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Tusiewicz K, Kuropka P, Workiewicz E, Wachełko O, Szpot P, Zawadzki M. Nitrites: An Old Poison or a Current Hazard? Epidemiology of Intoxications Covering the Last 100 Years and Evaluation of Analytical Methods. TOXICS 2023; 11:832. [PMID: 37888684 PMCID: PMC10611400 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, there has been a concerning and noteworthy rise in the global use of sodium nitrite for suicidal purposes. This is facilitated either through the employment of specialized "suicide kits" or by acquiring sodium nitrite through alternative means. Additionally, another occurrence contributing to nitrite poisoning is the recreational utilization of nitrites in the form of volatile aliphatic esters of nitrous acid, commonly referred to as "poppers". Based on current available papers and reports on the subject of nitrates, nitrites, and poppers intoxications, an epidemiological analysis and evaluation of analytical methods were performed. A total of 128 papers, documenting a collective count of 492 intoxication cases, were identified. Additionally, in order to complete the epidemiological profile of nitrite poisoning, the authors briefly examined six cases of nitrite intoxication that were under investigation in our laboratory. Furthermore, a review of nitrite poisoning cases over the past 100 years shows that the old poison is still in use and poses a substantial risk to society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Tusiewicz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 4 J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego Street, 50345 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Patryk Kuropka
- Institute of Toxicology Research, 45 Kasztanowa Street, 55093 Borowa, Poland; (P.K.); (E.W.)
| | - Elżbieta Workiewicz
- Institute of Toxicology Research, 45 Kasztanowa Street, 55093 Borowa, Poland; (P.K.); (E.W.)
| | - Olga Wachełko
- Institute of Toxicology Research, 45 Kasztanowa Street, 55093 Borowa, Poland; (P.K.); (E.W.)
| | - Paweł Szpot
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 4 J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego Street, 50345 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Marcin Zawadzki
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego Street, 50370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Pitman A, Logeswaran Y, McDonald K, Cerel J, Lewis G, Erlangsen A. Investigating risk of self-harm and suicide on anniversaries after bereavement by suicide and other causes: a Danish population-based self-controlled case series study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2023; 32:e53. [PMID: 37551142 PMCID: PMC10465319 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796023000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate mechanisms of suicide risk in people bereaved by suicide, prompted by observations that bereaved people experience higher levels of distress around dates of emotional significance. We hypothesised that suicide-bereaved first-degree relatives and partners experience an increased risk of self-harm and suicide around dates of (i) anniversaries of the death and (ii) the deceased's birthday, compared with intervening periods. METHODS We conducted a self-controlled case series study using national register data on all individuals living in Denmark from 1 January 1980 to 31 December 2016 and who were bereaved by the suicide of a first-degree relative or partner (spouse or cohabitee) during that period, and who had the outcome (any episode of self-harm or suicide) within 5 years and 6 weeks of the bereavement. We compared relative incidence of suicidal behaviour in (i) the first 30 days after bereavement and (ii) in the aggregated exposed periods (6 weeks either side of death anniversaries; 6 weeks either side of the deceased's birthdays) to the reference (aggregated unexposed intervening periods). As an indirect comparison, we repeated these models in people bereaved by other causes. RESULTS We found no evidence of an elevated risk of suicidal behaviour during periods around anniversaries of a death or the deceased's birthdays in people bereaved by suicide (adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRRadj] = 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87-1.16) or other causes (IRRadj = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.00-1.08) compared with intervening periods. Rates were elevated in the 30 days immediately after bereavement by other causes (IRRadj: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.77-2.22). CONCLUSIONS Although people bereaved by suicide are at elevated risk of self-harm and suicide, our findings do not suggest that this risk is heightened around emotionally significant anniversaries. Bereavement care should be accessible at all points after a traumatic loss as needs will differ over the grief trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pitman
- UCL Division of Psychiatry, University College London (UCL), London, UK
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Keltie McDonald
- UCL Division of Psychiatry, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Julie Cerel
- College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gemma Lewis
- UCL Division of Psychiatry, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Annette Erlangsen
- Danish Research Institute for Suicide Prevention, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Hellerup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Hellerup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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3
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Rodway C, Tham SG, Richards N, Ibrahim S, Turnbull P, Kapur N, Appleby L. Online harms? Suicide-related online experience: a UK-wide case series study of young people who die by suicide. Psychol Med 2023; 53:4434-4445. [PMID: 35587034 PMCID: PMC10388316 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722001258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined online experience by young people who die by suicide. METHODS A 3-year UK-wide consecutive case series of all young people aged 10-19 who died by suicide, based on national mortality data. We extracted information on the antecedents of suicide of 544 of these 595 deaths (91%) from official investigations, mainly inquests. RESULTS Suicide-related online experience was reported in 24% (n = 128/544) of suicide deaths in young people between 2014 and 2016, equivalent to 43 deaths per year, and was more common in girls than boys (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.23-2.85, p = 0.003) and those identifying as LGBT (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.10-5.05, p = 0.028). Searching for information about method was most common (n = 68, 13%), followed by posting suicidal ideas online (n = 57, 10%). Self-harm, bereavement (especially by suicide), social isolation, and mental and physical ill-health were more likely in those known to have suicide-related online experience compared to those who did not. 29 (5%) were bullied online, more often girls (OR 2.84, 1.34-6.04, p = 0.007). Online bullying often accompanied face-to-face bullying (n = 16/29, 67%). CONCLUSIONS Suicide-related online experience is a common, but likely underestimated, antecedent to suicide in young people. Although its causal role is unclear, it may influence suicidality in this population. Mental health professionals should be aware that suicide-related online experience - not limited to social media - is a potential risk for young patients, and may be linked to experiences offline. For public health, wider action is required on internet regulation and support for children and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Rodway
- National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health (NCISH), Centre for Mental Health and Safety, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, 2nd Floor Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - S. G. Tham
- National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health (NCISH), Centre for Mental Health and Safety, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, 2nd Floor Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - N. Richards
- National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health (NCISH), Centre for Mental Health and Safety, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, 2nd Floor Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - S. Ibrahim
- National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health (NCISH), Centre for Mental Health and Safety, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, 2nd Floor Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - P. Turnbull
- National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health (NCISH), Centre for Mental Health and Safety, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, 2nd Floor Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - N. Kapur
- National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health (NCISH), Centre for Mental Health and Safety, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, 2nd Floor Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - L. Appleby
- National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health (NCISH), Centre for Mental Health and Safety, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, 2nd Floor Jean McFarlane Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
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Takahashi A, Sueki H, Ito J. Reflection of Suicidal Ideation in Terms Searched for by Japanese Internet Users. CRISIS 2022. [PMID: 35383467 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: The relationship between search terms and suicidal ideation is not precisely known. Aims: This study examined the relationship between the types of terms used in web searches and the level of suicidal ideation among individuals who conduct such searches. Methods: A total of 508 Internet users completed a suicidal ideation scale and conveyed to us the words they used when searching for a consultation site. The site was run by the authors using Internet advertisement listings, to consult people via e-mail who had searched for suicide-related words. We divided the users into three groups based on the most salient search terms: suicide method terms, suicide but no method terms, and other terms. Results: The scores on the suicide ideation scale were compared using one-factor analysis of variance, and differences were found between the groups. Users searching for suicide method-related terms had the strongest suicidal ideation. Limitations: This study was limited to users who contacted online consultation sites because of their help-seeking intentions. Conclusion: It is especially important for support organizations to identify Internet users who directly search for suicide methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asumi Takahashi
- Specified Nonprofit Corporation OVA, Tokyo, Japan.,School of Humanities, Hokusei Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hajime Sueki
- Department of Psychology and Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, WAKO University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiro Ito
- Specified Nonprofit Corporation OVA, Tokyo, Japan
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Morrissey J, Kennedy L, Grace L. The Opportunities and Challenges of Regulating the Internet for Self-Harm and Suicide Prevention. CRISIS 2022; 43:77-82. [PMID: 35234050 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bahlmann L, Lübbert MBJS, Sobanski T, Kastner UW, Walter M, Smesny S, Wagner G. Relapse Prevention Intervention after Suicidal Event (RISE): Feasibility study of a psychotherapeutic short-term program for inpatients after a recent suicide attempt. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:937527. [PMID: 35935432 PMCID: PMC9353323 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.937527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research suggests that treating only mental disorders may not be sufficient to reduce the risk for future suicidal behavior in patients with a suicide attempt(s). It is therefore necessary to pay special therapeutic attention to past suicidal acts. Thus, the newly developed RISE (Relapse Prevention Intervention after Suicidal Event) program was built on the most effective components of existing psychotherapeutic and psychosocial interventions according to our current meta-analysis. The RISE program consists of five individual sessions designed for the acute psychiatric inpatient setting. The main goals of the treatment are to decrease future suicidal events and to improve patients' ability to cope with future suicidal crises. In the present study, feasibility and acceptance of the RISE program were investigated as well as its clinical effects on suicidal ideations, mental pain, self-efficacy and depressive symptoms. We recruited a sample of 27 inpatients of the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Jena, Germany. The final sample consisted of 20 patients hospitalized for a recent suicide attempt, including 60 percent of multiple attempters. The data collection included a structured interview and a comprehensive battery of questionnaires to evaluate the feasibility and acceptance of the RISE program as well as associated changes in clinical symptoms. A follow-up examination was carried out after 6 months. Considering the low dropout rate and the overall positive evaluation, the RISE program was highly accepted in a sample of severely impaired patients. The present study also demonstrated that the levels of suicidal ideations, mental pain, depressive symptoms, and hopelessness decreased significantly after RISE. Since all of these clinical parameters are associated with the risk of future suicidal behavior, a potential suicide-preventive effect of the intervention can be inferred from the present findings. The positive results of the follow-up assessment after 6 months point in the same direction. In addition, RISE treatment increased self-efficacy in patients, which is an important contributor for better coping with future suicidal crises. Thus, present study demonstrate that RISE is a suitable therapy program for the treatment of patients at high risk for suicidal behavior in an acute inpatient setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Bahlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marlehn B J S Lübbert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Sobanski
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatic Medicine, Thüringen-Kliniken, Saalfeld, Germany
| | - Ulrich W Kastner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Helios Fachkliniken Hildburghausen, Hildburghausen, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerd Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Marsh I, Marzano L, Mosse D, Mackenzie JM. First-person accounts of the processes and planning involved in a suicide attempt on the railway. BJPsych Open 2021; 7:e39. [PMID: 33468276 PMCID: PMC8058816 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2020.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The processes and planning involved in choosing and attempting to die by a particular method of suicide are not well understood. Accounts from those who have thought about or attempted suicide using a specific method might allow us to better understand the ways in which people come to think about, plan and enact a suicide attempt. AIMS To understand from first-person accounts the processes and planning involved in a suicide attempt on the railway. METHOD Thematic analysis was conducted of qualitative interviews (N = 34) undertaken with individuals who had contemplated or attempted suicide by train. RESULTS Participants explained how they decided upon a particular method, time and place for a suicide attempt. Plans were described as being contingent on a number of elements (including the likelihood of being seen or interrupted), rather than being fixed in advance. Participants mentally rehearsed and evaluated a particular method, which would sometimes involve imagining in detail what would happen before, during and after an attempt. The extent to which this involved others (train drivers, partners, friends) was striking. CONCLUSIONS By giving people free reign to describe in their own words the processes they went through in planning and undertaking a suicide attempt, and by not interpreting such accounts through a lens of deficit and pathology, we can arrive at important insights into how people come to think and feel about, plan and enact a suicide attempt. The findings have implications in terms of understanding suicide risk and prevention more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Marsh
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Social Care, Canterbury Christ Church University, UK
| | - Lisa Marzano
- Department of Psychology, Middlesex University, UK
| | - David Mosse
- Department of Anthropology and Sociology, School of Oriental and African Studies University of London, UK
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Chompoosri P. Sources of suicide methods: A survey in undergraduate students of a Northern Thai university with history of suicidal thoughts. Asian J Psychiatr 2021; 55:102502. [PMID: 33278688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to understand how undergraduate students with history of suicidal thoughts retrieve information on suicide method. METHOD This is a cross-sectional descriptive study using custom self-rated questionnaires consisting of demographic data, history of previous suicidal thoughts or attempts, current suicidal risks via 8q questionnaires, known methods of suicide and history of suicidal attempt or planning and information on sources of suicide method. Participants were Thai undergraduate students of Mae Fah Luang University who were visiting psychiatric outpatient clinic of the university hospital and had history of suicidal thoughts. RESULTS Out of 39 participants, 25 participants reported intentionally searching for information on suicide methods while 31 participants reported unintentionally acquiring information on suicide methods. 19 participants reported that they both intentionally searching for the information and unintentionally acquiring it. The internet was used by all 25 participants who intentionally searched for information on suicide methods, with the second most common way was retrieving information from other suicidal attempters (reported by 11 participants). The most common websites/applications that were purposefully used to search for suicide methods were Google, a local web board and Facebook respectively. SUMMARY The internet is the most commonly used method to intentionally search for information on suicide methods by undergraduate students of a Northern Thai university who have history of suicidal thoughts. Google and a local web board were the most frequently used websites/applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poom Chompoosri
- School of Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, 333 Moo 1, Thasud, Muang, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
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9
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van den Hondel KE, Punt P, Dorn T, Ceelen M, Aarts F, van der Zande D, van Kuijk S, Duijst W, Stumpel R, van Mesdag T, Vervoort W, IJzermans A, de Vries P, Verweij J, van Remmen J, Van Hooren R, Kruyver B, Buster M, Reijnders UJL. Suicide by helium inhalation in the Netherlands between 2012 and 2019. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 318:110566. [PMID: 33168418 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2012 and 2013 a movie and a book about a 'dignified end of life' were published in the Netherlands. These items described suicide using an 'exit bag' to establish asphyxiation using helium (the helium method). 'Right-to-die-organisations' inform the elderly about this method. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the use of suicidal asphyxiation by means of the helium method substituted other, related, methods following its publication in the Netherlands. MATERIAL AND METHODS We analysed suicides in the Netherlands over the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2019. We compared the number of deaths caused by the helium method with other, related, cases. Secondly, we related these deaths to the total number of inhabitants and suicides recorded by Statistics Netherlands. RESULTS The study showed a stable trend in the use of the helium method in the period 2012-2019 and this was the same for the other, related methods. Individuals using the helium method were significantly younger than those using other, related, methods. At the scene of death, information about suicide and suicide notes were found more often at 'helium method' cases than with the 'other, related, methods' cases. Family was significantly more often present during a helium method suicide than during suicide by other, related, methods. DISCUSSION The number of suicides by the helium method and other, related, cases is stable in the Netherlands over the past years. Therefore, we conclude that there is no substitution effect within this category of suicides. Whilst 'right-to-die-organisations' strive to inform the old and sick of the helium method, it is noteworthy that the individuals using the helium method are significantly younger than the individuals who choose other, related, methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priscilla Punt
- Forensic Physicians Rotterdam Rijnmond, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tina Dorn
- Public Health Service, Department of Epidemiology, Health Promotion & Health Care Innovation/Department of Forensic Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manon Ceelen
- Public Health Service, Department of Epidemiology, Health Promotion & Health Care Innovation/Department of Forensic Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Francée Aarts
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dianne van der Zande
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Sieb van Kuijk
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - Wilma Duijst
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - René Stumpel
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Bussum, the Netherlands
| | - Taco van Mesdag
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Will Vervoort
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Anke IJzermans
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Den Bosch, the Netherlands
| | - Philip de Vries
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Verweij
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacquo van Remmen
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Gelderland Midden, the Netherlands
| | - Roland Van Hooren
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Kruyver
- Public Heath Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hollands Noorden, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Buster
- Public Health Service, Department of Epidemiology, Health Promotion & Health Care Innovation/Department of Forensic Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Udo J L Reijnders
- Public Health Service, Department of Forensic Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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10
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Suicide prevention is everyone's business: Challenges and opportunities for Google. Soc Sci Med 2020; 262:112691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Till B, Braun M, Gahbauer S, Reisinger N, Schwenzner E, Niederkrotenthaler T. Content analysis of suicide-related online portrayals: changes in contents retrieved with search engines in the United States and Austria from 2013 to 2018. J Affect Disord 2020; 271:300-309. [PMID: 32479330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, efforts in suicide prevention in the United States and Europe have been made to change the conversation on suicide to incorporate more preventive aspects. The majority of information-seeking occurs online. Structured analyses assessing qualitative changes in retrieved online material on suicide over time, however, are scarce. We replicated a content analysis of suicide-related websites retrieved with popular search engines in the United States and Austria aiming to assess how suicide-related online portrayals have changed in the past five years. METHOD We retrieved 396 websites using the search term suicide, method-related search terms (e.g., how to hang yourself), and help-related search terms (e.g., suicide help) in the United States and 286 websites from Austrian searches. We performed a content analysis based on media recommendations for suicide reporting and compared the findings to 335 websites in the United States and 396 websites in Austria retrieved in 2013 with the same procedure. RESULTS In both countries, the number of both protective (United States: p < .001, Austria: p < .001) and harmful characteristics (United States: p < .001, Austria: p < .001) increased. The ratio of protective to harmful characteristics improved to 3.3:1 in the United States and to 2.4:1 in Austria. LIMITATIONS No assumptions about the actual impact of the retrieved contents can be assumed. CONCLUSION There has been an increase in potentially protective aspects in online portrayals of suicidality, but also an increase in potentially harmful characteristics, which may suggest an increasing polarization of suicide-related contents. Future prevention efforts need to address this potential polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Till
- Unit Suicide Research & Mental Health Promotion, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marlies Braun
- Unit Suicide Research & Mental Health Promotion, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Gahbauer
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Reisinger
- Unit Suicide Research & Mental Health Promotion, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ewald Schwenzner
- Unit Suicide Research & Mental Health Promotion, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Niederkrotenthaler
- Unit Suicide Research & Mental Health Promotion, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Gunnell D, Biddle L. Suicide and the media: reporting could cost lives. BMJ 2020; 368:m870. [PMID: 32188595 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Gunnell
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lucy Biddle
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration West (NIHR ARC West), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
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13
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The rise of suicides using a deadly dose of barbiturates in Amsterdam and Rotterdam, the Netherlands, between 2006 and 2017. J Forensic Leg Med 2020; 70:101916. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2020.101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Andriessen K, Krysinska K. The Portrayal of Suicidal Behavior in Police Television Series. Arch Suicide Res 2020; 24:S187-S201. [PMID: 30857485 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2019.1586609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fictional suicidal behavior can affect the public as a risk or a protective factor, and it may reflect how suicide is perceived in a society. However, surprisingly little is known of how suicidal behavior is portrayed in television series. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of televised fatal and non-fatal suicidal behavior, preventative interventions, and the portrayal of people bereaved by suicide. All episodes (N = 475) of four Belgian police series were screened against inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 87 episodes with a total of 54 suicides, 13 attempted suicides, 13 suicide threats, and 20 characters bereaved by suicide were included in a quantitative and qualitative analysis. Televised suicidal behavior was primarily motivated by external motives, such as social/relational issues or the death of a significant other, and to a lesser extent, by internal motives, such as mental or physical health related issues. Interventions were likely to prevent suicide. People bereaved by suicide were mostly portrayed as individuals seeking justice. Shame, revenge, and escape were the major qualitative themes associated with suicidal behavior. Two prototypes emerged: a ruthless, "psychopath" type criminal, who kills him/herself before being arrested, and a suicidal individual struggling with devastating life events. The study provided unique insights in how suicidal behavior is televised in Belgian police series. Though some characteristics were portrayed adequately, mental health related issues were overlooked, spectacular suicide methods were overrepresented, and the bereaved characters were mostly unidimensional revengers. Strategies for improving the accuracy of televised suicidal behavior should be studied.
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Cheng Q, Yom-Tov E. Do Search Engine Helpline Notices Aid in Preventing Suicide? Analysis of Archival Data. J Med Internet Res 2019; 21:e12235. [PMID: 30912753 PMCID: PMC6454333 DOI: 10.2196/12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Search engines display helpline notices when people query for suicide-related information. Objective In this study, we aimed to examine if these notices and other information displayed in response to suicide-related queries are correlated with subsequent searches for suicide prevention rather than harmful information. Methods Anonymous suicide-related searches made on Bing and Google in the United States, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and Taiwan in a span of 10 months were extracted. Descriptive analyses and regression models were fit to the data to assess the correlation with observed behaviors. Results Display of helpline notices was not associated with an observed change in the likelihood of or future suicide searches (P=.42). No statistically significant differences were observed in the likelihood of people making future suicide queries (both generally and specific types of suicide queries) when comparing search engines in locations that display helpline notices versus ones that do not. Pages with higher rank, being neutral to suicide, and those shown among more antisuicide pages were more likely to be clicked on. Having more antisuicide Web pages displayed was the only factor associated with further searches for suicide prevention information (hazard=1.18, P=.002). Conclusions Helpline notices are not associated with harm. If they cause positive change in search behavior, it is small. This is possibly because of the variability in intent of users seeking suicide-related information. Nonetheless, helpline notice should be displayed, but more efforts should be made to improve the visibility and ranking of suicide prevention Web pages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijin Cheng
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong).,Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong)
| | - Elad Yom-Tov
- Microsoft Research, Herzeliya, Israel.,Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Law YW, Yeung TL, Ip FWL, Yip PSF. Evidence-Based Suicide Prevention: Collective Impact of Engagement with Community Stakeholders. JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE-BASED SOCIAL WORK (2019) 2019; 16:211-227. [PMID: 30784376 DOI: 10.1080/23761407.2019.1578318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: In response to the rising suicide trend in Hong Kong, the Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention ("CSRP") was established in 2002, with the aim to capitalize on the collective impact of research-support practices to prevent suicides.Method: The CSRP has since become an international knowledge hub that applies a public health approach and innovative strategies to address suicide-related problems at multiple levels.Results: The CSRP actively engages in research, teaching, and knowledge exchange with community stakeholders. These effort are associated with Hong Kong's more than 30% reduction in suicide rates between 2003 and 2016.Discussion: The rationale for and examples of the CSRP's practices in face of the suicide prevention challenges lay ahead were also discussed.Conclusion: The outcomes of these practices, which hold great potential for suicide prevention worldwide, have contributed to important academic debates in the field of suicidology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yik Wa Law
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Tsz Long Yeung
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Flora Wai Lam Ip
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Paul Siu Fai Yip
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
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Phillips JG, Diesfeld K, Mann L. Instances of online suicide, the law and potential solutions. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2019; 26:423-440. [PMID: 31984087 PMCID: PMC6762158 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2018.1506719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To understand the social and legal issues posed by suicide-related communications over the Internet (messages of threatened suicide and advocated suicide), this article examines a selection of cases involving different types of online baiting and harassment that illustrate different legal and technological issues. The anonymity afforded by computer-mediated communication allows bullies to harass vulnerable individuals and leak (disclose) their personal information. Computer mediation of communication potentially diffuses responsibility; imposes a temporal asynchrony between signified intent and audience response; and reduces the empathy that might motivate observers or witnesses to intervene and render assistance, factors that make online baiting a serious social, legal and technological problem. Potential actions (both legal and technological) for addressing this problem are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Phillips
- Psychology Department, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kate Diesfeld
- Department of Public Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leon Mann
- Melbourne Melbourne School of Psychological Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Wetherall K, Cleare S, Eschle S, Ferguson E, O'Connor DB, O'Carroll RE, O'Connor RC. From ideation to action: Differentiating between those who think about suicide and those who attempt suicide in a national study of young adults. J Affect Disord 2018; 241:475-483. [PMID: 30149335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many suicide risk factors have been identified, there is still relatively little known about the factors that differentiate those who think about suicide from those who make a suicide attempt. AIMS Using the integrated motivational-volitional model (IMV) of suicidal behaviour as a framework, this study hypothesised that (i) motivational and volitional phase factors would differentiate non-suicidal controls from those who had a history of suicidal ideation or suicide attempts, and (ii) within a multivariable model only volitional phase factors would differentiate between those who had a history of suicidal ideation and those who had attempted suicide. METHOD The Scottish Wellbeing Study (n = 3508) is a nationally representative study of young people (18-34 years) recruited throughout Scotland. Using multinomial regression analysis, three groups (non-suicidal control (n = 2534), lifetime suicide ideation (n = 498) and lifetime suicide attempt (n = 403) groups) were compared on motivational and volitional phase variables. RESULTS Consistent with the IMV model, motivational and volitional phase variables differentiated the control group from both the ideation and attempt groups. Only volitional phase variables differentiated between the suicide attempt group and the suicidal ideation group in the multivariable model; with those reporting a suicide attempt being higher on acquired capability, mental imagery about death, impulsivity, and being more likely to know a friend who had made a suicide attempt. Having a family member or friend die by suicide or a family member attempt suicide did not differentiate between the groups. LIMITATIONS The findings were based on cross-sectional data derived from self-report measures. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide further support for the IMV model, and highlight potential targets for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Wetherall
- Suicidal Behaviour Research Laboratory, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0XH, UK.
| | - Seonaid Cleare
- Suicidal Behaviour Research Laboratory, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0XH, UK
| | - Sarah Eschle
- Suicidal Behaviour Research Laboratory, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0XH, UK
| | | | | | - Ronan E O'Carroll
- Division of Psychology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, UK
| | - Rory C O'Connor
- Suicidal Behaviour Research Laboratory, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 0XH, UK.
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Abstract
CONTEXT The Internet contains both public content ("Surface Web"), and private content ("Deep Web") sometimes hosted on exclusive networks ("Darknets") only accessible using dedicated software such as TOR (The Onion Router). This software makes it almost impossible to identify its users. Information media have reported on suicide-related aspects of Darknets, for example when poisons that can be used to kill oneself are offered for sale (Le Garff et al., 2016) when users discuss ways to kill oneself in anonymous forums (Ferrara, 2016; Franceschi-Bicchierai, 2015) and suicides that follow bullying or "doxing" (online divulgation without consent of intimate personal information) (Bartlett, 2015). Several recent studies have analyzed the nature of suicide content on the Surface Web, but to date, there have been no systematic investigations of suicidal content available on Darknets. OBJECTIVES The object was to document the nature and accessibility of suicide-related information available on the TOR Darknet or via the TOR software. METHODS We replicated the methodology used by Biddle et al. (2008, 2016) in their studies of the Surface Web, using TOR on the Darknet. We identified and chose nine search engines used on the TOR Darknet: TORCH the TOR search engine, Notevil, Ahmia, Candle, Hidden Wiki, Darknet (onion.link), Duckduckgo and Grams. Two research assistants independently coded the first 30 results of searches using the keywords, "suicide" and "suicide methods". RESULTS There were 476 "hits" in the search for "suicide" and "suicide method" using TOR, with fewer sites dedicated to suicide (4%), compared to the Surface Web (23.1%) (Biddle et al., 2016). Over half of the sites proposed by the TOR search engines (252, 52.9%) were outdated, inaccessible or not containing content pertinent to suicide or suicide methods. Several of the TOR search engines provided access to forums ("chat boards") where suicide was a topic (70, 14.8%). These were usually pro-suicide, are blocked or filtered by most of the Surface Web engines (e.g. Google). DISCUSSION Persons concerned with suicide prevention should conduct further investigations of pro-suicide forums that are accessible using TOR and their users, comparing them with the Surface Web. New strategies to prevent suicide may need to be developed for Darknets.
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Choice of a suicide method: Trends and characteristics. Psychiatry Res 2018; 260:67-74. [PMID: 29175501 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine (1) suicide trends by most prevalent methods in Queensland, Australia, during 2000-2015, and (2) characteristics of people by choice of suicide method in 2000-2013. Data were obtained from the Queensland Suicide Register, which includes police and toxicology reports, post-mortem autopsy and Coroner's findings. Poisson and Joinpoint regression were used to study the first aim, and uni-variate and multi-variate logistic regression analyses were applied to investigate the second aim. Suicide method trends showed a significant increase in hanging for both sexes and poisoning with drugs for females, while there was a decline for poisoning by other means for both sexes, and 'other methods' decreased for males. Changes in the trends have altered the order of suicide methods, especially in males. Analyses of 8140 suicides were composed by the choice of method, distinguishable profiles by their demographic, clinical and social characteristics, such as having mental or physical illness or different recent life stressors were identified. This suggests that socio-cultural acceptability, and availability are the key drivers in the choice of suicide methods. Continuing increases in hanging is a big challenge in suicide prevention due to its lethality, easy realisation and its increasing acceptability.
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Chen YY, Hung GCL, Cheng Q, Tsai CW, Wu KCC. Searching for suicide-related information on Chinese websites. Psychiatry Res 2017; 258:506-510. [PMID: 28886904 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growing concerns about cyber-suicide have prompted many studies on suicide information available on the web. However, very few studies have considered non-English websites. We aimed to analyze online suicide-related information accessed through Chinese-language websites. We used Taiwan's two most popular search engines (Google and Yahoo) to explore the results returned from six suicide-related search terms in March 2016. The first three pages listing the results from each search were analyzed and rated based on the attitude towards suicide (pro-suicide, anti-suicide, neutral/mixed, not a suicide site, or error). Comparisons across different search terms were also performed. In all, 375 linked webpages were included; 16.3% of the webpages were pro-suicide and 41.3% were anti-suicide. The majority of the pro-suicide sites were user-generated webpages (96.7%). Searches using the keywords 'ways to kill yourself' (31.7%) and 'painless suicide' (28.3%) generated much larger numbers of harmful webpages than the term 'suicide' (4.3%). We conclude that collaborative efforts with internet service providers and search engines to improve the ranking of anti-suicide webpages and websites and implement online suicide reporting guidelines are highly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yeh Chen
- Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Galen Chin-Lun Hung
- Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Qijin Cheng
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Wei Tsai
- Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kevin Chien-Chang Wu
- Department/ Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Bioethics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Yip PSF, Cheng Q, Chang SS, Lee EST, Lai CSC, Chen F, Law YWF, Cheng TME, Chiu SM, Tse YLJ, Cheung KWR, Tse ML, Morgan PR, Beh P. A Public Health Approach in Responding to the Spread of Helium Suicide in Hong Kong. CRISIS 2017; 38:269-277. [DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Background: The use of the helium suicide method has been increasing in popularity in Hong Kong since 2012. We have learned a valuable lesson in curbing the spread of charcoal burning (CB) suicide in the past 15 years and hope to prevent the helium suicide method from taking off in the community. Aims: To document what actions have been taken to contain the spread of the helium suicide method and review the preliminary impact of these actions. Method: We adopted a public health approach by engaging stakeholders from multiple sectors, including the police force, the fire services department, coroners, pathologists, mass media, and online media outlets. Results: A monitoring system was established by compiling data extracted from news reports, coroners' reports, and police investigations. Risk and protective factors were identified. Intervention strategies were developed to strengthen protective factors and minimize risk factors. This novel suicide method has not spread as rapidly as the CB suicide method. The preliminary outcomes suggest our actions to be effective. Limitations: The count of helium suicides in 2015 might be low. The impacts of the interventions are only estimated and require additional empirical verifications. Conclusion: The public health approach of engaging multiple partners in the early phase of a potential epidemic can be a good guide to meeting the challenges posed by any new suicide methods that emerge in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. F. Yip
- HKJC Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, SAR
- Social Work Department, The University of Hong Kong, SAR
| | - Qijin Cheng
- HKJC Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, SAR
| | - Shu-Sen Chang
- Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences and Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Esther Sze Tsai Lee
- HKJC Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, SAR
| | - Chui-shan Carmen Lai
- HKJC Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, SAR
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Yik-Wa Frances Law
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, SAR
| | | | | | | | | | - Man-li Tse
- Hong Kong Poison Information Centre, Hospital Authority, SAR
| | - Peter R. Morgan
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, SAR
| | - Philip Beh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, SAR
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Kõlves K, de Leo D. Suicide methods in children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:155-164. [PMID: 27194156 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-016-0865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are notable differences in suicide methods between countries. The aim of this paper is to analyse and describe suicide methods in children and adolescents aged 10-19 years in different countries/territories worldwide. Suicide data by ICD-10 X codes were obtained from the WHO Mortality Database and population data from the World Bank. In total, 101 countries or territories, have data at least for 5 years in 2000-2009. Cluster analysis by suicide methods was performed for countries/territories with at least 10 suicide cases separately by gender (74 for males and 71 for females) in 2000-2009. The most frequent suicide method was hanging, followed by poisoning by pesticides for females and firearms for males. Cluster analyses of similarities in the country/territory level suicide method patterns by gender identified four clusters for both gender. Hanging and poisoning by pesticides defined the clusters of countries/territories by their suicide patterns in youth for both genders. In addition, a mixed method and a jumping from height cluster were identified for females and two mixed method clusters for males. A number of geographical similarities were observed. Overall, the patterns of suicide methods in children and adolescents reflect lethality, availability and acceptability of suicide means similarly to country specific patterns of all ages. Means restriction has very good potential in preventing youth suicides in different countries. It is also crucial to consider cognitive availability influenced by sensationalised media reporting and/or provision of technical details about specific methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairi Kõlves
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, National Centre of Excellence in Suicide Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt Campus, Level 1, Building M24 Psychology, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mt Gravatt, QLD, 4122, Australia.
| | - Diego de Leo
- Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, National Centre of Excellence in Suicide Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt Campus, Level 1, Building M24 Psychology, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mt Gravatt, QLD, 4122, Australia
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Solano P, Ustulin M, Pizzorno E, Vichi M, Pompili M, Serafini G, Amore M. A Google-based approach for monitoring suicide risk. Psychiatry Res 2016; 246:581-586. [PMID: 27837725 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
People seeking information and news regarding suicide are likely to use the Internet. However, evidence of the relationship between suicide-related search volumes and national suicide-rates in different countries can be strikingly different. We aimed to investigate the relationship between suicide-rates and Google suicide-related search volumes in the Italian population (2008-2012) using the Italian mortality database that provided monthly national data concerning suicides (2008-2012). Moreover, this study aimed to identify future trends of national suicide rates on the basis of the results we obtained concerning the period 2013-14. Google Trends provided data of online monthly search-volumes of the term "suicide", "commit suicide" and "how to commit suicide" in Google Search and Google News (2008-2014). Google Search volumes for the term "suicide" lags suicide by three months (ρ=0.482, p-value<0.001), whereas no correlation was found between search volumes for "commit suicide" and "how to commit suicide" and national suicide rates. Google News search volumes for the three terms resulted in white noise. Apparently, online searches for suicide-related terms in Italy are more likely to be linked to factors other than suicidiality such as personal interest and suicide bereavement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Solano
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Morena Ustulin
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Enrico Pizzorno
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Vichi
- Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion (CNESPS), National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Function, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Mario Amore
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Arensman E, Bennardi M, Larkin C, Wall A, McAuliffe C, McCarthy J, Williamson E, Perry IJ. Suicide among Young People and Adults in Ireland: Method Characteristics, Toxicological Analysis and Substance Abuse Histories Compared. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166881. [PMID: 27898722 PMCID: PMC5127518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Information on factors associated with suicide among young individuals in Ireland is limited. The aim of this study was to identify socio-demographic characteristics and circumstances of death associated with age among individuals who died by suicide. METHODS The study examined 121 consecutive suicides (2007-2012) occurring in the southern eastern part of Ireland (Cork city and county). Data were obtained from coroners, family informants, and health care professionals. A comparison was made between 15-24-year-old and 25-34-year-old individuals. Socio-demographic characteristics of the deceased, methods of suicide, history of alcohol and drug abuse, and findings from toxicological analysis of blood and urine samples taken at post mortem were included. Pearson's χ2 tests and binary logistic regression analysis were performed. RESULTS Alcohol and/or drugs were detected through toxicological analysis for the majority of the total sample (79.5%), which did not differentiate between 15-24-year-old and 25-34-year-old individuals (74.1% and 86.2% respectively). Compared to 25-34-year-old individuals, 15-24-year-old individuals were more likely to engage in suicide by hanging (88.5%). Younger individuals were less likely to die by intentional drug overdose and carbon monoxide poisoning compared to older individuals. Younger individuals who died between Saturday and Monday were more likely to have had alcohol before dying. Substance abuse histories were similar in the two age groups. CONCLUSION Based on this research it is recommended that strategies to reduce substance abuse be applied among 25-34-year-old individuals at risk of suicide. The wide use of hanging in young people should be taken into consideration for future means restriction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Arensman
- National Suicide Research Foundation, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marco Bennardi
- National Suicide Research Foundation, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Celine Larkin
- National Suicide Research Foundation, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Amanda Wall
- National Suicide Research Foundation, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Jacklyn McCarthy
- National Suicide Research Foundation, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eileen Williamson
- National Suicide Research Foundation, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ivan J. Perry
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Scherr S, Reinemann C. First do no harm: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence for the impact of individual suicidality on the use of online health forums and support groups. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Park S, Lee HB, Lee SY, Lee GE, Ahn MH, Yi KK, Hong JP. Trends in Suicide Methods and Rates among Older Adults in South Korea: A Comparison with Japan. Psychiatry Investig 2016; 13:184-9. [PMID: 27081378 PMCID: PMC4823193 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2016.13.2.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lethality of the chosen method during a suicide attempt is a strong risk factor for completion of suicide. We examined whether annual changes in the pattern of suicide methods is related to annual changes in suicide rates among older adults in South Korea and Japan. METHODS We analyzed annual the World Health Organization data on rates and methods of suicide from 2000 to 2011 in South Korea and Japan. RESULTS For Korean older adults, there was a significant positive correlation between suicide rate and the rate of hanging or the rate of jumping, and a significant negative correlation between suicide rate and the rate of poisoning. Among older adults in Japan, annual changes in the suicide rate and the pattern of suicide methods were less conspicuous, and no correlation was found between them. CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest that the increasing use of lethal suicide methods has contributed to the rise in suicide rates among older adults in South Korea. Targeted efforts to reduce the social acceptability and accessibility of lethal suicide methods might lead to lower suicide rate among older adults in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Su Yeon Lee
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Go Eun Lee
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hee Ahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Kyoung Yi
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Pyo Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Biddle L, Derges J, Mars B, Heron J, Donovan JL, Potokar J, Piper M, Wyllie C, Gunnell D. Suicide and the Internet: Changes in the accessibility of suicide-related information between 2007 and 2014. J Affect Disord 2016; 190:370-375. [PMID: 26546772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following the ongoing concerns about cyber-suicide, we investigate changes between 2007 and 2014 in material likely to be accessed by suicidal individuals searching for methods of suicide. METHODS 12 search terms relating to suicide methods were applied to four search engines and the top ten hits from each were categorised and analysed for content. The frequency of each category of site across all searches, using particular search terms and engines, was counted. RESULTS Key changes: growth of blogs and discussion forums (from 3% of hits, 2007 to 18.5% of hits, 2014); increase in hits linking to general information sites - especially factual sites that detail and evaluate suicide methods (from 9%, 2007 to 21.7%, 2014). Hits for dedicated suicide sites increased (from 19% to 23%), while formal help sites were less visible (from 13% to 6.5%). Overall, 54% of hits contained information about new high-lethality methods. LIMITATIONS We did not search for help sites so cannot assess the balance of suicide promoting versus preventing sites available online. Social media was beyond the scope of this study. CONCLUSIONS Working with ISPs and search engines would help optimise support sites. Better site moderation and implementation of suicide reporting guidelines should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Biddle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Derges
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Becky Mars
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Heron
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny L Donovan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - John Potokar
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn Piper
- Papyrus Prevention of Young Suicide, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Gunnell
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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White J. Qualitative Evidence in Suicide Ideation, Attempts, and Suicide Prevention. HANDBOOKS IN HEALTH, WORK, AND DISABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2920-7_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cheng Q, Chang SS, Guo Y, Yip PSF. Information Accessibility of the Charcoal Burning Suicide Method in Mainland China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140686. [PMID: 26474297 PMCID: PMC4608667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been a marked rise in suicide by charcoal burning (CB) in some East Asian countries but little is known about its incidence in mainland China. We examined media-reported CB suicides and the availability of online information about the method in mainland China. Methods We extracted and analyzed data for i) the characteristics and trends of fatal and nonfatal CB suicides reported by mainland Chinese newspapers (1998–2014); ii) trends and geographic variations in online searches using keywords relating to CB suicide (2011–2014); and iii) the content of Internet search results. Results 109 CB suicide attempts (89 fatal and 20 nonfatal) were reported by newspapers in 13 out of the 31 provinces or provincial-level-municipalities in mainland China. There were increasing trends in the incidence of reported CB suicides and in online searches using CB-related keywords. The province-level search intensities were correlated with CB suicide rates (Spearman’s correlation coefficient = 0.43 [95% confidence interval: 0.08–0.68]). Two-thirds of the web links retrieved using the search engine contained detailed information about the CB suicide method, of which 15% showed pro-suicide attitudes, and the majority (86%) did not encourage people to seek help. Limitations The incidence of CB suicide was based on newspaper reports and likely to be underestimated. Conclusions Mental health and suicide prevention professionals in mainland China should be alert to the increased use of this highly lethal suicide method. Better surveillance and intervention strategies need to be developed and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijin Cheng
- HKJC Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shu-Sen Chang
- Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, and Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yingqi Guo
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul S. F. Yip
- HKJC Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail:
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Mars B, Heron J, Biddle L, Donovan JL, Holley R, Piper M, Potokar J, Wyllie C, Gunnell D. Exposure to, and searching for, information about suicide and self-harm on the Internet: Prevalence and predictors in a population based cohort of young adults. J Affect Disord 2015; 185:239-45. [PMID: 26150198 PMCID: PMC4550475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is concern over the potential impact of the Internet on self-harm and suicidal behaviour, particularly in young people. However, little is known about the prevalence and patterns of suicide/self-harm related Internet use in the general population. METHODS Cross sectional study of 3946 of the 8525 participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) who were sent a self-report questionnaire including questions on suicide/self-harm related Internet use and self-harm history at age 21 years. RESULTS Suicide/self-harm related Internet use was reported by 22.5% (886/3946) of participants; 11.9% (470/3946) had come across sites/chatrooms discussing self-harm or suicide, 8.2% (323/3946) had searched for information about self-harm, 7.5% (296/3946) had searched for information about suicide and 9.1% (357/3946) had used the Internet to discuss self-harm or suicidal feelings. Suicide/self-harm related Internet use was particularly prevalent amongst those who had harmed with suicidal intent (70%, 174/248), and was strongly associated with the presence of suicidal thoughts, suicidal plans, and history of self-harm. Sites offering help, advice, or support were accessed by a larger proportion of the sample (8.2%, 323/3946) than sites offering information on how to hurt or kill yourself (3.1%, 123/3946). Most individuals (81%) who had accessed these potentially harmful sites had also accessed help sites. LIMITATIONS (i) There were differences between questionnaire responders and non-responders which could lead to selection bias and (ii) the data were cross-sectional, and we cannot conclude that associations are causal. CONCLUSIONS Suicide/self-harm related Internet use is common amongst young adults, particularly amongst those with suicidal thoughts and behaviour. Both harmful and helpful sites were accessed, highlighting that the Internet presents potential risks but also offers opportunities for suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky Mars
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom.
| | - Jon Heron
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Biddle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny L. Donovan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martyn Piper
- PAPYRUS Prevention of Young Suicide, United Kingdom
| | - John Potokar
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Gunnell
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Abstract. Background: Helium gas suicides have increased in England and Wales; easy-to-access descriptions of this method on the Internet may have contributed to this rise. Aims: To investigate the availability of information on using helium as a method of suicide and trends in searching about this method on the Internet. Method: We analyzed trends in (a) Google searching (2004–2014) and (b) hits on a Wikipedia article describing helium as a method of suicide (2013–2014). We also investigated the extent to which helium was described as a method of suicide on web pages and discussion forums identified via Google. Results: We found no evidence of rises in Internet searching about suicide using helium. News stories about helium suicides were associated with increased search activity. The Wikipedia article may have been temporarily altered to increase awareness of suicide using helium around the time of a celebrity suicide. Approximately one third of the links retrieved using Google searches for suicide methods mentioned helium. Conclusion: Information about helium as a suicide method is readily available on the Internet; the Wikipedia article describing its use was highly accessed following celebrity suicides. Availability of online information about this method may contribute to rises in helium suicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gunnell
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jane Derges
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Shu-Sen Chang
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, and Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lucy Biddle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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The association of trends in charcoal-burning suicide with Google search and newspaper reporting in Taiwan: a time series analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015; 50:1451-61. [PMID: 25859754 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-015-1057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Some East/Southeast Asian countries have experienced a rapid increase in suicide by charcoal burning over the past decade. Media reporting and Internet use were thought to contribute to the epidemic. We investigated the association between method-specific suicide incidence and both Internet search volume and newspaper reporting in Taiwan. METHOD Weekly data for suicide, suicide-related Google search volume, and the number of articles reporting suicide in four major newspapers in Taiwan during 2008-2011 were obtained. Poisson autoregressive regression models were used to examine the associations between these variables. RESULTS In the fully adjusted models, every 10 % increase in Google searches was associated with a 4.3 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.1-7.6 %] increase in charcoal-burning suicide incidence in the same week, and a 3.8 % (95 % CI 0.4-7.2 %) increase in the following week. A one-article increase in the United Daily was associated with a 3.6 % (95 % CI 1.5-5.8 %) increase in charcoal-burning suicide in the same week. By contrast, non-charcoal-burning suicide was not associated with Google search volume, but was associated with the Apple Daily's reporting in the preceding week. CONCLUSIONS We found that increased Internet searches for charcoal-burning suicide appeared to be associated with a subsequent increase in suicide by this method. The prevention of suicide using emerging methods may include monitoring and regulating online information that provides details of these methods as well as encouraging Internet service providers to provide help-seeking information.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review research on how people use the Internet for suicide-related reasons and its influence on users. This review summarises the main findings and conclusions of existing work, the nature of studies that have been conducted, their strengths and limitations, and directions for future research. METHOD An online search was conducted through PsycINFO, PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE and CINAHL databases for papers published between 1991 and 2014. Papers were included if they examined how the Internet was used for suicide-related reasons, the influence of suicide-related Internet use, and if they presented primary data, including case studies of Internet-related suicide attempts and completions. RESULTS Findings of significant relationships between suicide-related search trends and rates of suicide suggest that search trends may be useful in monitoring suicide risk in a population. Studies that examine online communications between people who are suicidal can further our understanding of individuals' suicidal experiences. While engaging in suicide-related Internet use was associated with higher levels of suicidal ideation, evidence of its influence on suicidal ideation over time was mixed. There is a lack of studies directly recruiting suicidal Internet users. Only case studies examined the influence of suicide-related Internet use on suicidal behaviours, while no studies assessed the influence of pro-suicide or suicide prevention websites. Online professional services can be useful to suicide prevention and intervention efforts, but require more work in order to demonstrate their efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Research has shown that individuals use the Internet to search for suicide-related information and to discuss suicide-related problems with one another. However, the causal link between suicide-related Internet use and suicidal thoughts and behaviours is still unclear. More research is needed, particularly involving direct contact with Internet users, in order to understand the impact of both informal and professionally moderated suicide-related Internet use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Mok
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Anthony F Jorm
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Jane Pirkis
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
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Singaravelu V, Stewart A, Adams J, Simkin S, Hawton K. Information-Seeking on the Internet. CRISIS 2015; 36:211-9. [PMID: 26088826 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Internet is used by young people at risk of self-harm to communicate, find information, and obtain support. AIMS We aimed to identify and analyze websites potentially accessed by these young people. METHOD Six search terms, relating to self-harm/suicide and depression, were input into four search engines. Websites were analyzed for access, content/purpose, and tone. RESULTS In all, 314 websites were included in the analysis. Most could be accessed without restriction. Sites accessed by self-harm/suicide search terms were mostly positive or preventive in tone, whereas sites accessed by the term ways to kill yourself tended to have a negative tone. Information about self-harm methods was common with specific advice on how to self-harm in 15.8% of sites, encouragement of self-harm in 7.0%, and evocative images of self-harm/suicide in 20.7%. Advice on how to get help was given in 56.1% of sites. CONCLUSION Websites relating to suicide or self-harm are easily accessed. Many sites are potentially helpful. However, a significant proportion of sites are potentially harmful through normalizing or encouraging self-harm. Enquiry regarding Internet use should be routinely included while assessing young people at risk.
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Fraser SL, Geoffroy D, Chachamovich E, Kirmayer LJ. Changing rates of suicide ideation and attempts among Inuit youth: a gender-based analysis of risk and protective factors. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2015; 45:141-56. [PMID: 25255825 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inuit in Canada currently suffer from one of the highest rates of suicide in the world. The objective of this study was to explore the prevalence of suicide ideations and attempts among 15-24 year olds living in Nunavik, Québec, and to explore risk and protective factors of suicide attempts as a function of gender. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2004 across Nunavik. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted. A total of 22% of young males and 39% of females adults reported past suicidal attempts. Gender differences were observed in relation to associated risk and protective factors as well as degree of exposure to risk factors. Suicide prevention must include alcohol and drug prevention programs and rehabilitation services, interventions to reduce physical and sexual violence and their long-term impacts on Inuit youth, as well as exposure to culturally meaningful activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Fraser
- Psychoéducation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Widger T. Suicide and the ‘Poison Complex’: Toxic Relationalities, Child Development, and the Sri Lankan Self-Harm Epidemic. Med Anthropol 2015; 34:501-16. [DOI: 10.1080/01459740.2015.1012616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dogan KH, Demirci S, Deniz I. Why do people hang themselves on trees? An evaluation of suicidal hangings on trees in Konya, Turkey, between 2001 and 2008. J Forensic Sci 2014; 60 Suppl 1:S87-92. [PMID: 25088533 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hanging is the most common method of suicide in the world, and many public places offer a means or opportunity to carry out the activity. Of 4,452 death examinations and autopsies, there were 378 (8.5%) suicides and suicide method was hanging in 185 (48.9%) cases. In 20 of these (10.8%), the suspension point was the branch of a tree. The incident location was the garden of the victim's house in nine cases, the woodlands in seven cases. The suicides were attributed to psychiatric disorders in nine cases, economic problems in six cases, and family problems in five cases. It is concluded that hanging on a tree as a suicide method is often committed by males and the underlying motive may be different in suicidal hangings on trees occurring at daytime and night. For preventional purposes, the reporting of such suicides in public places by the media may be restricted by local authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Hakan Dogan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Park S, Ahn MH, Lee A, Hong JP. Associations between changes in the pattern of suicide methods and rates in Korea, the US, and Finland. Int J Ment Health Syst 2014; 8:22. [PMID: 24949083 PMCID: PMC4062645 DOI: 10.1186/1752-4458-8-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lethality of the suicide method employed is a strong risk factor for the completion of suicide. We examined whether annual changes in the pattern of suicide methods is related to annual changes in suicide rates in South Korea, the United States (US), and Finland. METHODS We analyzed annual data from 2000-2011 for South Korea and Finland, and 2000-2010 for the US in order to examine trends in the rates and methods of suicide. Data on suicide methods were obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO) mortality database. RESULTS Along with an annual rapid increase in suicide rates, the incidence of hanging increased steadily while suicide by self-poisoning steadily decreased in South Korea. In the US, along with an annual increase in suicide rates, the proportion of suicides committed by hanging increased while those committed with the use of firearms steadily decreased. In Finland, annual changes in the suicide rate and suicide method were not statistically significant during the study period. CONCLUSIONS Our present findings suggest that the increased use of specific lethal methods for suicide, namely hanging, is reflected in the increased suicide rates in the Korean and the US populations. The most effective approach for reducing overall suicide rates may be the implementation of population-based initiatives that reduce both the accessibility (e.g., access to firearms) and the social acceptability (e.g., effective and responsible regulations for reporting suicide) of lethal methods of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, 398 Neungdong-ro, Gwangin-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung Hee Ahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, 388-1 Pungnap-2dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, South Korea
| | - Ahrong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, 388-1 Pungnap-2dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, South Korea
| | - Jin Pyo Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, 388-1 Pungnap-2dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, South Korea
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Suicide and media reporting: a longitudinal and spatial analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2013; 48:427-35. [PMID: 22878833 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-012-0562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The impact of media reporting on copycat suicides has been well established in various cases of celebrity suicide. However, knowledge is limited about the spatial and temporal relationship between suicide death and media reporting over a long period of time. This study investigated the association of suicide deaths with suicide news in longitudinal and spatial dimensions. METHODS All suicides during 2003-2010 (n = 31,364) were included. Suicide news in the study period was retrieved from Google News, and included all available news media in Taiwan. Empirical mode decomposition was used to identify the main intrinsic oscillation, reflecting both major and minor suicide events, and time-dependent intrinsic correlation was used to quantify the temporal correlation between suicide deaths and suicide news. RESULTS The media reporting of suicide was synchronized with increased suicide deaths during major suicide events such as celebrity death, and slightly lagged behind the suicide deaths for 1 month in other periods without notable celebrity deaths. The means of suicide reported in the media diversely affected the suicide models. Reports of charcoal burning suicide exhibited an exclusive copycat effect on actual charcoal burning deaths, whereas media reports of jumping had a wide association with various suicide models. Media reports of suicide had a higher association with suicide deaths in urban than in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS This report suggested that a delayed effect of copycat suicide may exist in media reports of minor suicide events. The competitive reporting of minor suicide events must be avoided and addressed by media professionals.
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Thomas KH, Beech E, Gunnell D. Changes in commonly used methods of suicide in England and Wales from 1901-1907 to 2001-2007. J Affect Disord 2013; 144:235-9. [PMID: 22871526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate changes in the range of suicide methods used in two time periods a century apart (1901-1907 and 2001-2007) in England and Wales. METHOD Suicide mortality and population data were obtained for England and Wales from the ONS and used to calculate gender and method-specific mortality rates. RESULTS There have been striking changes in the methods of suicide used since the 1900s. Hanging was the most commonly used method during both time periods. However suicides involving drowning (22.5% of suicides in 1901-1907) and weapons (e.g. firearms and razors, 24.2% of suicides in 1901-1907) were rarely used in 2001-2007 (2.6% and 5.8% respectively). Although the use of poisons was popular in both time periods, the types of poisons used differed substantially over time. Household cleaning products and disinfectants accounted for almost half of poisoning suicides in the early 1900s whereas self-poisoning with medicines accounted for most poisoning suicides in 2001-2007. LIMITATIONS There were changes in the coding of suicides over time. Additionally, deaths by drowning and poisoning are more difficult to confirm as suicides than those that occur due to hanging or the use of weapons. CONCLUSIONS The changes in popularity of some suicide methods can be mainly attributed to changes in the physical availability (access) of these methods over time. Other methods which remain readily available have fallen out of fashion in recent times, suggesting a contributory role of other factors such as cognitive availability and personal preference/acceptability in influencing the choice of suicide method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla H Thomas
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK.
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Wong PWC, Fu KW, Yau RSP, Ma HHM, Law YW, Chang SS, Yip PSF. Accessing suicide-related information on the internet: a retrospective observational study of search behavior. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15:e3. [PMID: 23305632 PMCID: PMC3636013 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Internet’s potential impact on suicide is of major public health interest as easy online access to pro-suicide information or specific suicide methods may increase suicide risk among vulnerable Internet users. Little is known, however, about users’ actual searching and browsing behaviors of online suicide-related information. Objective To investigate what webpages people actually clicked on after searching with suicide-related queries on a search engine and to examine what queries people used to get access to pro-suicide websites. Methods A retrospective observational study was done. We used a web search dataset released by America Online (AOL). The dataset was randomly sampled from all AOL subscribers’ web queries between March and May 2006 and generated by 657,000 service subscribers. Results We found 5526 search queries (0.026%, 5526/21,000,000) that included the keyword "suicide". The 5526 search queries included 1586 different search terms and were generated by 1625 unique subscribers (0.25%, 1625/657,000). Of these queries, 61.38% (3392/5526) were followed by users clicking on a search result. Of these 3392 queries, 1344 (39.62%) webpages were clicked on by 930 unique users but only 1314 of those webpages were accessible during the study period. Each clicked-through webpage was classified into 11 categories. The categories of the most visited webpages were: entertainment (30.13%; 396/1314), scientific information (18.31%; 240/1314), and community resources (14.53%; 191/1314). Among the 1314 accessed webpages, we could identify only two pro-suicide websites. We found that the search terms used to access these sites included “commiting suicide with a gas oven”, “hairless goat”, “pictures of murder by strangulation”, and “photo of a severe burn”. A limitation of our study is that the database may be dated and confined to mainly English webpages. Conclusions Searching or browsing suicide-related or pro-suicide webpages was uncommon, although a small group of users did access websites that contain detailed suicide method information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wai-Ching Wong
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China, Hong Kong.
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[Characterization of News on Suicide in the Printed Press in Colombia]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 43 Suppl 1:12-8. [PMID: 26574109 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicide is a major public health problem. It is believed that the media plays an important role in the onset of suicidal behavior. Certain sub-groups of the population (for instance, young people or those suffering from depression) can be especially vulnerable to engage in imitative suicidal behaviors. OBJECTIVES To characterize news reports on suicide published in the printed press in Bogotá. To identify strategies, models or structures used in the print media (newspapers) to report suicide cases. To establish whether the way of reporting suicide cases is appropriate according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). MATERIALS AND METHODS A detailed search was performed to find news on suicide or suicide attempts published in three Colombian newspapers -2 of them with national circulation (El Espectador and El Tiempo), and one with local circulation (El Espacio)-, during the period between August 2009 and August 2011. Compliance with WHO recommendations by the 3 newspapers was compared using Fisher tests; the frequency of news release was assessed using statistical control charts, and headlines were evaluated by lexicometric analysis. RESULTS During the study period, a total of 135 items of news relating to cases occurring in Colombia were found. Although there were differences between the newspapers, none of them fully met the WHO recommendations. There was no clear trend in the way of presenting the news. Three styles were found in the presentation of news (suggestive, sensationalist, and revealing impact on survivors), which could be associated with each of the 3 newspapers evaluated.
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