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Vosloo C, Van Staden W. Agentive steadfastness as trait marker in relation to temperament and character. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:348-355. [PMID: 38844170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agentive steadfastness was identified as a potential trait marker with which to anticipate prognostically that a patient will persevere steadfastly and take congruent action in facing the demands of living. Taken as an enduring expression of personality, this study investigated agentive steadfastness among adult social media respondents (n = 511) in relation to temperament and character as captured in Cloninger's psychobiological model of personality. METHODS Participants recruited though snowball sampling on social media platforms, applied the 27-item Agentive Steadfastness Index (ASI) and the 240-item Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R-240). RESULTS Agentive steadfastness was statistically predicted by the Self-directedness (β = 0.634), Self-transcendence (β = 0.119), Harm Avoidance (β = -0.142) and the Reward Dependence (β = 0.071) scales, accounting for 63.3 % of the variance in one stepwise regression model. In another stepwise model for the TCI-R-240 subscales, the Purposeful (β = 0.359), Anticipatory Worry (β = -0.353), and the Responsibility (β = 0.259) subscales accounted for respectively 56.8 %, 11.2 % and 2.8 % of the variance in ASI scores. LIMITATIONS Results are limited to adult social media respondents who were willing to participate. CONCLUSIONS Agentive steadfastness may serve as a trait marker of well-being and the good prognostic associations that have been established for high self-directedness, low harm avoidance, as well as resilience, and character strengths. It may be assessed clinically to anticipate prognostically the extent to which a patient will persevere steadfastly and take congruent action in facing the demands of living and adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristel Vosloo
- Centre for Ethics and Philosophy of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Werdie Van Staden
- Centre for Ethics and Philosophy of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Moreira PAS, Inman RA, Cloninger CR. Three joint temperament-character configurations account for learning, personality and well-being: normative demographic findings in a representative national population. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1193441. [PMID: 37533723 PMCID: PMC10393030 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1193441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A common practice in research and clinical practice is to use data considered representative of a target population to compare and understand the personality characteristics of specific groups or specific individuals. To this end, numerous studies have presented normative data for the temperament and character traits outlined in Cloninger's psychobiological model of personality. However, recent genomic evidence demonstrates that human personality is organized as a complex hierarchy that ascends beyond the individual traits to multi-trait profiles that regulate emotional reactivity (temperament profiles) or goals and values (character profiles), and then to three phenotypic networks, which integrate temperament profiles and character profiles, that regulate learning. Given this recent understanding, our aim was to provide a novel and more comprehensive description of personality features at a societal level (using a stratified sample representative of the Portuguese population) by considering personality at its higher levels of complexity. Methods Toward this goal, a stratified sample of 2,443 Portuguese adults responded to the Revised Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R). Results We summarize the prevalence of (a) temperament profiles, (b) character profiles, and (c) integrated temperament-character networks within the whole sample, as well as for men vs. women and different age groups separately. Independent of age and education, women were more likely to be capable of resourceful productivity and helpful cooperation combined with being more intuitive, meditative and creative than men. Independent of age and gender, individuals with a degree were also more likely to present these biopsychosocial features. We also found that the organized character profile was most typical of adults in their 40s. Finally, the distribution of personality profiles across age differed as a function of gender: for men the oldest individuals had the most coherent personalities while high personality integration was most prevalent for women in their 30s. Discussion These results have strong implications for research and intervention. In particular, these results are relevant for understanding the epidemiology of interactions between personality, mental health and well-being, including their expressions in a national population as a function of demographic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A. S. Moreira
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento (CIPD), Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade Lusíada, Porto, Portugal
| | - Richard A. Inman
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento (CIPD), Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade Lusíada, Porto, Portugal
| | - C. Robert Cloninger
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento (CIPD), Lisbon, Portugal
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Eley DS, Bansal V, Cloninger CR, Leung J. Temperament and character in an Australian sample: examining cross-sectional associations of personality with age, sex, and satisfaction with life. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15342. [PMID: 37193024 PMCID: PMC10183160 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Personality can influence how we interpret and react to our day-to-day life circumstances. Temperament and character are the primary dimensions of personality, and both are influenced genetically. Temperament represents our emotional core, while character reflects our goals and values as we develop through life. Research shows that where people live, their social, economic, and physical environment can influence attitudes and behaviors, and these have links to variations in personality traits. There are few studies that focus on Australian personality as temperament and character. Using an Australian general population sample, we examined the psychometric properties of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCIR140) and investigated the associations between TCIR140 traits with both sociodemographic variables and measures of well-being. In addition, we investigated differences in temperament and character between our Australian general population sample and published results of similar studies from other countries. Methods Australians (N = 1,510) completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCIR-140), the Positive and Negative Affect Scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) examined the TCIR-140 psychometrics. Correlation analyzes, independent sample t-tests and ANOVA with post-hoc comparisons analyzed the sample. Results Cronbach's alphas were high, ranging from α = 0.78-0.92, and the CFA confirmed two constructs of temperament and character. Females were higher in Harm Avoidance (p < 0.001), Reward Dependence (p < 0.001), and Cooperativeness (p < 0.001) compared to males, who were higher in Self-Directedness (p < 0.001). Age groups showed significant differences among all temperament and character traits (p < 0.001) except for Reward Dependence (p = 0.690). Young adults had the least resilient personality profile and poorest measures of well-being. Correlations with measures of temperament and character, well-being and affect were all in the expected direction. Conclusions Temperament and character are related to indicators of wellbeing and differs by age and sex. This Australian sample demonstrate a temperament that is high in Persistence and a character high in Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness with an overall postive affect and a general satisfaction with life. In comparison to other countries, Australians in this sample differ in levels of several traits, demonstrating a cautious and independent temperament with a character that is cooperative, industrious, and self-reliant. Young-adults in comparison to older groups have a temperament and character profile that is prone to negative emotions and a lower satisfaction with life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diann S. Eley
- Academy for Medical Education, Medical School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vikas Bansal
- Medical School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Janni Leung
- Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Ollinheimo A, Hakkarainen K. Critical thinking as cooperation and its relation to mental health and social welfare. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Machado RM, Kim HS, Oliveira de Andrade V, Snaychuk LA, Moura CC, Belliero Martini C, de Abreu CRFN, Hodgins DC, Tavares H. Gender differences in psychiatric comorbidity and personality characteristics among adults seeking treatment for problematic internet use. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1022749. [PMID: 36387002 PMCID: PMC9650421 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1022749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated gender differences in personality and psychiatric correlates among adults (N = 115) seeking treatment for problematic internet use (PIU) at a specialized clinic in São Paulo, Brazil. All participants were assessed at the beginning of their treatment for co-occurring psychiatric conditions, other addictive behaviors, and personality characteristics. Women (n = 20) were more likely to present with greater rates of psychiatric comorbidity compared to men (n = 95), including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and bulimia nervosa. Women also had a greater severity of certain behavioral addictions, such as compulsive buying and disordered eating. Gender differences were also found across personality characteristics, with women scoring higher on impulsivity, novelty seeking, and self-transcendence compared to men. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to investigate gender differences for PIU in a clinical sample. The results suggest that there are notable gender differences in individuals seeking treatment for PIU which underscores the importance of assessing for co-occurring conditions, especially in women. Understanding the characteristics associated with PIU can help serve to inform the most appropriate interventions to bolster treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyoun S. Kim
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lindsey A. Snaychuk
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - David C. Hodgins
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hermano Tavares
- Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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A Psychological Profile of Elite Polish Short Track Athletes: An Analysis of Temperamental Traits and Impulsiveness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063446. [PMID: 35329135 PMCID: PMC8955290 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the temperament and impulsiveness profile of short track athletes. Professional athletes (juniors and seniors), under training in the Polish National Team (Nfemale = 21, Nmale = 19, Mage = 20), completed The Temperament and Character Inventory- Revised (TCI-R (56)) and a shortened version of the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation-Seeking, Positive Urgency, Impulsive Behavior Scale (S-UPPS-P). The results proved that skaters obtain higher scores than the general population on the temperamental scales i.e., persistence, harm avoidance and novelty seeking and impulsivity scales i.e., sensation seeking and positive urgency. After the cluster analysis, two homogeneous profiles of short track athletes were determined. The first profile includes athletes with high scores on the reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, cooperativeness, temperamental and sensation-seeking impulsiveness scales coupled with low scores on the temperamental scale, harm avoidance and impulsiveness scales: positive urgency, negative urgency and the lack of perseverance. The second profile is the reverse of the first profile for the short track athletes.
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Personality Networks and Emotional and Behavioral Problems: Integrating Temperament and Character Using Latent Profile and Latent Class Analyses. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2021; 52:856-868. [PMID: 32989577 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-01063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent research indicates that adaptive functioning and well-being depends on the integration of three dissociable systems of learning and memory that regulate associative conditioning, intentionality and self-awareness. Our study objective was to describe how different integrated configurations of these systems (i.e. different expressions of personality) relate to the presence of internalizing, externalizing and total problems. In total, 699 adolescents completed the JTCI and Achenbach's YSR. Latent profile analyses revealed two temperament profiles and six character profiles. Adolescents with a steady temperament, and those with healthy characters, were significantly less likely to present clinical levels of problems. The integration of a steady temperament and healthy character profiles in a Mature-Steady joint temperament-character network was also associated with significantly less clinical problems. In sum, our person-centered study indicates that adaptive expressions of associative conditioning, intentionality, and self-awareness (i.e. integrated personalities) are critical for mental health.
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Dobewall H, Saarinen A, Lyytikäinen LP, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Lehtimäki T, Hintsanen M. Functional Polymorphisms in Oxytocin and Dopamine Pathway Genes and the Development of Dispositional Compassion Over Time: The Young Finns Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12:576346. [PMID: 33897514 PMCID: PMC8060576 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.576346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We define compassion as an enduring disposition that centers upon empathetic concern for another person's suffering and the motivation to act to alleviate it. The contribution of specific candidate genes to the development of dispositional compassion for others is currently unknown. We examine candidate genes in the oxytocin and dopamine signaling pathways. Methods: In a 32-year follow-up of the Young Finns Study (N = 2,130, 44.0% men), we examined with multiple indicators latent growth curve modeling the molecular genetic underpinnings of dispositional compassion for others across the life span. We selected five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) whose functions are known in humans: rs2268498 (OXTR), rs3796863 (CD38) (related to lower oxytocin levels), rs1800497 (ANKK1/DRD2), rs4680 (COMT), and rs1611115 (DBH) (related to higher dopamine levels). Compassion was measured with Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory on three repeated observations spanning 15 years (1997–2012). Differences between gender were tested. Results: We did not find an effect of the five SNPs in oxytocin and dopamine pathway genes on the initial levels of dispositional compassion for others. Individuals who carry one or two copies of the T-allele of DBH rs1611115, however, tend to increase faster in compassion over time than those homozygotes for the C-allele, b = 0.063 (SE = 0.027; p = 0.018). This effect was largely driven by male participants, 0.206 (SE = 0.046; p < 0.001), and was not significant in female participants when analyzed separately. Conclusions: Men who are known to have, on average, lower compassion than women seem to reduce this difference over time if they carry the T-allele of DBH rs1611115. The direction of the association indicates that dopamine signaling activity rather than overall dopamine levels might drive the development of compassion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Dobewall
- Research Unit of Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aino Saarinen
- Research Unit of Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mirka Hintsanen
- Research Unit of Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Sawada M, Wada-Isoe K, Nakashita S, Maeda T, Hanajima R, Nakashima K. Personality traits associated with freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 81:67-68. [PMID: 33068894 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sawada
- Division of Rehabilitation, National Hospital Organization Tottori Medical Center, 876 Mitsu, Tottori-shi, Tottori, 689-0203, Japan; Division of Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago-shi, Tottori-ken, 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Kenji Wada-Isoe
- Department of Dementia Research, Kawasaki Medical School, 2-6-1, Nakasange, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi, Okayama, 700-8505, Japan
| | - Satoko Nakashita
- Division of Neurology, Matsue City Hospital, 32-1 Noshiracho, Matsue-shi, Shimane, 690-8509, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Maeda
- Division of Neurology and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, 1-1-1 Idaidori, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Hanajima
- Division of Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago-shi, Tottori-ken, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakashima
- National Hospital Organization Matsue Medical Center, 5-8-31 Agenogi, Matsue-shi, Shimane, 690-8556, Japan
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Reinforcement sensitivity, depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis and meta-analytic structural equation model. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 77:101842. [PMID: 32179341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) posits that individual differences in reward and punishment processing predict differences in cognition, behavior, and psychopathology. We performed a quantitative review of the relationships between reinforcement sensitivity, depression and anxiety, in two separate sets of analyses. First, we reviewed 204 studies that reported either correlations between reinforcement sensitivity and self-reported symptom severity or differences in reinforcement sensitivity between diagnosed and healthy participants, yielding 483 effect sizes. Both depression (Hedges' g = .99) and anxiety (g = 1.21) were found to be high on punishment sensitivity. Reward sensitivity negatively predicted only depressive disorders (g = -.21). More severe clinical states (e.g., acute vs remission) predicted larger effect sizes for depression but not anxiety. Next, we reviewed an additional 39 studies that reported correlations between reinforcement sensitivity and both depression and anxiety, yielding 156 effect sizes. We then performed meta-analytic structural equation modeling to simultaneously estimate all covariances and control for comorbidity. Again we found punishment sensitivity to predict depression (β = .37) and anxiety (β = .35), with reward sensitivity only predicting depression (β = -.07). The transdiagnostic role of punishment sensitivity and the discriminatory role of reward sensitivity support a hierarchical approach to RST and psychopathology.
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Santangelo G, D'Iorio A, Peluso S, Mautone G, Vitale C, Manganelli F, Ruggiero L, Esposito M. Personality traits associated with blepharospasm: A comparison with healthy subjects, patients with facial hemispasm and patients with hyperhidrosis. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 74:130-134. [PMID: 32067829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore the existence of specific personality traits related to patients with blepharospasm (BSP), treated with injections of botulinum neurotoxin (BTX). Sixteen patients with BSP, 22 with facial hemispasm (HFS), 20 with essential hyperhidrosis (EH) and 20 healthy controls (HCs) completed the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised to explore personality traits based on Cloninger's Psychobiological Model. The results revealed that the four groups differed on the Harm Avoidance (HA) scale and fear of uncertainty subscale, as well as on Persistence (PS). On HA, BSP group did not differ from HCs, but had higher scores than HFS and EH groups. On PS scales, BSP and HFS patients did not differ between them but showed higher score than HCs and EH patients. Our findings suggested that a high level of Harm Avoidance and Persistence seem to be associated with BSP, when compared with any disorders treated with BTX. An evaluation of the personality traits might help the clinicians to early identify BSP patients at greater risk of developing psychopathological disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Santangelo
- Neuropsychology and Memory Clinic, Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy.
| | - Alfonsina D'Iorio
- Neuropsychology and Memory Clinic, Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Silvio Peluso
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giusi Mautone
- Neuropsychology and Memory Clinic, Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Carmine Vitale
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Ruggiero
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Esposito
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Schouw JEMC, Verkes RJ, Schene AH, Schellekens AFA. The relationship between childhood adversity and adult personality revealed by network analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 99:104254. [PMID: 31765851 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood adversity is known to influence personality development. Studies suggest that distinct types of childhood adversities have differential effects on personality dimensions. However, different types of adversity often co-occur, and personality dimensions are strongly interconnected. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to use a network approach to analyze the interrelationships between different types of childhood adversity and diverse personality dimensions integratively. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We used previously collected data on 142 alcohol dependent patients and 102 healthy controls. METHODS The participants completed the Interview for Traumatic Events in Childhood, the Parental Acceptance and Rejection Questionnaire and the Temperament and Character Inventory. Outcomes on the subscales of these instruments were included in the network analysis. RESULTS The resulting network showed strong connections between different types of childhood adversity, and between the different temperaments and characters of personality. Childhood adversity, mainly physical abuse and maternal rejection, was connected to most personality dimensions, except for reward dependence. Physical abuse showed the highest centrality measures, indicating a central, important role in the network. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm that different types of childhood adverse experiences often co-occur, and suggest that specifically physical and emotional abuse, and maternal rejection might play a prominent role in shaping personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E M C Schouw
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Robbert J Verkes
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Aart H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arnt F A Schellekens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Science Practitioners in Addiction, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Wang D, Hu M, Li S, Tao S. Psychometric Properties of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised in Chinese Young Adults. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Kose S, Yalcin M, Akin E, Turkcapar H. Normative data and factorial structure of the Turkish version of the temperament and character inventory-revised (Turkish TCI-R). PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2019.1610144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samet Kose
- Department of Psychology, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral, University of Texas Medical School of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research on Addictions, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mehmet Yalcin
- Department of Psychology, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ercan Akin
- Department of Psychology, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Hakan Turkcapar
- Department of Psychology, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Moreira PA, Pinto M, Cloninger CR, Rodrigues D, da Silva CF. Understanding the experience of psychopathology after intimate partner violence: the role of personality. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6647. [PMID: 30956898 PMCID: PMC6445246 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To fully understand the dynamics of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) it is necessary to understand the role of personality. The current understanding of which personality characteristics are associated with IPV victimization is, however, far from comprehensive. Given this gap in the literature, our objective was to examine the associations between the dimensions of the psychobiological model of personality and psychopathological symptoms in women who had experienced IPV. METHODS Using a case-control design, a group of women who had experienced IPV and who were living in shelters (n = 50) were compared to a group of control women who had not experienced IPV (n = 50). All women completed the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised and the Brief Symptom Inventory. RESULTS Victims of IPV showed significantly higher levels of Harm Avoidance and Self-Transcendence, and lower levels of Reward Dependence and Self-Directedness, than the non-IPV control group. Victims of IPV also reported elevated levels of psychopathological symptoms. Personality dimensions showed a broadly consistent pattern of associations across different psychopathological symptoms. A regression analysis indicated that Novelty Seeking was negatively associated with psychopathological symptoms in victims of IPV, but not significantly associated in non-victims. CONCLUSIONS The study highlights the important role of Harm Avoidance and Self-Directedness for understanding psychopathological symptoms. Novelty Seeking appears to play an important role in the expression of individuals' experiences of IPV. These results have important implications for research and practice, particularly the development and implementation of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A.S. Moreira
- Instituto de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Lusíada—Norte (Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento, CIPD, Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia Pinto
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento, CIPD, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Acolhimento Temporário Âncora, Associação para o Desenvolvimento de Rebordosa, Rebordosa, Portugal
| | - C. Robert Cloninger
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Daniela Rodrigues
- Centro de Investigação em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento, CIPD, Porto, Portugal
- Estabelecimento Prisional de Santa Cruz do Bispo—Masculino, Direção Geral de Reinserção e Serviços Prisionais, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fernandes da Silva
- Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research, CINTESIS, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Moreira PAS, Cloninger CR, Rocha MJ, Oliveira JT, Ferreira N, Gonçalves DM, Rózsa S. The Psychometrics of the European Portuguese Version of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. Psychol Rep 2017; 120:1178-1199. [PMID: 28604231 DOI: 10.1177/0033294117711914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cloninger's psychobiological model of personality integrates contributions from behavioral genetics, neurobiology, and psychology in the description of the human personality. The temperament and character inventory (TCI) is its assessment instrument. The Brazilian Portuguese version of the TCI has shown good psychometric properties. However, Portuguese spoken in Brazil presents marked and substantial differences to that spoken in Portugal, and no study has yet described the psychometrics of the European Portuguese version. The objective of this study was thus to describe the psychometric properties of the European Portuguese adult version of the TCI (the temperament and character inventory-revised (TCI-R)). This study involved 1400 Portuguese adult participants. The factorial structure of the European Portuguese version was tested using four methods: exploratory factor analysis, orthogonal procrustes rotation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and exploratory structural equation modeling. The integration of data coming from these methods suggested that the Portuguese version of the TCI-R presented good structural validity (as revealed by the emergence of the temperament and character structures predicted by theory) and high levels of congruence between the American and the Portuguese versions. An improvement in the goodness of fit of the models for the Portuguese population was achieved by using exploratory structural equation modeling over confirmatory factor analysis. Although some facets registered questionable consistency, all dimensions had acceptable to good consistency (all ≥ .79). These results confirm the validity of the Portuguese TCI-R and its adequacy for use in European Portuguese samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A S Moreira
- Universidade Lusíada-Norte (Porto), Portugal; Centro de Investigação em Psicologia para o Desenvolvimento, Portugal; Centro Lusíada de Investigação em Serviço Social e Intervenção Social, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sándor Rózsa
- Department of Personality and Health Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Falk Ö, Sfendla A, Brändström S, Anckarsäter H, Nilsson T, Kerekes N. Personality and trait aggression profiles of male and female prison inmates. Psychiatry Res 2017; 250:302-309. [PMID: 28279310 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Gender specific personality profiles in association with the level of aggressive antisocial behavior in offenders have not been previously investigated. In the present study we analyzed data collected from 65 male and 50 female offenders using structured protocols regarding criminal history (by criminal register data), trait aggression (by the Life History of Aggression (LHA) questionnaire), and personality profiles (by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI)). Prison inmates differed significantly on several personality dimensions, most pronouncedly were they characterized with low character maturity (low scores in the Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness dimensions of TCI) when compared to gender and age matched controls of the general population. The majority of offenders scored distinctively high on trait aggression. There were moderate to strong associations between the personality dimensions and each of the subscales of LHA (Aggression, Self-directed Aggression and Antisocial behavior). These associations were stronger in the female offender sample. Trait aggression could be best explained by a model, which included male gender, younger age, high novelty seeking temperament and low character maturity. Our results suggest that therapies aiming at strengthening self-governance and increasing cooperativeness (focusing on character maturity) may alleviate aggressive antisocial behavior in offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Örjan Falk
- CELAM (Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health), University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anis Sfendla
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Sven Brändström
- Center for Well-being Washington University, School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Henrik Anckarsäter
- CELAM (Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health), University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Nilsson
- CELAM (Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health), University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nóra Kerekes
- Department of Health Sciences, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden; Swedish Prison and Probation Services, R&E, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Alminhana LO, Farias M, Claridge G, Cloninger CR, Moreira-Almeida A. How to tell a happy from an unhappy schizotype: personality factors and mental health outcomes in individuals with psychotic experiences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 39:126-132. [PMID: 27901211 PMCID: PMC7111452 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2016-1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective: It is unclear why some individuals reporting psychotic experiences have balanced lives while others go on to develop mental health problems. The objective of this study was to test if the personality traits of harm avoidance, self-directedness, and self-transcendence can be used as criteria to differentiate healthy from unhealthy schizotypal individuals. Methods: We interviewed 115 participants who reported a high frequency of psychotic experiences. The instruments used were the Temperament and Character Inventory (140), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, and the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences. Results: Harm avoidance predicted cognitive disorganization (β = 0.319; t = 2.94), while novelty seeking predicted bipolar disorder (β = 0.136, Exp [β]. = 1.146) and impulsive non-conformity (β = 0.322; t = 3.55). Self-directedness predicted an overall decrease in schizotypy, most of all in cognitive disorganization (β = -0.356; t = -2.95) and in impulsive non-conformity (β = -0.313; t = -2.83). Finally, self-transcendence predicted unusual experiences (β = 0.256; t = 2.32). Conclusion: Personality features are important criteria to distinguish between pathology and mental health in individuals presenting high levels of anomalous experiences (AEs). While self-directedness is a protective factor, both harm avoidance and novelty seeking were predictors of negative mental health outcomes. We suggest that the impact of AEs on mental health is moderated by personality factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia O Alminhana
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Gordon Claridge
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Striatum-Centered Fiber Connectivity Is Associated with the Personality Trait of Cooperativeness. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162160. [PMID: 27755551 PMCID: PMC5068751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperativeness is an essential behavioral trait evolved to facilitate group living. Social and cognitive mechanisms involved in cooperation (e.g., motivation, reward encoding, action evaluation, and executive functions) are sub-served by the striatal-projected circuits, whose physical existence has been confirmed by animal studies, human postmortem studies, and in vivo human brain studies. The current study investigated the associations between Cooperativeness and fiber connectivities from the striatum to nine subcortical and cortical regions, including the amygdala, hippocampus, medial orbitofrontal cortex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex/retrosplenial cortex, dorsal cingulate cortex, and rostral cingulate cortex. Results showed that Cooperativeness was negatively correlated with fiber connectivity for the cognitive control system (from the dorsal caudate to the rostral cingulate cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex), but not with fiber connectivity for the social cognitive system (e.g., connectivity with the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala). These results partially supported Declerck et al.’s (2013) cognitive neural model of the role of cognitive control and social cognition in cooperation.
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Sievert M, Zwir I, Cloninger KM, Lester N, Rozsa S, Cloninger CR. The influence of temperament and character profiles on specialty choice and well-being in medical residents. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2319. [PMID: 27651982 PMCID: PMC5018665 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple factors influence the decision to enter a career in medicine and choose a specialty. Previous studies have looked at personality differences in medicine but often were unable to describe the heterogeneity that exists within each specialty. Our study used a person-centered approach to characterize the complex relations between the personality profiles of resident physicians and their choice of specialty. METHODS 169 resident physicians at a large Midwestern US training hospital completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Clusters of personality profiles were identified without regard to medical specialty, and then the personality clusters were tested for association with their choice of specialty by co-clustering analysis. Life satisfaction was tested for association with personality traits and medical specialty by linear regression and analysis of variance. RESULTS We identified five clusters of people with distinct personality profiles, and found that these were associated with particular medical specialties Physicians with an "investigative" personality profile often chose pathology or internal medicine, those with a "commanding" personality often chose general surgery, "rescuers" often chose emergency medicine, the "dependable" often chose pediatrics, and the "compassionate" often chose psychiatry. Life satisfaction scores were not enhanced by personality-specialty congruence, but were related strongly to self-directedness regardless of specialty. CONCLUSIONS The personality profiles of physicians were strongly associated with their medical specialty choices. Nevertheless, the relationships were complex: physicians with each personality profile went into a variety of medical specialties, and physicians in each medical specialty had variable personality profiles. The plasticity and resilience of physicians were more important for their life satisfaction than was matching personality to the prototype of a particular specialty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sievert
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis , Saint Louis , MO , United States
| | - Igor Zwir
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis , Saint Louis , MO , United States
| | | | - Nigel Lester
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis , Saint Louis , MO , United States
| | - Sandor Rozsa
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis , Saint Louis , MO , United States
| | - C Robert Cloninger
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, Genetics, Washington University in St Louis , Saint Louis , MO , United States
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Calvet B, Péricaud M, Parneix M, Jouette A, Bricaud M, Clément JP. Age and Sex Differences in Temperament and Character Dimensions in a French Nonclinical Population. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The authors examined age and sex trends on the seven dimensions and 25 facets assessed by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) collected between 2006 and 2014. This cross-sectional study sought to better understand personality differences according to age and sex cohorts in a French nonclinical community sample (1,181 participants). Our results show significant differences in age groups in Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, Harm Avoidance, and Self-Transcendence. Women scored higher than men in Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Cooperativeness. Men between 18 and 29 years old reported higher Novelty Seeking whereas older women had higher Harm Avoidance. Among all the dimensions of the TCI, only Self-Directedness presents a consistent Gender × Age interaction. Our study confirmed that there were personality-specific features in men and women. In addition, there were personality changes with age in both temperament and character dimensions. Our research highlighted the need to take into account both age and gender of subjects in the future analyses and interpretations of findings from the temperament and character inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Calvet
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France
- UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, University of Limoges, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Center Esquirol, Limoges, France
| | - Marion Péricaud
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Center Esquirol, Limoges, France
| | - Matthieu Parneix
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Center Esquirol, Limoges, France
| | - Adrien Jouette
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Center Esquirol, Limoges, France
| | - Magali Bricaud
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Center Esquirol, Limoges, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Clément
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France
- UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, University of Limoges, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, Limoges, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Center Esquirol, Limoges, France
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Costa RM, Oliveira TF, Pestana J, Costa D. Self-transcendence is related to higher female sexual desire. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Giakoumaki SG, Karagiannopoulou L, Rózsa S, Zouraraki C, Karamaouna P, Cloninger CR. Psychometric properties of the Greek TCI-R and its clinical correlates: schizotypy and the self-regulation of affective and cognitive functioning. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1830. [PMID: 27019787 PMCID: PMC4806636 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The revised Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R) measures Cloninger’s psychobiological model of personality. The average effects of individual temperament and character traits have been associated with schizotypy and with impaired regulation of affect and cognition. We extended prior research by testing predictions about the association of specific multidimensional configurations of temperament and character traits on schizotypy, affect balance, and self-perceived cognitive functioning. Method. A well-educated sample of native Greeks (N = 483), completed a new Greek translation of the TCI-R, as well as the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), the Positive/Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ). The factor structure of the TCI-R was examined with exploratory and confirmatory tests. Associations between reported measures were examined with correlational and regression analyses. Results. The TCI-R had good psychometric properties as expected from studies in other countries. As predicted, specific configurations of temperament and character were associated with schizotypy, negative affect balance, and cognitive lapses. The “Borderline/Explosive temperament” (high Novelty Seeking, high Harm Avoidance, low Reward Dependence), “Schizotypal/Disorganized character” (low Self-directedness, low Cooperativeness, high Self-transcendence), and “Low Ego Strength/Fragile” profile (high Harm Avoidance, low Persistence, low Self-Directedness) were each strongly associated with higher stereotypy, negative affect balance (low positive affect and high negative affect), and subjective cognitive lapses compared to their contrast groups. Discussion. Multidimensional TCI profiles are strongly related to individual differences in schizotypy and self-reported regulation of affect and cognition. The Greek translation of the TCI-R is psychometrically sound and useful for clinical assessment and research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sándor Rózsa
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri , USA
| | | | - Penny Karamaouna
- Department of Psychology, University of Crete , Rethymno , Greece
| | - C Robert Cloninger
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri , USA
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Gutierrez-Zotes A, Labad J, Martorell L, Gaviria A, Bayón C, Vilella E, Cloninger CR. The revised Temperament and Character Inventory: normative data by sex and age from a Spanish normal randomized sample. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1481. [PMID: 26713237 PMCID: PMC4690388 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. The psychometric properties regarding sex and age for the revised version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R) and its derived short version, the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-140), were evaluated with a randomized sample from the community. Methods. A randomized sample of 367 normal adult subjects from a Spanish municipality, who were representative of the general population based on sex and age, participated in the current study. Descriptive statistics and internal consistency according to α coefficient were obtained for all of the dimensions and facets. T-tests and univariate analyses of variance, followed by Bonferroni tests, were conducted to compare the distributions of the TCI-R dimension scores by age and sex. Results. On both the TCI-R and TCI-140, women had higher scores for Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness than men, whereas men had higher scores for Persistence. Age correlated negatively with Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness and positively with Harm Avoidance and Self-transcendence. Young subjects between 18 and 35 years had higher scores than older subjects in NS and RD. Subjects between 51 and 77 years scored higher in both HA and ST. The alphas for the dimensions were between 0.74 and 0.87 for the TCI-R and between 0.63 and 0.83 for the TCI-140. Conclusion. Results, which were obtained with a randomized sample, suggest that there are specific distributions of personality traits by sex and age. Overall, both the TCI-R and the abbreviated TCI-140 were reliable in the 'good-to-excellent' range. A strength of the current study is the representativeness of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Gutierrez-Zotes
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM , Ctra. de l'Institut Pere Mata, s/n, Reus , Spain
| | - Javier Labad
- Department of Psychiatry, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, I3PT, UAB . Sabadell, Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Ana Gaviria
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM , Ctra. de l'Institut Pere Mata, s/n, Reus , Spain
| | | | - Elisabet Vilella
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM , Ctra. de l'Institut Pere Mata, s/n, Reus , Spain
| | - C Robert Cloninger
- Departament of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , USA
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de Carvalho HW, Pereira R, Frozi J, Bisol LW, Ottoni GL, Lara DR. Childhood trauma is associated with maladaptive personality traits. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2015; 44:18-25. [PMID: 25541148 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The association between childhood trauma and personality traits has been poorly characterized and reported. Our aim was to evaluate whether distinct types of childhood abuse and neglect are associated with various personality dimensions using data from a large web-based survey. A total of 12,225 volunteers responded anonymously to the Internet versions of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) via our research website, but only 8,114 subjects (75.7% women, mean age 34.8±11.3yrs) who met the criteria for validity were included in the analysis. Childhood trauma was positively associated with harm avoidance and was negatively associated with self-directedness and, to a lesser extent, with cooperativeness. The associations were robust with emotional abuse and neglect but were non-significant or mild with physical trauma. Emotional neglect was associated with reduced reward dependence and persistence. All types of abuse, but not neglect, were associated with increased novelty seeking scores. Reporting of childhood trauma, especially of an emotional nature, was associated with maladaptive personality traits. Further investigation of the effects of different types of childhood trauma on psychological and neurobiological parameters is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson W de Carvalho
- Departamento de Psicologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Pereira
- Serviço de Psiquiatria, Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Julia Frozi
- Faculdade de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luísa W Bisol
- Serviço de Psiquiatria, Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo L Ottoni
- Hospital Presidente Vargas, Fundação Faculdade Federal de Ciências Médicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo R Lara
- Serviço de Psiquiatria, Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Park H, Suh BS, Kim WS, Lee HK, Park SC, Lee K. Character profiles and life satisfaction. Compr Psychiatry 2015; 58:172-7. [PMID: 25595517 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a surge of interest in subjective well-being (SWB), which concerns how individuals feel about their happiness. Life satisfaction tends to be influenced by individual psychological traits and external social factors. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between individual character and SWB. METHODS Data from 3522 university students were analyzed in this study. Character profiles were evaluated using the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised Short version (TCI-RS). Life satisfaction was assessed using the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). All statistical tests regarding the correlations between each character profile and life satisfaction were conducted using ANOVAs, t-tests, multiple linear regression models and correlation analyses. RESULTS The creative (SCT) profile was associated with the highest levels of life satisfaction, whereas the depressive (sct) profile was associated with the lowest levels of life satisfaction. Additionally, high self-directedness, self-transcendence and cooperation were associated with high life satisfaction. The results of gender-adjusted multiple regression analysis showed that the effects of self-directedness were the strongest in the assessment of one's quality of life, followed by self-transcendence and cooperativeness, in that order. All of the three-character profiles were significantly correlated with one's quality of life, and the character profiles of TCI-RS explained 27.6% of life satisfaction in total. Among the three-character profiles, the self-directedness profile was most associated with life satisfaction. LIMITATIONS Our study was cross-sectional, and self-reported data from students at a single university were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed that, among the character profiles, the effects of self-directedness were the strongest for predicting life satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwanjin Park
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Seong Suh
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sool Kim
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Lee
- Health Service Center, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Cheol Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Yong-In Mental Hospital, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Kounseok Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Anxiety disorders and anxiety-related traits and serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) in adolescents: case-control and trio studies. Psychiatr Genet 2015; 24:176-80. [PMID: 24842237 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) in anxiety disorder and anxiety-related traits is controversial. Besides this study, few studies have evaluated the triallelic genotype in adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate whether anxiety disorders and anxiety-related traits are associated with 5-HTTLPR (biallelic and triallelic) in adolescents, integrating both case-control-based and family-based designs in a community sample. This is a cross-sectional community study of 504 individuals and their families: 225 adolescents (129 adolescents with anxiety disorder and 96 controls) and their biological families. We assessed psychiatric diagnosis using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. The Temperament and Character Inventory and the Resnick Behavioral Inhibition Scale were used to evaluate harm avoidance and behavioral inhibition. DNA was extracted from saliva and genotyped, including biallelic and triallelic 5-HTTLPR classification, by PCR-RFLP followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. We were not able to find any associations between 5-HTTLPR and anxiety-related phenotypes in both case-control and trio analyses. Further investigation and meta-analytic studies are needed to better clarify the inconsistent results with regard to the association between 5-HTTLPR and anxiety-related phenotypes in adolescents.
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Temperament and character dimensions assessed in general population, in individuals with psychoactive substance dependence and in young male conscripts. Eur Psychiatry 2015; 30:474-9. [PMID: 25687735 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this work we consider Cloninger's psychobiological model, which measures two dimensions of personality: character and temperament. Temperament refers to the biological basis of personality and its characteristics, while character refers to an individual's attitudes towards own self, towards humanity and as part of the universe. METHODS The Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised-140 (TCI-R-140) was administered to 3 divergent samples: a general population sample, a sample of male conscripts and a sample of individuals attending a substance abuse rehabilitation programme. Score differences among the three samples were assessed controlling for age and gender and reliability coefficients are reported. The latent structure was studied in all samples, using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods (EFA and CFA respectively). RESULTS The proposed structure was partially replicated via EFA. CFA however indicated less than satisfactory fit, as in previously reported results. To improve the fit, the path diagram was augmented to account for multiple factor complexity, as suggested by the EFA results in all samples. While retaining the original seven-factor structure, the augmented model provided adequate fit. The consistency of the inventory was satisfactory in all samples. Evidence for the construct validity was found in relation to aggression. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to conclude in adequate fit, after allowing for the indicators to load on more than one factor within each dimension. While cross-national differences apply, our results were similar (when comparable) with previously reported ones in the literature.
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Psychometric properties and factor structure of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R) in a Croatian psychiatric outpatient sample. Compr Psychiatry 2015; 57:177-86. [PMID: 25464839 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate psychometric properties and factorial structure of the Croatian adaptation of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R) in a sample of psychiatric outpatients (n=328). METHOD The participants filled out the TCI-R, as well as self-report measures of the Big-Five personality traits (IPIP-50), trait impulsivity (BIS-11), depression (BDI-II), suicidality (SBQ-R), and life satisfaction (SWLS). We explored the internal consistency of 7 domains and 29 subscales and compared it with the Croatian version of the original TCI used in prior studies. Principal component analysis with promax rotation was conducted on temperament and character subscales separately, while concurrent validity was examined through the TCI-R's relations with the abovementioned psychological measures. RESULTS The TCI-R scales showed adequate internal consistencies, with Cronbach's alpha values ranging from 0.77 to 0.93. The internal consistency showed to be higher in comparison with the Croatian version of the original TCI. The postulated four-factor structure of temperament and the three-factor structure of character were confirmed. The meaningful associations with other measures supported the concurrent validity of the TCI-R. CONCLUSION The Croatian adaptation of the TCI-R exhibited satisfactory reliability and validity in a sample of psychiatric outpatients. These findings support the use of the TCI-R in Croatian clinical settings over its predecessor (TCI).
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Schneider R, Ottoni GL, de Carvalho HW, Elisabetsky E, Lara DR. Temperament and character traits associated with the use of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and hallucinogens: evidence from a large Brazilian web survey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 37:31-9. [PMID: 25697129 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate how personality traits are associated with occasional use, abuse, and dependence of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and hallucinogens in a large availability sample of adults via online questionnaires. METHODS The sample consisted of 8,646 individuals (24.7% men and 75.3% women) who completed an anonymous web survey. Involvement with drugs and temperament/character traits were assessed through the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and the Temperament and Character Inventory - Revised (TCI-R), respectively. Interactions among variables were analyzed using MANOVA with Bonferroni adjustment. RESULTS Novelty seeking was the trait most associated with increased involvement with alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine. There was a significant association between harm avoidance and benzodiazepine use. Persistence was lower in cannabis-, benzodiazepine-, and cocaine-dependent subjects, as well as in hallucinogen abusers. Self-directedness was reduced in dependents of all drug classes. No strong relationships were found between other temperament or character dimensions and the severity of drug use. CONCLUSIONS Novelty seeking was associated with increased involvement with all drugs studied in this sample, although to a lesser extent with benzodiazepines and hallucinogens. The temperament and character profile for benzodiazepine use was different from that of other drugs due to the relationship with higher harm avoidance and self-transcendence and lower self-directedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology and Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo L Ottoni
- School of Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Hudson W de Carvalho
- School of Psychology, Universidade de Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Elaine Elisabetsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo R Lara
- School of Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Fountoulakis KN, Rozsa S, Siamouli M, Moutou K, Pantoula E, Cloninger CR. Standardization and normative data of the Greek version of the temperament and character inventory (TCI). Ann Gen Psychiatry 2015; 14:28. [PMID: 26396587 PMCID: PMC4578673 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-015-0067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robert Cloninger's psychobiological model of temperament and character is a dimensional approach to personality assessment and gave birth to the temperament and character inventory (TCI). The aim of the present report is to examine the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the TCI, and to replicate its postulated structure and provide preliminary normative data for the Greek population. METHODS The study sample included 734 subjects from the general Greek population (436 females; 59.4 % and 298 males; 40.6 %). Their mean age was 40.80 ± 11.48 years (range 25-67 years). The mean age for females was 39.43 ± 10.87 years (range 25-65 years), while the mean age for males was 42.82 ± 12.06 years (range 25-67 years). Descriptive statistics tables concerning age, gender and occupational status distribution in the sample were created. The analysis included the calculation of Cronbach's alpha, factor analysis with promax rotation and the calculation of Pearson correlation coefficients between the subscales scores. Analysis of Covariance with age as covariate and t test and Cohen's d as post hoc tests was used to search for differences in subscales scores between males and females. RESULTS The overall psychometric properties of the Greek version of the TCI proved to be satisfactory, with acceptable consistencies of the subscales. The factor analysis of temperament identified four factors which together explained 58.56 % of total variance, while the factor analysis of the three-factor solution of the character explained 52.24 % of total variance. The TCI scales correlate significantly but weakly between each other and with age. DISCUSSION The Greek version of the TCI exhibits psychometric properties similar to its original English counterpart and to other national translations and it is suitable for use in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandor Rozsa
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Melina Siamouli
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessalonikis, Greece
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Antúnez JM, Navarro JF, Adan A. Morningness–eveningness and personality characteristics of young healthy adults. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gawęda Ł, Kokoszka A. Meta-cognitive beliefs as a mediator for the relationship between Cloninger's temperament and character dimensions and depressive and anxiety symptoms among healthy subjects. Compr Psychiatry 2014; 55:1029-37. [PMID: 24360602 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that temperament and character may impact depression and anxiety through dysfunctional cognition. This study targets the mediating role of meta-cognitive beliefs in the relationship between Cloninger's temperament and character dimensions and symptoms of depression and anxiety. METHOD One hundred and sixty-one healthy subjects filled out Cloninger's Temperament Character Inventory (TCI), a Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Correlation and mediation analyses according to Baron and Kenny's method were performed. RESULTS Harm avoidance (HA) and self-directedness (SD) were related to depression and anxiety. HA was related to negative beliefs about uncontrollability of thoughts and to beliefs about cognitive confidence. SD was associated with the same types of meta-cognitive beliefs and with general negative beliefs. Cooperativeness (CO) was related to positive beliefs about worry, beliefs about cognitive confidence and to general negative beliefs. Self-transcendence (ST) was related to all types of meta-cognitive beliefs. Mediation analysis revealed that the relationship between HA and depression and anxiety is partially mediated by certain types of meta-cognitive beliefs. The same results were obtained for the relationship between SD and depression and anxiety. General negative beliefs fully mediated the relationship between CO and depression and the relationship between ST and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Meta-cognitive beliefs mediate the relationship between temperament and character dimension and depressive and anxiety symptoms, thus providing further evidence for the meta-cognitive theory of emotional disorders as presented by Wells and Matthews (Behav Res Ther 1996;32:867-870).
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Gawęda
- II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Kokoszka
- II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland; Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
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Schellekens AFA, de Jong CAJ, Buitelaar JK, Verkes RJ. Co-morbid anxiety disorders predict early relapse after inpatient alcohol treatment. Eur Psychiatry 2014; 30:128-36. [PMID: 24630346 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol dependence and anxiety disorders often co-occur. Yet, the effect of co-morbid anxiety disorders on the alcohol relapse-risk after treatment is under debate. This study investigated the effect of co-morbid anxiety disorders on relapse rates in alcohol dependence. We hypothesized that co-morbid anxiety disorders would be particularly predictive for early relapse, but not late relapse. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In a prospective design, male alcohol dependent patients (n=189) were recruited from an inpatient detoxification clinic. Psychiatric diagnoses and personality traits were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for psychiatric disorders and the Temperament and Character Inventory. The addiction severity index was used to assess addiction severity and follow-up. RESULTS One year after detoxification, 81 patients (53%) relapsed and nine patients (7%) were deceased, due to alcohol related causes. Co-morbid anxiety disorder, marital status, addiction severity, in particular legal problems, and harm avoidance predicted relapse. Anxiety disorders specifically predicted early relapse. CONCLUSION Alcohol dependence is a severe mental disorder, with high relapse rates and high mortality. Alcohol dependent patients with co-morbid anxiety disorders are particularly prone to relapse during the first three months of treatment. These patients may therefore require additional medical and psychological attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F A Schellekens
- Radboud Medical Centre Nijmegen, Department of Psychiatry, 966, PO Box 9101, Reinier Postlaan 10, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Science Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA).
| | - C A J de Jong
- Nijmegen Institute for Science Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA)
| | - J K Buitelaar
- Radboud Medical Centre Nijmegen, Department of Psychiatry, 966, PO Box 9101, Reinier Postlaan 10, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R J Verkes
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Medical Centre
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Andó B, Rózsa S, Kurgyis E, Szkaliczki A, Demeter I, Szikszay P, Demetrovics Z, Janka Z, Álmos PZ. Direct and indirect symptom severity indicators of alcohol dependence and the personality concept of the biosocial model. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:418-26. [PMID: 24093524 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2013.841250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Temperament and character factors are strongly related to the developmental, clinical, and treatment aspects of alcohol dependence. This study had the aim of revealing the underlying personality structure and individual differences in the symptoms of alcohol dependence measured by multiple severity indicators. Patients with alcohol dependence exhibited higher levels of novelty seeking and harm avoidance, and lower levels of persistence, self-directedness, and cooperativeness. Especially novelty seeking was connected with more severe alcohol dependence. These characteristics could be useful targets of interventions and Temperament and Character Inventory is therefore a useful measurement to identify patients with more severe alcohol-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Andó
- 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Alminhana LO, Menezes Jr. A, Moreira-Almeida A. Personalidade, religiosidade e qualidade de vida em indivíduos que apresentam experiências anômalas em grupos religiosos. JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE PSIQUIATRIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0047-20852013000400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: Há alta prevalência de Experiências Anômalas (EAs), como as vivências chamadas de psicóticas, na população geral. Existe pouca informação a respeito das caraterísticas de pessoas que apresentam EAs de caráter não patológico e que buscam auxílio em instituições religiosas. OBJETIVOS: Investigar os perfis de personalidade, a qualidade de vida (QV) e a religiosidade em pessoas que apresentam EAs. MÉTODOS: Cento e quinze sujeitos que procuraram centros espíritas de Juiz de Fora/MG e que apresentavam EAs foram entrevistados: dados sociodemográficos; ITC-R (140) - (Inventário de Temperamento e Caráter, revisado e reduzido); DUREL-P (Duke University Religious Index, versão em português), e WHOQOL-BREF (Avaliação da Qualidade de Vida da Organização Mundial da Saúde - versão brasileira abreviada). RESULTADOS: Cooperatividade foi a dimensão de personalidade que obteve a maior média (77,0 ± 11,2); Religiosidade Não Organizacional obteve médias altas em 77% da amostra; 58,9% dos sujeitos eram Espíritas; QV psicológica obteve a média mais baixa (61,1 ± 19,4) e a mais alta foi QV física (67,1 ± 18,2). CONCLUSÕES: Os indivíduos com EAs que buscam auxílio parecem constituir uma população de risco para transtornos mentais ou problemas emocionais em geral, sendo preciso desenvolver abordagens adequadas e mais estudos sobre o tema.
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Josefsson K, Jokela M, Hintsanen M, Cloninger CR, Pulkki-Råback L, Merjonen P, Hutri-Kähönen N, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. Parental care-giving and home environment predicting offspring's temperament and character traits after 18 years. Psychiatry Res 2013; 209:643-51. [PMID: 23380545 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although many personality theories emphasize the role of parental behaviors in shaping personality development, empirical data from longitudinal studies remain scarce. It is also not known, if parental behaviors affect character development more strongly than temperament or vice versa. In a prospective study, 1083 volunteer participants of the Young Finns study completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Parents of the participants had answered questions about parenting attitudes, socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and role satisfaction 18 years before. We studied the univariate and the cumulative effects of parental care-giving and family environment on offspring's personality traits. Parental care-giving and home-environment were more strongly associated with offspring character traits reflecting personality maturity (Self-directedness and Cooperativeness) than with offspring temperament traits (Novelty seeking, Harm avoidance, Reward dependence and Persistence) reflecting emotional and behavioral tendencies. The differences were most evident in the cumulative effects model. Maternal variables were stronger predictors than paternal variables. The present findings suggest that not all personality traits are similarly predicted by parental care-giving and home-environment. In particular, character development is more strongly related to such measures than temperament. Parental care-giving and home-environment are more strongly related to psychological maturity (character) than emotional and behavioral tendencies (temperament).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Josefsson
- IBS, Unit of Personality, Work, and Health Psychology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Temperament, Character, and Depressive Symptoms during Pregnancy: A Study of a Japanese Population. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2013; 2013:140169. [PMID: 24455225 PMCID: PMC3881521 DOI: 10.1155/2013/140169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. To examine the effects of temperament and character domains on depression during pregnancy. Methods. We examined 601 pregnant women using a questionnaire that included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), and demographic variables. Results. In a hierarchical regression analysis, severity of depression during pregnancy was predicted by the women's negative response towards the current pregnancy, low self-directedness, and high harm avoidance, persistence, and self-transcendence. Conclusion. Depression during pregnancy is predicted by personality traits as well as women's negative attitudes towards the current pregnancy.
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Lara DR, Ottoni GL, Brunstein MG, Frozi J, de Carvalho HW, Bisol LW. Development and validity data of the Brazilian Internet Study on Temperament and Psychopathology (BRAINSTEP). J Affect Disord 2012; 141:390-8. [PMID: 22460054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The internet provides a research opportunity for psychiatry and psychology. This article presents the development and preliminary data of a large web-survey created to study how temperament relates to other psychological measures, behavior and psychiatric disorders. METHODS We used the Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS) to evaluate temperament and we selected several self-report instruments to evaluate behavior, psychological constructs and mental disorders. The system provides anonymous psychological (phase 1) and psychiatric (phase 2) feedback and includes questions to assess the validity of the answers. Each phase has around 450 questions. This system was broadcast utilizing Brazilian media. RESULTS After the exclusion of 21.5% of the volunteers (those who failed the validation questions), 41,427 participants concluded the first part of the system (mean age=31.2±10.5 yrs, 26.9% males), and 21,836 (mean age=32.5±10.9 yrs, 25.1% males) completed phase 2. Around 25% have received a psychiatric diagnosis from a mental health professional. Demographic and temperament profiles of those who completed either only 80 questions, only phase 1, or the whole system were similar. The rate of non-serious answers (e.g. on bizarre behaviors) was very low and congruency of answers was very high. The internal consistency of classical trait scales (TCI-R and PANAS) was high (Cronbach's alpha>0.80) for all dimensions. LIMITATIONS Relatively high dropout rate due to the length of the process and an overrepresentation of female, young and well-educated subjects. CONCLUSIONS The BRAINSTEP provides valid and abundant data on psychological and psychiatric measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo R Lara
- Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Effects of temperament and character profiles on state and trait depression and anxiety: a prospective study of a Japanese youth population. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012; 2012:604684. [PMID: 22957225 PMCID: PMC3432344 DOI: 10.1155/2012/604684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To examine the effects of temperament and character profiles on state and trait depression and anxiety in a Japanese youth population. Method. Japanese university students were solicited for participation in a two-wave study, with assessments performed at Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2), separated by a five-month interval. A total of 184 students completed the Japanese version of the temperament and character inventory (TCI) at T1 and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at T1 and T2. We posited two latent variables, trait depression and anxiety, composed of the T1 and T2 HADS depression and anxiety scores, respectively. We also posited that temperament domain traits would predict character domain traits, and that all the personality traits would be linked to trait depression and anxiety and also predict T2 depression and anxiety. Results. Structural regression modeling showed that (1) only high Novelty Seeking predicted T2 Anxiety score, (2) trait depression and anxiety were linked to high harm avoidance and low self-directedness, and (3) trait depression was linked to high self-transcendence whereas trait anxiety was linked to low reward dependence, persistence, and cooperativeness. Conclusion. The characteristic associations between TCI subscales and depression and anxiety were limited to the trait rather than state aspects of depression and anxiety.
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Lara DR, Antoniolli E, Frozi J, Schneider R, Ottoni GL. Distinct Personality Traits Associated with Intake of Coffee, Tea, and Cola Drinks and Smoking. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2011.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo R. Lara
- Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antoniolli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Julia Frozi
- Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Schneider
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo L. Ottoni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Salum GA, Isolan LR, Bosa VL, Tocchetto AG, Teche SP, Schuch I, Costa JR, Costa MDA, Jarros RB, Mansur MA, Knijnik D, Silva EA, Kieling C, Oliveira MH, Medeiros E, Bortoluzzi A, Toazza R, Blaya C, Leistner-Segal S, Salles JFD, Silveira PP, Goldani MZ, Heldt E, Manfro GG. The multidimensional evaluation and treatment of anxiety in children and adolescents: rationale, design, methods and preliminary findings. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2011; 33:181-95. [PMID: 21829913 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462011000200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the design, methods and sample characteristics of the Multidimensional Evaluation and Treatment of Anxiety in Children and Adolescents - the PROTAIA Project. METHOD: Students between 10 and 17 years old from all six schools belonging to the catchment area of the Primary Care Unit of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre were included in the project. It comprises five phases: (1) a community screening phase; (2) a psychiatric diagnostic phase; (3) a multidimensional assessment phase evaluating environmental, neuropsychological, nutritional, and biological factors; (4) a treatment phase, and (5) a translational phase. RESULTS: A total of 2,457 subjects from the community were screened for anxiety disorders. From those who attended the diagnostic interview, we identified 138 individuals with at least one anxiety disorder (apart from specific phobia) and 102 individuals without any anxiety disorder. Among the anxiety cases, generalized anxiety disorder (n = 95; 68.8%), social anxiety disorder (n = 57; 41.3%) and separation anxiety disorder (n = 49; 35.5%) were the most frequent disorders. CONCLUSION: The PROTAIA Project is a promising research project that can contribute to the knowledge of the relationship between anxiety disorders and anxiety-related phenotypes with several genetic and environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Abrahão Salum
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciano Rassier Isolan
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rafaela Behs Jarros
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Augusta Mansur
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Estácio Amaro Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elza Medeiros
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andressa Bortoluzzi
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rudineia Toazza
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carolina Blaya
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patrícia Pelufo Silveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Elizeth Heldt
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gisele Gus Manfro
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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The effects of temperament and character on symptoms of depression in a chinese nonclinical population. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2011:198591. [PMID: 22028960 PMCID: PMC3199068 DOI: 10.1155/2011/198591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To examine the relations between personality traits and syndromes of depression in a nonclinical Chinese population. Method. We recruited 469 nonclinical participants in China. They completed the Chinese version temperament and character inventory (TCI) and self-rating depression scale (SDS). A structural equation model was used to rate the relation between seven TCI scales and the three SDS subscale scores (based on Shafer's meta-analysis of the SDS items factor analyses). This was based on the assumption that the three depression subscales would be predicted by the temperament and character subscales, whereas the character subscales would be predicted by the temperament subscales. Results. The positive symptoms scores were predicted by low self-directedness (SD), cooperativeness (C), reward dependence (RD), and persistence (P) as well as older age. The negative symptoms scores were predicted only by an older age. The somatic symptoms scores were predicted by high SD. Conclusion. Syndromes of depression are differentially associated with temperament and character patterns. It was mainly the positive symptoms scores that were predicted by the TCI scores. The effects of harm avoidance (HA) on the positive symptoms scores could be mediated by low SD and C.
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An Increase of the Character Function of Self-Directedness Is Centrally Involved in Symptom Reduction during Remission from Major Depression. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2011:749640. [PMID: 22203892 PMCID: PMC3235662 DOI: 10.1155/2011/749640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background. Studies with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in depressive disorders have shown changes (Δ) of the character of Self-Directedness (SD) and the temperament of Harm Avoidance (HA). The central question of this study is which of these two changes is most proximally related to the production of depressive symptoms. Methods. The start and endpoint data from a two-year followup of 58 depressed patients were reanalyzed. We used the ΔHA and ΔSD scores as well as the Δ scores on three dimensions of psychopathology, called Emotional Dysregulation (ED), Retardation (RET), and Anxiety (ANX). The presence of the main relation between personality and psychopathology was tested in all patients and in four subcategories. The data were analyzed by MANCOVA and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Results. ΔHA and ΔSD correlated negatively, and only ΔSD was related (negatively) to ΔED. This pattern was found in all subcategories. SEM showed ΔHA and ΔSD had an ambiguous causal interrelationship, while ΔSD, ΔRET, and ΔANX had unidirectional effects on ΔED. Conclusion. The results correspond with a central pathogenetic role for a state-related deficit at the character level in depression. This may have important consequences for investigations of endophenotypes and clinical treatment.
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Temperament and character in psychotic depression compared with other subcategories of depression and normal controls. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2011:730295. [PMID: 22203891 PMCID: PMC3235724 DOI: 10.1155/2011/730295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background. Support has been found for high harm avoidance as general vulnerability trait for depression and decreased self-directedness (SD) as central state-related personality change. Additional personality characteristics could be present in psychotic depression (PD). Increased noradrenergic activation in PD predicts the involvement of reward dependence (RD). Methods. The data during the acute episode and after full remission from the same subjects, that we used before, were reanalyzed. The dependence of the 7 dimensions of the Temperament and Character Inventory version 9 on PD, three other subcategories of depression, and a group of normal controls was tested by MANCOVA. Results. Low RD at both time points, and low Cooperativeness during the acute episode, were found as additional characteristics of PD. Conclusion. The combination of two premorbid temperaments, high HA and low RD, and the development of a state-related reduction of two character functions, SD and CO, may be the precondition for the development of combined depressive and psychotic psychopathology.
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