders Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
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13
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Liebenow B, Jones R, DiMarco E, Trattner JD, Humphries J, Sands LP, Spry KP, Johnson CK, Farkas EB, Jiang A, Kishida KT. Computational reinforcement learning, reward (and punishment), and dopamine in psychiatric disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:886297. [PMID: 36339844 PMCID: PMC9630918 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.886297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the DSM-5, psychiatric diagnoses are made based on self-reported symptoms and clinician-identified signs. Though helpful in choosing potential interventions based on the available regimens, this conceptualization of psychiatric diseases can limit basic science investigation into their underlying causes. The reward prediction error (RPE) hypothesis of dopamine neuron function posits that phasic dopamine signals encode the difference between the rewards a person expects and experiences. The computational framework from which this hypothesis was derived, temporal difference reinforcement learning (TDRL), is largely focused on reward processing rather than punishment learning. Many psychiatric disorders are characterized by aberrant behaviors, expectations, reward processing, and hypothesized dopaminergic signaling, but also characterized by suffering and the inability to change one's behavior despite negative consequences. In this review, we provide an overview of the RPE theory of phasic dopamine neuron activity and review the gains that have been made through the use of computational reinforcement learning theory as a framework for understanding changes in reward processing. The relative dearth of explicit accounts of punishment learning in computational reinforcement learning theory and its application in neuroscience is highlighted as a significant gap in current computational psychiatric research. Four disorders comprise the main focus of this review: two disorders of traditionally hypothesized hyperdopaminergic function, addiction and schizophrenia, followed by two disorders of traditionally hypothesized hypodopaminergic function, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Insights gained from a reward processing based reinforcement learning framework about underlying dopaminergic mechanisms and the role of punishment learning (when available) are explored in each disorder. Concluding remarks focus on the future directions required to characterize neuropsychiatric disorders with a hypothesized cause of underlying dopaminergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Liebenow
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Rachel Jones
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Emily DiMarco
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Trattner
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Joseph Humphries
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - L. Paul Sands
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Kasey P. Spry
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Christina K. Johnson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Evelyn B. Farkas
- Georgia State University Undergraduate Neuroscience Institute, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Angela Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Kenneth T. Kishida
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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14
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Che YX, Jin XY, Xiao RH, Zhang M, Ma XH, Guo F, Li Y. Antidepressant-like effects of cinnamamide derivative M2 via D 2 receptors in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2267-2275. [PMID: 35079131 PMCID: PMC9433382 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a global mental illness associated with severe mortality and disability. The dopaminergic system is involved in both the etiology and therapeutics of depression. Distinct functions of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor subtypes have attracted considerable research interest, and their roles in the pathogenesis of depression and interaction with antidepressants need to be comprehensively elucidated. Herein, we investigated the antidepressant effects of a candidate antidepressant from a cinnamamide derivative, M2, and examined underlying neural mechanisms. We observed that a single dose of M2 (30 mg/kg, ip) produced rapid antidepressant-like effects in mice subjected to the forced swim and tail suspension tests. Using whole-cell recordings in mouse coronal brain slices, we found that application of M2 (10-150 μM) concentration-dependently increased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) of the pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Furthermore, M2-induced enhancement of sEPSC frequency was abolished by sulpiride (10 µM), a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, but not by the dopamine receptor D1 antagonist, SCH23390 (10 μM). In addition, M2 administration significantly increased expression levels of synaptogenesis-related proteins, including p-mTOR and p-TrkB, in the mPFC at 30 min, and increased postsynaptic protein PSD-95 at 24 h. Our results demonstrated that M2 produces rapid antidepressant actions through a novel mechanism via dopamine D2 receptor-mediated enhancement of mPFC neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xin Che
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Jin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Rong-Hua Xiao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Center for Neurological and Psychiatric Research and Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300410, China
| | - Fei Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Center for Neurological and Psychiatric Research and Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Center for Neurological and Psychiatric Research and Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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15
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Mylona I, Floros GD. Blue Light Blocking Treatment for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Directions for Research and Practice. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051380. [PMID: 35268469 PMCID: PMC8911317 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent results from a small number of clinical studies have resulted in the suggestion that the process of blocking the transmission of shorter-wavelength light (‘blue light’ with a wave length of 450 nm to 470 nm) may have a beneficial role in the treatment of bipolar disorder. This critical review will appraise the quality of evidence so far as to these claims, assess the neurobiology that could be implicated in the underlying processes while introducing a common set of research criteria for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Mylona
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Georgios D. Floros
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-69-4432-4565
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16
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Song Y, Li J, Li H, Cai M, Miao D. The role of ventral tegmental area orexinergic afferents in depressive-like behavior in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 579:22-28. [PMID: 34583191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Orexin has been implicated in comorbid diseases of depression, making it a promising target for anti-depression treatment. Although orexin neurons exhibit abnormal activity in depression, the neurocircuit mechanism of orexin remains unclear. As one of the important downstream factors of orexin neurons, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is considered crucial to the mechanism of depression. However, the role of VTA orexinergic afferents in depression remains unclear. In this study, we applied a combination of opto/chemogenetic and neuropharmacology methods to investigate whether the VTA orexinergic afferents participate in the pathogenesis of depression in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model. We found that c-Fos expression in these VTA-projecting orexin neurons specifically decreased in CUMS-treated mice. Optogenetic and chemogenetic activation of orexin terminals in the VTA significantly reversed depressive behavior. Microinjection of orexin-A, but not orexin-B, into the VTA significantly improved depressive-like behavior. Our study provided direct evidence that the VTA orexinergic afferents participate in the mechanism of depression, and the orexin-1 receptor plays a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Song
- Department of Medical Psychology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiming Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danmin Miao
- Department of Medical Psychology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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17
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Netter P. Between Temperament and Psychopathology: Examples from Neuropharmacological Challenge Tests in Healthy Humans. Neuropsychobiology 2021; 80:84-100. [PMID: 33647900 DOI: 10.1159/000514074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper tries to demonstrate that the questionnaire-based continuum between temperament traits and psychopathology can also be shown on the biochemical level. A common feature is the incapacity to adapt to external demands, as demonstrated by examples of disturbed hormone cycles as well as neurotransmitter (TM) responses related to affective and impulse control disorders. METHODS Pharmacological challenge tests performed in placebo-controlled balanced crossover experiments with consecutive challenges by serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA), and dopamine (DA) agonistic drugs were applied to healthy subjects, and individual responsivities of each TM system assessed by respective cortisol and prolactin responses were related to questionnaire-based facets of depressiveness and impulsivity, respectively. RESULTS The depression-related traits "Fatigue" and "Physical Anhedonia" were characterized by low and late responses to DA stimulation as opposed to "Social Anhedonia," which rather mirrored the pattern of schizophrenia. Reward-related and premature responding-related impulsivity represented by high scores on "Disinhibition" and "Motor Impulsivity," respectively, as well as the questionnaire-based components of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, "Cognitive" and "Motor Impulsivity," could be discriminated by their patterns of DA/NA responses. 5-HT responses suggested that instead of the expected low availability of 5-HT claimed to be associated with impulse control disorders, low NA responses indicated lack of inhibition in impulsivity and high NA responses in depression-related "Anhedonia" indicated suppression of approach motivation. CONCLUSIONS In spite of the flaws of pharmacological challenge tests, they may be suitable for demonstrating similarities in TM affinities between psychopathological disturbances and respective temperament traits and for separating sub-entities of larger disease spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Netter
- Department of Psychology, University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany,
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18
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Zan GY, Wang YJ, Li XP, Fang JF, Yao SY, Du JY, Wang Q, Sun X, Liu R, Shao XM, Long JD, Chai JR, Deng YZ, Chen YQ, Li QL, Fang JQ, Liu ZQ, Liu JG. Amygdalar κ-opioid receptor-dependent upregulating glutamate transporter 1 mediates depressive-like behaviors of opioid abstinence. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109913. [PMID: 34731618 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Opiates produce a strong rewarding effect, but abstinence from opiate use emerges with severe negative emotions. Depression is one of the most frequent emotion disorders associated with opiate abstinence, which is thought to be a main cause for relapse. However, neurobiological bases of such an aversive emotion processing are poorly understood. Here, we find that morphine abstinence activates κ-opioid receptors (KORs) by increasing endogenous KOR ligand dynorphin expression in the amygdala, which in turn facilitates glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) expression by activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Upregulation of GLT1 expression contributes to opiate-abstinence-elicited depressive-like behaviors through modulating amygdalar glutamatergic inputs to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Intra-amygdala injection of GLT1 inhibitor DHK or knockdown of GLT1 expression in the amygdala significantly suppresses morphine-abstinence-induced depressive-like behaviors. Pharmacological and pharmacogenetic activation of amygdala-NAc projections prevents morphine-abstinence-induced behaviors. Overall, our study provides key molecular and circuit insights into the mechanisms of depression associated with opiate abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Ying Zan
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xue-Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Fan Fang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Song-Yu Yao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun-Ying Du
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R&D of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230038, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Shao
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jian-Dong Long
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing-Rui Chai
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying-Zhi Deng
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ye-Qing Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Qing-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R&D of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230038, China
| | - Jian-Qiao Fang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Jing-Gen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310053, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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19
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Alexopoulos GS. Mechanisms and Treatment of Late-Life Depression. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2021; 19:340-354. [PMID: 34690604 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.19304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
(Appeared originally in Translational Psychiatry 2019; 9:188).
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Alexopoulos
- Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
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20
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Li X, Su X, Liu J, Li H, Li M, Li W, Luo XJ. Transcriptome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility genes and pathways for depression. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:306. [PMID: 34021117 PMCID: PMC8140098 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is the most prevalent mental disorder with substantial morbidity and mortality. Although genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified multiple risk variants for depression, due to the complicated gene regulatory mechanisms and complexity of linkage disequilibrium (LD), the biological mechanisms by which the risk variants exert their effects on depression remain largely unknown. Here, we perform a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) of depression by integrating GWAS summary statistics from 807,553 individuals (246,363 depression cases and 561,190 controls) and summary-level gene-expression data (from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of 1003 individuals). We identified 53 transcriptome-wide significant (TWS) risk genes for depression, of which 23 genes were not implicated in risk loci of the original GWAS. Seven out of 53 risk genes (B3GALTL, FADS1, TCTEX1D1, XPNPEP3, ZMAT2, ZNF501 and ZNF502) showed TWS associations with depression in two independent brain expression quantitative loci (eQTL) datasets, suggesting that these genes may represent promising candidates. We further conducted conditional analyses and identified the potential risk genes that driven the TWAS association signal in each locus. Finally, pathway enrichment analysis revealed biologically pathways relevant to depression. Our study identified new depression risk genes whose expression dysregulation may play a role in depression. More importantly, we translated the GWAS associations into risk genes and relevant pathways. Further mechanistic study and functional characterization of the TWS depression risk genes will facilitate the diagnostics and therapeutics for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650204, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xi Su
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jiewei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650204, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huijuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650204, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650204, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650204, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
| | - Xiong-Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650204, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650204, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650204, Kunming, China.
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21
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Duval F, Mokrani MC, Erb A, Gonzalez Lopera F, Danila V, Tomsa M. Neuroendocrine Assessment of Dopaminergic Function during Antidepressant Treatment in Major Depressed Patients. Brain Sci 2021; 11:425. [PMID: 33810562 PMCID: PMC8065982 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11040425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of antidepressants on dopamine (DA) receptor sensitivity in the mesolimbic-hypothalamic system have yielded contradictory results. The postsynaptic DA receptor function was evaluated by the cortisol response to apomorphine (APO; 0.75 mg SC) in 16 drug-free DSM-5 major depressed inpatients and 18 healthy hospitalized control (HC) subjects. Cortisol response to the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was also measured. After two and four weeks of antidepressant treatment (ADT), the DST and APO test were repeated in all patients. Cortisol response to APO (∆COR) was not influenced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, as assessed by the DST. Pre-treatment ∆COR values did not differ significantly between patients and HCs. During ADT, ∆COR values were lower than in HCs at week 2 and 4. After four weeks of treatment, among the eight patients who had blunted ∆COR values, seven were subsequent remitters, while among the eight patients who had normal ∆COR values, seven were non-remitters. Considering the limitations of our study, the results suggest that following chronic ADT, the desensitization of postsynaptic DA receptors connected with the regulation of the HPA axis at the hypothalamic level is associated with clinical remission. These results could reflect increased DA levels in the mesolimbic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Duval
- Pôle 8/9-APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, 68250 Rouffach, France; (M.-C.M.); (A.E.); (F.G.L.); (V.D.); (M.T.)
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Zhang P, Zhang N, Fang S, He J, Fan L, Luo X, Zhang J, Xiong Y, Luo F, Wang X, Yao S, Wang X. Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Chinese version of the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) in Non-clinical and Clinical populations. J Affect Disord 2021; 281:759-766. [PMID: 33229024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anhedonia, a key symptom of depression and schizophrenia, has emerged as a potential endophenotype. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale(SHAPS), a self-report anhedonia scale, in a non-clinical sample and clinical sample inclusive of major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia, or a personality disorder. METHODS A total of 4,722 undergraduate students and 352 clinical patients participated in this study. Internal consistency was assessed by calculating Cronbach's α and mean inter-item correlation (MIC) values. Test-retest reliability and convergent validity were assessed with Pearson r coefficients. The best fitting of six potential factor-structure models was determined by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Measurement invariance across genders and samples was determined by multi-group CFA. RESULTS Internal consistency of the Chinese version of the SHAPS was acceptable in non-clinical (Cronbach's α = 0.90) and clinical (Cronbach's α = 0.91) samples. Four-week interval test-retest reliability was 0.60. Moreover, the Spanish four-factor structure had the best fit indexes in both samples. Scalar invariance was established across genders as well as across non-clinical sample and clinical sample. SHAPS was significantly related with the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). LIMITATIONS There was a restricted scope of convergent validity and the size of clinical sample is relatively small, psychometric properties in elderly sample is also required. CONCLUSION The Chinese version of the SHAPS is a reliable, effective, simple and convenient tool for assessing and screening for anhedonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panwen Zhang
- Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shulin Fang
- Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiayue He
- Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lejia Fan
- Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xingwei Luo
- Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianghua Zhang
- Student Affairs Department, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Student Affairs Department, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fusheng Luo
- Student Affairs Department, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Medical Psychological Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Bacterial Metabolites of Human Gut Microbiota Correlating with Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239234. [PMID: 33287416 PMCID: PMC7730936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a global threat to mental health that affects around 264 million people worldwide. Despite the considerable evolution in our understanding of the pathophysiology of depression, no reliable biomarkers that have contributed to objective diagnoses and clinical therapy currently exist. The discovery of the microbiota-gut-brain axis induced scientists to study the role of gut microbiota (GM) in the pathogenesis of depression. Over the last decade, many of studies were conducted in this field. The productions of metabolites and compounds with neuroactive and immunomodulatory properties among mechanisms such as the mediating effects of the GM on the brain, have been identified. This comprehensive review was focused on low molecular weight compounds implicated in depression as potential products of the GM. The other possible mechanisms of GM involvement in depression were presented, as well as changes in the composition of the microbiota of patients with depression. In conclusion, the therapeutic potential of functional foods and psychobiotics in relieving depression were considered. The described biomarkers associated with GM could potentially enhance the diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders in clinical practice and represent a potential future diagnostic tool based on metagenomic technologies for assessing the development of depressive disorders.
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Athira KV, Bandopadhyay S, Samudrala PK, Naidu VGM, Lahkar M, Chakravarty S. An Overview of the Heterogeneity of Major Depressive Disorder: Current Knowledge and Future Prospective. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:168-187. [PMID: 31573890 PMCID: PMC7327947 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191001142934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is estimated to impose maximum debilitating effects on the society by 2030, with its critical effects on health, functioning, quality of life and concomitant high levels of morbidity and mortality. Yet, the disease is inadequately understood, diagnosed and treated. Moreover, with the recent drastic rise in the pace of life, stress has materialized as one of the most potent environmental factors for depression. In this scenario, it is important to understand the modern pathogenetic hypotheses and mechanisms, and possibly try to shift from the traditional approaches in depression therapy. These include the elaboration of pathophysiological changes in heterogeneous systems such as genetic, epigenetic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamatergic and endocannabinoid systems, neurotrophic factors, HPA axis, immune system as well as cellular stress mechanisms. These components interact with each other in a complex matrix and further elucidation of their mechanism and cascade pathways are needed. This might aid in the identification of MDD subtypes as well as the development of sophisticated biomarkers. Further, characterization might also aid in developing multitargeted therapies that hold much promise as compared to the conventional monoamine based treatment. New candidate pharmacons, refined psychotherapeutic modalities, advanced neuro-surgical and imaging techniques as well as the implementation of pharmacokinetic, pharmacogenetic prescribing guidelines constitute the emerging expanses of MDD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaipuzha Venu Athira
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, 781125, Assam, India.,Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041, Kerala, India
| | - Sikta Bandopadhyay
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Samudrala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, 781125, Assam, India
| | - V G M Naidu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, 781125, Assam, India
| | - Mangala Lahkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, 781032, Assam, India
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
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Qiao H, Yang S, Xu C, Ma XM, An SC. Involvement of D2 receptor in the NAc in chronic unpredictable stress-induced depression-like behaviors. Stress 2020; 23:318-327. [PMID: 31556781 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1673361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
D2 receptors (D2Rs) located in both pre- and postsynaptic membranes of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are involved in the stress response and associated behaviors. The role of D2Rs in chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced depression-like behaviors is not clear. Quinpirole (a D2R agonist) and eticlopride (a D2R antagonist) were stereotactically delivered into the NAc before Sprague Dawley rats underwent CUS. CUS-induced depression-like behaviors were accompanied by a significant decrease in both the dopamine (DA) level and D2R expression in the NAc. Eticlopride reversed CUS-induced depression-like behavior and rescued the DA levels in the NAc, and microinjection of DA into the NAc of CUS individuals had the same effect as eticlopride. By contrast, delivery of quinpirole into the NAc of control animals induced depression-like behaviors accompanied by a decrease in the DA level in the NAc. These results show that DA plays a key role in CUS-induced depression-like behaviors and the D2R exerts a presynaptic negative feedback on DA levels during CUS. Microinjection of quinpirole into the NAc also decreased the level of the kalirin-7 protein in the NAc of both control and stressed animals, while eticlopride increased its level in the NAc of rats. In agreement with these results, intraperitoneal injection of eticlopride in mice also caused an increase in both the kalirin-7 protein level in the NAc and spine density in MSNs, while quinpirole reduced them. These results suggest that regulation of kalirin-7 through D2R in the NAc is a general pathway in rats and mice, and is involved in CUS-induced depression-like behaviors. Kalirin-7 may be directly regulated through the D2R postsynaptic pathway or indirectly through the presynaptic pathway in the NAc. The interaction between D2R and kalirin-7 needs to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qiao
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sha Yang
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin-Ming Ma
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Shu-Cheng An
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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Regulation of defeat-induced social avoidance by medial amygdala DRD1 in male and female prairie voles. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 113:104542. [PMID: 31862611 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Social interaction with unfamiliar individuals is necessary for species-preserving behaviors such as finding mates and establishing social groups. However, social conflict is a potential negative outcome to interaction with a stranger that can be distressing enough to cause an individual to later avoid interactions with other unfamiliar conspecifics. Unfortunately, stress research using a prominent model of social conflict, social defeat stress, has largely omitted female subjects. This has left a void in the literature regarding social strain on female stress biology and adequate comparison of the effect of sex in stress pathways. The prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) exhibits aggressive behavior in both sexes, making voles an attractive candidate to model social defeat in both sexes. This study sought to establish a model of social defeat stress in both male and female prairie voles, characterize behavioral changes in response to this stressor, and investigate the role of dopamine signaling in the response to social defeat stress. Defeated male and female prairie voles displayed social avoidance as well as an increase in the level of dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) in the medial amygdala (MeA). Pharmacological manipulation of DRD1 signaling in the MeA revealed that increased DRD1 signaling is sufficient to induce a social avoidant state, and could be a necessary component in the defeat-induced social avoidance response. These findings provide the prairie vole as a model of social defeat in both sexes, and implicate the MeA in avoidance of unfamiliar conspecifics after a distressing social encounter.
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Koo JW, Chaudhury D, Han MH, Nestler EJ. Role of Mesolimbic Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Depression. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:738-748. [PMID: 31327473 PMCID: PMC6814503 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is widely accepted as being critical for neural and synaptic plasticity throughout the nervous system. Recent work has shown that BDNF in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) circuit, originating in ventral tegmental area DA neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens, is crucial in the development of depressive-like behaviors following exposure to chronic social defeat stress in mice. Whereas BDNF modulates DA signaling in encoding responses to acute defeat stress, BDNF signaling alone appears to be responsible for the behavioral effects after chronic social defeat stress. Very different patterns are seen with another widely used chronic stress paradigm in mice, chronic mild stress (also known as chronic variable or unpredictable stress), where DA signaling, but not BDNF signaling, is primarily responsible for the behavioral effects observed. This review discusses the molecular, cellular, and circuit basis of this dramatic discrepancy, which appears to involve the nature of the stress, its severity and duration, and its effects on distinct cell types within the ventral tegmental area-to-nucleus accumbens mesolimbic circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Wook Koo
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Dipesh Chaudhury
- Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ming-Hu Han
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Eric J. Nestler
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA,Address correspondence to: Ming-Hu Han, Ph.D. and Eric J. Nestler, MD., Ph.D., Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; and
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28
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Alexopoulos GS. Mechanisms and treatment of late-life depression. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:188. [PMID: 31383842 PMCID: PMC6683149 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression predisposes to medical illnesses and advances biological aging indicated by shorter telomere length, accelerated brain aging and advanced epigenetic aging. Medical illnesses also increase the risk of late-life depression. The reciprocal relationships of depression with aging-related and disease-related processes have generated pathogenetic hypotheses and provided treatment targets. Targeting risk factors of vascular disease in mid-life is a logical approach in prevention of vascular depression. The depression-executive dysfunction and the vascular depression syndromes have clinical presentations and neuroimaging findings consistent with frontostriatal abnormalities. Dopamine D2/3 agonists are effective in depression of Parkinson's disease and their efficacy needs to be assessed in these two syndromes. Computerized cognitive remediation targeting functions of the cognitive control network may improve both executive functions and depressive symptoms of late-life major depression. Significant progress has been made in neurostimulation treatments in depressed younger adults. TMS targeting deep structures responsible for mood regulation is well tolerated by older adults and its efficacy in syndromes of late-life depression needs to be studied. Efficacious psychotherapies for late-life depression exist, but are underutilized in part because of their complexity. Streamlined, stepped psychotherapies targeting behaviors assumed to result from dysfunction of brain networks implicated in late-life depression can be easy to learn and have potential for dissemination. However, their effectiveness needs further investigation. Depression increases the risk of dementing disorders. Antidepressants are rather ineffective in treating depression of demented patients, but long-term use of antidepressants may reduce the risk of dementia. However, confirmation studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S. Alexopoulos
- 000000041936877Xgrid.5386.8Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY 10605 USA
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Villas Boas GR, Boerngen de Lacerda R, Paes MM, Gubert P, Almeida WLDC, Rescia VC, de Carvalho PMG, de Carvalho AAV, Oesterreich SA. Molecular aspects of depression: A review from neurobiology to treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 851:99-121. [PMID: 30776369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as unipolar depression, is one of the leading causes of disability and disease worldwide. The signs and symptoms are low self‑esteem, anhedonia, feeling of worthlessness, sense of rejection and guilt, suicidal thoughts, among others. This review focuses on studies with molecular-based approaches involving MDD to obtain an integrated, more detailed and comprehensive view of the brain changes produced by this disorder and its treatment and how the Central Nervous System (CNS) produces neuroplasticity to orchestrate adaptive defensive behaviors. This article integrates affective neuroscience, psychopharmacology, neuroanatomy and molecular biology data. In addition, there are two problems with current MDD treatments, namely: 1) Low rates of responsiveness to antidepressants and too slow onset of therapeutic effect; 2) Increased stress vulnerability and autonomy, which reduces the responses of currently available treatments. In the present review, we encourage the prospection of new bioactive agents for the development of treatments with post-transduction mechanisms, neurogenesis and pharmacogenetics inducers that bring greater benefits, with reduced risks and maximized access to patients, stimulating the field of research on mood disorders in order to use the potential of preclinical studies. For this purpose, improved animal models that incorporate the molecular and anatomical tools currently available can be applied. Besides, we encourage the study of drugs that do not present "classical application" as antidepressants, (e.g., the dissociative anesthetic ketamine and dextromethorphan) and drugs that have dual action mechanisms since they represent potential targets for novel drug development more useful for the treatment of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Roberto Villas Boas
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil; Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados Rodovia Dourados, Itahum Km 12, Cidade Universitaria, Caixa. postal 364, CEP 79804-970, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Roseli Boerngen de Lacerda
- Department of Pharmacology of the Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraná, Jardim das Américas, Caixa. postal 19031, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Marina Meirelles Paes
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Gubert
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Wagner Luis da Cruz Almeida
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Cristina Rescia
- Research Group on Development of Pharmaceutical Products (P&DProFar), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Pablinny Moreira Galdino de Carvalho
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Adryano Augustto Valladao de Carvalho
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua Bertioga, 892, Morada Nobre II, CEP 47810-059, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Aparecida Oesterreich
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados Rodovia Dourados, Itahum Km 12, Cidade Universitaria, Caixa. postal 364, CEP 79804-970, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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Abstract
Defensive motivation, broadly defined as the orchestrated optimization of defensive functions, encapsulates core components of threat-related psychopathology. The exact relationship between defensive functions and stress-induced symptoms, however, is not entirely clear. Here we review how some of the most important behavioral and neurological findings related to threat-related disorders -- lowering response threshold to threats, facilitated learning and generalization to new threatening cues, reduced appetitive sensitivity, and resistance to extinction of the defensive state -- map onto defensive motivational states, highlighting evidence that supports conjecturing threat-related disorders as persistent motivational states. We propose a mechanism for the perpetuation of the motivational state, progressively converting temporary defensive functions into persistent defensive states associated with distress and impairment.
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Tritschler L, Gaillard R, Gardier AM, David DJ, Guilloux JP. [Consequences of the monoaminergic systems cross-talk in the antidepressant activity]. Encephale 2018; 44:264-273. [PMID: 29801770 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most prescribed antidepressant treatment for treat major depressive disorders. Despite their effectiveness, only 30% of SSRI-treated patients reach remission of depressive symptoms. SSRIs by inhibiting the serotonin transporter present some limits with residual symptoms. Increasing not only serotonin but also norepinephrine and dopamine levels in limbic areas seems to improve remission. Anatomical relationships across serotoninergic, dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems suggest tight reciprocal regulations among them. This review attempts to present, from acute to chronic administration the consequences of SSRI administration on monoaminergic neurotransmission. The serotonin neurons located in the raphe nucleus (RN) are connected to the locus coeruleus (locus coeruleus), the key structure of norepinephrine synthesis, through GABAergic-inhibiting interneurons. Activation of the 5-HT2A receptors expressed on GABAergic interneurons following SERT-inhibition induces an increase in serotonin leading to inhibitory effect on NE release. Similarly, the serotonin neurons exert negative regulation on dopaminergic neurons from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) through a GABAergic interneuron. These interneurons express the 5-HT2C and 5-HT3 receptors inducing an inhibitory effect of 5-HT on DA release. Positive reciprocal connections are also observed through direct projections from the locus coeruleus to the RN and from the VTA to the RN through α1 and D2 receptors respectively, both stimulating the serotoninergic activity. Acute SSRI treatment induces only a slight increase in 5-HT levels in limbic areas due to the activation of presynaptic 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B autoreceptors counteracting the effects of the transporter blockade. No change in NE levels and a small decrease in the dopaminergic neurotransmission is also observed. These weak changes in monoamine in the limbic areas after acute SSRI treatment seems to be one of key point involved in the onset of action. Following desensitization of the 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B autoreceptors, chronic SSRI treatment induces a large increase in the 5-HT neurotransmission. Changes in 5-HT levels at the limbic areas results in a decrease in NE transmission and an increase in DA transmission through an increase in the post-synaptic D2 receptors sensitivity and not from a change in DA levels, which is mainly due to a desensitization of the 5-HT2A receptor. The observed decrease of NE neurotransmission could explain some limits of the SSRI therapy and the interest to activate NE system for producing more robust effects. On the other hand, the D2 sensitization, especially in the nucleus accumbens, stimulates the motivation behavior as well as remission of anhedonia considering the major role of DA release in this structure. Finally, we need to take into account the key role of each monoaminergic neurotransmission to reach remission. Targeting only one system will limit the therapeutic effectiveness. Clinical evidences, including the STAR*D studies, confirmed this by an increase of the remission rate following the mobilization of several monoaminergic transmissions. However, these combinations cannot constitute first line of treatment considering the observed increase of side effects. Such an approach should be adapted to each patient in regard to its particular symptoms as well as clinical history. The next generation of antidepressant therapy will need to take into consideration the interconnections and the interrelation between the monoaminergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tritschler
- CESP, Inserm UMRS1178, faculté de pharmacie, université Paris-Saclay, université Paris-Sud, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - R Gaillard
- Inserm UMR 894, centre de psychiatrie & neurosciences, CNRS GDR 3557, institut de psychiatrie, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France; Service hospitalo-universitaire, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 75015 Paris, France
| | - A M Gardier
- CESP, Inserm UMRS1178, faculté de pharmacie, université Paris-Saclay, université Paris-Sud, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - D J David
- CESP, Inserm UMRS1178, faculté de pharmacie, université Paris-Saclay, université Paris-Sud, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry, France.
| | - J-P Guilloux
- CESP, Inserm UMRS1178, faculté de pharmacie, université Paris-Saclay, université Paris-Sud, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry, France.
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Karim MR, Yanagawa A, Ohinata K. Soy undecapeptide induces Drosophila hind leg grooming via dopamine receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:454-458. [PMID: 29577906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
β-Conglycinin α subunit (323-333) [βCGα(323-333)] is an exogenous neuromodulating undecapeptide found from enzymatic digest of β-conglycinin, a soy major storage protein by mice behavior tests. We investigated effect of βCGα(323-333) on Drosophila behavior. Oral administration of βCGα(323-333) in Drosophila increased hind leg grooming, which may act through specific sets of neurons. It was reported that dopamine receptor (DopR) meditates hind leg grooming, and we tested involvement of DopR in βCGα(323-333)-induced hind leg grooming by using DopR knockout flies. In the wild type but not in the DopR-knockout flies, βCGα(323-333) increased hind leg grooming. These results suggest that βCGα(323-333) induces hind leg grooming via activating the DopR. This is the first report showing that exogenously administered peptide changes fly behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rezaul Karim
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Aya Yanagawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Kousaku Ohinata
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Landau AM, Alstrup AK, Audrain H, Jakobsen S, Simonsen M, Møller A, Videbech P, Wegener G, Gjedde A, Doudet DJ. Elevated dopamine D1 receptor availability in striatum of Göttingen minipigs after electroconvulsive therapy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:881-887. [PMID: 28509598 PMCID: PMC5987930 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17705260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a direct form of brain stimulation, is an effective antidepressant. We hypothesized that the beneficial effects of ECT are mediated by increased dopaminergic neurotransmission, in which the baseline activity of D1 receptors may predict the response to ECT. We established a novel model of brain stimulation in Göttingen minipigs based on the protocol of ECT applied in humans. With positron emission tomography (PET), we determined a measure of dopaminergic neurotransmission with the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist [11C]SCH23390. Seven minipigs were anesthetized and completed PET at baseline, prior to the onset of ECT treatment, and at 24-48 h and 8-10 days after the end of a clinical course of ECT, consisting of 10 ECT sessions over a 3.5-week period. In all pigs, the binding of [11C]SCH23390 to striatal D1 receptors had increased by 24-48 h after ECT, and in most, binding returned towards baseline at 8-10 days. Increased binding was observed in inverse proportion to baseline binding rates. Increased binding to dopamine D1 receptors suggests facilitation of dopaminergic neurotransmission, which may contribute to the therapeutic effects of ECT. Importantly, the baseline binding capacity of D1 receptors predicts the magnitude of increased binding, up to a maximum binding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Landau
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.,2 Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.,3 Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Aage Ko Alstrup
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Helene Audrain
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steen Jakobsen
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Simonsen
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Arne Møller
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.,3 Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Poul Videbech
- 4 Centre of Mental Health, Glostrup & University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gregers Wegener
- 2 Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Albert Gjedde
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.,5 Center for Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,6 Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Southern Denmark & Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Doris J Doudet
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.,7 Department of Medicine/Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Sarwar R, Farooq U, Naz S, Khan A, Bukhari SM, Khan H, Karim N, Khan I, Ahmed A, Al-Harrasi A. Isolation and Characterization of Two New Secondary Metabolites From Quercus incana and Their Antidepressant- and Anxiolytic-Like Potential. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:298. [PMID: 29720938 PMCID: PMC5915467 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ethyl acetate fraction of Quercus incana yielded two new compounds [1 and 2]. The characterization and structure elucidation of these compounds were carried out through various spectroscopic techniques such as mass spectrometry along with one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques. The structural formula was deduced to be 2-(4-hydroxybutan-2-yl)-5-methoxyphenol [1] and 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl) pentanoic acid [2]. The elevated plus maze (EPM) and light–dark box (LDB) tests (classical mouse models) were performed in order to reveal the anxiolytic potential of both compounds [1 and 2]. Both compounds displayed dose-dependent increases in open-arm entries and time spent in open arms in EPM (∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01), and increased the time spent in the lit compartment and increased transitions between the two compartments in LDB test (∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01). Co-administration of selective benzodiazepine (BZP) receptor antagonist, flumazenil (2.5 mg/kg) with compounds [1 and 2] decreased the anxiolytic-like activity of both compounds in the EPM indicating BZP-binding site of GABA-A receptors are involved in the anxiolytic-like effect. Similarly, both compounds at the dose level of 10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p. exerted pronounced antidepressant-like effect in both forced swimming as well as tail suspension tests (∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01; ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test). The effect at 30 mg/kg was comparable to the reference drug imipramine (60 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Sarwar
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Abbottabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Abbottabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Naz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Abbottabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Abbottabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan.,UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Syed M Bukhari
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Abbottabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Nasiara Karim
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Ayaz Ahmed
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
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Demontis F, Serra F, Serra G. Antidepressant-induced Dopamine Receptor Dysregulation: A Valid Animal Model of Manic-Depressive Illness. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:417-423. [PMID: 28503114 PMCID: PMC5405612 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160715165648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mania seems to be associated with an increased dopamine (DA) transmission. Antidepressant treatments can induce mania in humans and potentiated DA transmission in animals, by sensitizing DA D2 receptors in the mesolimbic system. We have suggested that the sensitization of D2 receptors may be responsible of antidepressant-induced mania. This review aims to report the experimental evidence that led to the hypothesis that antidepressant-induced DA receptors dysregulation can be considered an animal model of bipolar disorder. Methods: We reviewed papers reporting preclinical and clinical studies on the role of DA in the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments and in the patho-physiology of mood disorders. Results: A number of preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that mania could be associated with an increased DA activity, while a reduced function of this neurotransmission might underlie depression. Chronic treatment with imipramine induces a sensitization of DA D2 receptors in the mesolimbic system, followed, after drug discontinuation, by a reduced sensitivity associated with an increased immobility time in forced swimming test of depression (FST). Blockade of glutamate NMDA receptors by memantine administration prevents the imipramine effect on DA receptors sensitivity and on the FST. Conclusion: We suggest that chronic treatment with antidepressants induces a behavioural syndrome that mimics mania (the sensitization of DA receptors), followed by depression (desensitization of DA receptors and increased immobility time in the FST), i.e. an animal model of bipolar disorder. Moreover the observation that memantine prevents the “bipolar-like” behavior, suggests that the drug may have an antimanic and mood stabilizing effect. Preliminary clinical observations support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Demontis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesca Serra
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Gino Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Zsido RG, Villringer A, Sacher J. Using positron emission tomography to investigate hormone-mediated neurochemical changes across the female lifespan: implications for depression. Int Rev Psychiatry 2017; 29:580-596. [PMID: 29199875 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2017.1397607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian hormones, particularly oestrogen and progesterone, undergo major fluctuations across the female lifespan. These hormone transition periods, such as the transition from pregnancy to postpartum, as well as the transition into menopause (perimenopause), are also known to be times of elevated susceptibility to depression. This study reviews how these transition periods likely influence neurochemical changes in the brain that result in disease vulnerability. While there are known associations between oestrogen/progesterone and different monoaminergic systems, the interactions and their potential implications for mood disorders are relatively unknown. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) allows for the in-vivo quantification of such neurochemical changes, and, thus, can provide valuable insight into how both subtle and dramatic shifts in hormones contribute to the elevated rates of depression during pre-menstrual, post-partum, and perimenopausal periods in a woman's life. As one better understands how to address the challenges of PET studies involving highly vulnerable populations, such as women who have recently given birth, one will gain the insight necessary to design and individualize treatment and therapy. Understanding the precise time-line in younger women when dramatic fluctuations in the hormonal milieu may contribute to brain changes may present a powerful opportunity to intervene before a vulnerable state develops into a diseased state in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel G Zsido
- a Emotion NeuroimaGinG(EGG)-Lab , Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences , Leipzig , Germany.,b Department of Neurology , Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- b Department of Neurology , Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences , Leipzig , Germany.,c Clinic for Cognitive Neurology , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Julia Sacher
- a Emotion NeuroimaGinG(EGG)-Lab , Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences , Leipzig , Germany.,b Department of Neurology , Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences , Leipzig , Germany.,c Clinic for Cognitive Neurology , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
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Burstein O, Franko M, Gale E, Handelsman A, Barak S, Motsan S, Shamir A, Toledano R, Simhon O, Hirshler Y, Chen G, Doron R. Escitalopram and NHT normalized stress-induced anhedonia and molecular neuroadaptations in a mouse model of depression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188043. [PMID: 29141007 PMCID: PMC5687745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anhedonia is defined as a diminished ability to obtain pleasure from otherwise positive stimuli. Anxiety and mood disorders have been previously associated with dysregulation of the reward system, with anhedonia as a core element of major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether stress-induced anhedonia could be prevented by treatments with escitalopram or novel herbal treatment (NHT) in an animal model of depression. Unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) was administered for 4 weeks on ICR outbred mice. Following stress exposure, animals were randomly assigned to pharmacological treatment groups (i.e., saline, escitalopram or NHT). Treatments were delivered for 3 weeks. Hedonic tone was examined via ethanol and sucrose preferences. Biological indices pertinent to MDD and anhedonia were assessed: namely, hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and striatal dopamine receptor D2 (Drd2) mRNA expression levels. The results indicate that the UCMS-induced reductions in ethanol or sucrose preferences were normalized by escitalopram or NHT. This implies a resemblance between sucrose and ethanol in their hedonic-eliciting property. On a neurobiological aspect, UCMS-induced reduction in hippocampal BDNF levels was normalized by escitalopram or NHT, while UCMS-induced reduction in striatal Drd2 mRNA levels was normalized solely by NHT. The results accentuate the association of stress and anhedonia, and pinpoint a distinct effect for NHT on striatal Drd2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Burstein
- School of Behavioral Science, The Academic College Tel-Aviv-Yaffo, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University, Raanana, Israel
| | - Motty Franko
- School of Behavioral Science, The Academic College Tel-Aviv-Yaffo, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Gale
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University, Raanana, Israel
| | - Assaf Handelsman
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Segev Barak
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shai Motsan
- School of Behavioral Science, The Academic College Tel-Aviv-Yaffo, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Alon Shamir
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Mazor Mental Health Center, Akko, Israel
| | - Roni Toledano
- School of Behavioral Science, The Academic College Tel-Aviv-Yaffo, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Omri Simhon
- School of Behavioral Science, The Academic College Tel-Aviv-Yaffo, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yafit Hirshler
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University, Raanana, Israel
| | - Gang Chen
- Center for Translational Systems Biology and Neuroscience, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrative Biomedicine for Brain Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ravid Doron
- School of Behavioral Science, The Academic College Tel-Aviv-Yaffo, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University, Raanana, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Zhang L, Zhu Z, Tan Z, Luo H, Hu X, Li Y. Docosahexaenoic acid induces glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor release in C6 glioma cells: Implications of antidepressant effects for docosahexaenoic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:1112-1117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Kleeblatt J, Betzler F, Kilarski LL, Bschor T, Köhler S. Efficacy of off-label augmentation in unipolar depression: A systematic review of the evidence. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:423-441. [PMID: 28318897 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of unipolar depression with currently available antidepressants is still unsatisfactory. Augmentation with lithium or second generation antipsychotics is an established practice in non-responders to antidepressant monotherapy, but is also associated with a substantial non-response rate and with non-tolerance. Based on a systematic review of the literature, including meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomized comparative studies and case studies, off-label augmentation agents (administered in addition to an antidepressant, without FDA approval for treatment of MDD) were identified and evaluated regarding their efficacy using levels of evidence. The agents had to be added to an existing antidepressant regime with the aim of achieving an improved clinical response to an ongoing antidepressant treatment (augmentation) or an earlier onset of effect when starting antidepressant and augmentation agent simultaneously (acceleration). Five substances, modafinil, ketamine, pindolol, testosterone and estrogen (the latter two in hormone-deficient patients) were shown to be clinically effective in high evidence studies. For the six drugs dexamethasone, mecamylamine, riluzole, amantadine, pramipexole and yohimbine clear proof of efficacy was not possible due to low levels of evidence, small sample sizes or discordant results. For the two agents methylphenidate and memantine only studies with negative outcomes could be found. Overall, the quality of study designs was low and results were often contradictory. However, the use of pindolol, ketamine, modafinil, estrogen and testosterone might be an option for depressed patients who are not responding to antidepressant monotherapy or established augmentation strategies. Further high quality studies are necessary and warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kleeblatt
- Charité, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Betzler
- Charité, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura L Kilarski
- University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tom Bschor
- Schlosspark-Klinik, Department of Psychiatry, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Köhler
- Charité, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Willner P. The chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression: History, evaluation and usage. Neurobiol Stress 2017; 6:78-93. [PMID: 28229111 PMCID: PMC5314424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Now 30 years old, the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression has been used in >1300 published studies, with a year-on-year increase rising to >200 papers in 2015. Data from a survey of users show that while a variety of names are in use (chronic mild/unpredictable/varied stress), these describe essentially the same procedure. This paper provides an update on the validity and reliability of the CMS model, and reviews recent data on the neurobiological basis of CMS effects and the mechanisms of antidepressant action: the volume of this research may be unique in providing a comprehensive account of antidepressant action within a single model. Also discussed is the use of CMS in drug discovery, with particular reference to hippocampal and extra-hippocampal targets. The high translational potential of the CMS model means that the neurobiological mechanisms described may be of particular relevance to human depression and mechanisms of clinical antidepressant action.
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Randomized, proof-of-concept trial of low dose naltrexone for patients with breakthrough symptoms of major depressive disorder on antidepressants. J Affect Disord 2017; 208:6-14. [PMID: 27736689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the proposed dopaminergic mechanism of low-dose naltrexone (LDN), we examined its efficacy as augmentation for depressive breakthrough on pro-dopaminergic antidepressant regimens. METHODS 12 adults (67% female, mean age = 45±12) with recurrent DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD) on dopaminergic antidepressant regimens (stimulants, dopamine agonists, bupropion [≥300mg/day], aripiprazole [≤2.5mg/day], or sertraline [≥150mg/day]) were randomized to naltrexone 1mg b.i.d. (n=6) or placebo (n=6) augmentation for 3 weeks. RESULTS All subjects completed the trial. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-17) scores (primary outcome measure) decreased from 21.2±2.0 to 11.7±7.7 for LDN, from 23.7±2.3 to 17.8±5.9 for placebo (Cohen's d=0.62; p=0.3 between treatment groups). HAM-D-28 scores decreased from 26.2±4.0 to 12.0±9.8 for LDN, from 26.3±2.6 to 19.8±6.6 for placebo (d=1.15; p=0.097). Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-10 item) scores decreased from 30.4±4.9 to 12.2±8.4 for LDN, from 30.7±4.3 to 22.8±8.5) for placebo (d=1.45; p=0.035). MADRS-15 item scores decreased from 36.6±6.2 to 13.2±8.8 for LDN, from 36.7±4.2 to 26.0±10.0 for placebo (d=1.49; p=0.035). Clinical Global Improvement Scale-Severity (CGI-S) scores decreased from 4.3±0.5 to 3.0±1.1 for LDN, from 4.3±0.5 to 4.0±0.6 for placebo (d=1.22; p=0.064). LIMITATIONS Small study; restrictions on allowed antidepressants. CONCLUSION LDN augmentation showed some benefit for MDD relapse on dopaminergic agents. Confirmation in larger studies is needed.
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Papp M, Gruca P, Lason-Tyburkiewicz M, Litwa E, Niemczyk M, Tota-Glowczyk K, Willner P. Dopaminergic mechanisms in memory consolidation and antidepressant reversal of a chronic mild stress-induced cognitive impairment`. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2571-2585. [PMID: 28567697 PMCID: PMC5548836 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in depression can be modelled using the novel object recognition (NOR) test, performance in which is impaired by chronic mild stress (CMS). We aimed to examine the involvement of mesocorticolimbic DA terminal regions, and to establish the substrate for CMS-induced impairment of NOR and its reversal by chronic antidepressant treatment. In experiments 1 and 2, we examined the effect of infusions into medial PFC, dorsal hippocampus (HPC), and nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell of D1 and D2 antagonists and D3 agonist, which were predicted to impair NOR with a short (1 h) delay, and of D1 and D2 agonists and D3 antagonist, which were predicted to facilitate NOR with a long (24 h) delay. Using optimal doses identified in experiment 2, in experiments 3 and 4, we examined effects on drug-stimulated NOR of CMS and chronic treatment with venlafaxine (VFX) or risperidone (RSP). We found a wide involvement of DA systems in memory for NOR: D1 receptors in PFC, HPC, and NAc; D3 receptors in PFC and HPC; and D2 receptors in PFC. CMS impaired D2- and D3-mediated effects in PFC and HPC; antidepressants rescued those effects in PFC but not HPC. The involvement of DA in NOR is multifaceted, but the effects of CMS and antidepressants are more discrete, involving D2 and D3 receptors in PFC specifically. While raising many difficult questions, these results suggest that the D2 and D3 receptors in the medial PFC may be an important substrate for cognitive deficits in depression and their remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Papp
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Gruca
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Litwa
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Niemczyk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tota-Glowczyk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paul Willner
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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O’Leary A, Kõiv K, Raudkivi K, Harro J. Antidepressants differentially affect striatal amphetamine-stimulated dopamine and serotonin release in rats with high and low novelty-oriented behaviour. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:739-746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Can A, Zanos P, Moaddel R, Kang HJ, Dossou KSS, Wainer IW, Cheer JF, Frost DO, Huang XP, Gould TD. Effects of Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolites on Evoked Striatal Dopamine Release, Dopamine Receptors, and Monoamine Transporters. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 359:159-70. [PMID: 27469513 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.235838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following administration at subanesthetic doses, (R,S)-ketamine (ketamine) induces rapid and robust relief from symptoms of depression in treatment-refractory depressed patients. Previous studies suggest that ketamine's antidepressant properties involve enhancement of dopamine (DA) neurotransmission. Ketamine is rapidly metabolized to (2S,6S)- and (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK), which have antidepressant actions independent of N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor inhibition. These antidepressant actions of (2S,6S;2R,6R)-HNK, or other metabolites, as well as ketamine's side effects, including abuse potential, may be related to direct effects on components of the dopaminergic (DAergic) system. Here, brain and blood distribution/clearance and pharmacodynamic analyses at DA receptors (D1-D5) and the DA, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters were assessed for ketamine and its major metabolites (norketamine, dehydronorketamine, and HNKs). Additionally, we measured electrically evoked mesolimbic DA release and decay using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry following acute administration of subanesthetic doses of ketamine (2, 10, and 50 mg/kg, i.p.). Following ketamine injection, ketamine, norketamine, and multiple hydroxynorketamines were detected in the plasma and brain of mice. Dehydronorketamine was detectable in plasma, but concentrations were below detectable limits in the brain. Ketamine did not alter the magnitude or kinetics of evoked DA release in the nucleus accumbens in anesthetized mice. Neither ketamine's enantiomers nor its metabolites had affinity for DA receptors or the DA, noradrenaline, and serotonin transporters (up to 10 μM). These results suggest that neither the side effects nor antidepressant actions of ketamine or ketamine metabolites are associated with direct effects on mesolimbic DAergic neurotransmission. Previously observed in vivo changes in DAergic neurotransmission following ketamine administration are likely indirect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Can
- Department of Psychiatry (A.C., P.Z., J.F.C., D.O.F., T.D.G.), Department of Pharmacology (D.O.F, T.D.G), and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (J.F.C, T.D.G), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychology, Notre Dame of Maryland University, Baltimore, Maryland (A.C.); Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M., K.S.S.D., I.W.W.); National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (H.J.K., X.-P.H.); and Mitchell Woods Pharmaceuticals, Shelton, Connecticut (I.W.W.)
| | - Panos Zanos
- Department of Psychiatry (A.C., P.Z., J.F.C., D.O.F., T.D.G.), Department of Pharmacology (D.O.F, T.D.G), and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (J.F.C, T.D.G), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychology, Notre Dame of Maryland University, Baltimore, Maryland (A.C.); Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M., K.S.S.D., I.W.W.); National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (H.J.K., X.-P.H.); and Mitchell Woods Pharmaceuticals, Shelton, Connecticut (I.W.W.)
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Department of Psychiatry (A.C., P.Z., J.F.C., D.O.F., T.D.G.), Department of Pharmacology (D.O.F, T.D.G), and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (J.F.C, T.D.G), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychology, Notre Dame of Maryland University, Baltimore, Maryland (A.C.); Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M., K.S.S.D., I.W.W.); National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (H.J.K., X.-P.H.); and Mitchell Woods Pharmaceuticals, Shelton, Connecticut (I.W.W.)
| | - Hye Jin Kang
- Department of Psychiatry (A.C., P.Z., J.F.C., D.O.F., T.D.G.), Department of Pharmacology (D.O.F, T.D.G), and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (J.F.C, T.D.G), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychology, Notre Dame of Maryland University, Baltimore, Maryland (A.C.); Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M., K.S.S.D., I.W.W.); National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (H.J.K., X.-P.H.); and Mitchell Woods Pharmaceuticals, Shelton, Connecticut (I.W.W.)
| | - Katinia S S Dossou
- Department of Psychiatry (A.C., P.Z., J.F.C., D.O.F., T.D.G.), Department of Pharmacology (D.O.F, T.D.G), and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (J.F.C, T.D.G), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychology, Notre Dame of Maryland University, Baltimore, Maryland (A.C.); Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M., K.S.S.D., I.W.W.); National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (H.J.K., X.-P.H.); and Mitchell Woods Pharmaceuticals, Shelton, Connecticut (I.W.W.)
| | - Irving W Wainer
- Department of Psychiatry (A.C., P.Z., J.F.C., D.O.F., T.D.G.), Department of Pharmacology (D.O.F, T.D.G), and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (J.F.C, T.D.G), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychology, Notre Dame of Maryland University, Baltimore, Maryland (A.C.); Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M., K.S.S.D., I.W.W.); National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (H.J.K., X.-P.H.); and Mitchell Woods Pharmaceuticals, Shelton, Connecticut (I.W.W.)
| | - Joseph F Cheer
- Department of Psychiatry (A.C., P.Z., J.F.C., D.O.F., T.D.G.), Department of Pharmacology (D.O.F, T.D.G), and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (J.F.C, T.D.G), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychology, Notre Dame of Maryland University, Baltimore, Maryland (A.C.); Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M., K.S.S.D., I.W.W.); National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (H.J.K., X.-P.H.); and Mitchell Woods Pharmaceuticals, Shelton, Connecticut (I.W.W.)
| | - Douglas O Frost
- Department of Psychiatry (A.C., P.Z., J.F.C., D.O.F., T.D.G.), Department of Pharmacology (D.O.F, T.D.G), and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (J.F.C, T.D.G), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychology, Notre Dame of Maryland University, Baltimore, Maryland (A.C.); Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M., K.S.S.D., I.W.W.); National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (H.J.K., X.-P.H.); and Mitchell Woods Pharmaceuticals, Shelton, Connecticut (I.W.W.)
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Psychiatry (A.C., P.Z., J.F.C., D.O.F., T.D.G.), Department of Pharmacology (D.O.F, T.D.G), and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (J.F.C, T.D.G), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychology, Notre Dame of Maryland University, Baltimore, Maryland (A.C.); Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M., K.S.S.D., I.W.W.); National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (H.J.K., X.-P.H.); and Mitchell Woods Pharmaceuticals, Shelton, Connecticut (I.W.W.)
| | - Todd D Gould
- Department of Psychiatry (A.C., P.Z., J.F.C., D.O.F., T.D.G.), Department of Pharmacology (D.O.F, T.D.G), and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (J.F.C, T.D.G), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychology, Notre Dame of Maryland University, Baltimore, Maryland (A.C.); Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland (R.M., K.S.S.D., I.W.W.); National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (H.J.K., X.-P.H.); and Mitchell Woods Pharmaceuticals, Shelton, Connecticut (I.W.W.)
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Parvaz MA, Gabbay V, Malaker P, Goldstein RZ. Objective and specific tracking of anhedonia via event-related potentials in individuals with cocaine use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 164:158-165. [PMID: 27226335 PMCID: PMC4893885 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyposensitivity to non-drug reward, behaviorally manifested as anhedonia, is a hallmark of chronic substance use. Anhedonia is a transdiagnostic symptom underpinned by neurobiochemical disturbances in the reward circuit, yet an objective measure to assess anhedonia severity still eludes the field. We hypothesized that the Reward Positivity (RewP) component of the event-related potentials (ERPs) will specifically track anhedonia as the RewP is attributed to the same brain regions that are also implicated in anhedonia. METHODS Forty-six individuals with cocaine use disorders (iCUD) performed a gambling task predicting whether they would win or lose money on each trial, while ERP data was acquired. RewP in response to predicted win trials was extracted from the ERPs using the principal component analysis. State anhedonia and depression severity were assessed using the Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment (CSSA). RESULTS Although RewP amplitude correlated with both anhedonia and depression, only the RewP-anhedonia correlation survived a correction for depression severity. Further, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that anhedonia explained a significant amount of variance in the RewP amplitude, and this variance was significantly greater than that explained by demographics, severity and recency of drug use and even depression. CONCLUSIONS These results show that RewP amplitude in response to rewarded trials tracks state anhedonia severity in iCUD. We argue that this association is perhaps driven by the activity in the dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic reward pathway that may underlie anhedonia symptomology as well as modulate RewP amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. Parvaz
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA,Correspondence may be addressed to: Muhammad A Parvaz, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029-6574; Tel: 212-241-3638; Fax: 212-803-6743;
| | - Vilma Gabbay
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA,Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA
| | - Pias Malaker
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Rita Z. Goldstein
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA,Correspondence may also be addressed to Rita Z. Goldstein, 1470 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10029-6574; Tel: 212-824-9312;
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46
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Yin L, Zhang X, Huang Y, Sun X. Catecholamine pathway polymorphisms and antidepressant response. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2016; 8:109-17. [PMID: 25854875 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genes that regulate the catecholamine metabolism pathways are potential targets for research in the antidepressant treatment response. This study was intended to determine whether antidepressant responses to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are associated with genetic polymorphisms of the tyrosine or tryptophan gene in Chinese major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. METHODS A total of 290 MDD patients were recruited and received a 6-week SSRIs randomized double-blinded treatment. Allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies were compared between responders and nonresponders in catecholamine genes. RESULTS Genotype frequency of the rs1800544 polymorphism in the DRD4 gene was significantly different between responders and nonresponders after false discovery rate correction (P = 0.042). The frequency of the DRD4 rs1800544 CG genotype was significantly higher (P = 0.003) in responders (51.4%) than in nonresponders (35.8%), and patients with the CG genotype showed an 81.7% response rate. In comparison, the response rates were 73.9% and 52.2% in patients with the GG genotype and the CC genotype, respectively. The frequencies of the DRD4 rs1800544 CC and GG genotypes were significantly lower (P = 0.003) in responders (7.7%, 40.9%) than in the nonresponders (19.4%, 44.8%). No significant difference was found between two groups either in genotype or allele frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the TPH, SLC6A2, SLC6A3, or DRD2 genes. No significant difference was found between two groups in TPH, SLC6A2, SLC6A3, DRD2, orDRD4 gene haplotypes. DISCUSSION Polymorphisms of the DRD4 gene appear to be associated with SSRI treatment response in Chinese MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yin
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Sichuan Forensic Expertise Center in Southwest China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - XueLi Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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47
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Ostadhadi S, Imran Khan M, Norouzi-Javidan A, Dehpour AR. Antidepressant effect of pramipexole in mice forced swimming test: A cross talk between dopamine receptor and NMDA/nitric oxide/cGMP pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 81:295-304. [PMID: 27261607 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pramipexole is a dopamine D2 receptor agonist indicated for treating Parkinson disorder. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of pramipexole in forced swimming test (FST) in mice and the possible involvement of activation of D2 receptors and inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO-cGMP) on this effect. Intraperitoneal administration of pramipexole (1-3mg/kg) reduced the immobility time in the FST similar to fluoxetine (20mg/kg, i.p.). This effect of pramipexole (1mg/kg, i.p.) was ceased when mice were pretreated with haloperidol (0.15mg/kg, i.p,) and sulpiride (5mg/kg, i.p) as D2 receptor antagonists, NMDA (75mg/kg,i.p.), l-arginine (750mg/kg, i.p., a substrate for nitric oxide synthase) or sildenafil (5mg/kg, i.p., a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor). The administration of MK-801 (0.05mg/kg, i.p., a NMDA receptor antagonist) l-NG-Nitro arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 10mg/kg, i.p., a non-specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor), 7-nitroindazole (30mg/kg, i.p., a neuronal NOS inhibitor) and methylene blue (10mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of both NOS and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) in combination with the sub-effective dose of pramipexole (0.3mg/kg, i.p.) reduced the immobility. Altogether, our data suggest that the antidepressant-like effect of pramipexole is dependent on the activation of D2 receptor and inhibition of either NMDA receptors and/or NO-cGMP synthesis. These results contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant-like effect of pramipexole and reinforce the role of D2 receptors, NMDA receptors and l-arginine-NO-GMP pathway in the antidepressant mechanism of this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattar Ostadhadi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Imran Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Norouzi-Javidan
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad-Reza Dehpour
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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48
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Huston JP, Kornhuber J, Mühle C, Japtok L, Komorowski M, Mattern C, Reichel M, Gulbins E, Kleuser B, Topic B, De Souza Silva MA, Müller CP. A sphingolipid mechanism for behavioral extinction. J Neurochem 2016; 137:589-603. [PMID: 26788861 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reward-dependent instrumental behavior must continuously be re-adjusted according to environmental conditions. Failure to adapt to changes in reward contingencies may incur psychiatric disorders like anxiety and depression. When an expected reward is omitted, behavior undergoes extinction. While extinction involves active re-learning, it is also accompanied by emotional behaviors indicative of frustration, anxiety, and despair (extinction-induced depression). Here, we report evidence for a sphingolipid mechanism in the extinction of behavior. Rapid extinction, indicating efficient re-learning, coincided with a decrease in the activity of the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), which catalyzes turnover of sphingomyelin to ceramide, in the dorsal hippocampus of rats. The stronger the decline in ASM activity, the more rapid was the extinction. Sphingolipid-focused lipidomic analysis showed that this results in a decline of local ceramide species in the dorsal hippocampus. Ceramides shape the fluidity of lipid rafts in synaptic membranes and by that way can control neural plasticity. We also found that aging modifies activity of enzymes and ceramide levels in selective brain regions. Aging also changed how the chronic treatment with corticosterone (stress) or intranasal dopamine modified regional enzyme activity and ceramide levels, coinciding with rate of extinction. These data provide first evidence for a functional ASM-ceramide pathway in the brain involved in the extinction of learned behavior. This finding extends the known cellular mechanisms underlying behavioral plasticity to a new class of membrane-located molecules, the sphingolipids, and their regulatory enzymes, and may offer new treatment targets for extinction- and learning-related psychopathological conditions. Sphingolipids are common lipids in the brain which form lipid domains at pre- and postsynaptic membrane compartments. Here we show a decline in dorsal hippocampus ceramide species together with a reduction of acid sphingomyelinase activity during extinction of conditioned behavior in rats. This reduction was associated with expression of re-learning-related behavior, but not with emotional behaviors. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 485.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Mühle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukasz Japtok
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Mara Komorowski
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claudia Mattern
- M et P Pharma AG, Emmetten, Switzerland.,Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Martin Reichel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Bianca Topic
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria A De Souza Silva
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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49
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Rizvi SJ, Pizzagalli DA, Sproule BA, Kennedy SH. Assessing anhedonia in depression: Potentials and pitfalls. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:21-35. [PMID: 26959336 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The resurgence of interest in anhedonia within major depression has been fuelled by clinical trials demonstrating its utility in predicting antidepressant response as well as recent conceptualizations focused on the role and manifestation of anhedonia in depression. Historically, anhedonia has been understood as a "loss of pleasure", yet neuropsychological and neurobiological studies reveal a multifaceted reconceptualization that emphasizes different facets of hedonic function, including desire, effort/motivation, anticipation and consummatory pleasure. To ensure generalizability across studies, evaluation of the available subjective and objective methods to assess anhedonia is necessary. The majority of research regarding anhedonia and its neurobiological underpinnings comes from preclinical research, which uses primary reward (e.g. food) to probe hedonic responding. In contrast, behavioural studies in humans primarily use secondary reward (e.g. money) to measure many aspects of reward responding, including delay discounting, response bias, prediction error, probabilistic reversal learning, effort, anticipation and consummatory pleasure. The development of subjective scales to measure anhedonia has also increased in the last decade. This review will assess the current methodology to measure anhedonia, with a focus on scales and behavioural tasks in humans. Limitations of current work and recommendations for future studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakina J Rizvi
- ASR Chair in Suicide and Depression Studies Program, Department of Psychiatry, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Beth A Sproule
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sidney H Kennedy
- ASR Chair in Suicide and Depression Studies Program, Department of Psychiatry, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Camardese G, De Risio L, Di Nicola M, Pucci L, Cocciolillo F, Bria P, Giordano A, Janiri L, Di Giuda D. Changes of dopamine transporter availability in depressed patients with and without anhedonia: a 123I-N-ω-fluoropropyl-carbomethoxy-3β- (4-Iodophenyl)tropane SPECT study. Neuropsychobiology 2016; 70:235-43. [PMID: 25613182 DOI: 10.1159/000368117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter involved in the pathophysiology of depression and anhedonia. Dopamine transporters (DAT) may play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of dopaminergic transmission. We investigated the relationship between striatal DAT availability and depression, pointing out possible correlations with anhedonia and treatment outcomes. METHODS Ten depressed patients with anhedonia, 10 depressed patients without anhedonia and 20 healthy controls underwent single photon emission computed tomography using (123)I-FP-CIT [(123)I-N-ω-fluoropropyl-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)tropane]. Psychometric measures included the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. A further assessment of DAT availability was performed in the 10 patients with marked anhedonia after a 3-month pharmacological treatment. RESULTS Depressed patients with and without anhedonia showed significantly lower (123)I-FP-CIT binding ratios in the bilateral striatum, caudate and putamen. No significant changes were detected after treatment in the 10 patients with marked anhedonia. When considering clinical outcomes, subjects with remission of depression showed a significant reduction of (123)I-FP-CIT binding ratios in all regions at baseline, but after treatment no differences were found any longer. CONCLUSIONS We suppose that a hypofunction of the striatal dopaminergic system may be a 'state' feature of a depressive condition as a whole rather than anhedonia itself. On the other hand, some anhedonic features mainly represent an enduring trait that persists independently of mood state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Camardese
- Institutes of Psychiatry, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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