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Jin X, Guan W. Progress in the relationship between GDF11 and depression. Life Sci 2024; 341:122507. [PMID: 38378101 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Annually, the frequency of morbidity in depression has increased progressively in response to life stressors, and there is an increasing trend toward younger morbidity. The pathogenesis of depression is complicated and includes factors such as genetic inheritance and variations in physiological functions induced by various environmental factors. Currently, drug therapy has wide adaptability in clinical practice and plays an important role in the treatment of patients with mild depression. However, the therapeutic effects of most antidepressants are typically not significant and are associated with considerable adverse effects and addiction. Therefore, it is imperative to identify the deeper mechanisms of depression and search for alternative drug targets. Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is described as an anti-ageing molecule that belongs to a member of the transforming growth factor β family. Additionally, the latest research findings suggested that GDF11 positively regulates neurogenesis and enhances neuronal activity, thereby attenuating depression-like behaviours. Although an increasing number of studies have focused on the multiple functions of GDF11 in skeletal dysplasia and carcinogenesis, its precise mechanism of action in depression remains unknown. Thus, in this review, we discuss the role of GDF11 and its mechanistic pathways in the pathogenesis of depression to develop novel therapies for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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A Review of Sustainable Maintenance Strategies for Single Component and Multicomponent Equipment. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14052992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary industrial equipment is increasingly developing towards complexity. In order to ensure the high reliability and sustainability of industrial equipment, more flexible maintenance strategies have attracted extensive attention. In view of this, this paper aims to summarize the current situation of existing maintenance strategies, so as to enable colleagues in the industry to choose or formulate more efficient maintenance strategies. Firstly, the characteristics, application potential and limitations of single component maintenance strategies, such as corrective maintenance, preventive maintenance and predictive maintenance, are described in detail from the perspective of maintenance time. On the basis of single component maintenance and the dependency between multiple components, the advantages and disadvantages of multicomponent maintenance strategies, such as batch maintenance, opportunity maintenance and group maintenance, are summarized, and suggestions for the future maintenance of industrial equipment are proposed. Based on this, industries can select the appropriate maintenance strategy according to their equipment characteristics, or improve their existing maintenance strategies based on actual needs.
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3
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Elemery M, Kiss S, Dome P, Pogany L, Faludi G, Lazary J. Change of Circulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Level and Reduction of Anhedonia Are Associated in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder Treated With Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:806731. [PMID: 35711587 PMCID: PMC9193814 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.806731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been implicated in mediating the effect of antidepressant therapies as it plays a significant role in the neurogenesis. Anhedonia, an endophenotype of major depressive disorder (MDD), is related to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the major focus of brain stimulation in MDD. The aim of our study was to analyze the change of serum VEGF level after rTMS treatment in association with anhedonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A dataset of 17 patients with TRD who were treated with antidepressants and bilateral rTMS for 2 × 5 days was analyzed. Depression was measured by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale (MADRS) and anhedonia by the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) for monitoring the symptom changes. The serum VEGF levels and symptoms were assessed on the first (V1), on the 14th (V2), and on the 28th day (V3). The level of VEGF was measured by ELISA assay. RESULTS There was no significant association between MADRS scores and serum VEGF levels at any timepoint. The decrease in the SHAPS score was significantly associated with the increase in VEGF level between V1 and V2 (p = 0.001). The VEGF levels were significantly higher in non-responders than in responders (p = 0.04). The baseline VEGF level has been proven as a significant predictor of treatment response (p = 0.045). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that serum VEGF can be sensitive to the changes of anhedonia during rTMS treatment. Considering that the most widely used depression scales are not applicable for the assessment of anhedonia, measurement of anhedonia in rTMS treatment studies of patients with TRD can be suggested as more appropriate data on distinct pathogenic pathways and specific biomarkers of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Elemery
- János Szentágothai Neuroscience Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Kiss
- János Szentágothai Neuroscience Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Dome
- National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Pogany
- János Szentágothai Neuroscience Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabor Faludi
- János Szentágothai Neuroscience Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Lazary
- János Szentágothai Neuroscience Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Mental Health, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Budapest, Hungary
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Maffioletti E, Carvalho Silva R, Bortolomasi M, Baune BT, Gennarelli M, Minelli A. Molecular Biomarkers of Electroconvulsive Therapy Effects and Clinical Response: Understanding the Present to Shape the Future. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091120. [PMID: 34573142 PMCID: PMC8471796 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) represents an effective intervention for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). One priority of this research field is the clarification of ECT response mechanisms and the identification of biomarkers predicting its outcomes. We propose an overview of the molecular studies on ECT, concerning its course and outcome prediction, including also animal studies on electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), an experimental analogue of ECT. Most of these investigations underlie biological systems related to major depressive disorder (MDD), such as the neurotrophic and inflammatory/immune ones, indicating effects of ECT on these processes. Studies about neurotrophins, like the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), have shown evidence concerning ECT neurotrophic effects. The inflammatory/immune system has also been studied, suggesting an acute stress reaction following an ECT session. However, at the end of the treatment, ECT produces a reduction in inflammatory-associated biomarkers such as cortisol, TNF-alpha and interleukin 6. Other biological systems, including the monoaminergic and the endocrine, have been sparsely investigated. Despite some promising results, limitations exist. Most of the studies are concentrated on one or few markers and many studies are relatively old, with small sample sizes and methodological biases. Expression studies on gene transcripts and microRNAs are rare and genetic studies are sparse. To date, no conclusive evidence regarding ECT molecular markers has been reached; however, the future may be just around the corner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Maffioletti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Rosana Carvalho Silva
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.S.); (M.G.)
| | | | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.S.); (M.G.)
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Minelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.S.); (M.G.)
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-3717255; Fax: +39-030-3701157
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Sorri A, Järventausta K, Kampman O, Lehtimäki K, Björkqvist M, Tuohimaa K, Hämäläinen M, Moilanen E, Leinonen E. Electroconvulsive therapy increases temporarily plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02001. [PMID: 34342142 PMCID: PMC8413728 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been related to the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). The findings involving the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on the VEGF levels have been conflicting. The aim was to examine the possible changes in the VEGF levels and their associations with clinical outcome in patients with MDD during ECT. METHODS The study comprised 30 patients suffering from MDD. Their plasma VEGF levels were measured at baseline and 2 and 4 hr after the first, fifth, and last ECT session. The severity of depression was quantified by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). RESULTS The VEGF levels increased between the 2-hr and 4-hr measurements during the first (p = .003) and the fifth (p = .017) sessions. The baseline VEGF levels between individual ECT sessions remained unchanged during the ECT series. No correlations were found between the increased VEGF levels and the clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS Electroconvulsive therapy increased the VEGF levels repeatedly at the same time point in two different ECT sessions. These increases had no association with the response to ECT. Consequently, VEGF may act as a mediator in the mechanism of action of ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamari Sorri
- Department of PsychiatryTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
| | - Kaija Järventausta
- Department of PsychiatryTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
| | - Olli Kampman
- Department of PsychiatryTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
| | - Kai Lehtimäki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurology and RehabilitationTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
| | - Minna Björkqvist
- Department of PsychiatryTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
| | - Kati Tuohimaa
- Department of PsychiatryTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
| | - Mari Hämäläinen
- The Immunopharmacology Research GroupFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere University and Tampere University HospitalTampereFinland
| | - Eeva Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research GroupFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere University and Tampere University HospitalTampereFinland
| | - Esa Leinonen
- Department of PsychiatryTampere University HospitalTampereFinland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
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6
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Value of peripheral neurotrophin levels for the diagnosis of depression and response to treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 41:40-51. [PMID: 32980240 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The neurotrophin hypothesis indicates that neurotrophic factors are important for the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), with alterations in peripheral neurotrophin levels having potential clinical application for MDD. The present meta-analysis aimed to investigate the diagnostic value for MDD of peripheral neurotrophin levels in cross-sectional studies and the association between peripheral neurotrophin levels and the response to antidepressant treatment in longitudinal studies. Published studies in the PubMed and Web of Science databases were systematically searched up to February 2020. The search terms included depressive disorder, neurotrophic factor, serum/plasma and their synonyms. Human studies reporting on BDNF, GDNF, IGF-2, VEGF, NGF, FGF-2, and S100B levels in MDD patients were included. Data comparing MDD patients and healthy controls, and/or between responders and non-responders before and after antidepressant treatment were extracted. A random effects model was used to calculate standardized mean differences. A total of 177 original studies were identified, including 139 cross-sectional and 38 longitudinal studies. Significantly reduced BDNF and NGF levels and significantly elevated IGF-1, VEGF, and S100B levels were reported in MDD patients compared with healthy controls, while GDNF and FGF-2 levels were not significantly different. Furthermore, compared with non-responders, S100B levels at baseline and BDNF levels following treatment were significantly elevated in responders. In addition, there was a significantly elevated level of VEGF after treatment in responders only. In conclusions, alterations in peripheral neurotrophins levels were strongly associated with the biology and the treatment response of MDD. Further investigations are required to examine potential sources of heterogeneity.
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Fukuda AM, Hindley LE, Kang JWD, Tirrell E, Tyrka AR, Ayala A, Carpenter LL. Peripheral vascular endothelial growth factor changes after transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. Neuroreport 2020; 31:1121-1127. [PMID: 32956213 PMCID: PMC7541741 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) changes with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS Serum from a naturalistic population of 15 patients with MDD was collected at baseline and after standard TMS treatment. VEGF concentration was determined via ELISA. Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self Report and Patient Health Questionnaire were used as a measure of depression symptom severity, clinical response and remission. Mann-Whitney U and Kendall's Tau Correlation were used for continuous variables. RESULTS VEGF increased from pre- to post-TMS (+30.3%) in remitters whereas VEGF decreased in non-remitters (-9.87%) (P < 0.05). This same pattern was observed when comparing mean %change in VEGF between responders (+14.7%) and non-responders (-14.9%) (P = 0.054). Correlation was present between change in VEGF concentration (baseline to post) and change in Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report at Tx30 (r = -0.371, P < 0.054), reflecting greater increases in VEGF linked to greater improvement in depressive symptoms following the standard 6-week course of TMS. CONCLUSION Patients with a successful treatment with TMS had significantly greater increase in VEGF from baseline to after treatment compared to non-responders/non-remitters and a larger increase in VEGF was associated with greater improvement in depressive symptoms after TMS. This is the first report examining VEGF levels in depressed patients receiving TMS. This study provides correlative data supporting further investigation into VEGF's role as an important mediator in the processes underpinning TMS' antidepressant effects and as a potential biomarker of clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Fukuda
- Butler Hospital TMS Clinic and Neuromodulation Research Facility, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, USA
| | - Lauren E. Hindley
- Butler Hospital TMS Clinic and Neuromodulation Research Facility, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
| | - Jee Won Diane Kang
- Butler Hospital TMS Clinic and Neuromodulation Research Facility, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
| | - Eric Tirrell
- Butler Hospital TMS Clinic and Neuromodulation Research Facility, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
| | - Audrey R Tyrka
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, USA
| | - Alfred Ayala
- Division of Surgical Research/Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital/Brown University School of Medicine, Providence 02903, USA
| | - Linda L. Carpenter
- Butler Hospital TMS Clinic and Neuromodulation Research Facility, 345 Blackstone Boulevard, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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8
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Rigal A, Colle R, Asmar KE, Trabado S, Loeb E, Martin S, Choucha W, Gressier F, Costemale-Lacoste JF, de Larminat D, Deflesselle E, Fève B, Chanson P, Becquemont L, Verstuyft C, Corruble E. Lower plasma vascular endothelial growth factor A in major depressive disorder not normalized after antidepressant treatment: A case control study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2020; 54:402-408. [PMID: 31823655 DOI: 10.1177/0004867419893433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial growth factor A is a growth factor with pro-angiogenic and neurotrophic properties. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor A treatments, used to treat cancers and opthalmic diseases, are known to induce depressive symptoms. Thus, we hypothesized that vascular endothelial growth factor A plasma levels are low in patients experiencing a major depressive episode in the context of major depressive disorder, which consequently increase after antidepressant treatment. The aim of this study was to compare plasma vascular endothelial growth factor A levels in patients with major depressive episode-major depressive disorder before and after antidepressant treatment. METHODS Vascular endothelial growth factor A fasting plasma levels of 469 major depressive episode-major depressive disorder patients were compared with healthy controls. Depressed patients were assessed for remission after 3 and 6 months of antidepressant treatment. Bivariate and multivariate analyses adjusted for sex, age, body mass index and tobacco use were performed. RESULTS As compared to healthy controls, major depressive episode patients had lower vascular endothelial growth factor A, 66.0 (38.3) pg/mL (standard deviation) vs 83.2 (49.2) pg/mL, p < 0.0001. Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor A levels did not change after antidepressant treatment, even in remitters, and remained lower than those of healthy controls, 64.9 (39.3) pg/mL vs 83.2 (49.2) pg/mL, p < 0.0001. CONCLUSION Depressed patients with major depressive disorder have lower plasma vascular endothelial growth factor A levels than healthy controls during their major depressive episode and after remission following antidepressant treatment. New strategies targeting enhancement of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor A could be promising for the prevention and treatment of major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Rigal
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et Addictologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Romain Colle
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et Addictologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Khalil El Asmar
- INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Liban
| | - Séverine Trabado
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service de Génétique moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Emanuel Loeb
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et Addictologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Séverine Martin
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et Addictologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Walid Choucha
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et Addictologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Florence Gressier
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et Addictologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Francois Costemale-Lacoste
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Delphine de Larminat
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et Addictologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Eric Deflesselle
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Bruno Fève
- Sorbonne Université-Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, UMR_S938, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, Paris, France.,Service d'Endocrinologie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares PRISIS, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Chanson
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurent Becquemont
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service de Génétique moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Céline Verstuyft
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service de Génétique moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Emmanuelle Corruble
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et Addictologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Maffioletti E, Gennarelli M, Magri C, Bocchio‐Chiavetto L, Bortolomasi M, Bonvicini C, Abate M, Trabucchi L, Ulivi S, Minelli A. Genetic determinants of circulating VEGF levels in major depressive disorder and electroconvulsive therapy response. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:593-599. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Maffioletti
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of Brescia Brescia Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of Brescia Brescia Italy
- Genetics UnitIRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli Brescia Italy
| | - Chiara Magri
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of Brescia Brescia Italy
| | - Luisella Bocchio‐Chiavetto
- Genetics UnitIRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli Brescia Italy
- Faculty of PsychologyeCampus University, Novedrate Como Italy
| | | | - Cristian Bonvicini
- Genetics UnitIRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli Brescia Italy
| | - Maria Abate
- Psychiatric Hospital “Villa Santa Chiara” Verona Italy
| | | | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo Trieste Italy
| | - Alessandra Minelli
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of Brescia Brescia Italy
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10
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Castillo MFR, Cohen A, Edberg D, Hoppensteadt D, Fareed J, Martin B, Halaris A. Vascular endothelial growth factor in bipolar depression: A potential biomarker for diagnosis and treatment outcome prediction. Psychiatry Res 2020; 284:112781. [PMID: 31986357 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) has been implicated in the neurotrophic model of depression. We explored the potential role of VEGF in the pathophysiology of bipolar depression and potential utility as a diagnostic or outcome predictive biomarker. METHODS In a double-blind study, treatment-resistant bipolar depressed patients received Escitalopram and were randomized to receive add-on Celecoxib (26 participants) or Placebo (21 participants). There were 32 healthy controls. Plasma levels of VEGF were determined at three timepoints over eight weeks. RESULTS Bipolar patients had significantly higher VEGF levels at baseline compared to healthy controls. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the AUC is 0.67 and the VEGF cut point is 8.21. At all timepoints, patients receiving Celecoxib had comparable VEGF levels to those receiving Placebo. VEGF levels did not change significantly over time. Baseline VEGF was a poor predictor of treatment response with an AUC of 0.53. CONCLUSIONS The increased VEGF in bipolar depression agrees with similar findings in major depressive disorder. A high VEGF level tended to accurately predict bipolar disorder, with apparent differential VEGF expression. Baseline VEGF did not predict treatment response, and levels did not change with treatment. Plasma VEGF may have diagnostic utility and guide personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Feliz R Castillo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Arielle Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - David Edberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research Laboratories, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research Laboratories, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Brendan Martin
- Clinical Research Office, Biostatistics Collaborative Core, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Angelos Halaris
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA.
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11
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Ryan KM, McLoughlin DM. Vascular endothelial growth factor plasma levels in depression and following electroconvulsive therapy. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:839-848. [PMID: 29968119 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both animal and human studies have implicated the neurotrophic and angiogenic mediator vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in depression, with meta-analyses, indicating that protein levels are raised in patients with depression. In line with this, we have previously shown that VEGFA mRNA levels are higher in whole blood from patients with depression compared to controls, in particular in patients with psychotic unipolar depression, and that treatment with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) alters VEGFA mRNA levels. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to extend this previous work by assessing plasma VEGF protein levels in patients with depression compared to healthy controls, and in patients following treatment with ECT. We found that there was no difference between controls and patients with depression with regard to plasma VEGF (p = 0.59), and that VEGF levels were unaltered by ECT (p = 0.09) after correction for potential covariates. We found no correlation between VEGF protein and mRNA levels. Within the subgroup of patients receiving treatment with bitemporal ECT (n = 34), we identified a moderate negative correlation (ρ = - 0.54, p = 0.001) between the change in VEGF and the change in depression severity following treatment; however, no other association between VEGF and mood, responder/remitter status, polarity of depression, or presence of psychosis were found. Overall, our results indicate that the measurement of VEGF protein is not a useful marker for depression or response to treatment, and suggest that the measurement of VEGFA mRNA may prove more useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Ryan
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry, St. Patrick's University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Declan M McLoughlin
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Department of Psychiatry, St. Patrick's University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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12
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Pisoni A, Strawbridge R, Hodsoll J, Powell TR, Breen G, Hatch S, Hotopf M, Young AH, Cleare AJ. Growth Factor Proteins and Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Place on the Path to Precision. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:386. [PMID: 30190686 PMCID: PMC6115516 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Since the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression was formulated, conflicting results have been reported regarding the role of growth factor proteins in depressed patients, including whether there are state or trait alterations found in patients compared to controls and whether they represent predictors of treatment response. Recently it has been hypothesized that heterogeneity of findings within this literature might be partly explained by participants' history of treatment-resistant depression. This study aimed to investigate the role of growth factor proteins in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) undergoing an inpatient intervention. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 36 patients with TRD and 36 matched controls. Patients were assessed both at admission and discharge from a specialist inpatient program. We examined serum biomarker differences between patients and non-depressed matched controls, longitudinal changes after inpatient treatment and relationship to clinical outcomes. Additionally, the influence of potential covariates on biomarker levels were assessed. Results: Patients displayed lower serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (OR = 0.025; 95% CI = 0.001, 0.500) and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGFC; OR = 0.083, 95% CI = 0.008, 0.839) as well as higher angiopoietin-1 receptor (Tie2; OR = 2.651, 95% CI = 1.325, 5.303) compared to controls. Patients were stratified into responders (56%) and non-responders (44%). Lower VEGFD levels at admission predicted subsequent non-response (OR = 4.817, 95% CI = 1.247, 11.674). During treatment, non-responders showed a decrease in VEGF and VEGFC levels, while responders showed no significant changes. Conclusion: TRD patients demonstrate a deficit of peripheral growth factors and our results suggest that markers of the VEGF family might decline over time in chronically depressed patients in spite of multidisciplinary treatment. The action of angiogenic proteins may play an important role in the pathophysiology of TRD, and pending comprehensive investigation may provide important insights for the future of precision psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pisoni
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Strawbridge
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Hodsoll
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy R Powell
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephani Hatch
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hotopf
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Allan H Young
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Cleare
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Clark-Raymond A, Meresh E, Hoppensteadt D, Fareed J, Sinacore J, Garlenski B, Halaris A. Vascular endothelial growth factor: Potential predictor of treatment response in major depression. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:575-585. [PMID: 26726958 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1117655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate baseline plasma VEGF levels as a potential predictor of response to antidepressant pharmacotherapy. The study also sought to determine whether baseline plasma VEGF would be useful in predicting treatment outcome when two pharmacodynamically diverse agents with established antidepressant efficacy, escitalopram and quetiapine, were administered monotherapeutically to MDD patients. METHODS Two groups of qualifying MDD subjects were enrolled. One group was treated with escitalopram and the other with quetiapine. Plasma concentrations of VEGF were measured using Randox Technologies at baseline, and at weeks 8 and 12 of treatment. RESULTS We stratified the MDD patients into those who remitted and those who failed to respond. Mean baseline VEGF for the remitters and non-responders was 9.61 and 5.40 pg/ml, respectively (P < 0.0005). Using optimal data analysis a cut score of 7.49 pg/ml for baseline plasma VEGF distinguished remitters from non-responders with a 63% overall accuracy. The remission rate was comparable for both drugs (73 and 81% for quetiapine and escitalopram, respectively). VEGF levels did not significantly change following antidepressant treatment with either escitalopram or quetiapine when measured at 8 and 12 weeks; this result held true for both remitters and non-responders. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that VEGF may predict response to antidepressant treatment and may ultimately prove to be a potential biomarker that can be measured with a routine blood draw at the point of service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Clark-Raymond
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience , Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Edwin Meresh
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience , Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Debra Hoppensteadt
- b Department of Pathology , Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Jawed Fareed
- b Department of Pathology , Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - James Sinacore
- c Department of Public Health Sciences , Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Brittany Garlenski
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience , Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Angelos Halaris
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience , Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
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VEGF-related polymorphisms identified by GWAS and risk for major depression. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1055. [PMID: 28267147 PMCID: PMC5416679 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common, severe, disabling mental disease that affects millions of people of all ages worldwide. Various studies have shown that neurotrophic/growth factors have a key role in depression and, more specifically, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is implicated in the pathogenesis of depression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential links between four VEGF-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), previously identified through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and depression. The direct effects and epistatic interactions of the four VEGF-related SNPs (rs10738760, rs6921438, rs6993770 and rs4416670) on depression were investigated through a case-control study including 437 individuals diagnosed with depression and 477 healthy volunteers as controls. Gender, age and body mass index influence was additionally analyzed. The SNP rs4416670 was associated with increased risk for depression (OR: 1.60, P: 0.010). This result demonstrates the existence of relationships between VEGF genetic determinants and depression. This novel association reveals new molecular mechanisms suggesting the potential role of VEGF in depression development that could help to promote a personalized prediction for this severe common disease.
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15
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Growth factors as clinical biomarkers of prognosis and diagnosis in psychiatric disorders. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 32:85-96. [PMID: 27618303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The psychiatric disorders are one of the most disabling illnesses in the world and represent a major problem for public health. These disorders are characterized by neuroanatomical or biochemical changes and it has been suggested that such changes may be due to inadequate neurodevelopment. Diverse alterations in the gene expression and/or serum level of specific growth factors have been implicated in the etiology, symptoms and progression of some psychiatric disorders. Herein, we summarize the latest information regarding the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), neuroregulin-1 (NGR-1), erythropoietin (EPO), vascular growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), nerve growth factor (NGF) and others cytokines in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, depression, bipolar and anxiety disorders. Focusing on the role of these growth factors and their relationship with the main impairments (cognitive, emotional and social) of these pathologies. Some of these signaling molecules may be suitable biological markers for diagnosis and prognosis in cognitive, mood and social disabilities across different mental disorders.
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16
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Sharma AN, da Costa e Silva BFB, Soares JC, Carvalho AF, Quevedo J. Role of trophic factors GDNF, IGF-1 and VEGF in major depressive disorder: A comprehensive review of human studies. J Affect Disord 2016; 197:9-20. [PMID: 26956384 PMCID: PMC4837031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The neurotrophin hypothesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) postulates that this illness results from aberrant neurogenesis in brain regions that regulates emotion and memory. Notwithstanding this theory has primarily implicated BDNF in the neurobiology of MDD. Recent evidence suggests that other trophic factors namely GDNF, VEGF and IGF-1 may also be involved. PURPOSE The present review aimed to critically summarize evidence regarding changes in GDNF, IGF-1 and VEGF in individuals with MDD compared to healthy controls. In addition, we also evaluated the role of these mediators as potential treatment response biomarkers for MDD. METHODS A comprehensive review of original studies studies measuring peripheral, central or mRNA levels of GDNF, IGF-1 or VEGF in patients with MDD was conducted. The PubMed/MEDLINE database was searched for peer-reviewed studies published in English through June 2nd, 2015. RESULTS Most studies reported a reduction in peripheral GDNF and its mRNA levels in MDD patients versus controls. In contrast, IGF-1 levels in MDD patients compared to controls were discrepant across studies. Finally, most studies reported high peripheral VEGF levels and mRNA expression in MDD patients compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS GDNF, IGF-1 and VEGF levels and their mRNA expression appear to be differentially altered in MDD patients compared to healthy individuals, indicating that these molecules might play an important role in the pathophysiology of depression and antidepressant action of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaykumar N. Sharma
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77054, USA,Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral, Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at, Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Bruno Fernando Borges da Costa e Silva
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Jair C. Soares
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral, Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at, Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - André F. Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty, of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Joao Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77054, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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17
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Association of serum VEGF levels with prefrontal cortex volume in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:686-92. [PMID: 26169975 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates alterations in brain regional cellular energy metabolism and blood flow in schizophrenia. Among the different molecules regulating blood flow, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is generally accepted as the major factor involved in the process of angiogenesis. In the present study, we examined whether peripheral VEGF levels correlate with changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) volume in patients with schizophrenia and in healthy controls. Whole-blood samples were obtained from 96 people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 83 healthy controls. Serum VEGF protein levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas quantitative PCR was performed to measure interleukin-6 (IL-6, a pro-inflammatory marker implicated in schizophrenia) mRNA levels in the blood samples. Structural magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained using a 3T Achieva scanner on a subset of 59 people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 65 healthy controls, and prefrontal volumes were obtained using FreeSurfer software. As compared with healthy controls, individuals with schizophrenia had a significant increase in log-transformed mean serum VEGF levels (t(177)=2.9, P=0.005). A significant inverse correlation (r=-0.40, P=0.002) between serum VEGF and total frontal pole volume was found in patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder. Moreover, we observed a significant positive association (r=0.24, P=0.03) between serum VEGF and IL-6 mRNA levels in patients with schizophrenia. These findings suggest an association between serum VEGF and inflammation, and that serum VEGF levels are related to structural abnormalities in the PFC of people with schizophrenia.
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18
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Tseng PT, Cheng YS, Chen YW, Wu CK, Lin PY. Increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1622-30. [PMID: 26123242 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of neurotrophic factors plays an important role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to promote neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and influence synaptic transmission. Many studies have examined the VEGF levels in patients with depression, however the results have been inconsistent. In the current meta-analysis, we compared blood VEGF levels between MDD patients and control subjects (16 articles including 872 patients and 882 control subjects). The effect sizes of individual studies were synthesized using a random effect model. We found that the blood VEGF levels in the patients with MDD were significantly higher than those in the healthy controls (p<0.001), and the difference was negatively correlated with mean age (p=0.01). Other variables including proportion of female subjects, body mass index, severity of depression, duration of illness, and age at onset were not significantly correlated with the difference. Our results highlight that elevated blood VEGF levels may be a disease marker in patients with MDD. Further studies are needed to examine the relationship between VEGF levels in central and peripheral environments, and clarify the role of VEGF in the pathophysiology of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Tao Tseng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Kaohsiung', Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shian Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Kaohsiung', Taiwan
| | - Yen-Wen Chen
- Department of Neurology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kuan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tsyr-Huey Mental Hospital, Kaohsiung Jen-Ai's Home, Kaohsiung', Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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19
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Buttenschøn HN, Foldager L, Elfving B, Poulsen PHP, Uher R, Mors O. Neurotrophic factors in depression in response to treatment. J Affect Disord 2015; 183:287-94. [PMID: 26047306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) have been suggested to play a role in the pathophysiology of depression. The neurotrophic model of depression hypothesises that the serum level of e.g. BDNF is decreased during depression and increased in response to treatment. The aim of the present study was to investigate BDNF and VEGF as potential predictors of response to antidepressant treatment. METHODS We investigated the longitudinal associations between depression scores and serum levels of these neurotrophic factors during antidepressant treatment in 90 individuals with depression of at least moderate severity. Serum levels were measured at baseline and after 8 and 12 weeks of treatment with nortriptyline or escitalopram. RESULTS No baseline or longitudinal correlations between depression scores and serum levels of BDNF and VEGF were found, and the baseline serum levels did not predict the MADRS depression score after 12 weeks of treatment or the improvement in depression scores. Interestingly, we observed a significant baseline and longitudinal correlation between serum levels of BDNF and VEGF. The two classes of antidepressant treatment did not affect the results differently. LIMITATIONS Information on potential factors influencing the serum levels is missing. CONCLUSION Our results do not support the neurotrophic model of depression, since a significant decrease in serum BDNF and VEGF levels after 12 weeks of antidepressant treatment was observed. Our study encourages future studies with large sample sizes, more observations and a longer follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette N Buttenschøn
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 2, 8240 Risskov, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark.
| | - Leslie Foldager
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 2, 8240 Risskov, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 2, 8240 Risskov, Denmark
| | - Pia H P Poulsen
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skovagervej 2, 8240 Risskov, Denmark
| | - Rudolf Uher
- Kings College London, England; Department of Psychiatry, Halifax, Canada
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Research Department P, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
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20
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Jentsch MC, Van Buel EM, Bosker FJ, Gladkevich AV, Klein HC, Oude Voshaar RC, Ruhé HG, Eisel ULM, Schoevers RA. Biomarker approaches in major depressive disorder evaluated in the context of current hypotheses. Biomark Med 2015; 9:277-97. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.14.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a heterogeneous disorder, mostly diagnosed on the basis of symptomatic criteria alone. It would be of great help when specific biomarkers for various subtypes and symptom clusters of depression become available to assist in diagnosis and subtyping of depression, and to enable monitoring and prognosis of treatment response. However, currently known biomarkers do not reach sufficient sensitivity and specificity, and often the relation to underlying pathophysiology is unclear. In this review, we evaluate various biomarker approaches in terms of scientific merit and clinical applicability. Finally, we discuss how combined biomarker approaches in both preclinical and clinical studies can help to make the connection between the clinical manifestations of depression and the underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike C Jentsch
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre of Groningen, University Centre of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erin M Van Buel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Behavioural & Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fokko J Bosker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre of Groningen, University Centre of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anatoliy V Gladkevich
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre of Groningen, University Centre of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C Klein
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre of Groningen, University Centre of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard C Oude Voshaar
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre of Groningen, University Centre of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henricus G Ruhé
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre of Groningen, University Centre of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uli LM Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Behavioural & Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Schoevers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre of Groningen, University Centre of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Stewart AM, Roy S, Wong K, Gaikwad S, Chung KM, Kalueff AV. Cytokine and endocrine parameters in mouse chronic social defeat: Implications for translational ‘cross-domain’ modeling of stress-related brain disorders. Behav Brain Res 2015; 276:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Applications of blood-based protein biomarker strategies in the study of psychiatric disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 122:45-72. [PMID: 25173695 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, major depressive and bipolar disorders are severe, chronic and debilitating, and are associated with high disease burden and healthcare costs. Currently, diagnoses of these disorders rely on interview-based assessments of subjective self-reported symptoms. Early diagnosis is difficult, misdiagnosis is a frequent occurrence and there are no objective tests that aid in the prediction of individual responses to treatment. Consequently, validated biomarkers are urgently needed to help address these unmet clinical needs. Historically, psychiatric disorders are viewed as brain disorders and consequently only a few researchers have as yet evaluated systemic changes in psychiatric patients. However, promising research has begun to challenge this concept and there is an increasing awareness that disease-related changes can be traced in the peripheral system which may even be involved in the precipitation of disease onset and course. Converging evidence from molecular profiling analysis of blood serum/plasma have revealed robust molecular changes in psychiatric patients, suggesting that these disorders may be detectable in other systems of the body such as the circulating blood. In this review, we discuss the current clinical needs in psychiatry, highlight the importance of biomarkers in the field, and review a representative selection of biomarker studies to highlight opportunities for the implementation of personalized medicine approaches in the field of psychiatry. It is anticipated that the implementation of validated biomarker tests will not only improve the diagnosis and more effective treatment of psychiatric patients, but also improve prognosis and disease outcome.
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Minelli A, Maffioletti E, Bortolomasi M, Conca A, Zanardini R, Rillosi L, Abate M, Giacopuzzi M, Maina G, Gennarelli M, Bocchio-Chiavetto L. Association between baseline serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels and response to electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014; 129:461-6. [PMID: 23957507 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies have shown that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is implicated in different neuronal processes involved in major depressive disorder (MDD) and in the mechanisms of action of antidepressants. The aim of this study was to investigate whether VEGF serum levels before treatment might be associated with the antidepressant response. METHOD Two groups of patients were enrolled. One was composed of 50 MDD patients receiving an antidepressant drug treatment. Illness severity was measured before the treatment (T0) and after 12 weeks (T1). The second group was composed of 67 treatment-resistant depressed (TRD) patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Illness severity was assessed before the treatment (T0) and 1 month after the end of ECT (T1). Blood samples for VEGF measurements were collected for both groups at the baseline (T0). RESULTS A significant correlation was observed between baseline VEGF serum levels and the percentage reduction in depressive symptomatology after ECT (P = 0.003). In particular, VEGF levels at baseline were significantly lower in patients showing no response to ECT at follow-up (P = 0.008). No correlation between T0 VEGF concentrations and drug treatment outcome was found. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that VEGF plays a role in the mechanism of response to ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Minelli
- Biology and Genetic Division, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Almeida OP, Ford AH, Flicker L, Hankey GJ, Yeap BB, Clancy P, Golledge J. Angiogenesis inhibition and depression in older men. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2014; 39:200-5. [PMID: 24331740 PMCID: PMC3997605 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.130158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases have been associated with depression in later life, and a potential mechanism is inhibition of angiogenesis. We designed this study to determine if depression is associated with higher serum concentration of endostatin, an endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional examination of a random sample of men aged 69-86 years. Those who scored 7 or higher on the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale were deemed depressed. We determined the concentration of serum endostatin using a reproducible assay. Other measures included age, education, body mass index, smoking, history of depression, use of antidepressants, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease and stroke, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, plasma homocysteine, triglycerides and cholesterol. We used logistic regression to investigate the association between endostatin and depression, and adjusted the analyses for confounding factors. RESULTS Our sample included 1109 men. Sixty-three (5.7%) men were depressed. Their serum endostatin was higher than that of nondepressed participants (p = 0.021). Men in the highest decile of endostatin had greater adjusted odds of depression (odds ratio [OR] 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-3.06). A doubling of endostatin doubled the odds of depression (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.31-2.84). The probability of depression increased with the concentration of endostatin in a log-linear fashion up to a maximum of about 20%-25%. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional design limits the study's ability to ascribe causality to the association between high endostatin and depression. CONCLUSION Serum endostatin is associated with depression in older men. It remains to be established whether correction of this imbalance is feasible and could decrease the prevalence of depression in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo P. Almeida
- Correspondence to: O.P. Almeida, School of Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences (M573), University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
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Decreased plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations during military training. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89455. [PMID: 24586790 PMCID: PMC3933459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased concentrations of plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serum BDNF have been proposed to be a state marker of depression and a biological indicator of loaded psychosocial stress. Stress evaluations of participants in military mission are critically important and appropriate objective biological parameters that evaluate stress are needed. In military circumstances, there are several problems to adopt plasma BDNF concentration as a stress biomarker. First, in addition to psychosocial stress, military missions inevitably involve physical exercise that increases plasma BDNF concentrations. Second, most participants in the mission do not have adequate quality or quantity of sleep, and sleep deprivation has also been reported to increase plasma BDNF concentration. We evaluated plasma BDNF concentrations in 52 participants on a 9-week military mission. The present study revealed that plasma BDNF concentration significantly decreased despite elevated serum enzymes that escaped from muscle and decreased quantity and quality of sleep, as detected by a wearable watch-type sensor. In addition, we observed a significant decrease in plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during the mission. VEGF is also neurotrophic and its expression in the brain has been reported to be up-regulated by antidepressive treatments and down-regulated by stress. This is the first report of decreased plasma VEGF concentrations by stress. We conclude that decreased plasma concentrations of neurotrophins can be candidates for mental stress indicators in actual stressful environments that include physical exercise and limited sleep.
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Serafini G, Pompili M, Elena Seretti M, Stefani H, Palermo M, Coryell W, Girardi P. The role of inflammatory cytokines in suicidal behavior: a systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:1672-86. [PMID: 23896009 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that inflammatory mediators play a critical role in the pathophysiology of both major depression and suicidal behavior. Immunological differences have been reported in both major affective disorders and suicidal behavior. Specifically, increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to correlate with the severity of depression and various cytokines have been identified as potentially important in understanding the pathophysiology of major affective disorders/suicidality. We aimed to conduct a systematic review of the current literature to investigate the association between inflammatory cytokines and suicidal behavior. Only articles from peer-reviewed journals were selected for inclusion in the present review. Most studies documented the association between suicidality and IL2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and VEGF levels that have been found altered in suicidal behavior. The presence of major depressive disorder (MDD) with suicidal ideation/attempts was associated with differences in inflammatory cytokine profile when compared to that without suicidal ideation/attempts. Most suicide attempters or subjects with suicidal ideation showed an imbalance of the immune system but this does not imply the existence of a causal link. Also, not all studies demonstrated a positive correlation between inflammatory cytokines and suicidal behavior. Further additional studies should elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the immune activation pathways underlying suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs-Suicide Prevention Center, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, 1035-1039 Via di Grottarossa, Rome 00189, Italy.
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Second messenger/signal transduction pathways in major mood disorders: moving from membrane to mechanism of action, part I: major depressive disorder. CNS Spectr 2013; 18:231-41. [PMID: 23462230 PMCID: PMC4955397 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852913000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis and treatment of major mood disorders have historically focused on modulation of monoaminergic (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) and amino acid [γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate] receptors at the plasma membrane. Although the activation and inhibition of these receptors acutely alter local neurotransmitter levels, their neuropsychiatric effects are not immediately observed. This time lag implicates intracellular neuroplasticity as primary in the mechanism of action of antidepressants and mood stabilizers. The modulation of intracellular second messenger/signal transduction cascades affects neurotrophic pathways that are both necessary and sufficient for monoaminergic and amino acid-based treatments. In this review, we will discuss the evidence in support of intracellular mediators in the pathophysiology and treatment of preclinical models of despair and major depressive disorder (MDD). More specifically, we will focus on the following pathways: cAMP/PKA/CREB, neurotrophin-mediated (MAPK and others), p11, Wnt/Fz/Dvl/GSK3β, and NFκB/ΔFosB. We will also discuss recent discoveries with rapidly acting antidepressants, which activate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and release of inhibition on local translation via elongation factor stimulation. Throughout this discourse, we will highlight potential intracellular targets for therapeutic intervention. Finally, future clinical implications are discussed.
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Gałecki P, Gałecka E, Maes M, Orzechowska A, Berent D, Talarowska M, Bobińska K, Lewiński A, Bieńkiewicz M, Szemraj J. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene (VEGFA) polymorphisms may serve as prognostic factors for recurrent depressive disorder development. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 45:117-24. [PMID: 23673188 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent depressive disorder (rDD) is a multifactorial disease. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the factors that have been suggested to play a role in the etiology and/or development of this disease. Limited information related to the role of VEGFA gene polymorphism in depressive disorder is available. The aim of the study was to analyze the association between VEGFA gene polymorphisms (+405G/C; rs2010963, +936C/T; rs 3025039), VEGFA gene expression, and its serum protein levels in rDD in the Caucasian population. In the current study, 268 patients and 200 healthy controls of the Caucasian origin were involved. Genotyping and gene expression were performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detection of circulating serum VEGF levels. The distribution of VEGFA polymorphism +405G/C differed significantly between rDD patients and healthy subjects. The results of this study indicated that the C allele and CC genotype of VEGFA are risk factors for rDD. Haplotypes CC and TG are the important factors for depression development. Further, VEGFA mRNA expression and VEGF levels were higher in rDD patients than in controls. The VEGFA gene polymorphism may serve as a prognostic factor for rDD development. Our study showed higher levels of both VEGFA mRNA in the peripheral blood cells and serum VEGF in patients diagnosed with rDD than in healthy controls. The obtained results suggest VEGF and the gene encoding the molecule play a role in the etiology of the disease and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gałecki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Łódź, Poland.
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Naveen GH, Thirthalli J, Rao MG, Varambally S, Christopher R, Gangadhar BN. Positive therapeutic and neurotropic effects of yoga in depression: A comparative study. Indian J Psychiatry 2013; 55:S400-4. [PMID: 24049208 PMCID: PMC3768221 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.116313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Therapeutic effect of yoga in depression is recognized. Neuroplastic effects of antidepressant therapies are inferred by elevations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Role of yoga in both these effects has not been studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Non-suicidal, consecutive out-patients of depression were offered yoga either alone or with antidepressants. The depression severity was rated on Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) before and at 3 months. Serum BDNF levels were measured at the same time points. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed to look at change across groups with respect to HDRS scores and BDNF levels over 3 months of follow-up. Relationship between change in serum BDNF levels and change in HDRS scores was assessed using the Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS Both yoga groups were better than drugs-only group with respect to reduction in HDRS scores. Serum BDNF rose in the total sample in the 3-month period. This was not, however, different across treatment groups. There was a significant positive correlation between fall in HDRS and rise in serum BDNF levels in yoga-only group (r=0.702; P=0.001), but not in those receiving yoga and antidepressants or antidepressants-alone. CONCLUSIONS Neuroplastic mechanisms may be related to the therapeutic mechanisms of yoga in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Naveen
- Department of Psychiatry, Advanced Centre for Yoga, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Neural plasticity and proliferation in the generation of antidepressant effects: hippocampal implication. Neural Plast 2013; 2013:537265. [PMID: 23862076 PMCID: PMC3703717 DOI: 10.1155/2013/537265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that changes underlying depression and antidepressant-like effects involve not only alterations in the levels of neurotransmitters as monoamines and their receptors in the brain, but also structural and functional changes far beyond. During the last two decades, emerging theories are providing new explanations about the neurobiology of depression and the mechanism of action of antidepressant strategies based on cellular changes at the CNS level. The neurotrophic/plasticity hypothesis of depression, proposed more than a decade ago, is now supported by multiple basic and clinical studies focused on the role of intracellular-signalling cascades that govern neural proliferation and plasticity. Herein, we review the state-of-the-art of the changes in these signalling pathways which appear to underlie both depressive disorders and antidepressant actions. We will especially focus on the hippocampal cellularity and plasticity modulation by serotonin, trophic factors as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through intracellular signalling pathways—cAMP, Wnt/β-catenin, and mTOR. Connecting the classic monoaminergic hypothesis with proliferation/neuroplasticity-related evidence is an appealing and comprehensive attempt for improving our knowledge about the neurobiological events leading to depression and associated to antidepressant therapies.
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